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Miani C, Ball S, Pitchforth E, et al. Organisational interventions to reduce length of stay in hospital: a rapid evidence assessment. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2014 Dec. (Health Services and Delivery Research, No. 2.52.)

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Organisational interventions to reduce length of stay in hospital: a rapid evidence assessment.

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Appendix 5Studies excluded at full-text review stage

Abbas SM, Hill AG. Systematic review of the literature for the use of oesophageal Doppler monitor for fluid replacement in major abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 2008;63:44–51.

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Adunsky A, Lusky A, Arad M, Heruti RJ. A comparative study of rehabilitation outcomes of elderly hip fracture patients: the advantage of a comprehensive orthogeriatric approach. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58:542–7.

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Ahmann A. Reduction of hospital costs and length of stay by good control of blood glucose levels. Endocr Pract 2004;10(Suppl. 2):53–6.

Ahmed NN, Pearce SE. Acute care for the elderly: a literature review. Popul Health Manage 2010;13:219–25.

Aimonino Ricauda N, Tibaldi V, Leff B, Scarafiotti C, Marinello R, Zanocchi M, et al. Substitutive ‘hospital at home’ versus inpatient care for elderly patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:493–500.

Al-Eidan FA, McElnay JC, Scott MG, Kearney MP, Corrigan J, McConnell JB. Use of a treatment protocol in the management of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:387–94.

Alkhoury F, Burnweit C, Malvezzi L, Knight C, Diana J, Pasaron R, et al. A prospective study of safety and satisfaction with same-day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg 2012;47:313–16.

Alwan NA, Johnstone P, Zolese G. Length of hospitalisation for people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD000384.

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Anastasia A, Giglio F, Mazza R, Sarina B, Todisco E, Bramanti S, et al. Early discharge after high-dose melphalan and peripheral blood stem cell reinfusion in patients with hematological and non-hematological disease. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50:80–4.

Anbar R, Beloosesky Y, Madar Z, Theilla M, Koren-Hakim T, Weiss A, et al. Tight calorie control (TICACOS) in geriatric hip fracture patients. Clin Nutr Suppl 2012;7:18.

Anderson AD, McNaught CE, MacFie J, Tring I, Barker P, Mitchell CJ. Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical care. Br J Surg 2003;90:1497–504.

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Anderson C, Rubenach S, Mhurchu CN, Clark M, Spencer C, Winsor A. Home or hospital for stroke rehabilitation? Results of a randomized controlled trial: I: health outcomes at 6 months. Stroke 2000;31:1024–31.

Andersen J, Hjort-Jakobsen D, Christiansen PS, Kehlet H. Readmission rates after a planned hospital stay of 2 versus 3 days in fast-track colonic surgery. Br J Surg 2007;94:890–3.

Andersen J, Kehlet H. Fast track open ileo-colic resections for Crohn’s disease. Colorectal Dis 2005;7:394–7.

Ang YH, Chan DKY, Heng DMK, Shen Q. Patient outcomes and length of stay in a stroke unit offering both acute and rehabilitation services. Med J Austral 2003;178:333–6.

Anguita Sanchez M, Ojeda S, Atienza F, Ridocci F, Almenar L, Valles F, et al. A cost–benefit analysis of disease management programs for preventing rehospitalizations in patients with heart failure. Economic impact of new organizative forms of heart failure management. Rev Esp Cardiol 2005;58(Suppl. 2):32–6.

Anon. Electronic ward management reduces length of stay for Walsall Hospitals. Br J Healthc Comput Manage September 2010, p. 2. URL: www.bj-hc.co.uk/archive/features/2010/1009002.htm (accessed November 2014).

Anton P, Peiro S, Martinez Pillado M, Aranaz Andres JM. Effectiveness of interventions to reduce inappropriate hospital use: a systematic review. Rev Calid Asist 2008;23:236–44.

Arabi Y, Haddad S, Shirawi N, Al Shimemeri A. Early tracheostomy in intensive care trauma patients improves resource utilization: a cohort study and literature review. Crit Care 2004;8:R347–52.

Aragon D, Burton V, Byers JF, Cohen M. The effect of a critical pathway on patients’ outcomes after carotid endarterectomy. Am J Crit Care 2002;11:250–8; quiz 259–60.

Asplund K, Gustafson Y, Jacobsson C, Bucht G, Wahlin A, Peterson J, et al. Geriatric-based versus general wards for older acute medical patients: a randomized comparison of outcomes and use of resources. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1381–8.

Atalla ML, Wells KK, Peucker N, Yi Q, McCarty DJ, Louis D, et al. Cataract extraction in a major ophthalmic hospital: Day-case or overnight stay? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000;28:83–8.

Auerbach C, Mason SE, Heft Laporte H. Evidence that supports the value of social work in hospitals. Soc Work Health Care 2007;44:17–32.

Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Righini M, Osterwalder J, Egloff M, et al. Outpatient versus inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2011;378:41–8.

Avila-Vanzzini N, Kuri-Alfaro J, Rodriguez-Chavez LL, Melendez-Ramirez G, Trevethan-Cravioto S, Quiroz-Martinez A, et al. Morbidity and hospital cost reduction in cardiac surgery using a presurgery ambulatory strategy. Arch Cardiol Mex 2010;80:229–34.

Ayuso D, Royuela C, Fernandez JC, Martin V, Hormigos A, Sanchez F. Bed management: experience of nursing management. Rev Calid Asist 2002;17:17–21.

Bahit MC, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, Cannon CP. Critical pathway for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: estimating its potential impact in the TIMI 9 Registry. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2002;1:107–12.

Bahtsevani C, Uden G, Willman A. Outcomes of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2004;20:427–33.

Baker J, Windsor J. Management of adult superficial acute abscesses in a tertiary hospital: time for incisive action. N Z Med J 2009;122:37–46.

Baker MT, Lara MD, Larson CJ, Lambert PJ, Mathiason MA, Kothari SN. Length of stay and impact on readmission rates after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2006;2:435–9.

Balcom JH, IV, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL, Chang Y, Fernandez-del Castillo C. Ten-year experience with 733 pancreatic resections: changing indications, older patients, and decreasing length of hospitalization. Arch Surg 2001;136:391–8.

Baldini G, Carli F. Anesthetic and adjunctive drugs for fast-track surgery. Curr Drug Targets 2009;10:667–86.

Balzano G, Zerbi A, Braga M, Rocchetti S, Beneduce AA, Di Carlo V. Fast-track recovery programme after pancreaticoduodenectomy reduces delayed gastric emptying. Br J Surg 2008;95:1387–93.

Bamgbade OA, Adeogun BO, Abbas K. Fast-track laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: outcomes and lessons from a bariatric surgery service in the united kingdom. Obes Surg 2012;22:398–402.

Ban A, Ismail A, Harun R, Abdul Rahman A, Sulung S, Syed Mohamed A. Impact of clinical pathway on clinical outcomes in the management of COPD exacerbation. BMC Pulm Med 2012;12:27.

Banasiak NC, Meadows-Oliver M. Inpatient asthma clinical pathways for the pediatric patient: an integrative review of the literature. Pediatr Nurs 2004;30:447–50.

Banks MD, Graves N, Bauer JD, Ash S. Cost effectiveness of nutrition support in the prevention of pressure ulcer in hospitals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67:42–6.

Barbieri A, Vanhaecht K, Van Herck P, Sermeus W, Faggiano F, Marchisio S, et al. Effects of clinical pathways in the joint replacement: a meta-analysis. BMC Med 2009;7:32.

Barratt H, Harrison DA, Rowan KM, Raine R. Effect of non-clinical inter-hospital critical care unit to unit transfer of critically ill patients: a propensity-matched cohort analysis. Crit Care 2012;16:R179.

Barrett JM, Hebron BS. An examination of the impact of a ward-based pharmacist on the ability of a diabetes medical ward to cope with winter pressures. Pharm J 2002;268:28–31.

Basse L, Jakobsen DH, Billesbolle P, Werner M, Kehlet H. A clinical pathway to accelerate recovery after colonic resection. Ann Surg 2000;232:51–7.

Batsis JA, Naessens JM, Keegan MT, Huddleston PM, Wagie AE, Huddleston JM. Resource utilization of total knee arthroplasty patients cared for on specialty orthopedic surgery units. J Hosp Med 2008;3:218–27.

Bauer M, Fitzgerald L, Haesler E, Manfrin M. Hospital discharge planning for frail older people and their family. Are we delivering best practice? A review of the evidence. J Clin Nurs 2009;18:2539–46.

Bautz-Holter E, Sveen U, Rygh J, Rodgers H, Wyller TB. Early supported discharge of patients with acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 2002;24:348–55.

Beaupre LA, Lier D, Davies DM, Johnston DB. The effect of a preoperative exercise and education program on functional recovery, health related quality of life, and health service utilization following primary total knee arthroplasty. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1166–73.

Behrns KE, Kircher AP, Galanko JA, Brownstein MR, Koruda MJ. Prospective randomized trial of early initiation and hospital discharge on a liquid diet following elective intestinal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2000;4:217–21.

Bell MJ, Carpenter J, Au AK, Keating RF, Myseros JS, Yaun A, et al. Development of a pediatric neurocritical care service. Neurocrit Care 2009;10:4–10.

Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S, Buckmaster J, Hart G, Opdam H, et al. Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 2004;32:916–21.

Bennett PJ, Fosbinder D, Williams M. Care coordination in an academic medical center. Nurs Case Manage 1997;2:75–82.

Benzo R, Wigle D, Novotny P, Wetzstein M, Nichols F, Shen RK, et al. Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation before lung cancer resection: results from two randomized studies. Lung Cancer 2011;74:441–5.

Biscup-Horn PJ, Streiff MB, Ulbrich TR, Nesbit TW, Shermock KM. Impact of an inpatient anticoagulation management service on clinical outcomes. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:777–82.

Board N, Caplan G. Implications of decreasing surgical lengths of stay. Aust Health Rev 2000;23:62–76.

Bonnema J, van Wersch AM, van Geel AN, Pruyn JF, Schmitz PI, Paul MA, et al. Medical and psychosocial effects of early discharge after surgery for breast cancer: randomised trial. BMJ 1998;316:1267–71.

Bonnema J, van Wersch AM, van Geel AN, Pruyn JF, Schmitz PI, Uyl-de Groot CA, et al. Cost of care in a randomised trial of early hospital discharge after surgery for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:2015–20.

Borget I, Remy H, Chevalier J, Ricard M, Allyn M, Schlumberger M, et al. Length and cost of hospital stay of radioiodine ablation in thyroid cancer patients: comparison between preparation with thyroid hormone withdrawal and thyrogen. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:1457–63.

Borghans I, Kool R, Lagoe R. Fifty ways to reduce length of stay: an inventory of how hospital staff would reduce the length of stay in their hospital. Health Policy 2012;104:222–33.

Bowen JB, Thrall RS, ZuWallack RL, Votto JJ. Long-term benefits of short-stay inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1999;54:189–92.

Bowles KH, Baugh AC. Applying research evidence to optimize telehomecare. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2007;22:5–15.

Boxall AM, Barclay L, Sayers A, Caplan GA. Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community. A randomized controlled trial of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation for elderly housebound patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005;25:378–85.

Branca G, Capodanno D, Capranzano P, Barbagallo R, Seminara D, Licciardello G, et al. Early discharge in acute myocardial infarction after clinical and angiographic risk assessment. J Cardiovasc Med 2008;9:858–61.

Bridges GG, Lee MD, Jenkins JK, Stephens MA, Croce MA, Fabian TC. Expedited discharge in trauma patients requiring anticoagulation for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis: the LEAP program. J Trauma 2003;54:232–5.

Briggs CD, Mann CD, Irving GR, Neal CP, Peterson M, Cameron IC, et al. Systematic review of minimally invasive pancreatic resection. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13:1129–37.

Bristow RE, Zahurak ML, Diaz-Montes TP, Giuntoli RL, Armstrong DK. Impact of surgeon and hospital ovarian cancer surgical case volume on in-hospital mortality and related short-term outcomes. Gynecol Oncol 2009;115:334–8.

Brown DC, South M. Measures for decreasing inpatient stay in childhood asthma. Int J Clin Pract 1999;53:452–5.

Brown SHM, Hafeez U, Abdelhafiz AH. Use of multicompartment compliance aids for elderly patients: Patient viewpoints and hospital length of stay. Postgrad Med 2010;122:186–91.

Brunenberg DE, van Steyn MJ, Sluimer JC, Bekebrede LL, Bulstra SK, Joore MA. Joint recovery programme versus usual care: an economic evaluation of a clinical pathway for joint replacement surgery. Med Care 2005;43:1018–26.

Burge FI, Lawson B, Johnston G, Flowerdew G. Health care restructuring and family physician care for those who died of cancer. BMC Fam Pract 2005;6:1.

Burns SM, Earven S, Fisher C, Lewis R, Merrell P, Schubart JR, et al. Implementation of an institutional program to improve clinical and financial outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients: one-year outcomes and lessons learned. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2752–63.

Butcher BW, Vittinghoff E, Maselli J, Auerbach AD. Impact of proactive rounding by a rapid response team on patient outcomes at an academic medical center. J Hosp Med 2013;8:7–12.

Bryan K. Policies for reducing delayed discharge from hospital. Br Med Bull 2010;95:33–46.

Calafiore AM, Scipioni G, Teodori G, Di Giammarco G, Di Mauro M, Canosa C, et al. Day 0 intensive care unit discharge – risk or benefit for the patient who undergoes myocardial revascularization? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002;21:377–84.

Calland JF, Tanaka K, Foley E, Bovbjerg VE, Markey DW, Blome S, et al. Outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy: patient outcomes after implementation of a clinical pathway. Ann Surg 2001;233:704–15.

Calligaro KD, Miller P, Dougherty MJ, Raviola CA, DeLaurentis DA. Role of nursing personnel in implementing clinical pathways and decreasing hospital costs for major vascular surgery. J Vasc Nurs 1996;14:57–61.

Camus V, Viret C, Porchet A, Ricciardi P, Bouzourene K, Burnand B. Effect of changing referral mode to C-L Psychiatry for noncognitively impaired medical inpatients with emotional disorders. J Psychosom Res 2003;54:579–85.

Cannon CP, Hand MH, Bahr R, Boden WE, Christenson R, Gibler WB, et al. Critical pathways for management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: an assessment by the National Heart Attack Alert Program. Am Heart J 2002;143:777–89.

Cannon MA, Beattie C, Speroff T, France D, Mistak B, Drinkwater D. The economic benefit of organizational restructuring of the cardiothoracic intensive care unit. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17:565–70.

Canonico S, Campitiello F, Santoriello A. Feasibility and problems of day-care varicose vein surgery in elderly patients. Ambul Surg 2003;10:163–6.

Caplan GA, Brown A, Crowe PJ, Yap SJ, Noble S. Re-engineering the elective surgical service of a tertiary hospital: a historical controlled trial. Med J Aust 1998;169:247–51.

Caplan GA, Coconis J, Board N, Sayers A, Woods J. Does home treatment affect delirium? A randomised controlled trial of rehabilitation of elderly and care at home or usual treatment (The REACH-OUT trial). Age Ageing 2006;35:53–60.

Carrington M, Stewart S, Marwick T, Davidson P, Macdonald P, Horowitz J, et al. Which heart failure intervention is most cost-effective and consumer friendly in reducing hospital care? Results from the multicentre randomised which? Trial. Heart Lung Circ 2011;20:S79.

Casellas-Jorda F, Borruel-Sainz N, Torrejon-Herrera A, Castells I. Effect upon hospital activity of the application of a continued care model centered on patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2012;104:16–20.

Cavan DA, Hamilton P, Everett J, Kerr D. Reducing hospital inpatient length of stay for patients with diabetes. Diabet Med 2001;18:162–4.

Cesta A, Cardenas TM, Wakefield C, Price J, Nates L. Life-supportive therapy withdrawal and length of stay in a large oncologic intensive care unit at the end of life. J Palliat Med 2009;12:713–18.

Chan CM, Wong MY, Chan SL, Wan MY, Mo YF. The efficacy of Emergency Medicine Ward for the management of patients with mental disorders. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2009;16:217–23.

Chan CYW, Nam HY, Raveenthiran R, Choon SK, Tai CC. Outpatient pre-operative assessment in joint replacement surgery. Med J Malays 2008;63:100–3.

Chen AY, Callender D, Mansyur C, Reyna KM, Limitone E, Goepfert H. The impact of clinical pathways on the practice of head and neck oncologic surgery: the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:322–6.

Cheng DC. Pro: early extubation after cardiac surgery decreases intensive care unit stay and cost. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995;9:460–4.

Chin R, Browne GJ, Lam LT, McCaskill ME, Fasher B, Hort J. Effectiveness of a croup clinical pathway in the management of children with croup presenting to an emergency department. J Paediatr Child Health 2002;38:382–7.

Choong PF, Langford AK, Dowsey MM, Santamaria NM. Clinical pathway for fractured neck of femur: a prospective, controlled study. Med J Aust 2000;172:423–6.

Chow KM, Szeto CC. Impact of enforcing the Labour Ordinance, with 1-in-7-day off for hospital doctors, on weekend hospital discharge rate. J Public Health 2005;27:189–91.

Clarke A. Benefits and drawbacks of hospital-at-home schemes. Prof Nurs 1997;12:734–6.

Colla CH, Escarce JJ, Buntin MB, Sood N. Effects of competition on the cost and quality of inpatient rehabilitation care under prospective payment. Health Serv Res 2010;45:1981–2006.

Collins D, McConaghy D, McMahon A, Howard D, O’Neill D, McCormack PM. An acute stroke service: potential to improve patient outcome without increasing length of stay. Ir Med J 2000;93:84–6.

Conaghan PJ, Figueira E, Griffin MA, Ingham Clark CL. Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of emergency day surgery against standard inpatient treatment. Br J Surg 2002;89:423–7.

Cooper C, Wheeler DM, Woolfenden SR, Boss T, Piper S. Specialist home-based nursing services for children with acute and chronic illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD004383.

Cooper GS, Armitage KB, Ashar B, Costantini O, Creighton FA, Raiz P, et al. Design and implementation of an inpatient disease management program. Am J Manage Care 2000;6:793–801.

Cooper JM. Development of day case cataract surgery: a literature review. Br J Nurs 1996;5:1327–33.

Correa AJ, Reinisch L, Paty VA, Sanders DL, Duncavage JA. Analysis of a critical pathway in osteoplastic flap for frontal sinus obliteration. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1212–16.

Cotton MM, Bucknall CE, Dagg KD, Johnson MK, MacGregor G, Stewart C, et al. Early discharge for patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Thorax 2000;55:902–6.

Cox WK, Penny LC, Statham RP, Roper BL. Admission intervention team: medical center based intensive case management of the seriously mentally ill. Care Manage J 2003;4:178–84.

Craig J, Chua R, Russell C, Wootton R, Chant D, Patterson V. A cohort study of early neurological consultation by telemedicine on the care of neurological inpatients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1031–5.

Creed F, Mbaya P, Lancashire S, Tomenson B, Williams B, Holme S. Cost effectiveness of day and inpatient psychiatric treatment: results of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1997;314:1381–5.

Creed GM. Point-of-care testing in the United Kingdom. Crit Care Nurs Q 2001;24:44–8.

Crockett A, Leonard A. Local asthma guidelines can help reduce hospital admissions. Asthma J 2001;6:31–4.

Crotty M, Whitehead CH, Gray S, Finucane PM. Early discharge and home rehabilitation after hip fracture achieves functional improvements: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2002;16:406–13.

Cunliffe AL, Gladman JR, Husbands SL, Miller P, Dewey ME, Harwood RH. Sooner and healthier: a randomised controlled trial and interview study of an early discharge rehabilitation service for older people. Age Ageing 2004;33:246–52.

Curtis K, Lien D, Chan A, Grove P, Morris R. The impact of trauma case management on patient outcomes. J Trauma 2002;53:477–82.

da Fonseca LM, Profeta da Luz MM, Lacerda-Filho A, Correia MI, Gomes da Silva R. A simplified rehabilitation program for patients undergoing elective colonic surgery – randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011;26:609–16.

Dager WE, Branch JM, King JH, White RH, Quan RS, Musallam NA, et al. Optimization of inpatient warfarin therapy: impact of daily consultation by a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:567–72.

Dainty P, Elizabeth J. Timely discharge of older patients from hospital: improving the process. Clin Med 2009;9:311–14.

Daltroy LH, Morlino CI, Eaton HM, Poss R, Liang MH. Preoperative education for total hip and knee replacement patients. Arthritis Care Res 1998;11:469–78.

Damiani G, Pinnarelli L, Sommella L, Vena V, Magrini P, Ricciardi W. The Short Stay Unit as a new option for hospitals: a review of the scientific literature. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:SR15–19.

Dang S, Dimmick S, Kelkar G. Evaluating the evidence base for the use of home telehealth remote monitoring in elderly with heart failure. Telemed J E Health 2009;15:783–96.

David C, Price N, Price T, Sheeran T, Mulherin D. Impact of weekend physiotherapy delivery on the throughput of Rheumatology inpatients. Physiotherapy 2003;89:25–9.

Davidson I, Hillier VF, Waters K, Walton T, Booth J. A study to assess the effect of nursing interventions at the weekend for people with stroke. Clin Rehabil 2005;19:126–37.

Davies CW, Wimperis J, Green ES, Pendry K, Killen J, Mehdi I, et al. Early discharge of patients with pulmonary embolism: a two-phase observational study. Eur Resp J 2007;30:708–14.

Davies M, Dixon S, Currie CJ, Davis RE, Peters JR. Evaluation of a hospital diabetes specialist nursing service: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Med 2001;18:301–7.

Dawes HA, Docherty T, Traynor I, Gilmore DH, Jardine AG, Knill-Jones R. Specialist nurse supported discharge in gynaecology: a randomised comparison and economic evaluation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;130:262–70.

De Jonge P, Latour CHM, Huyse FJ. Implementing psychiatric interventions on a medical ward: effects on patients’ quality of life and length of hospital stay. Psychosom Med 2003;65:997–1002.

de Kok M, Dirksen CD, Kessels AG, van der Weijden T, van de Velde CJ, Roukema JA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a short stay admission programme for breast cancer surgery. Acta Oncol 2010;49:338–46.

de Morton NA, Keating JL, Jeffs K. Exercise for acutely hospitalised older medical patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD005955.

Debus ES, Ivoghli A, Goepfert M, Kolbel T, Larena-Avellaneda A. Perioperative management and ‘Fast-Track’ therapy in vascular medicine. Vasa 2011;40:281–8.

Delaney CP, Zutshi M, Senagore AJ, Remzi FH, Hammel J, Fazio VW. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial between a pathway of controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet and traditional postoperative care after laparotomy and intestinal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:851–9.

Demanet J, Wattier JM, Colin P, Fantoni JC, Villers A, Lebuffe G. Feasibility of fast track strategy for patients undergoing radical nephrectomy: a prospective randomized study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28:120.

den Hertog A, Gliesche K, Timm J, Muhlbauer B, Zebrowski S. Pathway-controlled fast-track rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized prospective clinical study evaluating the recovery pattern, drug consumption, and length of stay. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012;132:1153–63.

DeSomma M, Divekar A, Galloway AC, Colvin SB, Artman M, Auslender M. Impact of a clinical pathway on the postoperative care of children undergoing surgical closure of atrial septal defects. Appl Nurs Res 2002;15:243–8.

Di Matteo M, Anderson C, Ratnasabapathy Y, Green G, Tryon K. The Acute Stroke Unit at Middlemore Hospital: an evaluation in its first year of operation. N Z Med J 2004;117:U798.

Diez-Tejedor E, Fuentes B. Acute care in stroke: do stroke units make the difference? Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11(Suppl. 1):31–9.

Dionigi G, Bacuzzi A, Rovera F, Boni L, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, et al. Shortening hospital stay for thyroid surgery. Expert Rev Med Devices 2008;5:85–96.

Discher CL, Klein D, Pierce L, Levine AB, Levine TB. Heart failure disease management: impact on hospital care, length of stay, and reimbursement. Congest Heart Fail 2003;9:77–83.

Donnelly M, Power M, Russell M, Fullerton K. Randomized controlled trial of an early discharge rehabilitation service: the Belfast Community Stroke Trial. Stroke 2004;35:127–33.

Donohoe CL, Nguyen M, Cook J, Murray SG, Chen N, Zaki F, et al. Fast-track protocols in colorectal surgery. Surgeon 2011;9:95–103.

Dooley MJ, Allen KM, Doecke CJ, Galbraith KJ, Taylor GR, Bright J, et al. A prospective multicentre study of pharmacist initiated changes to drug therapy and patient management in acute care government funded hospitals. Br J Clin Pharm 2004;57:513–21.

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Dowsey MM, Kilgour ML, Santamaria NM, Choong PF. Clinical pathways in hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomised controlled study. Med J Aust 1999;170:59–62.

Dubois L, Vogt KN, Davies W, Schlachta CM. Impact of an outpatient appendectomy protocol on clinical outcomes and cost: a case–control study. J Am Coll Surg 2010;211:731–7.

Dudderidge TJ, Doyle P, Mayer EK, Taylor J, Agrawal S, Stolzenburg JU, et al. Evolution of care pathway for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. J Endourol 2012;26:660–5.

Dunn AS, Schechter C, Gotlin A, Vomvolakis D, Jacobs E, Sacks HS, et al. Outpatient treatment of deep venous thrombosis in diverse inner-city patients. Am J Med 2001;110:458–62.

Dy SM, Garg P, Nyberg D, Dawson PB, Pronovost PJ, Morlock L, et al. Critical pathway effectiveness: assessing the impact of patient, hospital care, and pathway characteristics using qualitative comparative analysis. Health Serv Res 2005;40:499–516.

Dzwierzynski WW, Spitz K, Hartz A, Guse C, Larson DL. Improvement in resource utilization after development of a clinical pathway for patients with pressure ulcers. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:2006–11.

Early Supported Discharge Trialists. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD000443.

Early Supported Discharge Trialists. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000443.

El Bayoumy R, Guirgis R, Guyer C. Trans-abdominal plane (TAP) block analgesia for day-case laparoscopic gynaecological procedures: A prospective study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011;28:201.

El Baz N, Middel B, Van Dijk JP, Boonstra PW, Reijneveld SA. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients in a clinical pathway gained less in health-related quality of life as compared with patients who undergo CABG in a conventional-care plan. J Eval Clin Pract 2009;15:498–505.

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Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2014. This work was produced by Miani et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.

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