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Bergman H, Walker DM, Nikolakopoulou A, et al. Systematic review of interventions for treating or preventing antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2017 Aug. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 21.43.)
Systematic review of interventions for treating or preventing antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
Show detailsSummary
Table 12 summarises the number of studies and references excluded from the review with reasons for exclusion.
References for Appendix 5 and reasons for exclusion
Not randomised controlled trial or randomised comparison
Adler L, Duncan E, Reiter S, Angrist B, Peselow E, Rotrosen J. Effects of calcium-channel antagonists on tardive dyskinesia and psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988;24:421–5.
Albus M, Naber D, Muller-Spahn F, Douillet P, Reinertshofer T, Ackenheil M. Tardive dyskinesia: relation to computer-tomographic, endocrine, and psychopathological variables. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1082–9.
Alexander PE, Van Kammen DP, Bunney WE. Serum calcium and magnesium in schizophrenia: relationship to clinical phenomena and neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:143–9.
Alexander PE, Van Kammen DP, Bunney WE Jr. Serum calcium and magnesium levels in schizophrenia. II. Possible relationship to extrapyramidal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:1372–7.
Ananth JV, Ban TA, Lehmann HE. An uncontrolled study with thiopropazate in the treatment of persistent dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1977;13:9.
Anderson BG, Reker D, Ristich M, Friedman E, Banay-Schwartz M, Volavka J. Lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia – a progress report. Psychopharmacol Bull 1982;18:87–8.
Yackulic CF, Anderson BG, Reker D, Webb E, Volavka J. The safety of lecithin diet supplementation in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1982;17:1445–8.
Andersson U, Häggström JE, Nilsson MI, Widerlöv E. Remoxipride, a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1988;94:167–71.
Asher SW, Aminoff MJ. Tetrabenazine and movement disorders. Neurology 1981;31:1051–4.
Asnis GM, Sachar EJ, Langer G, Halpern FS, Fink M. Normal prolactin responses in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1979;66:247–50.
Athanassenas G, Papadopoulos E, Kourkoubas A, Tsitourides S, Gabriel J, Hoïdas S, Frangos E. Serum calcium and magnesium levels in chronic schizophrenics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983;3:212–16.
Bartels M, Mezger G, Schmalzing G, Schonle PW. Long-term Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Lecithin. Proceedings of the Symposium der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie, Nuremberg, Germany, 1981.
Bjorndal N, Casey DE, Gerlach J. Enkephalin, morphine, and naloxone in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1980;69:133–6.
Blaha L. [A strategy to reduce the frequency of early dyskinesias under high-dosed haloperidol treatment.] Arzneimittel Forschung 1980;30:1208.
Blum I, Munitz H, Shalev A, Roberts E. Naloxone may be beneficial in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984;7:265–7.
Blum I, Nisipeanu PF, Roberts E. Naloxone in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1987;93:538.
Bowers MB, Moore D, Tarsy D. Tardive dyskinesia: a clinical test of the supersensitivity hypothesis. Psychopharmacology 1979;61:137–41.
Brambilla F, Gessa GL, Sciascia A, Latina A, Maggioni M, Perna GP, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant chronic schizophrenics with an association of neuroleptics and the calcium antagonist nimodipine. Eur Psychiatry 1992;7:177–82.
Branchey MH, Branchey LB, Bark NM, Richardson MA. Lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Commun Psychopharmacol 1979;3:303–7.
Branchey MH, Branchey LB, Richardson MA. Effects of neuroleptic adjustment on clinical condition and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:608–12.
Branchey MH, Branchey LB, Richardson MA. Effects of gradual decrease and discontinuation of neuroleptics on clinical condition and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981;17:118–20.
Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Summerfelt A, Hanlon TE, Levine J, Carpenter TW Jr. Clinical predictors of relapse following neuroleptic withdrawal. Biol Psychiatry 1992;32:72–8.
Calne DB, Claveria LE, Teychenne PF, Haskayne L, Lodge-Patch IC. Pimozide in tardive dyskinesia. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1974;99:166–70.
Campbell M, Adams P, Perry R, Spencer EK, Overall JE. Tardive and withdrawal dyskinesia in autistic children: a prospective study. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988;24:251–5.
Armenteros, JL, Adams PB, Campbell M, Eisenberg ZW. Haloperidol-related dyskinesias and pre- and perinatal complications in autistic children. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995;31:363–9.
Campbell M, Armenteros JL, Malone RP, Adams PB, Eisenberg ZW, Overall JE. Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: a prospective longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:835–43.
Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Havey J, Sullivan KA, Mann SC, Gallop R. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with donepezil: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:772–5.
Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Havey JC, Sullivan KA, Katz IR, Mann SC. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with donepezil. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:128–9.
Carpenter WT, Rey AC, Stephens JH. Covert dyskinesia in ambulatory schizophrenia. Lancet 1980;2:212–13.
Casey DE, Denny D. Deanol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:864–7.
Casey DE, Denney D. Pharmacological characterization of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1977;54:1–8.
Casey DE. Mood alterations during deanol therapy. Psychopharmacology 1979;62:187–91.
Casey DE, Hammerstad JP. Sodium valproate in tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1979;40:483–5.
Casey DE, Gerlach J, Simmelsgaard H. Sulpiride in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1979;66:73–7.
Casey DE, Gerlach J, Magelund G, Christensen TR. Gamma-acetylenic GABA in tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:1376–9.
Casey DE, Gerlach J, Magelund G, Christensen TR. Gamma-acetylenic GABA in tardive dyskinesia. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1980;24:577–80.
Casey DE, Korsgaard S, Gerlach J, Jørgensen A, Simmelsgaard H. Effect of des-tyrosine-gamma-endorphin in tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:158–60.
Casey DE, Korsgaard S, Gerlach J. Des-tyr-gamma-endorphin in Tardive Dyskinesia. Proceedings of the World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden, 28 June–3 July 1981.
Blum I, Nisipeanu PF, Roberts E, Casey DE, Korsgaard S, Gerlach J. Des-tyr-gamma-endorphin in Tardive Dyskinesia. Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden, 28 June–3 July 1981.
Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia: what is the natural history? Int Drug Ther Newsl 1983;18:13–16.
Cassady SL, Thaker GK, Tamminga CA. Pharmacologic relationship of anti saccade and dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:236–40.
Chouza C, Romero S, Lorenzo J, Camano JL, Fontana AP, Alterwain P, et al. [Clinical trial of tiapride in patients with dyskinesia (author’s transl).] Sem Hop 1982;58:725–33.
Claveria LE, Teychenne PF, Calne DB, Haskayne L, Petrie A, Pallis CA, Lodge-Patch IC. Tardive dyskinesia treated with pimozide. J Neurol Sci 1975;24:393–401.
Cowen MA, Green M, Bertollo DN, Abbott K. A treatment for tardive dyskinesia and some other extrapyramidal symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997;17:190–3.
Crane GE. Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients treated with psychotropic drugs. Agressologie 1968;9:209–18.
Crane GE, Ruiz P, Kernohan WJ, Wilson W, Royalty N. Effects of drug withdrawal on tardive dyskinesia. Act Nerv Super 1969;11:30–5.
Crane GE. Deanol for tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med 1975;292:926.
Curran JP. Management of tardive dyskinesia with thiopropazate. Am J Psychiatry 1973;130:925–7.
Curran DJ, Nagaswami S, Mohan KJ. Treatment of phenothiazine induced bulbar persistent dyskinesia with deanol acetamidobenzoate. Dis Nerv Syst 1975;36:71–3.
Danion JM, Singer L, Tell G, Schechter P. [Gamma-vinyl GABA and tardive dyskinesia: a single-blind study versus placebo.] Ann Med Psychol 1984;142:101–10.
Davis KL, Berger PA, Hollister LE. Letter: Choline for tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med 1975;293:152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197507172930317
Davis KL, Hollister LE, Barchas JD, Berger PA. Choline in tardive dyskinesia and Huntington’s disease. Life Sci 1976;19:1507–15.
Davis KL, Berger PA, Hollister LE. Deanol in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.134.7.807
Davis KL, Berger PA. Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:23–49.
De Silva L, Huang CY. Deanol in tardive dyskinesia. Br Med J 1975;3:466.
Delwaide PJ, Hurlet A. Bromocriptine and buccolinguofacial dyskineasias in patients with senile dementia. A quantitative study. Arch Neurol 1980;37:441–3.
Diamond BI, Borison RL. Basic and clinical studies of neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis and dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986;22:900–5.
Dixon L, Thaker G, Conley R, Ross D, Cascella N, Tamminga C. Changes in psychopathology and dyskinesia after neuroleptic withdrawal in a double-blind design. Schizophrenia Res 1993;10:267–71.
Duncan E, Adler L, Angrist B, Rotrosen J. Nifedipine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:414–16.
Escobar JI, Kemp KF. Letter: Dimethylaminoethanol for tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med 1975;292:317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197502062920617
Fahn S. Long Term Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Presynaptically Acting Dopamine-Depleting Agents. In Fahn S, Calne DB, Shoalson I, eds. Advances in Neurology: Experimental Therapeutics of Movement Disorders. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1983. pp. 267–7.
Fahn S. A therapeutic approach to tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:19–24.
Falk WE, Wojick JD, Gelenberg AJ. Diltiazem for tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia. Lancet 1988;1:824–5.
Fann WE, Lake CR, Gerber CJ, McKenzie GM. Cholinergic suppression of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacologia 1974;37:101–7.
Fann WE, Sullivan JL, Miller RD, McKenzie GM. Deanol in tardive dyskinesia: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacologia 1975;42:135–7.
Fann WE, Stafford JR, Thornby JI, Richman BW. Chronic deanol administration in tardive dyskinesia. Clin Pharmacol Therapeu 1976;19:106.
Ferrari P, Robotti E, Nardini M. [Experimental design of a pilot study on amantadine in the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by neuroleptic drugs.] Boll Chim Farm 1972;111:610–15.
Freeman H, Soni SD. Oxypertine for tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 1980;136:522–3.
Freeman HL, Soni SD, Carpenter L. A controlled trial of oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1980;15:281–91.
Freeman HL, Soni SD. Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Oxypertine. Supplement to Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the 12th Congress of Collegium Internationale Neuro-psychopharmacologicum, 1980.
Gardos G, Cole JO. Pilot study of cyproheptadine (Periactin) in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull 1978;14:18–20.
Gardos G, Cole JO, Rapkin RM, LaBrie RA, Baquelod E, Moore P, et al. Anticholinergic challenge and neuroleptic withdrawal. Changes in dyskinesia and symptom measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:1030–5.
Gelenberg AJ, Doller-Wojcik JC, Growdon JH. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:772–6.
Gerlach J, Thorsen K. The movement pattern of oral tardive dyskinesia in relation to anticholinergic and antidopaminergic treatment. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1976;11:1–7.
Gerlach J. The relationship between parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:781–4.
Gerlach J, Simmelsgaard H. Tardive dyskinesia during and following treatment with haloperidol, haloperidol + biperiden, thioridazine, and clozapine. Psychopharmacology 1978;59:105–12.
Gerlach J, Casey DE. Sulpiride in tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1984;311:93–102.
Gerlach J, Casey DE. [Dogmatil in delayed dyskinesia.] Sem Hop 1985;61:1369–75.
Bjørndal N, Casey D, Gerlach J. Dopamine antagonist and agonist treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1980;24:541–5.
Gerlach J, Korsgaard S, Noring U. Primary (Initial) and Secondary (Tardive) Dyskinesia: Effect of Fluperlapine, a New Atypical Neuroleptic Drug. In Usdin E, ed. Catecholamines: Neuropharmacology and Central Nervous System – Therapeutic Aspects. New York, NY: Liss; 1984. pp. 73–8.
Korsgaard S, Noring U, Gerlach J. Fluperlapine in tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. Psychopharmacology 1984;84:76–9.
Gibson AC. Sodium valproate and tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:82.
Gibson AC. Depot Fluphenazine and Tardive Dyskinesia in an Outpatient Population. In Fann WE, Smith RC, Davis JM, Domino EF, eds. Tardive Dyskinesia: Research and Treatment. New York, NY: Spectrum Publications; 1980. pp. 315–24.
Gibson AC. Effect of drug holidays on tardive dyskinesia. In Usdine E, Forrest IS, eds. Phenothiazines and Structurally Related Drugs: Basic and Clinical Studies. New York, NY: Elsevier-North Holland; 1980. pp. 333–6.
Ginsberg DL. Gabapentin reduces neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Prim Psychiatry 2003;10:31–2.
Glazer WM, Morre DC, Schooler NR, Brenner LM, Morgenstern H. Tardive dyskinesia: a discontinuation study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:623–7.
Glazer WM, Bowers MB, Charney DS, Heninger GR. The effect of neuroleptic discontinuation on psychopathology, involuntary movements, and biochemical measures in patients with persistent tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:224–33.
Granacher RP, Baldessarini RJ, Cole JO. Deanol for tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med 1975;292:926–7.
Grebb JA, Shelton RC, Taylor EH, Bigelow LB. A negative, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of verapamil in chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:691–4.
Growdon JH, Hirsch MJ, Wurtman RJ, Wiener W. Oral choline administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. N Engl J Med 1977;297:524–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197709082971002
Growdon JH. Effects of choline on tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull 1978;14:55–6.
Wurtman RJ, Growdon JH. Dietary enhancement of CNS neurotransmitters. Hosp Pract 1978;13:71–7.
Haggstrom J. Sulpride in tardive dyskinesia. Curr Therap Res 1980;27:164–9.
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Heresco-Levy U, Greenberg D, Lerer B, Dasberg H, Brown WA. Trial of maintenance neuroleptic dose reduction in schizophrenic outpatients: two-year outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:59–62.
Heresco-Levy U, Greenberg D, Lerer B, Dasberg H, Brown WA. Two-year trial of maintenance neuroleptic dose reduction in schizophrenic out-patients: predictors of relapse. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1995;32:268–75.
Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N. Drug discontinuation among long term, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis Nerv Syst 1976;37:494–500.
Inada T, Beasley CM, JR, Tanaka Y, Walker DJ. Extrapyramidal symptom profiles assessed with the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale: comparison with Western scales in the clinical double-blind studies of schizophrenic patients treated with either olanzapine or haloperidol. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:39–48.
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Ingram NA, Newgreen DB. The use of tacrine for tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1629–31.
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Jeste DV, Olgiati SG, Ghali AY. Masking of tardive dyskinesia with four times-a-day administration of chlorpromazine. Dis Nerv Syst 1977;38:755–8.
Jeste DV, Potkin SG, Sinha S, Feder S, Wyatt RJ. Tardive dyskinesia – reversible and persistent. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:585–90.
Johnson DAW, Pasterski G, Ludlow JM, Street K, Taylor RDW. The discontinuance of maintenance neuroleptic therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients: drug and social consequences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:339–52.
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Randomised, tardive dyskinesia, but no usable data reported – no author contact details, study > 20 years old
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Randomised, tardive dyskinesia, but no separate data reported on minority with tardive dyskinesia – authors contacted to confirm lack of data
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Randomised, tardive dyskinesia, but crossover trial with no separate data reported for phase before crossing over to second treatment – authors contacted to confirm lack of data
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Randomised, tardive dyskinesia, but crossover trial with no separate data reported for phase before crossing over to second treatment – no author contact details, study > 20 years old
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