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Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2006. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 45.)
| Cocaine | Alcohol | Heroin | Cannabis (marijuana) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intoxication | ||||
| Action | Stimulant | Sedative | Sedative, euphoriant, analgesic | Euphoriant, at high doses may induce hallucinations |
| Characteristics of intoxication |
|
| Drowsiness, “nodding,” euphoria (happy giddiness) | ↓BP, □HR, ↓intraocular pressure (pressure in the eyes) conjunctival injection (reddening of the eyes) |
| Withdrawal | ||||
| Onset | Depends upon type of cocaine used: for crack will begin within hours of last use | 24–48 hours after blood alcohol level drops | Within 24 hours of last use | Some debate about this, may be a few days |
| Duration | 3–4 days | 5–7 days | 4–7 days | May last up to several weeks |
| Characteristics | Sleeplessness or excessive restless sleep, appetite increase, depression, paranoia, decreased energy | □BP, □HR, □temp, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, seizures, delirium, death | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, goose bumps, runny nose, teary eyes, yawning | Irritability, appetite disturbance, sleep disturbance, nausea, concentration problems, nystagmus, diarrhea |
| Medical/psychiatric issues | Stroke, cardiovascular collapse, myocardial and other organ infarction, paranoia, violence, severe depression, suicide | Virtually every organ system is affected (e.g., cardiomyopathy, liver disease, esophageal and rectal varices); fetal alcohol syndrome and other problems with fetus | During withdrawal individual may become dehydrated | |
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