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Since 2007, the VA Evidence Synthesis Program (ESP) has helped VA function as a continuously learning health care system. We provide timely, rigorous, independent syntheses of published evidence for the VA to translate into evidence-based clinical practice, policy, and research. We adapt traditional systematic review approaches to meet our operational partners’ specific evidence needs and timelines. Whenever possible, our reports maintain an emphasis on the Veteran population to ensure our reviews are relevant to VA decision-makers. ESP reports are available in the public domain and many are published in top medical journals, extending their reach beyond the VA and even the US. ESP evidence syntheses have informed the clinical guidelines of large professional organizations.
The program receives funding from HSR and consists of four ESP Centers across the US, each with an active University affiliation, and a Coordinating Center, located in Portland, Oregon, which oversees national program operations, ensures methodological consistency and quality of products, and engages with stakeholders. Center Directors are recognized leaders in the field of evidence synthesis, often with close ties to the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Centers and roles as practicing clinicians in the VA. This unique expertise enables ESP to produce comprehensive reports that answer a wide range of research questions in a variety of clinical and health system settings.
Contents
- Internet and Mobile Interventions for Adults with PTSD and Their Family Members: A Systematic Review
- Extended Reality Interventions for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review
- Radiation Therapy for Benign Conditions: A Systematic Review
- Effectiveness of Syringe Services Programs: A Systematic Review
- In-Hospital Sodium Intake for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
- Health Care Team Interventions for Older Adults With Distress Behaviors: A Systematic Review
- Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adults at Increased Risk
- Evidence Map of Massage Therapy for Painful Conditions: Update from 2018–2023
- The Effectiveness of Parenting Skills Training Programs for Parents with Histories of Sexual Trauma, Serious Mental Illness, or Military Service
- Differential Pulse Oximeter Accuracy, Occult Hypoxemia Prevalence, and Clinical Outcomes by Patient Race/Ethnicity: A Systematic Review
- Factors Associated with Homelessness Among US Veterans: A Systematic Review
- Non-surgical Therapies for Early-stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review
- Orthopedic Surgery Complication Risk Associated with Smoking Cessation and Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapies: A Systematic Review
- Protocols to Reduce Seclusion in Inpatient Mental Health Units: A Systematic Review
- Hypofractionation Radiation Therapy for Definitive Treatment of Selected Cancers: A Systematic Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and EGFR-TKIs as Adjuvant/Neoadjuvant Therapies for Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review
- VA versus Non-VA Quality of Care: A Systematic Review
- Accelerated Diagnostic Protocols Using High-sensitivity Troponin Assays to “Rule In” or “Rule Out” Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review
- Prognostic Value of Genomic Classifier Testing for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review
- Dual Antiplatelet Management in the Perioperative Period: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Employment, Education, and Continuing Care Outcomes Among Individuals Following COVID-19
- Evidence Brief: Psychedelic Medications for Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders
- Evidence Brief: Safety and Effectiveness of Telehealth-delivered Mental Health Care
- Neuroimaging and Neurophysiologic Biomarkers for Mental Health: An Evidence Map
- Evidence Brief: Proton Beam Therapy for Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer
- Evidence Brief: Impact of Mental Health Conditions on Peri-implantitis and Dental Implant Failure
- Interventions to Improve Long-term Adherence to Physical Rehabilitation Among Those with Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis or Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Intracameral Moxifloxacin for Prevention of Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery
- Evidence Map of Acupuncture as Treatment for Adult Health Conditions: Update from 2013–2021
- Endoscopic Bariatric Interventions versus Lifestyle Interventions or Surgery for Weight Loss in Patients with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- Evidence Brief: Doula Support for Veterans
- Prognostic Tools and Interventions to Prevent and Treat Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review of Reviews
- Screening for Male Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review
- Tele-urgent Care for Low-acuity Conditions: A Systematic Review
- Videoconferencing of Movement-based and Psychologically Informed Interventions for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Horizon Scan
- Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) for Clinical Teams: A Systematic Review of Reviews
- Effects of Nurse Staffing on Processes of Care and Resident Outcomes in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Staffing Models in Specialty Care
- Evidence Brief: Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence/Sexual Assault Among Veterans
- Evidence Brief: Treatment of Comorbid Conditions
- Evidence Map: Implementation Factors Influencing the Transition from Emergency to Outpatient Care Settings
- Implementation of Psychotherapies and Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction for Chronic Pain and Chronic Mental Health Conditions: A Systematic Review
- Virtual Care for the Longitudinal Management of Chronic Conditions: A Systematic Review
- Risk and Protective Factors Across Socioecological Levels of Risk for Suicide: An Evidence Map
- Evidence Brief: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury and/or Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
- Evidence Brief: Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography with Fractional Flow Reserve in Noninvasive Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
- Primary Care Engagement Among Veterans with Experiences of Homelessness and Serious Mental Illness: An Evidence Map
- Creating a Culture of Innovation in Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review
- Systematic Review: Population and Community-based Interventions to Prevent Suicide
- Evidence Brief: Detection and Treatment of Dental Problems on Chronic Disease Outcomes
- What are the Effects of Different Team-based Primary Care Structures on the Quadruple Aim of Care? A Rapid Review
- Evidence Brief: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Chronic Pain, PTSD, TBI, Opioid Addiction, and Sexual Trauma
- Robot-assisted Surgery for Esophageal Cancer: Analysis of Short- and Long-term Outcomes
- Biological Measures and Diagnostic Tools for Gulf War Illness: A Systematic Review
- The Effect of Medical Scribes in Cardiology, Orthopedic, and Emergency Departments: A Systematic Review
- Chronic Pain in Veterans and Servicemembers with a History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Virtual Diet Programs for Diabetes
- Transformational Coaching: Effect on Process of Care Outcomes and Determinants of Uptake
- Care Coordination Models and Tools: A Systematic Review and Key Informant Interviews
- Evidence Brief: Capnography for Moderate Sedation in Non-Anesthesia Settings
- Robot-assisted Procedures in General Surgery: Cholecystectomy, Inguinal and Ventral Hernia Repairs
- Gulf War Illness: A Systematic Review of Therapeutic Interventions and Management Strategies
- Orthobiologics in Foot and Ankle Arthrodesis Sites: A Systematic Review
- End-stage Renal Disease and Depression: A Systematic Review
- Deprescribing for Older Veterans: A Systematic Review
- Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis after Exposure to Newer Gadolinium Agents
- Aromatherapy and Essential Oils: A Map of the Evidence
- Evidence Brief: Barriers and Facilitators to Use of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder
- Evidence Brief: Benefits and Harms of Long-term Opioid Dose Reduction or Discontinuation in Patients with Chronic Pain
- Evidence Brief: Managing Acute Pain in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder on Medication-assisted Treatment
- One-to-One Observation: A Systematic Review
- Robotic-assisted Surgery in Partial Nephrectomy and Cystectomy: A Systematic Review
- What is the Optimal Panel Size in Primary Care? A Systematic Review
- Effectiveness of Remote Triage: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Map of Art Therapy
- Evidence Brief: Implementation of High Reliability Organization Principles
- Systematic Review: Risk Factors and Interventions to Prevent or Delay Long-term Nursing Home Placement for Adults with Impairments
- Cost-effectiveness of Leg Bypass versus Endovascular Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review
- Relationship of Deployment-related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders, Substance Use Disorders, Suicidal Ideation, and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review
- Adaptive Sports for Disabled Veterans
- Evidence Brief: Accuracy of Self-report for Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening
- Evidence Brief: Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia
- Evidence Brief: Video Telehealth for Primary Care and Mental Health Services
- Guided Imagery, Biofeedback, and Hypnosis: A Map of the Evidence
- Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder: A Systematic Review
- Scaling Beyond Early Adopters: A Systematic Review and Key Informant Perspectives
- Self-management of Epilepsy: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for Measurement Based Care in Mental Health Shared Decision-Making
- Evidence Brief: Suicide Prevention in Veterans
- Pharmacotherapy for Stimulant Use Disorders: A Systematic Review
- Emergency Department Interventions for Older Adults
- Scoping Brief: Care Coordination Theoretical Models and Frameworks
- Evidence Brief: Use of Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN) to Treat Malnutrition in Hemodialysis Patients
- The Effectiveness and Risks of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, and Insomnia: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) for Traumatic Brain Injury and/or Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
- Interventions to Support Caregivers or Families of Patients with TBI, PTSD, or Polytrauma: A Systematic Review
- Comparative Effectiveness of Multifocal, Accommodative, and Monofocal Intraocular Lenses for Cataract Surgery and Lens Replacement
- Comparing Antithrombotic Strategies after Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review
- Telehealth Services Designed for Women: An Evidence Map
- Challenges and Opportunities for Pay-for-Performance as Veteran Care Moves into the Community
- Evidence Brief: Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Detecting Brain Hematoma
- Management of Antiplatelet Therapy Among Patients on Antiplatelet Therapy for Cerebrovascular or Peripheral Vascular Diseases Undergoing Elective Non-Cardiac Surgery
- Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve Emergency Department Efficiency: An Evidence Map
- Evidence Review: Social Determinants of Health for Veterans
- Integrated Outpatient Palliative Care in Oncology
- Benefits and Harms of Cannabis in Chronic Pain or Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
- Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Programs for Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery
- Rapid Evidence Review: Measures for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
- An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans' Health Research Literature (2008 – 2015)
- Evidence Brief: Use of Performance Measures as Criteria for Selecting Community Cardiac and Orthopedic Surgical Providers for the Veterans Choice Program
- Management of Antiplatelet Therapy Among Patients on Antiplatelet Therapy for Coronary or Cerebrovascular Disease or with Prior Percutaneous Cardiac Interventions Undergoing Elective Surgery: A Systematic Review
- Access Management Improvement: A Systematic Review
- Prevalence of and Interventions to Reduce Health Disparities in Vulnerable Veteran Populations: A Map of the Evidence
- The Effectiveness and Harms of Spinal Manipulative Therapy for the Treatment of Acute Neck and Lower Back Pain: A Systematic Review
- The Effectiveness of Health Coaching
- Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Block for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Comparative Clinical and Economic Effectiveness of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents
- Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Models Used to Deliver Multimodal Care for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
- The Comparative Effectiveness, Harms, and Cost of Care Models for the Evaluation and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): A Systematic Review
- Massage for Pain: An Evidence Map
- Metformin Use in Patients with Historical Contraindications or Precautions
- Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Menopause-Associated Vasomotor Symptoms
- Life Expectancy Calculators
- Evidence Brief: The Comparative Effectiveness, Harms, and Cost-effectiveness of Pharmacogenomics-guided Antidepressant Treatment versus Usual Care for Major Depressive Disorder
- Technology Assessment: Early Sense for Monitoring Vital Signs in Hospitalized Patients
- Benefits and Harms of Treating Blood Pressure in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- Evidence Brief: The Comparative Effectiveness of Selected Complementary and Integrative Health (CIH) Interventions for Preventing or Reducing Opioid Use in Adults with Chronic Neck, Low Back, and Large Joint Pain
- Prevalence and Epidemiology of Combat Blast Injuries from the Military Cohort 2001-2014
- Modifiable Risk Factors in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology and Treatment
- Rural Healthcare Workforce: A Systematic Review
- Benefits and Harms of the Mediterranean Diet Compared to Other Diets
- Interventions to Improve Pharmacological Adherence Among Adults with Psychotic Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Systematic Review of Suicide Prevention in Veterans
- The Effectiveness of Procedures to Remove or Occlude the Left Atrial Appendage: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Pharmacist-Led Chronic Disease Management: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Harms Compared to Usual Care
- The Impact of Wearable Motion Sensing Technologies on Physical Activity: A Systematic Review
- Mapping the Evidence: Sex Effects in High-Impact Conditions for Women Veterans – Depression, Diabetes, and Chronic Pain
- Evidence Brief: Comparative Effectiveness of Appointment Recall Reminder Procedures for Follow-up Appointments
- Effectiveness of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in High-risk Surgical and Medical Patients
- Evidence Brief: Update on Prevalence of and Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities within the VA
- Understanding the Intervention and Implementation Factors Associated with Benefits and Harms of Pay for Performance Programs in Healthcare
- Comparative Effectiveness of Home-Based Kidney Dialysis Versus In-Center or Other Outpatient Kidney Dialysis Locations – A Systematic Review
- Colonoscopy Outcomes by Duration of NPO Status Prior to Colonoscopy with Moderate or Deep Sedation
- Electronic Health Record-Based Interventions for Reducing Inappropriate Imaging in the Clinical Setting: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Transitions of Care from Hospital to Home: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for Improving Transitional Care in the Veterans Health Administration
- Evidence Map of Mindfulness
- Health Disparities in Quality Indicators of Healthcare Among Adults with Mental Illness
- Mental Health Assessment and Psychosocial Interventions for Bariatric Surgery
- e-Interventions for Alcohol Misuse
- The Effects of Shared Decision Making on Cancer Screening – A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Factors that Optimize Therapy with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
- Evidence Brief: The Quality of Care Provided by Advanced Practice Nurses
- Evidence Map of Tai Chi
- Visual Dysfunction in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Map of Yoga for High-Impact Conditions Affecting Veterans
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Evidence Brief: The Effectiveness Of Mandatory Computer-Based Trainings On Government Ethics, Workplace Harassment, Or Privacy And Information Security-Related Topics
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Outpatient Settings: A Systematic Review
- Early Warning System Scores: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Map of Acupuncture
- Screening for Hepatocellular Cancer in Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review
- Benefits and Harms of Femtosecond Laser Assisted Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review
- Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults with Depressive or Anxiety Disorders
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Inpatient Settings: A Systematic Review
- Prevention of Wrong Site Surgery, Retained Surgical Items, and Surgical Fires: A Systematic Review
- Screening Pelvic Examinations in Asymptomatic Average Risk Adult Women
- Effects of Nurse-Managed Protocols in the Outpatient Management of Adults with Chronic Conditions
- Intimate Partner Violence: Prevalence Among U.S. Military Veterans and Active Duty Servicemembers and a Review of Intervention Approaches
- Evidence Brief: Effects of Small Hospital Closure on Patient Health Outcomes
- Effectiveness of Family and Caregiver Interventions on Patient Outcomes Among Adults with Cancer or Memory-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review
- Assessment of Alternative Treatment Strategies for Chronic Genotype 1 Hepatitis C
- Developing a Threshold for Small VA Hospitals: Evidence Brief on Quality and Safety
- Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Intensive Primary Care Programs
- Complications of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Veterans and Military Personnel: A Systematic Review
- Screening for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
- Comparative Effectiveness of Newer Oral Anticoagulants and Standard Anticoagulant Regimens for Thromboprophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Replacement
- Group Visits Focusing on Education for the Management of Chronic Conditions in Adults: A Systematic Review
- Advanced Wound Care Therapies for Non-Healing Diabetic, Venous, and Arterial Ulcers: A Systematic Review
- Mobile Applications and Internet-based Approaches for Supporting Non-professional Caregivers: A Systematic Review
- Effects of Health Plan-Sponsored Fitness Center Benefits on Physical Activity, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs and Utilization: A Systematic Review
- Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review of Comparative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness
- Shared Medical Appointments for Chronic Medical Conditions: A Systematic Review
- Systematic Review: Secure Messaging Between Providers and Patients, and Patients’ Access to Their Own Medical Record: Evidence on Health Outcomes, Satisfaction, Efficiency and Attitudes
- Evidence Brief: Effect of Geriatricians on Outcomes of Inpatient and Outpatient Care
- Maintaining Research Integrity: A Systematic Review of the Role of the Institutional Review Board in Managing Conflict of Interest
- Use of Left Ventricular Assist Devices as Destination Therapy in End-Stage Congestive Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
- Comparative Effectiveness of Warfarin and Newer Oral Anticoagulants for the Long-Term Prevention and Treatment of Arterial and Venous Thromboembolism
- Predictors and Consequences of Severe Hypoglycemia in Adults with Diabetes - A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Suicide Prevention Interventions and Referral/Follow-Up Services: A Systematic Review
- Suicide Risk Factors and Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review
- Family Involved Psychosocial Treatments for Adult Mental Health Conditions: A Review of the Evidence
- The Effect of Working Conditions on Patient Care: A Systematic Review
- Nutritional Supplements for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review
- Evidence Brief: Role of the Annual Comprehensive Physical Examination in the Asymptomatic Adult
- Public Presentation of Health System or Facility Data about Quality and Safety: A Systematic Review
- Risk Prediction Models for Hospital Readmission: A Systematic Review
- Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Heart Disease: A Systematic Review
- A Comparison of Joint Replacement Disparities in VA and Non-VA Settings: A Systematic Review
- Delirium: Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis – A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Effects of Care Models to Improve General Medical Outcomes for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness
- Interventions to Improve Minority Health Care and Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities
- Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- An Overview of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: Supplement to Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Performance Characteristics of Self-Report Instruments for Diagnosing Generalized Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
- Health Effects of Military Service on Women Veterans
- Rural vs. Urban Ambulatory Health Care: A Systematic Review
- A Critical Review of the Literature Regarding Homelessness Among Veterans
- A Systematic Evidence Review of Non-pharmacological Interventions for Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia
- Safe and Effective Anticoagulation in the Outpatient Setting: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Brief Psychotherapy for Depression in Primary Care: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Interventions to Improve Veterans' Access to Care: A Systematic Review of the Literature
- Comparative Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Treatments for Patients With Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Evidence
- A Systematic Evidence Review of Interventions for Non-professional Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia
- Systematic Review of Women Veterans Health Research 2004–2008
- Comparison of Quality of Care in VA and Non-VA Settings: A Systematic Review
- A Systematic Evidence Review of the Signs and Symptoms of Dementia and Brief Cognitive Tests Available in VA
- Teledermatology for Diagnosis and Management of Skin Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Evidence Synthesis for Determining the Efficacy of Psychotherapy for Treatment Resistant Depression
- Evidence Synthesis for Determining the Responsiveness of Depression Questionnaires and Optimal Treatment Duration for Antidepressant Medications
- The Assessment and Treatment of Individuals with History of Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
- Determining Key Features of Effective Depression Interventions
- Strategies for Suicide Prevention in Veterans
- Management of Inpatient Hyperglycemia: A Systematic Review
- Pain in Patients with Polytrauma: A Systematic Review
- Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Adult Medical Inpatients: A Systematic Review
- Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Meta Analysis of Effectiveness
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the VA Healthcare System: A Systematic Review
- Screening Men for Osteoporosis: Who & How
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Management in Primary Care: Screening and Therapy
- VA Evidence Synthesis Program ReportsVA Evidence Synthesis Program Reports
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