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"Surgical Treatment – Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented" is based upon a concept which the editors believe will become increasingly important in the preparation of clinical textbooks in the 21st century, namely the quality of the evidence upon which currently accepted clinical practice is based needs to be assessed frankly and taken into account when recommendations for patient treatment are made. As is apparent in many of the chapters in this volume, the authors are frequently forced to conclude that a higher level of evidence than is currently available would be necessary in order establish the validity of the currently accepted management of a wide variety of common surgical problems. The editors believe this is a fact of which both students and surgical practitioners need to be aware, so that they may be prepared to update and alter their clinical decision making on the basis of higher levels of evidence when these become available. The editors also hope that increasing awareness of the low level of evidence upon which much present day surgical practice is based will prompt surgeons from many countries to plan or at least participate in clinical trials to achieve a higher quality of evidence upon which to base a more rational clinical practice.
Contents
- Preface
- Authors
- Part I. Esophagus
- Carcinoma of the esophagus and gastro-esophageal junctionToni Lerut.
- Radiation therapy of esophageal cancerAbram Recht, M.D.
- Introduction
- Inoperable cancers: chemoradiotherapy versus supportive care
- Inoperable cancers: radiotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy
- Resectable cancers: radiotherapy versus surgery
- Resectable cancers: preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy versus surgery alone
- Resectable cancers: preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus surgery alone
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
- Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)P Gorecki, M.D.
- Peptic strictures of the esophagusChristopher M Schlachta, Eric C Poulin, Joseph Mamazza, and Pieter A Seshadri.
- Instrumental perforation of the esophagusJarmo A Salo and Eero I T Sihvo.
- Carcinoma of the esophagus and gastro-esophageal junction
- Part II. Stomach-Duodenum
- Preoperative staging for gastric cancerJ. R Siewert, M.D. and A. Sendler, M.D.
- Surgical management of gastric cancerSimon Msika, Grégoire Deroide, and Reza Kianmanesh.
- Surgery for gastric remnant carcinoma following Billroth II gastrectomyL Filez and F Penninckx.
- Malignant tumors of the duodenumPierre-Louis Fagniez and Nelly Rotman.
- Primary gastric lymphomaV Speranza and D Lomanto.
- Benign tumors of the duodenum and stomachPeter M Y Goh, M.D. and Jorge E Lenzi, M.D.
- Management of perforated duodenal ulcerAndrew G Hill, M.D. Fracs.
- Gastric surgery for morbid obesityEdward E Mason, M.D.
- Duodenal diverticulaJerry M Shuck, M.D. and Anthony Stallion, M.D.
- Preoperative staging for gastric cancer
- Part III. Small Bowel
- Adenocarcinoma of the small bowelAlfred I Neugut, M.D., Michael R Marvin, Ph.D., and John A Chabot, M.D.
- Small bowel obstructionM. N Kulaylat and R. J Doerr.
- Mesenteric ischemiaUlf Haglund, M.D.
- Surgical management of Crohn's diseaseScott A Strong, M.D.
- Surgical therapy of recurrent Crohn's diseaseH.J. Buhr and A.J. Kroesen.
- Meckel's diverticulumAnthony Stallion, M.D. and Jerry M Shuck, M.D.
- Postoperative enterocutaneous fistulaTimothy A Pritts, M.D., David R Fischer, M.D., and Josef E Fischer, M.D.
- Short bowel syndromeMalcolm K Robinson, M.D. and Douglas W Wilmore, M.D.
- Intestinal transplantationChristoph Troppmann, M.D. and Rainer W G Gruessner, M.D.
- Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel
- Part IV. Colon
- Colorectal cancerA. Shankar and I. Taylor.
- Surgical management of rectal carcinomaLars Påhlman.
- Locoregional recurrence of rectal cancerJohan N Wiig, M.D. and Odd Søreide, M.D.
- Benign tumors of the colon and rectumM. Zuber and F. Harder.
- DiverticulitisMoshe Schein, M.D. and Ramesh Paladugn, M.D.
- Obstruction of the colon (benign pathology)J.J. Tuech, M.D., P. Pessaux, and J.P. Arnaud, M.D.
- Surgical management of ulcerative colitisF.A. Frizelle, MBChB and M.J. Burt, MBChB.
- Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a problem based approachJ Martin Perez, M.D. and Stephen M Cohn, M.D.
- Management of complications of colonoscopyStephen M Kavic, M.D. and Marc D Basson, M.D.
- AppendicitisPer-Olof Nyström, M.D.
- Colorectal cancer
- Part V. Anal
- Anal fissureM. Jonas and J.H. Scholefield.
- Rectal prolapseChristian T Hamel, M.D. and Steven D Wexner, M.D.
- Anal abscess and fistulaH.J. Mappes and E.H. Farthmann.
- Complicated anorectal sepsisP.A. Gervaz and S.D. Wexner.
- Anal incontinenceCharles B S Tsang and Francis Seow-Choen.
- Surgical Treatment of HaemorrhoidsRené G Holzheimer.
- Anal fissure
- Part VI. Hepatic
- Hepatocellular cancer: resection or transplantationGalal El-Gazzaz, Janek Dmitrewski, and Paul McMaster.
- Multimodality treatment for hepatocellular carcinomaZhao-You Tang.
- General consideration of HCC
- Staging of HCC
- Evolution of HCC treatment
- Selection of treatment modality
- Implication of multimodality combination treatment for HCC
- HAL combined with HAI and followed by resection
- TACE and followed by resection
- Resection followed by TACE and other treatment
- Multimodality treatment of recurrent HCC
- TACE, PEI and their combination
- Other treatment modalities
- Conclusion
- References
- Resection of recurrent liver cancerW. Lamadé and Ch. Herfarth.
- Tumor recurrence after resection of liver metastases
- Interval between the resection of the primary tumor and liver metastases surgery
- Interval between liver resection and recurrent liver metastases
- Tumor spread at the time of liver metastases recurrence
- Factors influencing the rate of recurrence
- Perioperative effects on recurrence rates
- Recurrence after repeat hepatic resection
- Hepatic recurrence in patients with non-colorectal primary tumors
- Surgical technique
- Morbidity and mortality
- Long-term survival after repeat resection of liver metastases
- Prognostic criteria after first and second liver metastases resection
- Conclusion
- References
- Repeat hepatectomy for primary liver cancerR. Adam, G. Marin-Hargreaves, D. Azoulay, D. Castaing, F. Meriggi, and H. Bismuth.
- Percutaneous cryosurgery of irresectable liver tumorsR. Adam, G. Marin Hargreaves, F. Meriggi, and H. Bismuth.
- Liver transplantationI. M Sauer, W. O Bechstein, and P. Neuhaus.
- Portal hypertensionJohn C Li and J.M. Henderson.
- Pyogenic and amebic liver abscessIskender Sayek, M.D. and Demirali Onat, M.D.
- Hydatid liver diseaseJean-Luc Jourdan, M.D. and David L Morris, M.D.
- Hepatocellular cancer: resection or transplantation
- Part VII. Biliary
- CholangiocarcinomaBryan M Clary, William R Jarnagin, and Leslie H Blumgart.
- Klatskin tumorsKeith D Lillemoe, M.D.
- Primary sclerosing cholangitisJ. E J Krige, P. C Bornman, and J. Terblanche.
- Cholecystitis and CholelithiasisRené G Holzheimer.
- Pathogenesis and prevalence
- Indications and contra-indications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis
- Conversion to open treatment
- Randomized studies comparing open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- Randomized studies comparing mini-cholecystectomy with open cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- Randomized studies comparing different techniques in pneumoperitoneum
- Randomized studies in pain treatment and laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- Common bile duct exploration and clearance - randomized studies
- Antibiotic prophylaxis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy - randomized studies
- Surgical technique and laparoscopic cholecystectomy - randomized studies
- Summary
- References
- Acute cholangitisChi-Leung Liu and Sheung-Tat Fan, M.D.
- Acute acalculous cholecystitisPhilip S Barie, M.D.
- Laparoscopic biliary injuryRaymond Aerts and Freddy Penninckx.
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- Part VIII. Pancreas
- Pancreatic cancerDieter Birk and Hans G Beger.
- Periampullary carcinomaL Fernandez-Cruz.
- Cystic tumors of the pancreasRamon E Jimenez, M.D., Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, M.D., and Andrew L Warshaw, M.D.
- Acute pancreatitisPierre-Louis Fagniez and Nelly Rotman.
- Early complications of severe acute pancreatitisC Bassi, M Falconi, G Butturini, and P Pederzoli.
- Fistulas of the pancreasRoger Saadia, M.D.
- Pancreatic cancer
- Part IX. Spleen and Lymphoproliferative Disease
- Splenectomy for hematological disordersSelman Uranüs, M.D. and Heinz Sill, M.D.
- Laparoscopic splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic diseasesBertrand Millat, M.D. and Georges Decker, M.D.
- LymphomaAlan M Yahanda, M.D.
- Splenectomy for hematological disorders
- Part X. Endocrine
- Differentiated thyroid carcinomaO. Gimm and H. Dralle.
- Sporadic and hereditary medullary carcinomaO. Gimm and H. Dralle.
- Thyroid carcinosarcoma and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomaS. Al-Sobhi and O. Clark.
- Benign nodular thyroid diseaseRené G Holzheimer, M.D.
- Primary hyperparathyroidismG Åkerstrom and E Lundgren.
- Parathyroid carcinomaKerstin Sandelin.
- Postoperative complications of parathyroidectomyJ. R Farndon.
- Laparoscopic adrenalectomyStephen E Burpee, M.D., Gregg H Jossart, M.D., and Michel Gagner, M.D.
- Surgical management of adrenal neoplasms: laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomyPeter Y Wong, M.D. and Richard A Prinz, M.D.
- Introduction
- Conventional open methods for adrenalectomy
- The flank or posterior approach
- The anterior or transabdominal approach
- The transthoracic or thoracoabdominal approach
- The lateral transperitoneal or flank laparoscopic approach
- The anterior laparoscopic approach
- The posterior or retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach
- Laparoscopic versus open adrenalectomy
- References
- PheochromocytomaNader N Hanna, M.D. and Daniel E Kenady, M.D.
- Definition, origin, and epidemiology
- Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas
- Familial and hereditary pheochromocytomas
- Pathophysiology and symptomatology
- Biochemical diagnosis
- Pharmacological tests
- Localization
- Pre-operative management
- Surgical management
- Surgical approaches
- Anesthetic and intraoperative considerations
- Surgical outcome and post-operative follow-up
- Malignant pheochromocytomas
- Pheochromocytoma in pregnancy
- Conclusion
- References
- Endocrine tumors of the pancreasFrançois Pattou, M.D. and Charles Proye, M.D.
- GastrinomaRobert T Jensen.
- Neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liverIngemar Ihse, M.D., Gert Lindell, M.D., and Sten Tibblin, M.D.
- Small bowel neuroendocrine tumorsG. Åkerström and P. Hellman.
- Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
- Part XI. Soft tissue tumors and melanoma
- Soft tissue sarcomaDavid C Linehan and Murray F Brennan.
- Malignant of melanomaPaul L Baron and Christophe L Nguyen.
- Isolated limb perfusion for malignant melanomaHiram C Polk Jr., M.D. and Michael J Edwards, M.D.
- Adjuvant therapy of malignant melanomaProf. Alexander M M Eggermont, M.D.
- Soft tissue sarcoma
- Part XII. Miscellaneous
- Carcinoma of the lungJ. L Balibrea, A. J Torres, and J. Arias-Diaz.
- Thoracoscopic pulmonary surgeryT. Hau and E. Förster.
- Carcinoma of the breastGordon F Schwartz, M.D.
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Staging
- Treatment
- In situ lobular carcinoma (LCIS)
- In situ ductal carcinoma (DCIS)
- Clinical stages I and II invasive carcinoma
- Adjuvant therapy
- Clinical stage III (A and B) invasive carcinoma
- Post-mastectomy radiation therapy
- Clinical stage IV carcinoma
- Management of local recurrence following breast conservation
- Male breast cancer
- Follow-up of the breast cancer patient
- References
- Sentinel node detectionA. Bembenek, M.D. and P.M. Schlag, M.D.
- Complications of laparoscopic surgeryRichard A Perugini, M.D. and Mark P Callery, M.D.
- Intra-operative and laparoscopic ultrasoundBruce David Schirmer, M.D.
- Carcinoma of the lung
- Part XIII. Abdominal wall
- HerniasJoachim Conze, Uwe Klinge, and V. Schumpelick.
- Management of the difficult abdominal closureAnna M Ledgerwood, M.D.
- Abdominal wall considerations in re-operative surgeryD. E Fry.
- Hernias
- Part XIV. Trauma
- Liver traumaKaren J Brasel, M.D. and Anthony A Meyer, M.D.
- Pancreatic, splenic and duodenal injuriesKen Boffard and Adam Brooks.
- Colon injuriesC. G Rehm and D. D Trunkey.
- Damage controlJon M Burch, M.D. and Ernest E Moore, M.D.
- Liver trauma
- Part XV. Surgical Infections
- Soft tissue infectionsR.T. Lewis.
- Necrotizing soft-tissue infectionsThomas L Bosshardt, M.D., Vernon J Henderson, M.D, and Claude H Organ Jr, M.D.
- Diabetic foot infectionsCharles A Adams Jr., M.D. and Edwin A Deitch, M.D.
- Wounds in infection and sepsis - role of growth factors and mediatorsDavid T Efron, M.D. and Adrian Barbul, M.D.
- Burn wound infectionsLC Cancio, M.D., PA Howard, M.D., AT McManus, SH Kim, M.D., CW Goodwin, M.D., and BA Pruitt Jr., M.D.
- Current therapy of burnsArthur P Sanford, M.D. and David N Herndon, M.D.
- Management of secondary peritonitisRené G Holzheimer.
- Management of intra-abdominal abscessesM. Schein.
- The abdomen as a source of sepsis in critically ill patientRonald C Merrell, M.D. and Rifat Latifi, M.D.
- Bloodstream and intravascular catheter infectionsKelli M Bullard, M.D. and David L Dunn, M.D.
- Antibiotic prophylaxisRené G Holzheimer.
- Antibiotics in surgery: evidence of anecdote?John M A Bohnen, M.D.
- Soft tissue infections
- Part XVI. Surgical critical care issues
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitationRobert K Goldman, M.D. and Donald Trunkey, M.D.
- Hemodynamic monitoringChristian Kuhn and Karl Werdan.
- ARDSLothar Engelmann, M.D.
- Catecholamines and acute renal failureJohn A Kellum, M.D.
- Hepatocellular dysfunction–basic considerationsDoraid Jarrar, M.D., Ping Wang, M.D., and Irshad H Chaudry, Ph.D.
- Monitoring of the hepatosplanchnic regionKarl Träger, Alexander Brinkmann, and Peter Radermacher.
- Prophylaxis and management of stress ulcerationAvery B Nathens, M.D. and Ronald V Maier, M.D.
- The multiple organ dysfunction syndromeJohn C Marshall, M.D.
- The immunocompromised patientPhilip S Barie, M.D.
- Laparotomy for abdominal sepsis in the critically illChristian H Wakefield and Kenneth C H Fearon.
- Abdominal compartment syndromeBob H Saggi, M.D., Rao Ivatury, M.D., and Harvey J Sugerman, M.D.
- Analgesia and sedation in critically ill patientsDaniel R Brown, M.D. and Michael J Murray, M.D.
- Assessment of coagulation in surgical critical care patientsIan D McGilvray, M.D. and Ori D Rotstein, M.D.
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The coagulation cascade
- Counter-regulation of coagulation
- Contribution of the coagulation cascade to the local and systemic inflammatory response
- The surgical critically ill patient: a procoagulant condition
- Diagnostic tests of coagulation
- Coagulation issues in critical care patients
- Overview: Assessment of coagulation in the critically ill surgical patient
- Conclusions
- References
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureusM. S Ibelings and H. A Bruining.
- Candida infections in surgical intensive care unit patientsJean-Louis Vincent.
- Ethical considerationsWI Karen J Brasel, M.D.H. and Anthony A Meyer, M.D.
- Does the presence or type of hospital DNR policy influence DNR orders or discussions about limiting care in any way?
- Does the presence of a DNR order influence resource use or nursing care?
- Can education change physician practices regarding end of life decisions?
- Do patients want to discuss DNR preferences?
- References
- Nitric oxide in trauma and sepsisC. Hierholzer and T. R Billiar.
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Appendix
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