U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Bray N, Kolehmainen N, McAnuff J, et al. Powered mobility interventions for very young children with mobility limitations to aid participation and positive development: the EMPoWER evidence synthesis. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2020 Oct. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 24.50.)

Cover of Powered mobility interventions for very young children with mobility limitations to aid participation and positive development: the EMPoWER evidence synthesis

Powered mobility interventions for very young children with mobility limitations to aid participation and positive development: the EMPoWER evidence synthesis.

Show details

References

1.
Department for Work and Pensions. Family Resources Survey: Financial Year 2017/18. URL: www​.gov.uk/government​/statistics/family-resources-survey-financial-year-201718 (accessed 28 October 2019).
2.
Novak I, McIntyre S, Morgan C, Campbell L, Dark L, Morton N, et al. A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: state of the evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013;55:885–910. 10.1111/dmcn.12246 [PubMed: 23962350] [CrossRef]
3.
Scianni A, Butler JM, Ada L, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Muscle strengthening is not effective in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother 2009;55:81–7. 10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70037-6 [PubMed: 19463078] [CrossRef]
4.
McPherson AC, Keith R, Swift JA. Obesity prevention for children with physical disabilities: a scoping review of physical activity and nutrition interventions. Disabil Rehabil 2014;36:1573–87. 10.3109/09638288.2013.863391 [PubMed: 24308905] [CrossRef]
5.
Tatla SK, Sauve K, Virji-Babul N, Holsti L, Butler C, Van Der Loos HF. Evidence for outcomes of motivational rehabilitation interventions for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: an American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013;55:593–601. 10.1111/dmcn.12147 [PubMed: 23550896] [CrossRef]
6.
Barton EE, Reichow B, Schnitz A, Smith IC, Sherlock D. A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Res Dev Disabil 2015;37:64–80. 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.006 [PubMed: 25460221] [CrossRef]
7.
Morris C, Simkiss D, Busk M, Morris M, Allard A, Denness J, et al. Setting research priorities to improve the health of children and young people with neurodisability: a British Academy of Childhood Disability-James Lind Alliance Research Priority Setting Partnership. BMJ Open 2015;5:e006233. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006233 [PMC free article: PMC4316435] [PubMed: 25631309] [CrossRef]
8.
Morris C, Janssens A, Allard A, Thompson Coon J, Shilling V, Tomlinson R. Informing the NHS Outcomes Framework: what outcomes of NHS care should be measured for children with neurodisability? Health Serv Deliv Res 2014;2(15). 10.3310/hsdr02150 [PubMed: 25642547] [CrossRef]
9.
Uchiyama I, Anderson DI, Campos JJ, Witherington D, Frankel CB, Lejeune L, Barbu-Roth M. Locomotor experience affects self and emotion. Dev Psychol 2008;44:1225–31. 10.1037/a0013224 [PMC free article: PMC4067245] [PubMed: 18793056] [CrossRef]
10.
Livingstone R, Field D. Systematic review of power mobility outcomes for infants, children and adolescents with mobility limitations. Clin Rehabil 2014;28:954–64. 10.1177/0269215514531262 [PubMed: 24764156] [CrossRef]
11.
Livingstone R, Field D. The child and family experience of power mobility: a qualitative synthesis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015;57:317–27. 10.1111/dmcn.12633 [PubMed: 25403793] [CrossRef]
12.
Deitz J, Swinth Y, White O. Powered mobility and preschoolers with complex developmental delays. Am J Occup Ther 2002;56:86–96. 10.5014/ajot.56.1.86 [PubMed: 11833405] [CrossRef]
13.
Jones MA, McEwen IR, Hansen L. Use of power mobility for a young child with spinal muscular atrophy. Phys Ther 2003;83:253–62. 10.1093/ptj/83.3.253 [PubMed: 12620089] [CrossRef]
14.
Jones MA, McEwen IR, Neas BR. Effects of power wheelchairs on the development and function of young children with severe motor impairments. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:131–40. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31824c5fdc [PubMed: 22466379] [CrossRef]
15.
Tefft D, Guerette P, Furumasu J. The impact of early powered mobility on parental stress, negative emotions, and family social interactions. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2011;31:4–15. 10.3109/01942638.2010.529005 [PubMed: 21080784] [CrossRef]
16.
Tefft D, Guerette P, Furumasu J. Cognitive predictors of young children’s readiness for powered mobility. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999;41:665–70. 10.1017/s0012162299001371 [PubMed: 10587042] [CrossRef]
17.
Huang HH, Ragonesi CB, Stoner T, Peffley T, Galloway JC. Modified toy cars for mobility and socialization: case report of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2014;26:76–84. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000001 [PubMed: 24263247] [CrossRef]
18.
NHS Digital. Wheelchair Services: Operational Data Collection – Quarter 1 Dataset (April–June 2018). URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/publication​/wheelchair-services-operational-data-collection-quarter-1-dataset-april-june-2018/ (accessed 28 October 2019).
19.
Edwards R, Bryning L, Lloyd-Williams H. Exploring the case for investing in early years in Wales: a broad evidence review. Lancet 2016;388:S47. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32283-8 [CrossRef]
20.
Anderson LM, Petticrew M, Rehfuess E, Armstrong R, Ueffing E, Baker P, et al. Using logic models to capture complexity in systematic reviews. Res Synth Methods 2011;2:33–42. 10.1002/jrsm.32 [PubMed: 26061598] [CrossRef]
21.
Kneale D, Thomas J, Harris K. Developing and optimising the use of logic models in systematic reviews: exploring practice and good practice in the use of programme theory in reviews. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0142187. 10.1371/journal.pone.0142187 [PMC free article: PMC4648510] [PubMed: 26575182] [CrossRef]
22.
Logan SW, Schreiber M, Lobo M, Pritchard B, George L, Galloway JC. Real-world performance: physical activity, play, and object-related behaviors of toddlers with and without disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:433–41. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000181 [PubMed: 26397093] [CrossRef]
23.
Bottos M, Bolcati C, Sciuto L, Ruggeri C, Feliciangeli A. Powered wheelchairs and independence in young children with tetraplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:769–77. 10.1017/s0012162201001402 [PubMed: 11730152] [CrossRef]
24.
Furumasu J, Tefft D, Guerette P. The Impact of Early Powered Mobility on Young Children’s Play and Psychosocial Skills. Paper presented at the International Seating Symposium, 24th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, 6–8 March 2008.
25.
World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
26.
Stein RE, Jessop DJ. A noncategorical approach to chronic childhood illness. Public Health Rep 1982;97:354–62. [PMC free article: PMC1424343] [PubMed: 7111657]
27.
Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The PedsQL™: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care 1999;37:126–39. 10.1097/00005650-199902000-00003 [PubMed: 10024117] [CrossRef]
28.
NIHR INVOLVE. Welcome to INVOLVE. 2019. URL: www​.invo.org.uk/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
29.
Hayes H, Buckland S, Tarpey M. Briefing Notes for Researchers: Public Involvement in NHS, Public Health and Social Care Research. 2012. URL: www​.invo.org.uk/wp-content​/uploads/2014/11​/9938_INVOLVE_Briefing_Notes_WEB.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
30.
Gov.uk. National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage Rates. 2019. URL: www​.gov.uk/national-minimum-wage-rates (accessed 30 October 2019).
31.
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic Reviews – CRD’s Guidance for Undertaking Systematic Reviews in Healthcare. York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York; 2009.
32.
Bray N, Beyer FR, Craig D, Grayston A, Tudor-Edwards R, McAnuff J, et al. Early Mobility and POwered Wheelchair Evidence Review (EMPoWER): Cost-effectiveness of Earlier Provision of Powered Mobility Interventions for Children with Mobility Limitations; A Systematic Review. 2018. URL: www​.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO​/display_record​.php?RecordID=96449 (accessed 30 October 2019).
33.
Hong QN, Pluye P, Bujold M, Wassef M. Convergent and sequential synthesis designs: implications for conducting and reporting systematic reviews of qualitative and quantitative evidence. Syst Rev 2017;6:61. 10.1186/s13643-017-0454-2 [PMC free article: PMC5364694] [PubMed: 28335799] [CrossRef]
34.
Brunton G, Thomas J, O’Mara-Eves A, Jamal F, Oliver S, Kavanagh J. Narratives of community engagement: a systematic review-derived conceptual framework for public health interventions. BMC Public Health 2017;17:944. 10.1186/s12889-017-4958-4 [PMC free article: PMC5725895] [PubMed: 29228932] [CrossRef]
35.
Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Gülmezoglu M, et al. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). PLOS Med 2015;12:e1001895. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895 [PMC free article: PMC4624425] [PubMed: 26506244] [CrossRef]
36.
Kolobe THA, Fagg AH. Robot reinforcement and error-based movement learning in infants with and without cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2019;99:677–88. 10.1093/ptj/pzz043 [PMC free article: PMC6545273] [PubMed: 31155667] [CrossRef]
37.
Vorster N, Evans K, Murphy N, Kava M, Cairns A, Clarke D, et al. Powered standing wheelchairs promote independence, health and community involvement in adolescents with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2019;29:221–30. 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.01.010 [PubMed: 30826157] [CrossRef]
38.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2016;5:210. 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 [PMC free article: PMC5139140] [PubMed: 27919275] [CrossRef]
39.
Seo HJ, Kim SY, Lee YJ, Jang BH, Park JE, Sheen SS, Hahn SK. A newly developed tool for classifying study designs in systematic reviews of interventions and exposures showed substantial reliability and validity. J Clin Epidemiol 2016;70:200–5. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.09.013 [PubMed: 26408805] [CrossRef]
40.
Hartling L, Bond K, Santaguida PL, Viswanathan M, Dryden DM. Testing a tool for the classification of study designs in systematic reviews of interventions and exposures showed moderate reliability and low accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:861–71. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.010 [PubMed: 21531537] [CrossRef]
41.
Viswanathan M, Berkman ND, Dryden DM, Hartling L. Assessing Risk of Bias and confounding in Observational Studies of Interventions or Exposures: Further Development of the RTI Item Bank. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013. URL: www​.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK154461/ (accessed 26 February 2020). [PubMed: 24006553]
42.
Higgins JPT, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial. In Higgins JPT, Green S, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.0 (updated July 2019). London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2019. URL: https://training​.cochrane.org/handbook (accessed 6 July 2020).
43.
Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 2016;355:i4919. 10.1136/bmj.i4919 [PMC free article: PMC5062054] [PubMed: 27733354] [CrossRef]
44.
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP Checklists. 2018. URL: https://casp-uk​.net/casp-tools-checklists/ (accessed 22 May 2018).
45.
Noyes J, Booth A, Flemming K, Garside R, Harden A, Lewin S, et al. Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series – paper 3: methods for assessing methodological limitations, data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in synthesized qualitative findings. J Clin Epidemiol 2018;97:49–58. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.020 [PubMed: 29247700] [CrossRef]
46.
Pace R, Pluye P, Bartlett G, Macaulay AC, Salsberg J, Jagosh J, Seller R. Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49:47–53. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002 [PubMed: 21835406] [CrossRef]
47.
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. 10.1136/bmj.g1687 [PubMed: 24609605] [CrossRef]
48.
McKenzie JE, Brennan SE. Chapter 12: Synthesizing and Presenting findings Using Other Methods. In, Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.0 (updated July 2019). London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2019. URL: https://training​.cochrane.org/handbook (accessed 6 July 2020).
49.
Teddlie C, Tashakkori A. Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2009.
50.
Richie J, Spencer L. Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research. In Bryman A, Burgess RG, editors. Analyzing Qualitative Data. 1st edn. London: Routledge; 1994. pp. 173–94. 10.4324/9780203413081_chapter_9 [CrossRef]
51.
Ogilvie D, Fayter D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, Thomas S, Whitehead M, Worthy G. The harvest plot: a method for synthesising evidence about the differential effects of interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008;8:8. 10.1186/1471-2288-8-8 [PMC free article: PMC2270283] [PubMed: 18298827] [CrossRef]
52.
Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman Andrew D. Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of Recommendations Using the GRADE Approach. Updated October 2013. URL: https://gdt​.gradepro​.org/app/handbook/handbook.html (accessed 26 February 2020).
53.
Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008;8:45. 10.1186/1471-2288-8-45 [PMC free article: PMC2478656] [PubMed: 18616818] [CrossRef]
54.
Inman DP, Loge K, Cram A, Peterson M. Learning to drive a wheelchair in virtual reality. J Spec Educ Technol 2011;26:21–34. 10.1177/016264341102600303 [CrossRef]
55.
Bamer AM, Connell FA, Dudgeon BJ, Johnson KL. Frequency of purchase and associated costs of assistive technology for Washington State Medicaid program enrollees with spina bifida by age. Disabil Health J 2010;3:155–61. 10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.10.009 [PubMed: 21122780] [CrossRef]
56.
University of Delaware. GoBabyGo! 2019. URL: https://sites​.udel.edu/gobabygo/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
57.
Galloway JC, Ryu JC, Agrawal SK. Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants. Intell Serv Robot 2008;1:123–34. 10.1007/s11370-007-0011-2 [CrossRef]
58.
Pritchard-Wiart L, Bragg E, Thompson-Hodgetts S. The Young Movers Project: a case series describing modified toy car use as an early movement option for young children with mobility limitations. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2019;39:598–613. 10.1080/01942638.2019.1585403 [PubMed: 31144554] [CrossRef]
59.
Evans S, Neophytou C, de Souza L, Frank AO. Young people’s experiences using electric powered indoor–outdoor wheelchairs (EPIOCs): potential for enhancing users’ development? Disabil Rehabil 2007;29:1281–94. 10.1080/09638280600964406 [PubMed: 17654003] [CrossRef]
60.
Feldner HA, Logan SW, Galloway JC. Mobility in pictures: a participatory photovoice narrative study exploring powered mobility provision for children and families. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019;14:301–11. 10.1080/17483107.2018.1447606 [PubMed: 29522358] [CrossRef]
61.
Kenyon LK, Mortenson WB, Miller WC. ‘Power in Mobility’: parent and therapist perspectives of the experiences of children learning to use powered mobility. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018;60:1012–17. 10.1111/dmcn.13906 [PubMed: 29777530] [CrossRef]
62.
Evans N, Baines R. Trends, goals and outcomes for children and families using early powered mobility in a charitable loan scheme. J Enabling Technol 2017;11:138–47. 10.1108/JET-08-2017-0032 [CrossRef]
63.
Agrawal SK, Kang J, Chen X, Kim MJ, Lee Y, Kong SW, et al. Robot-enhanced mobility training of children with cerebral palsy: short-term and long-term pilot studies. IEEE Syst J 2016;10:1098–106. 10.1109/JSYST.2014.2368455 [CrossRef]
64.
Chen X, Ragonesi C, Galloway JC, Agrawal SK. Training toddlers seated on mobile robots to drive indoors amidst obstacles. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2011;19:271–9. 10.1109/TNSRE.2011.2114370 [PubMed: 21324787] [CrossRef]
65.
Hasdai A, Jessel AS, Weiss PL. Use of a computer simulator for training children with disabilities in the operation of a powered wheelchair. Am J Occup Ther 1998;52:215–20. 10.5014/ajot.52.3.215 [PubMed: 9521997] [CrossRef]
66.
Lynch A, Ryu JC, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility training for a 7-month-old infant with spina bifida. Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:362–8. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181bfae4c [PubMed: 19923977] [CrossRef]
67.
Marchal-Crespo L, Furumasu J, Reinkensmeyer DJ. A robotic wheelchair trainer: design overview and a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2010;7:40. 10.1186/1743-0003-7-40 [PMC free article: PMC2931523] [PubMed: 20707886] [CrossRef]
68.
McCourt E, Casey J. Electrically powered indoor/outdoor chair performance for children aged 7 to 9 years. Br J Occup Ther 2016;79:584–90. 10.1177/0308022616636405 [CrossRef]
69.
McGarry S, Moir L, Girdler S. The Smart Wheelchair: is it an appropriate mobility training tool for children with physical disabilities? Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2012;7:372–80. 10.3109/17483107.2011.637283 [PubMed: 22124287] [CrossRef]
70.
Morère Y, Bourhis G, Cosnuau K, Guilmois G, Rumilly E, Blangy E. ViEW: a wheelchair simulator for driving analysis [published online ahead of print August 7 2018]. Assist Technol 2018. 10.1080/10400435.2018.1503204 [PubMed: 30085901] [CrossRef]
71.
Torkia C, Ryan SE, Reid D, Boissy P, Lemay M, Routhier F, et al. Virtual community centre for power wheelchair training: experience of children and clinicians. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019;14:46–55. 10.1080/17483107.2017.1392622 [PubMed: 29092651] [CrossRef]
72.
Ragonesi CB, Galloway JC. Short-term, early intensive power mobility training: case report of an infant at risk for cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:141–8. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31824c764b [PMC free article: PMC3319352] [PubMed: 22466381] [CrossRef]
73.
Nilsson L, Nyberg P, Eklund M. Training characteristics important for growing consciousness of joystick-use in people with profound cognitive disabilities. Int J Ther Rehabil 2010;17:588–95. 10.12968/ijtr.2010.17.11.79539 [CrossRef]
74.
Nilsson LM, Nyberg PJ. Driving to learn: a new concept for training children with profound cognitive disabilities in a powered wheelchair. Am J Occup Ther 2003;57:229–33. 10.5014/ajot.57.2.229 [PubMed: 12674317] [CrossRef]
75.
Kenyon LK, Farris JP, Aldrich NJ, Rhodes S. Does power mobility training impact a child’s mastery motivation and spectrum of EEG activity? An exploratory project. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2018;13:665–73. 10.1080/17483107.2017.1369587 [PubMed: 28853621] [CrossRef]
76.
Kenyon LK, Farris J, Brockway K, Hannum N, Proctor K. Promoting self-exploration and function through an individualized power mobility training program. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:200–6. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000129 [PubMed: 25695192] [CrossRef]
77.
Huang HH, Chen CL. The use of modified ride-on cars to maximize mobility and improve socialization – a group design. Res Dev Disabil 2017;61:172–80. 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.002 [PubMed: 28087203] [CrossRef]
78.
Huang HH, Chen YM, Huang HW. Ride-on car training for behavioral changes in mobility and socialization among young children with disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther 2017;29:207–13. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000426 [PubMed: 28654486] [CrossRef]
79.
Huang HH, Chen YM, Huang HW, Shih MK, Hsieh YH, Chen CL. Modified ride-on cars and young children with disabilities: effects of combining mobility and social training. Front Pediatr 2017;5:299. 10.3389/fped.2017.00299 [PMC free article: PMC5776004] [PubMed: 29387682] [CrossRef]
80.
Huang HH, Huang HW, Chen YM, Hsieh YH, Shih MK, Chen CL. Modified ride-on cars and mastery motivation in young children with disabilities: effects of environmental modifications. Res Dev Disabil 2018;83:37–46. 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.08.001 [PubMed: 30098454] [CrossRef]
81.
Furumasu J, Guerette P, Tefft D. The development of a powered wheelchair mobility program for young children. Technol Disabil 1996;5:41–8. 10.3233/TAD-1996-5106 [CrossRef]
82.
Zeng Q, Burdet E, Teo CL. Evaluation of a collaborative wheelchair system in cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury users. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009;23:494–504. 10.1177/1545968308323692 [PubMed: 19074687] [CrossRef]
83.
Ragonesi CB, Chen X, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility and socialization in preschool: follow-up case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2011;23:399–406. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e318235266a [PMC free article: PMC3266169] [PubMed: 22090084] [CrossRef]
84.
Nicholson J, Bonsall M. Powered mobility for children under five years of age in England. Br J Occup Ther 2002;65:291–3. 10.1177/030802260206500608 [CrossRef]
85.
Montesano L, Díaz M, Bhaskar S, Minguez J. Towards an intelligent wheelchair system for users with cerebral palsy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2010;18:193–202. 10.1109/TNSRE.2009.2039592 [PubMed: 20071276] [CrossRef]
86.
Kenyon LK, Farris JP, Gallagher C, Hammond L, Webster LM, Aldrich NJ. Power mobility training for young children with multiple, severe impairments: a case series. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017;37:19–34. 10.3109/01942638.2015.1108380 [PubMed: 26735082] [CrossRef]
87.
Logan SW, Hospodar CM, Feldner HA, Huang HH, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on car use by young children with disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther 2018;30:50–6. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000468 [PubMed: 29252838] [CrossRef]
88.
Logan SW, Huang HH, Stahlin K, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on car for mobility and socialization: single-case study of an infant with Down syndrome. Pediatr Phys Ther 2014;26:418–26. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000070 [PubMed: 25192001] [CrossRef]
89.
Butler C. Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviors of very young children with locomotor disability. Dev Med Child Neurol 1986;28:325–32. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1986.tb03881.x [PubMed: 2941328] [CrossRef]
90.
Logan SW, Lobo MA, Feldner HA, Schreiber M, MacDonald M, Winden HN, et al. Power-Up: exploration and play in a novel modified ride-on car for standing. Pediatr Phys Ther 2017;29:30–7. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000336 [PubMed: 27984464] [CrossRef]
91.
Odor J, Watson M. Learning Through Smart Wheelchairs: A Formative Evaluation of the Effective Use of the CALL Centre’s Smart Wheelchairs as Part of Children’s Emerging Mobility, Communication, Education, and Personal Development. Final Report. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh; 1994. URL: www​.callscotland.org​.uk/Common-Assets/ckfinder​/userfiles/files​/Learning%20Through​%20Smart%20Wheelchairs%20complete.pdf (accessed 6 July 2020).
92.
Stokes M, Cook E, Sanders C, Coker-Bolt P. The case for early power mobility: developmental outcomes for a toddler born with a rare neuromuscular disorder. Technol Special Interest Section Q 2014;24:1–3.
93.
Weinstein ML, Lloyd M, finch KA, Laszacs AD. Underappreciated challenges to pediatric powered mobility – ways to address them as illustrated by a case report. Assist Technol 2018;30:74–6. 10.1080/10400435.2016.1257520 [PubMed: 28632019] [CrossRef]
94.
Dennis CW, Stansfeld S, Larin HM. Effect of Providing Powered Mobility on Infants’ Social Behavior and Vocalization: Two Case Studies. Paper presented at the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) annual conference, New Orleans, LA, 26–30 June 2017.
95.
Paulsson K, Christoffersen M. Psychosocial Aspects of Technical Aids: How does Independent Mobility Affect the Psychosocial and Intellectual Development of Children with Physical Disabilities? Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference of the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America, Ottawa, ON, 17–22 June 1984.
96.
Ragonesi CB, Chen X, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility and socialization in preschool: a case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2010;22:322–9. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e3181eab240 [PubMed: 20699785] [CrossRef]
97.
Ross SM, Catena M, Twardzik E, Hospodar C, Cook E, Ayyagari A, et al. Feasibility of a modified ride-on car intervention on play behaviors during an inclusive playgroup. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018;38:493–509. 10.1080/01942638.2017.1400491 [PubMed: 29236563] [CrossRef]
98.
Sharma N, Morrison J. Don’t Push Me Around! Disabled Children’s Experiences of Wheelchair Services in the UK. London: Whizz-Kids; 2007. URL: www​.whizz-kidz.org.uk​/uploads/general/Support_us​/Trusts__statutory_and_lottery​/dont​_push_me_around_report.pdf (accessed 26 February 2020).
99.
Gudgeon S, Kirk S. Living with a powered wheelchair: exploring children’s and young people’s experiences. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2015;10:118–25. 10.3109/17483107.2013.870609 [PubMed: 24354745] [CrossRef]
100.
Pituch E, Rushton PW, Ngo M, Heales J, Poulin Arguin A. Powerful or powerless? Children’s, parents’, and occupational therapists’ perceptions of powered mobility. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018;39(3):1–16. 10.1080/01942638.2018.1496964 [PubMed: 30204532] [CrossRef]
101.
Sonday A, Gretschel P. Empowered to play: a case study describing the impact of powered mobility on the exploratory play of disabled children. Occup Ther Int 2016;23:11–18. 10.1002/oti.1395 [PubMed: 26153363] [CrossRef]
102.
Wiart L, Darrah J, Hollis V, Cook A, May L. Mothers’ perceptions of their children’s use of powered mobility. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2004;24:3–21. 10.1300/J006v24n04_02 [PubMed: 15669667] [CrossRef]
103.
Cerruti M, Biondi R. Timely insertion of electronic wheelchair in overall rehabilitation plan for cerebral palsy in young children: investigation on the opinion of parents. Sci Riabil 2010;12:14–23.
104.
Kornafel T, Tsao EY, Sabelhaus E, Surges L, Apkon SD. Physical and occupational therapy for a teenager with acute flaccid myelitis: a case report. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017;37:485–595. 10.1080/01942638.2016.1255289 [PubMed: 28095134] [CrossRef]
105.
Currier BA, Jones MA, DeGrace BW. Experiences of families with young power wheelchair users. J Early Interv 2019;41:125–40. 10.1177/1053815118819204 [CrossRef]
106.
Home AM, Ham R. Provision of powered mobility equipment to young children: the Whizz-Kidz experience. Int J Ther Rehabil 2003;10:511–7. 10.12968/bjtr.2003.10.11.13462 [CrossRef]
107.
Kakimoto A, Suzuki S, Sekiguchi Y. Development of a cart for independent mobility assistance for non-ambulatory children. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009;2009:7273–6. 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5334838 [PubMed: 19965102] [CrossRef]
108.
Gehant BA. Evaluation of the CAPP cart. Artif Limbs 1971;15:16–24. [PubMed: 5135221]
109.
Durkin J. Discovering powered mobility skills with children: ‘responsive partners’ in learning. Int J Ther Rehabil 2009;16:331–41. 10.12968/ijtr.2009.16.6.42436 [CrossRef]
110.
Jonasson M. The AKKA-board – performing mobility, disability and innovation. Disabil Soc 2014;29:47–90. 10.1080/09687599.2013.823079 [CrossRef]
111.
Mockler SR, McEwen IR, Jones MA. Retrospective analysis of predictors of proficient power mobility in young children with severe motor impairments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017;98:2034–41. 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.05.028 [PubMed: 28688787] [CrossRef]
112.
Uyama S, Hanaki K. Current status of the utilization of powered wheelchair in preschool children with locomotive disability in Japan. Phys Ther Res 2016;19:13–23. 10.1298/ptr.E9888 [PMC free article: PMC5342959] [PubMed: 28289577] [CrossRef]
113.
Lovett S. Discrimination learning in multiply handicapped children using an electromechanical car. Adv Behav Res Ther 1988;10:39–52. 10.1016/0146-6402(88)90010-0 [CrossRef]
114.
Omori K, Sugimoto Y, Kitayama I. Development of Power Wheelchair with Support Functions for Learning how to Operate – Trial at a School for Children with Physical or Developmental Disabilities. In Ohnabe H, Collins DM, editors. Selected Papers from the Japanese Conference on the Advancement of Assistive and Rehabilitation Technology. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2011. pp. 67–71.
115.
Douglas J, Ryan M. A preschool severely disabled boy and his powered wheelchair: a case study. Child Care Health Dev 1987;13:303–9. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1987.tb00547.x [PubMed: 3677329] [CrossRef]
116.
Feldner H. Impacts of early powered mobility provision on disability identity: a case study. Rehabil Psychol 2019;64:130–45. 10.1037/rep0000259 [PMC free article: PMC6768560] [PubMed: 30570332] [CrossRef]
117.
Nilsson L, Eklund M, Nyberg P, Thulesius H. Driving to learn in a powered wheelchair: the process of learning joystick use in people with profound cognitive disabilities. Am J Occup Ther 2011;65:652–60. 10.5014/ajot.2011.001750 [PubMed: 22214109] [CrossRef]
118.
Logan SW, Feldner HA, Galloway JC, Huang HH. Modified ride-on car use by children with complex medical needs. Pediatr Phys Ther 2016;28:100–7. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000210 [PubMed: 27088698] [CrossRef]
119.
Zazula JL, Foulds RA. Mobility device for a child with phocomelia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983;64:137–9. [PubMed: 6830425]
120.
Ceres R, Pons JL, Calderon L, Jimenez AR, Azevedo L. A robotic vehicle for disabled children. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2005;24:55–63. 10.1109/MEMB.2005.1549731 [PubMed: 16382806] [CrossRef]
121.
Logan SW, Catena MA, Sabet A, Hospodar CM, Yohn H, Govindan A, Galloway JC. Standing tall: feasibility of a modified ride-on car that encourages standing. Pediatr Phys Ther 2019;31:E6–E13. 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000568 [PubMed: 30557294] [CrossRef]
122.
Flodin E. Interactive design – the desire for autonomous upright mobility: a longitudinal case study. Technol Disabil 2007;19:213–24. 10.3233/TAD-2007-19407 [CrossRef]
123.
Smania N, Gandolfi M, Marconi V, Calanca A, Geroin C, Piazza S, et al. Applicability of a new robotic walking aid in a patient with cerebral palsy. Case report. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2012;48:147–53. [PubMed: 22543558]
124.
Guerette P, Furumasu J, Tefft D. The positive effects of early powered mobility on children’s psychosocial and play skills. Assist Technol 2013;25:39–50. 10.1080/10400435.2012.685824 [PubMed: 23527430] [CrossRef]
125.
Pope PM, Bowes CE, Booth E. Postural control in sitting the SAM system: evaluation of use over three years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:241–52. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11837.x [PubMed: 8138073] [CrossRef]
126.
Butler C, Okamoto GA, McKay TM. Motorized wheelchair driving by disabled children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:95–7. [PubMed: 6230066]
127.
Dunaway S, Montes J, O’Hagen J, Sproule DM, Vivo DC, Kaufmann P. Independent mobility after early introduction of a power wheelchair in spinal muscular atrophy. J Child Neurol 2013;28:576–82. 10.1177/0883073812449383 [PubMed: 22772161] [CrossRef]
128.
Schoepflin ZR, Chen X, Ragonesi CB, Galloway JC, Agrawal SK. Design of a novel mobility device controlled by the feet motion of a standing child: a feasibility study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2011;49:1225–31. 10.1007/s11517-011-0820-5 [PubMed: 21850470] [CrossRef]
129.
Larin HM, Dennis CW, Stansfield S. Development of robotic mobility for infants: rationale and outcomes. Physiotherapy 2012;98:230–7. 10.1016/j.physio.2012.06.005 [PubMed: 22898580] [CrossRef]
130.
Huhn K, Guarrera-Bowlby P, Deutsch JE. The clinical decision-making process of prescribing power mobility for a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2007;19:254–60. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31812c65cc [PubMed: 17700355] [CrossRef]
131.
Frank AO, De Souza LH, Frank JL, Neophytou C. The pain experiences of powered wheelchair users. Disabil Rehabil 2012;34:770–8. 10.3109/09638288.2011.619620 [PubMed: 22013954] [CrossRef]
132.
Wiart L, Darrah J, Cook A, Hollis V, May L. Evaluation of powered mobility use in home and community environments. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2003;23:59–75. 10.1080/J006v23n02_05 [PubMed: 12951788] [CrossRef]
133.
Berry ET, McLaurin SE, Sparling JW. Parent/caregiver perspectives on the use of power wheelchairs. Pediatr Phys Ther 1996;8:146–50. 10.1097/00001577-199608040-00002 [CrossRef]
134.
Cronin S. Exploring the Lived Experiences of Children with Specialised Wheelchair and Seating Needs from a Family Perspective. PhD thesis. Limerick: University of Limerick; 2012.
135.
Sullivan SD, Mauskopf JA, Augustovski F, Jaime Caro J, Lee KM, Minchin M, et al. Budget impact analysis-principles of good practice: report of the ISPOR 2012 Budget Impact Analysis Good Practice II Task Force. Value Health 2014;17:5–14. 10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.2291 [PubMed: 24438712] [CrossRef]
136.
Department for Work and Pensions. Family Resources Survey 2017/18. URL: www​.gov.uk/government​/statistics/family-resources-survey-financial-year-201718 (accessed 30 October 2019).
137.
Motability. What Age Can I First Receive the Mobility Allowance? URL: www​.motability.org.uk​/contact/faqs/what-age-can-i-receive-the-mobility-allowance (accessed 30 October 2019).
138.
Office for National Statistics. United Kingdom Population Mid-year Estimate 2019. URL: www​.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity​/populationandmigration​/populationestimates​/timeseries/ukpop/pop (accessed 30 October 2019).
139.
NHS Digital. Wheelchair Services: Operational Data Collection – Quarter 4 Dataset 2017/18 (January–March 2018). URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/publication​/wheelchair-services-operational-data-collection-quarter-4-dataset-2017-18-january-march-2018/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
140.
NHS Digital. Wheelchair Services: Operational Data Collection – Quarter 2 Dataset (July–September 2018). URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/publication​/wheelchair-services-operational-data-collection-quarter-2-dataset-july-september-2018/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
141.
NHS Digital. Wheelchair Services: Operational Data Collection – Quarter 3 Dataset (October–December 2018). URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/publication​/wheelchair-services-operational-data-collection-quarter-3-dataset-october-december-2018/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
142.
NHS Improvement. Reference Costs. 2018. URL: https://improvement​.nhs​.uk/resources/reference-costs/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
143.
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health. Strings Attached: CADTH’s Database of Search Filters. 2016. URL: www​.cadth.ca/resources​/finding-evidence/strings-attached-cadths-database-search-filters (accessed 22 October 2018).
144.
Bank of England. Inflation Calculator. 2019. URL: www​.bankofengland.co​.uk/monetary-policy/inflation​/inflation-calculator (accessed 30 October 2019).
145.
Designability. Wizzybug Loan Scheme: Information Sheet. 2019. URL: https:​//designability​.org.uk/wp-content/uploads​/2017/11/FRM-011-Wizzybug-Loan-Scheme-Information-Sheet-3​.0-6th-November-2017.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
146.
MERU. Bugzi Loan Scheme – Bugzi Deposit. 2019. URL: https://meru​.org.uk/product​/bugzi-loan-scheme-bugzi-deposit/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
147.
NHS England. Personal Wheelchair Budgets. 2019. URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/personal-health-budgets​/personal-wheelchair-budgets/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
148.
Curtis L, Burns A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2018. URL: www​.pssru.ac.uk/project-pages​/unit-costs/unit-costs-2018/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
149.
NHS England. Developing a Wheelchair Tariff Pilot Programme. London: NHS England; 2016. URL: www​.england.nhs.uk/wp-content​/uploads/2016​/07/rep-deve-wheelchair-tariffs.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
150.
Dragonmobility. SnapDragon. 2019. URL: www​.dragonmobility.com/snapdragon.php (accessed 30 October 2019).
151.
Bray N. More Than Mobility: Applying Health Economics to Wheelchair Interventions for Disabled Children. PhD thesis. Bangor: Bangor University; 2016.
152.
153.
Whizz-Kids. Wheelchair Skills Training. 2019. URL: www​.whizz-kidz.org.uk​/get-our-help/young-people​/wheelchair-skills-training (accessed 30 October 2019).
154.
Go Kids Go! Wheelchairs Skills Workshops. 2019. URL: https://go-kids-go​.org​.uk/go-kids-go-workshops.php (accessed 30 October 2019).
155.
Go Kids Go! Report of the Trustees and Unaudited Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 January 2018 for Go Kids Go! Association of Wheelchair Children. 2018. URL: https://go-kids-go​.org​.uk/PDFS/2018%20Accounts.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
156.
Equality and Human Rights Commission. Housing and Disabled People. A Toolkit for Local Authorities in England: Adaptations. 2018. URL: www​.equalityhumanrights​.com/sites/default​/files/housing-and-disabled-people-local-authorities-toolkit-england-adaptations.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
157.
Motability. Charitable Grants. 2019. URL: www​.motability.org.uk/grants/ (accessed 30 October 2019).
158.
Department for Education. Home to School Travel and Transport Guidance. Statutory Guidance for Local Authorities. 2014. URL: https://assets​.publishing​.service.gov.uk​/government/uploads/system​/uploads/attachment_data​/file/575323​/Home_to_school_travel​_and_transport_guidance.pdf (accessed 30 October 2019).
159.
Curtis L, Beecham J. A survey of local authorities and Home Improvement Agencies: identifying the hidden costs of providing a home adaptations service. Br J Occup Ther 2018;81:633–40. 10.1177/0308022618771534 [CrossRef]
160.
Bray N, Noyes J, Edwards RT, Harris N. Wheelchair interventions, services and provision for disabled children: a mixed-method systematic review and conceptual framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14:309. 10.1186/1472-6963-14-309 [PMC free article: PMC4110242] [PubMed: 25034517] [CrossRef]
161.
Staniszewska S, Brett J, Simera I, Seers K, Mockford C, Goodlad S, et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. BMJ 2017;358:j3453. 10.1136/bmj.j3453 [PMC free article: PMC5539518] [PubMed: 28768629] [CrossRef]
162.
Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL, Gutmann ML, Hanson WE. Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In Tashakkori A, Teddlie C, editors. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2003. pp. 209–40.
163.
Noyes J, Booth A, Moore G, Flemming K, Tunçalp Ö, Shakibazadeh E. Synthesising quantitative and qualitative evidence to inform guidelines on complex interventions: clarifying the purposes, designs and outlining some methods. BMJ Glob Health 2019;4:e000893. 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000893 [PMC free article: PMC6350750] [PubMed: 30775016] [CrossRef]
164.
Heyvaert M, Hannes K, Onghena P. Using Mixed Methods Research Synthesis for Literature Reviews. 1st edn: Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2016. 10.4135/9781506333243 [CrossRef]
165.
Fetters MD, Molina-Azorin JF. The Journal of Mixed Methods Research starts a new decade: the mixed methods research integration trilogy and its dimensions. J Mixed Methods Res 2017;11:291–307. 10.1177/1558689817714066 [CrossRef]
166.
Movsisyan A, Dennis J, Rehfuess E, Grant S, Montgomery P. Rating the quality of a body of evidence on the effectiveness of health and social interventions: a systematic review and mapping of evidence domains. Res Synth Methods 2018;9:224–42. 10.1002/jrsm.1290 [PMC free article: PMC6001464] [PubMed: 29346709] [CrossRef]
167.
Johnson SD, Tilley N, Bowers KJ. Introducing EMMIE: an evidence rating scale to encourage mixed-method crime prevention synthesis reviews. J Exp Criminol 2015;11:459–73. 10.1007/s11292-015-9238-7 [CrossRef]
168.
Cooper RA, Tolerico M, Kaminski BA, Spaeth D, Ding D, Cooper R. Quantifying wheelchair activity of children: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:977–83. 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31818dfe74 [PubMed: 19033759] [CrossRef]
169.
Huang HH, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on toy cars for early power mobility: a technical report. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:149–54. 10.1097/PEP.0b013e31824d73f9 [PMC free article: PMC3324847] [PubMed: 22466382] [CrossRef]
170.
Furumasu J. Powered mobility readiness: a case study. Directions, 2015;6:42–6. URL: https://nrrts​.org/wp-content​/uploads/2019​/06/DIRECTIONS_2015​.6_RehabCaseStudy.pdf (accessed 1 November 2019).
171.
Andrich R, Salatino C, Converti RM, Saruggia M. Cost-effectiveness of powered wheelchairs: findings of a study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2015;217:84–91. [PubMed: 26294457]
172.
Barnard AM, Nelson NG, Xiang H, McKenzie LB. Pediatric mobility aid-related injuries treated in US emergency departments from 1991 to 2008. Pediatrics 2010;125:1200–7. 10.1542/peds.2009-3286 [PubMed: 20498179] [CrossRef]
173.
Bartonek A, Saraste H, Danielsson A. Health-related quality of life and ambulation in children with myelomeningocele in a Swedish population. Acta Paediatr 2012;101:953–6. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02742.x [PubMed: 22712552] [CrossRef]
174.
Bloemen MA, Verschuren O, van Mechelen C, Borst HE, de Leeuw AJ, van der Hoef M, de Groot JF. Personal and environmental factors to consider when aiming to improve participation in physical activity in children with spina bifida: a qualitative study. BMC Neurol 2015;15:11. 10.1186/s12883-015-0265-9 [PMC free article: PMC4336512] [PubMed: 25886148] [CrossRef]
175.
Butler C. Measuring participation for children with mobility limitations: a modified Delphi survey for those who use power mobility. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015;57:500. 10.1111/dmcn.12648 [PubMed: 25492610] [CrossRef]
176.
Douglas J, Reeson B, Ryan M. Computer microtechnology for a severely disabled preschool child. Child Care Health Dev 1988;14:93–104. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1988.tb00566.x [PubMed: 2968190] [CrossRef]
177.
Ekiz T, Özbudak Demir S, Sümer HG, Özgirgin N. Wheelchair appropriateness in children with cerebral palsy: a single center experience. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2017;30:825–8. 10.3233/BMR-150522 [PubMed: 28387656] [CrossRef]
178.
Field DA, Miller WC, Ryan SE, Jarus T, Abundo A. Measuring participation for children and youth with power mobility needs: a systematic review of potential health measurement tools. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016;97:462–77. 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.08.428 [PubMed: 26365129] [CrossRef]
179.
Sanders DA. Non-model-based control of a wheeled vehicle pulling two trailers to provide early powered mobility and driving experiences. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018;26:96–104. 10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2726443 [PubMed: 28708562] [CrossRef]
180.
Motability. Making a Difference: Information for Advisors and Professionals. URL: www​.motability.org.uk​/Motability_Professional_Guide.pdf (accessed 6 July 2020).
Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2020. This work was produced by Bray et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.
Bookshelf ID: NBK563090

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page
  • PDF version of this title (6.6M)

Other titles in this collection

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...