GUIDELINES DEVELOPMENT GROUP

• Marina Davoli
  Coordinating Editor
  Cochrane Review Group on Drugs and Alcohol
  Department of Epidemiology
  Osservatorio Epidemiologico Regione Lazio
  Roma
  Italy
• Michael Farrell
  Reader/Consultant Psychiatrist
  National Addiction Centre
  Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley Hospital
  London
  United Kingdom
• David Fiellin
  Associate Professor of Medicine
  Yale University School of Medicine
  United States of America
• Li Jianhua
  Deputy Director
  Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse
  China
• Ratna Mardiati
  Psychiatrist
  Directorate General for Medical Care
  Jakarta
  Indonesia
• Richard Mattick
  Director
  National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
  University of new South Wales
  Sydney
  Australia
• Elena Medina-Mora
  Director
  Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research
  National Institute of Psychiatry
  Mexico
• Fred Owiti
  Consultant Psychiatrist
  Arrow Medical Centre
  Nairobi
  Kenya
• Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar
  Iranian national Center for Addiction Studies
  Tehran University of Medical Sciences
  Tehran
  Iran
• Rajat Ray
  Chief
  National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre
  All India Institute of Medical Sciences
  New Delhi
  India
• Anthony J Smith
  Emeritus Professor
  Clinical Pharmacology
  Newcastle Mater Hospital
  Australia
• Emilis Subata
  Director
  Vilnius Center for Addictive Disorders
  Lithuania
• Ambros Uchtenhagen
  President
  Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction
  Zurich
  Switzerland

OBSERVERS

Council of Europe

• Gabrielle Welle-Strand
  Senior Adviser
  Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs
  Norway

International Narcotics Control Board Secretariat

• Pavel Pachta
  Chief, narcotics Control and estimates Section
  Vienna
  Austria
• Carmen Selva-Bartolome
  Chief, Psychotropics Control Section (until September 2007)
  Vienna
  Austria
• Margarethe Ehrenfeldner
  Chief, Psychotropics Control Section (as of 1 October 2007)
  Vienna
  Austria

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME SECRETARIAT

• Juana Tomas-Rossello
  Drug Abuse Treatment Adviser, Global Challenges Section
  Vienna
  Austria

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION SECRETARIAT

Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse

• Vladimir Poznyak
  Co-ordinator
• Nicolas Clark
  Medical Officer
• Hannu Alho
  Temporary Advisor (seconded from the national Public Health Institute of Finland [KTL])

Department of HIV

• Annette Verster
  Technical Officer

Department of Health Systems Financing

• Dan Chisholm
  Economist

Department of Medicines Policy and Standards

• Sue Hill
  Medical Officer
• Nicola Magrini
  Medical Officer

Other contributors

WHO would also like to acknowledge the contribution made by the following individuals in the development of background materials and peer review:

• Laura Amato, Department of epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria locale “E”, Rome, Italy
• Mike Ashton, Drug and Alcohol Findings, United Kingdom
• Anna Maria Bargagli, Department of epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria locale “E”, Rome, Italy
• James Bell, national Addiction Centre, London, United Kingdom
• Adrian Carter, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Australia
• Zhang Cunmin, Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, Kunming, Yunnan, China
• Chris Doran, national Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of new South Wales, Australia
• Colin Drummond, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
• Ralph Edwards, Director, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Sweden
• Gabriele Fischer, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
• Andy Gray, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
• Wayne Hall, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Australia
• S Kattimani, national Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
• Nina Kopf, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
• T Ladjevic, Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction. Zurich University, Switzerland
• Lisa Marsch, Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, national Development and Research Institutes, New York, USA
• Silvia Minozzi, Department of epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria locale “E”, Rome, Italy
• Lubomir Okruhlica, Institute for Drug Dependencies, Centre for Treatment of Drug Dependencies, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
• Katherine Perryman, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
• Carlo Perucci, Department of epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria locale “E”, Rome, Italy
• Li Peikai, Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, Kunming, Yunnan, China
• Jurgen Rehm, Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction. Zurich University, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
• H K Sharma, national Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
• Simona Vecchi, Department of epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria locale “E”, Rome, Italy

Declaration of interests of the guidelines development group

Michael Farrell reported being a member of the National Guidelines Group on Substance Dependence in the United Kingdom, receiving travel support and expenses for speaking at meetings from Reckitt Benckiser and Schering Plough (value <$1000 each occasion), and in collaboration with the University of Adelaide and the University of California, Los Angeles, receiving an unrestricted educational grant from Reckitt Benckiser (through the University of Adelaide) to organize a meeting on substance dependence in South East Asia, with no personal payments from the grant.

David Fiellin reported providing expert opinion at a congressional press conference related to treatment of substance dependence, and providing an expert review of methadone, buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone for the United States Centre for Substance Abuse treatment, with no honorariums.

Richard Mattick reported providing advice and public statements on treatment of substance dependence in his role as Director of the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, receiving research support to his research unit as an untied educational grant from Reckitt Benckiser (value approximately $AU400 000 over 3 years), but without personal payment, and receiving research support to his research unit from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council for research on substance dependence (value approximately $AU150 000).

Rajat Ray reported being a member of the Indian Expert Group for the Ministry of Health, India, on opioid substitution treatment and presenting a scientific paper on the topic in 2005, receiving funding for his research unit from Rusan Pharmaceuticals (value $US350 000) for research related to buprenorphine, with no personal payments.

Ambrose Uchtenhagen reported receiving funding for a literature review at least 3 years ago from Schering Plough.

Marina Davoli, Ratna Mardiati, Afarin Rahimi Movaghar, Fred Owiti, Emilis Subata, Anthony Smith, and Gabrielle Welle-Strand reported no conflict of interest.

Organizations providing feedback on the draft guidelines

• WHO Regional Offices
• WHO Collaborating Centres

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  Addiction Research Institute, Zurich, Switzerland

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  Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada

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  College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Vermont, Unites States

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  Drug and Alcohol Services Council, Adelaide, Australia

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  Institute of Health Science Research, Bangkok, Thailand

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  Mental Health Institute, Hunan, China

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  National Drug Research Institute, Perth, Australia

• Other organizations

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  American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence

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  American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

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  American Society of Addiction Medicine

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  International Harm Reduction Association

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  International Center for Advancement of Addiction Treatment (ICAAT)

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  National Alliance of Methadone Advocates, New York, United States

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  National Institute on Drug Abuse, United States

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  National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), United Kingdom

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  Quest for Quality, the Netherlands

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  Service d'Abus de Substances, Département de Psychiatrie, Genève

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  South African National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence

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  Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Centre, Melbourne, Australia

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  World Psychiatric Association

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  South African National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence

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  Turning Point Alcohol & Drug Centre, Melbourne, Australia

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  World Psychiatric Association