| Bradley et al. (2006)115 | MFGT, 30 | Standard care – enhanced, 29 | Total, 50 (15/35); MFGT, 25 (7/18); CG, 25 (8/17) | MFGT, 33.6; CG, 34 | DSM-IV; outpatient diagnosis schizophrenia by psychiatrist | HAs 12 months pre intervention: MFGT, 0.60; CG, 0.29 | Community mental health programme of the Inner West Mental Health Service Royal Melbourne Hospital and participant home | RCT | BPRS; SANS; HoNOS; QOL (baseline, post intervention); relapse rates (post intervention, 18 months post intervention) | 18 months post intervention: total, 9/59 (15.3); MFGT, 5/30 (16.7); CG, 4/29 (13.8) |
Significant reduction found between baseline and post-intervention BPRS symptom scores for MFGT but no difference for the CG
Relapse rates at end and 18 months post intervention were significantly lower for MFGT than for the CG
|
| Carrà et al. (2007)90 | IG, 50; IG + SG, 26 | Standard care, 25 | Total, 101 (73/28); IG, 50 (35/15); IG + SG, 26 (22/4); CG, 25 (16/9) | IG, 29.9; IG + SG, 29.6; CG, 29.9 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia case notes screened by RAs | IG, 9.6; IG + SG, 11.3; CG, 10.3 | Family advocacy and support agency, Association for Research on Schizophrenia, Milan | RCT | Treatment compliance; relapse rates, HA rates; GAS; employment rates (baseline, 12 months and 24 months post intervention) | 24 months post intervention: total, 6/101(5.9); IG, 3/50 (6); IG + SG, 2/26 (8); CG, 1/25 (4) | Compliance with standard community care significantly higher at 12 months post intervention in the IG + SG group than in the CG |
| Chan et al. (2009)83 | PE, 36 | Standard care – enhanced, 37 | Total, 73 (48/25); PE, 36 (26/10); CG, 37 (22/15) | PE, 34.2; CG, 36.3 | DSM-IV; outpatient diagnosis schizophrenia by psychiatrist | PE, 10.2; CG, 10.5 | Psychiatric outpatient department of a regional mental health hospital in Hong Kong | Cluster RCT | BPRS; ROMI; ITAQ; SES (baseline, post intervention, 6 months and 12 months post intervention) | No attrition | Significant improvements over time found for the PE group in BPRS, ROMI and ITAQ scores. Significant group differences were found for BPRS at 6 months, ROMI at post intervention and at 6 months post intervention and the ITAQ at 6 and 12 months post intervention |
| Chien (2008)94 | PESG, 34 | Standard care – enhanced, 34 | Total, 68; NR | PESG, 37.3; CG, 28.8 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | 2.5 | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | Cluster RCT |
SLOF (baseline, 1 and 12 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months pre intervention, over 9-month intervention period, 12 months post intervention)
| 12 months post intervention: total, 5/68, (7.4); PESG, 3/34 (8.8); CG, 2/34 (5.9) | PESG showed significant improved level of functioning (SLOF) from baseline to 6 months post intervention when compared with the CG |
| aChien and Chan (2004)80 | MSG, 32; PE, 33 | Standard care – enhanced, 31 | Total, 96 (62/34); MSG, 32 (20/12); PE, 33 (20/13); CG, 31 (22/9) | MSG, 32.3; PE, 29.1; CG, 33.8 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | Just over 2 years (range: 6 months–5 years) | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | Cluster RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; (baseline, 1 week and 12 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (pre-intervention, over 6-month intervention period, 12 months post intervention)
| 12 months post intervention:total, 7/96 (7.3); MSG, 4/32 (12.5); PG, 2/33 (6.1); CG, 1/31 (3.2) | MSG participants reported significant reduction in rehospitalisation compared with the PE group and the CG and greater improvement in all three subscales of SLOF (self-maintenance, social functioning and community living skills) |
| Chien and Chan (2013)98 | MSG, 45; PE, 45 | Standard care – enhanced, 45 | Total, 135 (84/51); MSG, 45 (28/17); PE, 45 (27/18); CG, 45 (29/16) | MSG, 24.3; PE, 25.2; CG, 26.2 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | Majority 1–2 years for all three groups | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | Cluster RCT |
BPRS; SLOF (baseline, 1 week, 12 and 24 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (9 months pre intervention, 1 week, 12 and 24 months post intervention)
| 24 months post intervention: total, 7/135 (5.2); MSG, 2/45 (4.4); PG, 3/45 (6.7); CG, 2/45 (4.4) | At 12 and 24 months post-intervention time points compared with the CG BPRS score decreased significantly and the SLOF score for the MSG group increased significantly. Scores also decreased at 12 and 24 months post intervention when compared with the PE group. The average length of rehospitalisations was significantly lower in the MSG than the CG at all post-intervention time points |
| aChien et al. (2006)79 | MSG, 32; PE, 33 | Standard care – enhanced, 31 | Total, 96 (64/32); MSG, 32 (20/12); PE, 33 (22/11); CG, 31 (22/9) | MSG, 27.3; PE, 27.8; CG, 28.8 | DSM-IV; outpatients case note diagnosis schizophrenia | About 2 years (range 6 months–3 years) | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | Cluster RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; (baseline, 6 and 18 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months pre intervention, 6 and 18 months post intervention)
| 18 months post intervention: total, 7/96 (7.3); MSG, 2/32 (6.3); PE, 2/33 (6.1); CG, 3/31 (9.7) | Readmissions to hospital in the MSG group reduced significantly more than the other two groups from baseline to 18 months post intervention. Level of functioning in the MSG group improved significantly from baseline to 18 months post intervention compared with the other two groups. Patient functioning in the PE group also improved over time and significantly more than the CG |
| Chien and Lee (2010)97 | SCMP, 46 | Standard care – enhanced, 46 | Total, 92; NR | NR | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | NR | Three psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; (baseline, 1 and 15 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months preceding intervention, 1 and 15 months post intervention)
| 15 months post intervention: total, 3/92 (3.3); SCMP, 2/46 (4.3); CG, 1/46 (2.2) | There were significant differences between the SCMP group and the CG with patients’ functioning and number and length of rehospitalisations at 1 and 15 months post intervention, although patients’ functioning and number and length of rehospitalisations in the SCMP group only significantly improved at the 15 months post-intervention time point |
| Chien and Lee (2013)103 | MBPP, 48 | Standard care – enhanced, 48 | Total, 96 (53/43) | 25.8 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | NR | Three psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; SSQ; ITAQ (baseline, 3 and 18 months post intervention)
Number and duration HAs (6 months preceding intervention, 3 and 18 months post intervention)
| 18 months post intervention: total, 6/96 (6.3); MBPP, 3/48 (6.3); CG, 3/48 (6.3) | There were significant differences between the MBPP group and the CG related to patients’ insight into illness, symptom severity, functioning and number and length of rehospitalisation at 3 and 18 months post intervention. MBPP participants’ symptom severity, illness insight and length of rehospitalisation improved significantly at 3 and 18 months post intervention, but functioning and number of rehospitalisation only significantly improved 18 months post intervention |
| Chien et al. (2004)104 | MSG, 24 | Standard care – enhanced, 24 | Total, 48 (27/21); MSG, 24 (14/10); CG, 24 (13/11) | MSG, 39.9; CG, 36.3 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | Approximately 2 years | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics | Cluster RCT | Duration of HAs (3 months preceding intervention, over the 3-month intervention period and 3 months post intervention) | No attrition | In the MSG group there was a significant decrease in the duration of patient rehospitalisation at 3 months post intervention compared with the CG |
| Chien and Thompson (2013)101 | FPGP, 35 |
CG1 standard care – enhanced, 35;
CG2 psychoeducation, 36
| Total, 106 (66/40); FPGP, 35 (21/14); CG1, 36 (23/13); CG2, 35 (22/13) | FPGP, 26.3; CG1, 28.2; CG2, 27.2 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | 2.5 years (range 6 months–6 years) | Three psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; (baseline, 1 week, 18 and 36 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months preceding intervention, 1 week, 18 and 36 months post intervention)
| 36 months post intervention: total, 12/106 (11.3); FPGP, 4/35 (11.4); CG1, 3/36 (8.3); CG2, 5/35 (14.3) | Functioning improved significantly at 1 week and 18 months post intervention. Rehospitalisation of FPGP patients decreased significantly at the three respective time points in number and duration compared with CG1 and decreased significantly at 1 week and 18 months post intervention when compared with CG2. In the FPGP group there was a significant difference between patients’ SLOF score compared with the PE group and the CG |
| Chien et al. (2008)84 | MSG, 38 | Standard care – enhanced, 38 | Total, 76 (32/44);MSG, 38 (17/21); CG, 38 (15/23) | MSG, 25.3; CG, 25.6 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | MSG, 2.7; CG, 2.6 | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | RCT |
BPRS (baseline, 1 week and 12 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months preceding intervention, 1 week and 12 months post intervention)
| No attrition | In the MSG group the duration of patients’ rehospitalisation decreased significantly at 12 months post intervention |
| Chien and Wong (2007)105 | PE, 42 | Standard care – enhanced, 42 | Total, 84 (51/33) | 28.8 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | 3.6 | Two psychiatric outpatient clinics, Hong Kong | RCT |
BPRS; SLOF; (baseline, 1 week and 12 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAs (6 months preceding intervention, 1 week and 12 months post intervention)
| 12 months post intervention: total, 7/84 (8.3); PE, 3/42 (7.1); CG, 4/42 (9.5) | In the PE group number of patients’ rehospitalisation improved significantly at 1 week and 12 months post intervention. However, patients’ functioning and length of rehospitalisation only significantly improved at 12 months post intervention |
| Gohar et al. (2013)111 | SCST, 22 | Non-adapted SCST | Total, 42 (34/8); SCST, 22 (16/6); CG, 20 (18/2) | SCST, 33.0; CG, 31.0 | DSM-IV SCID I; schizophrenia diagnosis | SCST, 11.8; CG, 8.4 | Outpatient clinic of the psychiatry and addiction hospital of Kasr Al-Ainy hospitals, Cairo university, Egypt | RCT | PANSS; MSCEIT; TMT Part A and Digit Symbol Substitution Test; the Digit Span Task from the Wechsler Memory Scale; the Proteus Maze Task; (baseline, post intervention) | NR – but tables suggest no attrition | SCST showed significant improvements in social cognition compared with the CG. On the MSCEIT, the SCST group showed significant improvements on the total score and branches 1 (emotion perception) and 4 (managing emotions) |
| Guo et al. (2010)109 | CT, 633 | Medication, 635 | Total, 1268 (698/570); CT, 633 (344/289); CG, 635 (354/281) | CT, 26.1; CG, 26.4 | DSM-IV SCID I; schizophrenia/schizophreniform diagnosis rated by investigators or trained staff; PANSS total score < 60 | CT, 2.1; CG, 2 | Ten clinical sites in China (six university clinics and four province mental health agencies) | RCT |
PANSS; ITAQ; GAS; ADL; SF-36 (baseline, 3 and 6 months post intervention)
Rates of treatment discontinuation (assessed every 2 weeks by a RA and monthly by a psychiatrist)
| 12 months post intervention: total, 524/1268 (41.3); CT, 227/633 (35.9); CG, 338/635 (46.8) | Risk of relapse and readmission was lower in the CT group. Change in ITAQ scores was greater in the CT group than the CG. GAS and ADL scores were also greater over time for the CT group. the CT group also scored higher on four domains of the SF-36 (role-physical, general health, vitality and role-emotional) |
| Habib et al. (2015)71 | CaCBTp, 21 | Standard care – medical consultation, 21 | Total, 42 (25/17); CaCBTp, 21(11/10); CG, 21 (14/7) | CaCBTp, 33.5; CG, 30.2 | DSM-IV-TR; inpatient; schizophrenia diagnosis | CaCBTp, 8.8; CG, 8.6 | Psychiatric inpatient clinic, Lahore, Pakistan | RCT | PANSS; PSYRATS; SAI (baseline, post intervention) | NR | CaCBTp group demonstrated significantly greater improvement on PANSS positive, negative and general symptoms and PSYRATS hallucinations, delusions and insight post intervention |
| Koolaee and Etemadi (2009)91 | BFM, 21; PE, 21 | Standard care – enhanced, 20 | Total, 55 (40/15) | NR | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | ≤ 3 years | Psychiatric outpatient clinic in Tehran, Iran | RCT |
BPRS (baseline, 3 and 6 months post intervention)
Number and duration of HAS (preceding 3 months, baseline, 3 and 6 months post intervention)
| Post intervention: total, 7/62 (11.3); BFM group, 3/21 (14.3); PE, 2/21 (9.5); CG, 2/20 (10) | PE and BFM groups exhibited significantly greater reduction in positive symptoms at 3 and 6 months post intervention compared with the CG. PE-positive symptoms reduced significantly from baseline to 6 months post intervention when compared with BFM. Hospitalisation data NR |
| Kopelowicz et al. (2003)99 | ST, 45 | Standard care, 47 | Total, 92 (62/30); ST, 45 (30/15); CG, 47 (32/15) | ST, 37.6; CG, 39.1 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia/schizoaffective diagnosis; one or more episodes of treatment in an inpatient facility, ≥ 1 week duration in previous 12 months | NR | Community mental health centre, Los Angeles, CA, USA | RCT | PANSS; HA rates; ILSS; QOLI; ROMI; MMM + generalisation assessments; SMM + generalisation assessments (baseline, post intervention and 6 months post intervention); medication adherence (monthly) | 6 months post intervention: total, 8/102 (7.8); ST, 6/45 (13.3); CG, 2/47 (4.3) | ST participants showed significantly reduced positive, negative and total symptoms post intervention which were maintained at 6 months post intervention. In the ST group there was also a significant main effect on skill acquisition for medication and symptom management skills. The ST group showed significantly improved level of functioning compared with the CG at post intervention. There was also significantly lower rehospitalisation rates in the ST group from baseline to follow-up compared with the CG |
| Kopelowicz et al. (2012)117 | MFG-A, 64; MFG-S, 54 | Standard care, 60 | Total, 174 (114/60); MFG-A, 64 (43/21); MFG-S, 53 (36/17); CG, 57 (35/22) | MFG-A, 32.6; MFG-S, 29.6; CG, 32.8 | DSM-IV structured clinical interview; schizophrenia/schizoaffective diagnosis | NR | Two community mental health centres, Los Angeles, CA, USA | RCT |
BPRS (baseline, post intervention and 12 months post intervention); medication compliance (baseline, 4 and 8 months post baseline, post intervention, 6 and 12 months post intervention)
HA rates (4 and 8 months post baseline, post intervention, 6 and 12 months post intervention)
| 12 months post intervention: total, 33/178 (18.4); MFG-A, 10/64 (15.6); MFG-S, 13/54 (24.1); CG, 10/60 (16.7) | At post intervention, the MFG-A group demonstrated significantly higher medication adherence than the MFG-S group or the CG. The MFG-A participants had a longer time to first hospitalisation and were less likely to be hospitalised than those in the MFG-S group and the CG |
| Kulhara et al. (2009)86 | PE, 38 | Standard care – enhanced, 38 | Total, 76 (42/34); PE, 38 (17/21); CG, 38 (25/13) | PE, 31.1; CG, 31.6 | DSM-IV; structured interview; schizophrenia diagnosis | PE, 4.7; CG, 5.1 | Department of psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India | RCT |
PANSS; WHODAS (baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months post baseline; post intervention)
Relapse (over the 9-month intervention period)
| Post intervention: total, 33/76 (43.4); PE, 15/38 (39.5); CG, 18/38 (47.4) | There was a significantly greater decline in monthly PANSS scores in the PE group on all three subscales in comparison with the CG. The only patient outcome showing a significant difference from baseline to post intervention was disability level, with the PE, group showing significantly lower levels of disability at post intervention than the CG |
| Kumar et al. (2010)112 | HMCT, 8 | Standard care, 8 | Total, 16/0; HMCT, 8/0; CG, 8/0 | HMCT, 31.5; CG, 34.1 | ICD-10; patient diagnosis paranoid schizophrenia | HMCT, 7.6; CG, 6.5 | Inpatient hospital, central institute of psychiatry, Ranchi, India | RCT | PANSS (baseline, 2 week post baseline, post intervention) | NR | The HMCT group demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in positive symptoms post intervention compared with the CG |
| Kung et al. (2012)85 | FP, 9 | ‘Comparison group’ no details | Total, 12; FP, 9; CG, 3 | MFPG, 34.2; CG, 50.6 | ‘Schizophrenic form of disorder’ | NR | Psychiatric outpatient clinics | Non-RCT | BPRS; SANS; SLOF; WQOL (baseline, 3 months post baseline, post intervention, 3 months post intervention) | No attrition | In the MFPG group, BPRS and SANS scores showed significant improvement at post intervention and 3 months post intervention. The SLOF score was in the opposite direction than expected but consistent with the previous within group scores recorded at baseline, post-intervention and 3 months post-intervention |
| Lak et al. (2010)106 | CBCSM + SGT, 35; CBCSM, 35 | ‘Placebo’ education and rehabilitation programme, 36 | Total, 106 (53/53); CBCSM + SGT, 35 (18/17); CBCSM, 35 (17/18); CG, 36 (18/18) | CBCSM + SGT, 38.3; CBCSM, 44.5; CG, 43.2 | ICD-10; schizophrenia diagnosis, free-from positive symptoms as indicated by BPRS score > 72 | CBCSM + SGT, 15.6; CBCSM, 18.3; CG, 18.9 | NR | RCT | BPRS; GAF; VSSS; ASSEI; PWI (baseline, post intervention, 3 and 6 months post intervention) | 6 months post intervention: total, 10/106 (9.4); CBCSM + SGT, 4/35 (11.4); CBCSM, 6/35 (17.1); CG, 0/36 (0) | Post intervention, the CBCSM + SGT group and the CBCSM group scored significantly higher than the CG in social skills. At 6 months post intervention, social skills of the CBCSM + SGT group were better than the CBCSM group and the CG |
| Li and Arthur (2005)96 | FE, 46 | Standard care, 55 | Total, 101 (43/58); FE, 46 (18/28); CG, 55 (25/30) | NR | CCMD-II-R; inpatient diagnosis schizophrenia | NR | Non-acute inpatient hospital, Beijing, China | Cluster RCT | BPRS; GAS; KASI; NOSIE; relapse rates; medication compliance (baseline, post intervention, 3 and 9 months post intervention) | 9 months post intervention: total, 12/101 (11.9); FE, 3/46 (6.5); CG, 9/55 (16.4) | FE group showed significantly greater improvements in symptom severity, knowledge and overall functioning at 9 months post intervention compared with the CG |
| Li et al. (2015)107 | CBT, 96 | Supportive therapy (TE), 96 | Total, 192 (72/120); CBT, 96 (32/64); CG, 96 (40/56) | CBT, 29.3; CG, 33.4 | SCID; DSM-IV; Axis I schizophrenia by research psychiatrists | CBT, 7.6; CG, 8.8 | Three specialised psychiatric hospitals, Beijing | Cluster RCT | PANSS; SAI; PSP (baseline, 12, 24, 36, 60 and 84 weeks post baseline) | 84 weeks post baseline: total, 25/192 (14.6); CBT, 11/96 (11.5); CG, 14/96 (14.6) | Both groups had a significant decrease in all PANSS symptoms, SAI insight and PSP social functioning post intervention (24 weeks), which were maintained up to 84 weeks post baseline. Compared with the CG, CBT showed significantly greater reductions in PANSS total and positive symptoms and PSP functioning scores from 36 weeks post baseline |
| Lin et al. (2013)88 | IMR, 48 | Standard care, 49 | Total, 97 (62/35); IMR, 48 (30/18); CG, 49 (32/17) | IMR, 35.3; CG, 35.2 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia/schizoaffective diagnosis | IMR, 11.8; CG, 11.2 | Acute inpatient ward in two hospitals in Taiwan | RCT | BPRS; KI; DAI-30; SAI-E (baseline, post intervention and 1 month post intervention) | 1 month post intervention: total, 14/97 (14.4); IMR, 4/48 (8.3); CG, 10/49 (20.4) | The IMR group showed significantly greater improvements at post intervention and 1 month post intervention than the CG in BPRS negative symptoms, insight, illness management knowledge and attitudes towards medication |
| Lin et al. (2013)116 | IMR, 26 | N/A | Total: IMR, 26 (18/8) | 36.38 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia/schizoaffective diagnosis | NR | Six psychiatric acute wards at a psychiatric hospital in the department of psychiatry, Taiwan | Non-RCT | BPRS; KFI; DAI-30; SAI-E (baseline, post intervention) | NR | Participants improved in each psychopathology domain post intervention; however, only the change in the affective domain was significant |
| Mann and Chong (2004)113 | SCP, 25 | Education programme, 25 | Total, 50 (38/12) | 44.4 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis with active positive psychotic symptoms ≥ 1 year assessed by psychiatrist | Average length of stay in hospital: 26.2 months (range 12–68 months) | Inpatient psychiatric hospital, Hong Kong | RCT | PANSS; LSP (baseline, post intervention and 1 month post intervention) | NR | Post-intervention, there was a significant improvement in PANSS scores for SCP and CG. However, this returned back to baseline level at 1 month post intervention |
| bMausbach et al. (2008)81 | PEDAL, 21 | CG1 FAST (non-adapted PEDAL), 15; CG2 support group (TE), 23 | Total, 59 (35/24); PEDAL, 21 (11/10); CG1, 15 (10/5); CG2, 23 (14/9) | PEDAL, 50.7; CG1, 47.4; CG2, 47.3 | DSM-IV; diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective or psychotic mood disorder | PEDAL, 23.5; CG1, 24.5; CG2, 23.8 | Board and care facilities, San Diego country and mental health clinics near the USA–Mexico border | Block RCT | PANSS; UPSA; SSPA; MMAA; QWB (baseline, post intervention) | Post intervention: total, 10/59 (16.9); PEDAL, 3/21 (14.3); CG1, 2/15 (13.3); CG2, 5/23 (21.7) | PEDAL group showed a significant improvement on the UPSA compared with those in CG1 and CG2. The PEDAL group had significantly higher SSPA scores at post intervention compared with CG1, but not CG2. The PEDAL group also made significantly fewer medication errors at post intervention than CG2 |
| Naeem et al. (2015)92 | CaCBTp, 59 | Standard care, 57 | Total, 116 (70/46); CaCBTp, 57 (39/18); CG, 59 (31/28) | CaCBTp, 31.7; CG, 31.1 | ICD-10 RDC; diagnosis of schizophrenia or related disorder | CaCBTp, 4.7; CG, 5.8 | Psychiatric outpatient clinics, Karachi, Pakistan | RCT | PANSS; PSYRATS; SAI (baseline, post intervention) | Post intervention: total, 14/116 (12.1); CaCBT, 6/59 (10.1); CG, 8/57 (14) | At post intervention the CaCBTp group showed significantly greater improvements compared with the CG, in PANSS positive and negative symptoms and general psychopathology, PSYRATS delusions and hallucinations and insight |
| bPatterson et al. (2005)82 | PEDAL, 21 | Support group, (TE) 8 | Total, 29 (14/15); PEDAL, 21 (11/10); CG, 8 (3/5) | PEDAL, 46.8; CG, 57.3 | DSM-IV; case note diagnosis of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder | Age of illness onset (years): PEDAL, 28.3; SG, 43.5 | Psychiatric clinics, San Diego, CA, USA | Cluster RCT | PANSS; UPSA; MMAA; SSPA; QWB (baseline, post intervention, 6 and 12 months post intervention) | 12 months post intervention: total, 5/21 (23.8); PEDAL, 5/21 (23.8); CG, no attrition | At 6 months post intervention the PEDAL had a significantly greater UPSA score than the CG. However, no significant differences were found between the groups at 6 and 12 months post intervention. At 12 months post intervention, the PEDAL group performed significantly better than the CG. The CG also had significantly lower PANSS ratings than the PEDAL group at 12 months post intervention |
| Ran et al. (2003)100 | FIG, 132 | CG1 medication treatment, 110; CG2 no intervention, 115 | Total, 326 (128/198); FIG, 126 (44/82); CG1, 103 (48/55); CG2, 97 (36/61) | FIG, 43.5; CG1, 42.4; CG2, 44.8 | ICD-10 and CCMD-II-R schizophrenia diagnosis | FIG, 11.6; CG1, 10.6; CG2, 12.3 | NR | Cluster RCT | PSE; GPISS; SDSS; medication compliance; relapse rate (baseline, post intervention) | Post intervention: total, 22/326 (6.7); FIG, 1/127 (0.8): CG1, 2/105 (1.9); CG2, 18/115 (15.7) | At post intervention, FIG treatment compliance was significantly higher than that in CG1 and CG2. There was no significant difference of clinical outcomes between FIG group and CG1, whereas the percentage of full recovery and significant improvement in FIG and CG1 was significantly higher than that in CG2. The relapse rate in FIG was significantly lower than CG1 |
| Razali et al. (2000)93 | CMFT, 80 | BFT, 86 | NR | NR | DSM-IV; diagnosis schizophrenia | CMFT, 13.7; CG, 14.2 | Outpatient hospital, University Hospital (USM) Kota Bharu, West Malaysia | RCT | BPRS; GAF; SBS; relapse rates; HA rates; medication compliance (baseline, 6 and 12 months post baseline) | 6 and 12 months post baseline: total, 23/166 (13.9); CMFT, 6/80 (7.5); CG, 17/86 (19.8) | At 12 months post baseline the CMFT group showed significant improvements in all variables compared with the CG |
| Shin and Lukens (2002)118 | PE, 24 | Supportive therapy (TE), 24 | Total, 48 (20/28); PE, 24 (7/17); CG, 24 (13/11) | PE, 39.5; CG, 34.7 | DSM-IV; diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or schizophreniform disorder rated by psychiatrist |
Number of hospitalisations: PE, 2.7; CG, 1.2
Time since last hospitalisation (months): PE, 7.2; CG, 12.7
| Outpatient mental health clinic, Queens, New York, NY | RCT | BPRS; SDS (baseline, post intervention) | NR (tables suggest no attrition) | At post intervention, the PE, group demonstrated significantly reduced symptom severity and perception of stigma in comparison with the CG |
| So et al. (2015)110 | MCTd, 23 | Standard care – medication consultations, 21 | Total, 44 (24/20); MCTd, 23 (12/11); CG, 21 (12/9) | MCTd, 32.4; CG, 35.6 | Case note diagnosis schizophrenia, four or more PANSS delusions items | Number of hospitalisations: MCTd, 1.6; CG, 0.9 | Outpatient clinic, Hong Kong | RCT | PANSS; PSYRATS (baseline, post intervention and 1 month post intervention); WAIS (baseline or pre intervention only) | 1 month post intervention: total, 18/44 (40.9) MCTd, 10/23 (43.5); CG, 8/21 (38.1) | At post intervention there was a large effect size of improvement for the MCTd group’s PANSS positive scores, PANSS delusions score, PSYRATS delusions and PSYRATS delusional conviction |
| Valencia et al. (2007)120 | PSST, 49 | Standard care – medication consultations, 49 | Total, 82 (64/18); PSST, 43 (31/12); CG, 39 (33/6) | PSST, 29.7; CG, 30.1 | DSM-IV and CIDI schizophrenia diagnosis with clinically stable psychotic symptoms (≥ 60 PANSS score) | Age of illness onset (years): PSST, 21.3; CG, 21.2 | Psychiatric outpatient hospital, Mexico | RCT | PANSS; PSFS; GAF (baseline, post intervention); relapse rates; HA rates; medication compliance; therapeutic adherence (over 12-month intervention period) | Post intervention: total ,16/98 (16.3) PSST, 6/49 (12.2); CG, 10/49 (20.4) | At post intervention, the PSST group showed significantly improved symptomatology scores on total score, positive and negative symptoms and GPS compared with the CG with large effect sizes for both groups. Significant improvements were also observed in the PSST group for all areas of psychosocial functioning and in the GPFS compared with the CG, and also with global functioning. During the intervention the PSST group had a significantly higher level of compliance with medication, therapeutic adherence and a significantly lower relapse rate than the CG |
| Valencia et al. (2010)119 | PSST, 54 | Standard care – medication consultations, 53 | Total, 83 (60/23); PSST, 47 (34/13); CG, 36 (26/10) | PSST, 29.9; CG, 29.5 | DSM-IV and CIDI schizophrenia diagnosis | Age of illness onset (years) PSST, 22.4; CG, 21.1 | National institute of psychiatry outpatient clinic, Mexico City | RCT | PANSS; GAF (baseline, post intervention); relapse rates; HA rates; adherence to medication (over 12-month intervention period) | Post intervention: total, 24/108 (22.2); PSST, 7/54 (13); CG, 17/54 (31.5) | At post intervention, the PSST group exhibited significantly improved symptomatology, adherence to medication, attendance at appointments, social functioning, relapse and rehospitalisation rates |
| Wahass and Kent (1997)76 | MPI, 3 | Standard care – medication consultation, 3 | Total, 6 (6/0); MPI, 3 (3/0); CG, 3 (3/0) | MPI, 31.3; CG, 34.0 | ICD-10; schizophrenia diagnosis | Experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations for at least 4 years | NR | RCT | SAHI; 10-cm VAS to measure hallucination severity; two VAS to measure anxiety and depression in response to voices (baseline, post intervention, 3 months post intervention) | NR – tables suggest no attrition | Symptom ratings improved for two participants in the MPI group, but there were no changes in the third participant. The third patient also reported that the loudness of his voices increased over time |
| Wang et al. (2013)102 | SCIT, 22 | Standard care – medication consultations, 17 | Total, 39 (20/19); SCIT, 22 (12/10); CG, 17 (8/9) | SCIT, 43.9; CG, 40.9 | DSM-IV; schizophrenia diagnosis | NR | NR | RCT | PANSS; WAIS; PSP; FEIT; computerised version of the Eyes Task; Attributional Style Questionnaire (baseline, 6 months post intervention) | 6 months post intervention: total, 4/43 (9.3); SCIT, 0/22 (0); CG, 4/21 (19) | The SCIT group showed a significant improvement in emotion perception, theory of mind, attributional style and social functioning compared with the CG |
| Weng et al. (2005)108 | MRP, 62 | Standard care – enhanced, 62 | Total, 124; MRP, NR; CG, NR | NR | DSM-III-R; schizophrenia diagnosis | NR | Anding psychiatric hospital inpatient ward, Beijing | RCT | BPRS; NOSIE; SDSS; relapse and HA rates (every 2 weeks during intervention, monthly post intervention up to 12 months post intervention) | 12 months post intervention: total, 2/124 (1.6); MRP, 1/62 (1.61); CG, 1/62 (1.61) | BPRS, NOSIE, SDSS relapse and rehospitalisation rates improved significantly in the MRP group from baseline to post intervention and from post intervention to 12 months post intervention |
| Xiang et al. (1994)114 | PFI, 36 | Medication treatment, 41 | Total, 77; PFI, 36; CG, 41 | PFI, 40.5; CG, 41.2 | Schizophrenia and affective psychoses | 15.3 | Three rural townships of Xinjin county, China | RCT | PSE; SDSS; medication compliance rates (baseline, post intervention) | NR | Medication compliance was significantly higher in the PFI group than in the CG post intervention. In addition, the total rate of improvement in clinical state and level of social functioning was significantly higher in the PFI group than in the CG post intervention |
| Xiong et al. (1994)89 | FIG, 34 | Standard care – medication treatment, 29 | Total, 63 (43/20) | 31 | DSM-III-R; schizophrenia assessed on admission | 7.5 | Psychiatric outpatient clinic and home visits | RCT | BPRS; SAPS; SANS; GAF; SDSS; number and duration of HAs; relapse rates; medication compliance (baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months post intervention) | 18 months post intervention: total, 4/63 (6.3); FIG, 2/34 (5.9); CG, 2/29 (6.9) | Duration of rehospitalisation significantly shorter for FIG group at 12 and 18 months, and fewer relapsed at 12 months than the CG. BPRS, GAF and SDSS scores at 12 months and SAPS, BPRS, GAF and SDSS scores at 18 months showed significantly greater improvements in FIG group |
| cZhang and Heqin (1993)77 | FE, 2076 | Standard care, 1016 | Total, 3082 (1821/1261); FE, 2076 (1239/837); CG, 1016 (582/424) | FE, 40.3; CG, 40.8 | CCMD-II; schizophrenia diagnosis | FE, 15.1; CG, 15.5 | NR | Cluster RCT | Study-specific questionnaire; symptoms, recovery, relapse and duration of hospitalisation; WHO-DAS (baseline, 6 and 12 months post intervention) | NR | At post intervention, participants in the FE group showed a higher rate of recovery or stabilisation of condition; a greater reduction in exacerbation of both positive and negative symptoms, relapse rates, number institutionalised, duration of hospitalisation, plus total and factor score on the WHO-DAS |
| Zhang et al. (1994)87 | FIG, 42 | Standard care, 41 | NR | FIG, 23.5; CG, 24.1 | Chinese Medical Association (1985): first admission patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia | NR | Psychiatric outpatient clinic and family home | RCT | BPRS; GAS; HA rates (baseline; post intervention; 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months post intervention) | 18 months post intervention: total, 5/83 (6); FIG, 3/42 (7.1); CG, 2/41 (4.9) | At 18 months post intervention, participants in the FIG group who were not readmitted had less severe psychiatric functioning and higher overall functioning compared with members of the CG who were not readmitted. The proportion of patients who were readmitted to hospital was significantly greater among those in the CG in comparison with participants who received the FIG |
| cZhang et al. (1998)78 | FE, 682 | Standard care, 355 | Total, 1037 (642/395); FE, 682 (420/262); CG, 355 (222/133) | FE, 38.3; CG, 39.0 | CCMD-2; schizophrenia diagnosis | FE, 7.3; CG, 7.7 | NR | Cluster RCT | Study-specific questionnaire to assess severity of the illness and symptoms, relapse, duration of HAs; WHO-DAS (baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months post baseline) | 24 months post baseline: total, 236/1284 (18.4); FE, 169/851 (19.9); CG, 67/433 (15.5) | At 24 months post baseline, those in the FE group showed a higher rate of recovery and stabilisation of the condition; a lower rate of exacerbation of symptoms and a reduction in annual relapse rates and annual times institutionalised in comparison with the CG |
| Zimmer et al. (2007)95 | IPT, 23 | Standard care – medication consultation, 43 | Total, 56 (42/14); IPT, 20 (17/3); CG, 36 (25/11) | IPT, 36.1; CG, 39.3 | ‘Schizophrenia outpatient database’ | IPT, 15.3; CG, 17.1 | Schizophrenia outpatient programme of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre | RCT | MMSE; GAF; SOFAS; WHOQOL-BREF; SAS (baseline, post intervention) | Total, 4/56 (7.1); NR by group | At post intervention, the IPT group demonstrated significantly improved scores on cognition in the domains of spatiotemporal orientation, memory, social adjustment, leisure/social life, family relations, overall functioning, social occupational functioning and quality of life in the psychological domain |
