U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, editors. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997.

Cover of Retroviruses

Retroviruses.

Show details

References

  1. Acres R.B., Conlon P.J., Mochizuki D.Y., Gallis B. Rapid phosphorylation and modulation of the T4 antigen on cloned helper T cells induced by phorbol myristate acetate or antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 1986;261:16210–16214. [PubMed: 2946683]
  2. Adamson M.C., Silver J., Kozak C.A. The mouse homolog of the Gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor: Genetic mapping and a possible receptor function in rodents. Virology. 1991;183:778–781. [PubMed: 1649508]
  3. Air G.M., Laver W.G., Webster R.G., Els M.C., Luo M. Antibody recognition of the influenza virus neuraminidase. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989;54:247–255. [PubMed: 2484161]
  4. Alkhatib G., Combadiere C., Broder C.C., Feng Y., Kennedy P.E., Murphy P.M., Berger E.A. CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science. 1996;272:1955–1958. [PubMed: 8658171]
  5. Albritton L.M., Kim J.W., Tseng L., Cunningham J.M. Envelope-binding domain in the cationic amino acid transporter determines the host range of ecotropic murine retroviruses. J. Virol. 1993;67:2091–2096. [PMC free article: PMC240296] [PubMed: 8445722]
  6. Albritton L.M., Tseng L., Scadden D., Cunningham J.M. A putative murine ecotropic retrovirus receptor gene encodes a multiple membrane-spanning protein and confers susceptibility to virus infection. Cell. 1989;57:659–666. [PubMed: 2541919]
  7. Albritton L.M., Bowcock A.M., Eddy R.L., Morton C.C., Tseng L., Farrer L.A., Cavalli S.L., Shows T.B., Cunningham J.M. The human cationic amino acid transporter (ATRC1): Physical and genetic mapping to 13q12-q14. Genomics. 1992;12:430–434. [PubMed: 1348489]
  8. Alizon M., Dragic T. CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (letter; comment). Science. 1994;264:1161–1162. [PubMed: 7909962]
  9. Allan J.S., Strauss J., Buck D.W. Enhancement of SIV infection with soluble receptor molecules. Science. 1990;247:1084–1088. [PubMed: 2309120]
  10. Allan J.S., Whitehead E.M., Strout K., Short M., Kanda P., Hart T.K., Bugelski P.J. Strong association of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) envelope glycoprotein heterodimers: Possible role in receptormediated activation. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1992;8:2011–2020. [PubMed: 1493051]
  11. Altrock B.W., Arthur L.O., Massey R.J., Schochetman G. Common surface receptors on both mouse and rat cells distinguish different classes of mouse mammary tumor viruses. Virology. 1981;109:257–266. [PubMed: 6259809]
  12. Andersen K.B. The fate of the surface protein gp70 during entry of retrovirus into mouse fibroblasts. Virology. 1985;142:112–120. [PubMed: 4060568]
  13. Andersen K.B. Cleavage fragments of the retrovirus surface protein gp70 during virus entry. J. Gen. Virol. 1987;68:2193–2202. [PubMed: 3612088]
  14. Andersen K.B., Nexo B.A. Entry of murine retrovirus into mouse fibroblasts. Virology. 1983;125:85–98. [PubMed: 6829166]
  15. Andersen K.B., Skov H. Retrovirus-induced cell fusion is enhanced by protease treatment. J. Gen. Virol. 1989;70:1921–1927. [PubMed: 2544672]
  16. Aoki N., Shioda T., Satoh H., Shibuta H. Syncytium formation of human and nonhuman cells by recombinant vaccinia viruses carrying the HIV env gene and human CD4 gene. AIDS. 1991;5:871–875. [PubMed: 1909875]
  17. Arthos J., Deen K.C., Chaikin M.A., Fornwald J.A., Sathe G., Sattentau Q.J., Clapham P.R., Weiss R.A., McDougal J.S., Pietropaolo C., Axel R., Truneh A., Maddon P.J., Sweet R.W. Identification of the residues in human CD4 critical for the binding of HIV. Cell. 1989;57:469–481. [PubMed: 2541915]
  18. Ashkenazi A., Presta L.G., Marsters S.A., Camerato T.R., Rosenthal K.A., Fendly B.M., Capon D.J. Mapping the CD4 binding site for human immunodeficiency virus by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:7150–7154. [PMC free article: PMC54701] [PubMed: 2402498]
  19. Ashkenazi A., Smith D.H., Marsters S.A., Riddle L., Gregory T.J., Ho D.D., Capon D.J. Resistance of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to soluble CD4 is independent of CD4–rgp120 binding affinity (published erratum appears in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. [1992] 89: 1517). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:7056–7060. [PMC free article: PMC52232] [PubMed: 1871120]
  20. Ashorn P.A., Berger E.A., Moss B. Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein/CD4-mediated fusion of nonprimate cells with human cells. J. Virol. 1990;64:2149–2156. [PMC free article: PMC249373] [PubMed: 2109100]
  21. Bahraoui E., Benjouad A., Guetard D., Kolbe H., Gluckman J.C., Montagnier L. Study of the interaction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins with the CD4 receptor and role of N-glycans. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1992;8:565–573. [PubMed: 1515210]
  22. Ban J., Portetelle D., Altaner C., Horion B., Milan D., Krchnak V., Burny A., Kettmann R. Isolation and characterization of a 2.3-kilobase-pair cDNA fragment encoding the binding domain of the bovine leukemia virus cell receptor. J. Virol. 1993;67:1050–1057. [PMC free article: PMC237460] [PubMed: 8380453]
  23. Bates P., Young J.A., Varmus H.E. A receptor for subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus is related to the low density lipoprotein receptor. Cell. 1993;74:1043–1051. [PubMed: 8402880]
  24. Battini J.-L., Danos O., Heard J.M. Receptor-binding domain of murine leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 1994;69:713–719. [PMC free article: PMC188633] [PubMed: 7815534]
  25. Battini J.-L., Heard J.M., Danos O. Receptor choice determinants in the envelope glycoproteins of amphotropic, xenotropic, and polytropic murine leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 1992;66:1468–1475. [PMC free article: PMC240871] [PubMed: 1310758]
  26. Bedinger P., Moriarty A., von Borstel II R.C., Donovan N.J., Steimer K.S., Littman D.R. Internalization of the human immunodeficiency virus does not require the cytoplasmic domain of CD4. Nature. 1988;334:162–165. [PubMed: 3260353]
  27. Belanger C., Zingler K., Young J. Importance of cysteines in the LDLR-related domain of the subgroup-A avianleukosis and sarcomavirus receptor for viral entry. J. Virol. 1995;69:1019–1024. [PMC free article: PMC188671] [PubMed: 7815478]
  28. Benveniste R.E., Lieber M.M., Livingston D.M., Sherr C.J., Todaro G.J., Kalter S.S. Infectious C-type virus isolated from a baboon placenta. Nature. 1974;248:17–20. [PubMed: 4131937]
  29. Berger E.A., Fuerst T.R., Moss B. A soluble recombinant polypeptide comprising the amino-terminal half of the extracellular region of the CD4 molecule contains an active binding site for human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988;85:2357–2361. [PMC free article: PMC279991] [PubMed: 2451247]
  30. Bergeron L., Sullivan N., Sodroski J. Target cell-specific determinants of membrane fusion within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 third variable region and gp41 amino terminus. J. Virol. 1992;66:2389–2397. [PMC free article: PMC289034] [PubMed: 1548769]
  31. Berkower I., Smith G.E., Giri C., Murphy D. Human immunodeficiency virus 1. Predominance of a group-specific neutralizing epitope that persists despite genetic variation. J. Exp. Med. 1989;170:1681–1695. [PMC free article: PMC2189498] [PubMed: 2478654]
  32. Bernstein H.B., Tucker S.P., Hunter E., Schutzbach J.S., Compans R.W. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein is modified by O-linked oligosaccharides. J. Virol. 1994;68:463–468. [PMC free article: PMC236307] [PubMed: 8254757]
  33. Bernstein H.B., Tucker S.P., Kar S.R., Mcpherson S.A., Mcpherson D.T., Dubay J.W., Lebowitz J., Compans R.W., Hunter E. Oligomerization of the hydrophobic heptad repeat of gp41. J. Virol. 1995;69:2745–2750. [PMC free article: PMC188967] [PubMed: 7707497]
  34. Bhat S., Mettus R.V., Reddy E.P., Ugen K.E., Srikanthan V., Williams W.V., Weiner D.B. The galactosyl ceramide/sulfatide receptor binding region of HIV-1 gp120 maps to amino acids 206-275. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1993;9:175–181. [PubMed: 8457384]
  35. Bluel C.C., Farzan M., Choe H., Parolin C., Clark-Lewis I., Sodroski J., Springer T.A. The lymphocyte chemoatractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature. 1996;382:829–833. [PubMed: 8752280]
  36. Boettiger D. Animal virus pseudotypes. Prog. Med. Virol. 1979;25:37–68. [PubMed: 228350]
  37. Bosch M.L., Earl P.L., Fargnoli K., Picciafuoco S., Giombini F., Wong-Staal F., Franchini G. Identification of the fusion peptide of primate immunodeficiency viruses. Science. 1989;244:694–697. [PubMed: 2541505]
  38. Bosselman R.A., van Straaten F., Van Beveren C., Verma I.M., Vogt M. Analysis of the env gene of a molecularly cloned and biologically active Moloney mink cell focus-forming proviral DNA. J. Virol. 1982;44:19–31. [PMC free article: PMC256237] [PubMed: 7143566]
  39. Bova C.A., Manfredi J.P., Swanstrom R. env genes of avian retroviruses: Nucleotide sequence and molecular recombinants define host range determinants. Virology. 1986;152:343–354. [PubMed: 3014723]
  40. Bova C.A., Olsen J.C., Swanstrom R. The avian retrovirus env gene family: Molecular analysis of host range and antigenic variants. J. Virol. 1988;62:75–83. [PMC free article: PMC250503] [PubMed: 2824857]
  41. Bova-Hill C., Olsen J.C., Swanstrom R. Genetic analysis of the Rous sarcoma virus subgroup D env gene: Mammal tropism correlates with temperature sensitivity of gp85. J. Virol. 1991;65:2073–2080. [PMC free article: PMC240063] [PubMed: 1848317]
  42. Bowman M.R., MacFerrin K.D., Schreiber S.L., Burakoff S.J. Identification and structural analysis of residues in the V1 region of CD4 involved in interaction with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:9052–9056. [PMC free article: PMC55099] [PubMed: 1978941]
  43. Brighty D.W., Rosenberg M., Chen I.S., Ivey-Hoyle M. Envelope proteins from clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that are refractory to neutralization by soluble CD4 possess high affinity for the CD4 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:7802–7805. [PMC free article: PMC52391] [PubMed: 1909031]
  44. Broder C.C., Dimitrov D.S., Blumenthal R., Berger E.A. The block to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated membrane fusion in animal cells expressing human CD4 can be overcome by a human cell component(s). Virology. 1993;193:483–491. [PubMed: 8438583]
  45. Broder C.C., Nussbaum O., Gutheil W.G., Bachovchin W.W., Berger E.A. CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (letter; comment). Science. 1994;264:1156–1159. [PubMed: 7909959]
  46. Brodsky M.H., Warton M., Myers R.M., Littman D.R. Analysis of the site in CD4 that binds to the HIV envelope glycoprotein. J. Immunol. 1990;144:3078–3086. [PubMed: 1691226]
  47. Brojatsch J., Naughton J., Rolls M.M., Zingler K., Young J.A.T. CAR1, TNFR-related protein, is a cellular receptor for cytopathic avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and mediates apoptosis. Cell. 1996;87:845–855. [PubMed: 8945512]
  48. Bullough P.A., Hughson F.M., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C. Structure of influenza haemagglutinin at the pH of membrane fusion. Nature. 1994;371:37–43. [PubMed: 8072525]
  49. Buonocore L., Rose J.K. Prevention of HIV-1 glycoprotein transport by soluble CD4 retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (see comments). Nature. 1990;345:625–628. [PubMed: 2190096]
  50. Callebaut C., Krust B., Jacotot E., Hovanessian A.G. T cell activation antigen, CD26, as a cofactor for entry of HIV in CD4+ cells (see comments). Science. 1993;262:2045–2050. [PubMed: 7903479]
  51. Camerini D., Planelles V., Chen I.S. CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (letter; comment). Science. 1994;264:1160–1161. [PubMed: 7909961]
  52. Canivet M., Hoffman A.D., Hardy D., Sernatinger J., Levy J.A. Replication of HIV-1 in a wide variety of animal cells following phenotypic mixing with murine retroviruses. Virology. 1990;178:543–551. [PubMed: 2171193]
  53. Carr C.M., Kim P.S. A spring-loaded mechanism for the conformational change of influenza hemagglutinin. Cell. 1993;73:823–832. [PubMed: 8500173]
  54. Chakrabarti S., Mizukami T., Franchini G., Moss B. Synthesis, oligomerization, and biological activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus. Virology. 1990;178:134–142. [PubMed: 2117828]
  55. Chan J.C., East J.L., Bowen J.M., Massey R., Schochetman G. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody studies of VSV (hrMMTV) pseudotypes. Virology. 1982;120:54–64. [PubMed: 6179293]
  56. Chatterjee S., Hunter E. Fusion of normal primate cells: A common biological property of the D-type retroviruses. Virology. 1980;107:100–108. [PubMed: 7445425]
  57. Chen I.S.Y., McLaughlin J., Golde D.W. 1984. Long terminal repeats of human T-cell leukemia virus II genome determine target cell specificity. Nature 309277–279. [PubMed: 6325950]
  58. Chen S.S. Functional role of the zipper motif region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein gp41. J. Virol. 1994;68:2002–2010. [PMC free article: PMC236667] [PubMed: 7509005]
  59. Chen S.S., Lee C.N., Lee W.R., McIntosh K., Lee T.H. Mutational analysis of the leucine zipper-like motif of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope transmembrane glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1993;67:3615–3619. [PMC free article: PMC237711] [PubMed: 8497069]
  60. Chesebro B., Wehrly K. Different murine cell lines manifest unique patterns of interference to superinfection by murine leukemia viruses. Virology. 1985;141:119–129. [PubMed: 2983494]
  61. Chesebro B., Wehrly K., Maury W. Differential expression in human and mouse cells of human immunodeficiency virus pseudotyped by murine retroviruses. J. Virol. 1990a;64:4553–4557. [PMC free article: PMC247927] [PubMed: 2166831]
  62. Chesebro B., Buller R., Portis J., Wehrly K. Failure of human immunodeficiency virus entry and infection in CD4-positive human brain and skin cells. J. Virol. 1990b;64:215–221. [PMC free article: PMC249089] [PubMed: 2293663]
  63. Choe H.-R., Sodroski J. Adaptation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to cells expressing a binding-deficient CD4 mutant (lysine 46 to aspartic acid). J. Virol. 1995;69:2801–2810. [PMC free article: PMC188974] [PubMed: 7707502]
  64. Choppin J., Schaffar-Deshayes L., Debre P., Levy J.P. Lymphoid cell surface receptor for Moloney leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp71. I. Binding characteristics. J. Immunol. 1981;126:2347–2351. [PubMed: 7229379]
  65. Chopra H.C., Mason M.M. A new virus in a spontaneous mammary tumor of a rhesus monkey. Cancer Res. 1970;30:2081–2086. [PubMed: 4195910]
  66. Chu T.H., Dornburg R. Retroviral vector particles displaying the antigen-binding site of an antibody enable cell-type-specific gene transfer. J. Virol. 1995;69:2659–2663. [PMC free article: PMC188950] [PubMed: 7884919]
  67. Clapham P.R., Blanc D., Weiss R.A. Specific cell surface requirements for the infection of CD4-positive cells by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and by simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology. 1991;181:703–715. [PMC free article: PMC7131431] [PubMed: 1673040]
  68. Clapham P.R., McKnight A., Weiss R.A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection and fusion of CD4-negative human cell lines: Induction and enhancement by soluble CD4. J. Virol. 1992;66:3531–3537. [PMC free article: PMC241134] [PubMed: 1583722]
  69. Clapham P., McKnight A., Simmons G., Weiss R. Is CD4 sufficient for HIV entry? Cell surface molecules involved in HIV infection. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1993;342:67–73. [PubMed: 7904349]
  70. Clapham P., Nagy K., Cheingsong-Popov R., Exley M., Weiss R.A. Productive infection and cell free transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus in a nonlymphoid cell line. Science. 1983;222:1125–1127. [PubMed: 6316502]
  71. Clayton L.K., Hussey R.E., Steinbrich R., Ramachandran H., Husain Y., Reinherz E.L. Substitution of murine for human CD4 residues identifies amino acids critical for HIV-gp120 binding. Nature. 1988;335:363–366. [PubMed: 2843773]
  72. Clements G.J., Price-Jones M.J., Stephens P.E., Sutton C., Schulz T.F., Clapham P.R., McKeating J.A., McClure M.O., Thomson S., Marsh M., Kay J., Weiss R.A., Moore J.P. The V3 loops of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface glycoproteins contain proteolytic cleavage sites: a possible function in viral fusion? AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1991;7:3–16. [PubMed: 2015114]
  73. Closs E.I., Lyons C.R., Kelly C., Cunningham J.M. Characterization of the third member of the MCAT family of cationic amino acid transporters. Identification of a domain that determines the transport properties of the MCAT proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:20796–20800. [PubMed: 8407907]
  74. Cloyd M.W., Chattopadhyay S.K. A new class of retrovirus present in many murine leukemia systems. Virology. 1986;151:31–40. [PubMed: 3008431]
  75. Cloyd M.W., Thompson M.M., Hartley J.W. Host range of mink cell focus-inducing viruses. Virology. 1985;140:239–248. [PubMed: 2982233]
  76. Cocchi F., DeVico A.L., Garzino-Demo A., Arya S.K., Gallo R.C., Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β as the major suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science. 1995;270:1811–1815. [PubMed: 8525373]
  77. Coffin J.M., Champion M., Chabot F. Nucleotide sequence relationships between the genomes of an endogenous and an exogenous avian tumor virus. J. Virol. 1978;28:972–991. [PMC free article: PMC525821] [PubMed: 215788]
  78. Collman R., Balliet J.W., Gregory S.A., Friedman H., Kolson D.L., Nathanson N., Srinivasan A. An infectious molecular clone of an unusual macrophage-tropic and highly cytopathic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 1992;66:7517–7521. [PMC free article: PMC240461] [PubMed: 1433527]
  79. Collman R., Godfrey B., Cutilli J., Rhodes A., Hassan N.F., Sweet R., Douglas S.D., Friedman H., Nathanson N., Gonzalez-Scarano F. Macrophage-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 utilize the CD4 receptor. J. Virol. 1990;64:4468–4476. [PMC free article: PMC247917] [PubMed: 2200889]
  80. Connolly L., Zingler K., Young J.A.T. A soluble form of a receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses (ASLV-A) blocks infection and binds directly to ASLV-A. J. Virol. 1994;68:2760–2764. [PMC free article: PMC236757] [PubMed: 8139053]
  81. Cook D.G., Fantini J., Spitalnik S.L., Gonzalez-Scarano F. Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) gp120 to galactosylceramide (GalCer): Relationship to the V3 loop. Virology. 1994;201:206–214. [PubMed: 8184533]
  82. Cordonnier A., Montagnier L., Emerman M. Single amino-acid changes in HIV envelope affect viral tropism and receptor binding. Nature. 1989a;340:571–574. [PubMed: 2475780]
  83. Cordonnier A., Riviere Y., Montagnier L., Emerman M. Effects of mutations in hyperconserved regions of the extracellular glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on receptor binding. J. Virol. 1989b;63:4464–4468. [PMC free article: PMC251071] [PubMed: 2550679]
  84. Cosset F.L., Morling F.J., Takeuchi Y., Weiss R.A., Collins M.K., Russell S.J. Retroviral retargeting by envelopes expressing an N-terminal binding domain. J. Virol. 1995;69:6314–6322. [PMC free article: PMC189530] [PubMed: 7666532]
  85. Crise B., Rose J.K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor retains a CD4-p56lck complex in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Virol. 1992;66:2296–2301. [PMC free article: PMC289024] [PubMed: 1548763]
  86. Crise B., Buonocore L., Rose J.K. CD4 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor. J. Virol. 1990;64:5585–5593. [PMC free article: PMC248611] [PubMed: 2214026]
  87. Crittenden L.B., Motta J.V. The role of the tvb locus in genetic resistance to RSV(RAV-O). Virology. 1975;67:327–334. [PubMed: 171832]
  88. Daar E.S., Li X.L., Moudgil T., Ho D.D. High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:6574–6578. [PMC free article: PMC54579] [PubMed: 2395859]
  89. Dalgleish A.G., Beverley P.C., Clapham P.R., Crawford D.H., Greaves M.F., Weiss R.A. The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus. Nature. 1984;312:763–767. [PubMed: 6096719]
  90. Daniel M.D., King N.W., Letvin N.L., Hunt R.D., Sehgal P.K., Desrosiers R.C. A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome. Science. 1984;223:602–605. [PubMed: 6695172]
  91. Daniels R.S., Douglas A.R., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C. Analyses of the antigenicity of influenza haemagglutinin at the pH optimum for virus-mediated membrane fusion. J. Gen. Virol. 1983;64:1657–1662. [PubMed: 6192202]
  92. Davis S.J., Schockmel G.A., Somoza C., Buck D.W., Healey D.G., Rieber E.P., Reiter C., Williams A.F. Antibody and HIV-1 gp120 recognition of CD4 undermines the concept of mimicry between antibodies and receptors. Nature. 1992;358:76–79. [PubMed: 1614536]
  93. Dean M., Carrington M., Winkler C., Huttley G.A., Smith M.W., Allikmets R., Goedert J.J., Buchbinder S.P., Vittinghoff E., Gomperts E., Donfield S., Vlahov E., Kaslow R., Saah A., Rinaldo C., Detels R., Study H.G.D., Study M.A.C., Study M.H.C., Cohort S.F.C., Study A., O'Brien S.J. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science. 1996;273:1856–1862. [PubMed: 8791590]
  94. Deen K.C., McDougal J.S., Inacker R., Folena-Wasserman G., Arthos J., Rosenberg J., Maddon P.J., Axel R., Sweet R.W. A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection. Nature. 1988;331:82–84. [PubMed: 3257544]
  95. DeLarco J., Todaro G.J. Membrane receptors for murine leukemia viruses: Characterization using the purified viral envelope glycoprotein, gp71. Cell. 1976;8:365–371. [PubMed: 8213]
  96. Delwart E.L., Mosialos G. Retroviral envelope glycoproteins contain a leucine zipper like repeat. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1990;6:703–706. [PubMed: 2364015]
  97. Delwart E.L., Panganiban A.T. Role of reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope glycoprotein in superinfection interference. J. Virol. 1989;63:273–280. [PMC free article: PMC247682] [PubMed: 2535733]
  98. Deng H., Liu R., Ellmeier W., Choe S., Unutmaz D., Burkhart M., Di Marzio P., Marmon S., Sutton R.E., Hill C.M., Davis C.B., Peiper S.C., Schall T.J., Littman D.R., Landau N.R. Identification of a major coreceptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature. 1996;381:661–666. [PubMed: 8649511]
  99. Diamond D.C., Finberg R., Chaudhuri S., Sleckman B.P., Burakoff S.J. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is efficiently mediated by a glycolipid-anchored form of CD4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:5001–5005. [PMC free article: PMC54249] [PubMed: 2142306]
  100. Dimitrov D.S., Blumenthal R. Photoinactivation and kinetics of membrane fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1994;68:1956–1961. [PMC free article: PMC236658] [PubMed: 8107256]
  101. Dimitrov D.S., Golding H., Blumenthal R. Initial stages of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion monitored by a new assay based on redistribution of fluorescent dyes. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1991;7:799–805. [PubMed: 1742075]
  102. Dimitrov D.S., Broder C.C., Berger E.A., Blumenthal R. Calcium ions are required for cell fusion mediated by the CD4-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein interaction. J. Virol. 1993;67:1647–1652. [PMC free article: PMC237536] [PubMed: 8437234]
  103. Doms R.W., Earl P.L., Moss B. The assembly of the HIV-1 env glycoprotein into dimers and tetramers. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1991;300:203–219. [PubMed: 1781345]
  104. Doms R.W., Earl P.L., Chakrabarti S., Moss B. Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus env proteins possess a functionally conserved assembly domain. J. Virol. 1990;64:3537–3540. [PMC free article: PMC249626] [PubMed: 2352332]
  105. Donahue P.R., Hoover E.A., Beltz G.A., Riedel N., Hirsch V.M., Overbaugh J., Mullins J.I. Strong sequence conservation among horizontally transmissible, minimally pathogenic feline leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 1988;62:722–731. [PMC free article: PMC253625] [PubMed: 2828667]
  106. Doranz B.J., Rucker J., Yi Y., Smyth R.J., Samson M., Peiper S.C., Parmentier M., Collman R.G., Doms R.W. A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 iosolate that use fusin and the β-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell. 1996;85:1149–1158. [PubMed: 8674120]
  107. Dorner A.J., Coffin J.M. Determinants for receptor interaction and cell killing on the avian retrovirus glycoprotein gp85. Cell. 1986;45:365–374. [PubMed: 3009025]
  108. Dorner A.J., Stoye J.P., Coffin J.M. Molecular basis of host range variation in avian retroviruses. J. Virol. 1985;53:32–39. [PMC free article: PMC254974] [PubMed: 2981357]
  109. Dowbenko D., Nakamura G., Fennie C., Shimasaki C., Riddle L., Harris R., Gregory T., Lasky L. Epitope mapping of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 with monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 1988;62:4703–4711. [PMC free article: PMC253585] [PubMed: 2460639]
  110. Dragic T., Alizon M. Different requirements for membrane fusion mediated by the envelopes of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. J. Virol. 1993;67:2355–2359. [PMC free article: PMC240396] [PubMed: 8095307]
  111. Dragic T., Charneau P., Clavel F., Alizon M. Complementation of murine cells for human immunodeficiency virus envelope/CD4-mediated fusion in human/murine heterokaryons. J. Virol. 1992;66:4794–4802. [PMC free article: PMC241307] [PubMed: 1629956]
  112. Dragic T., Litwin V., Allaway G.P., Martin S.R., Huang Y., Nagasha K.A., Cayanan C., Maddon P.J., Koup R.A., Moore J.P., Paxton W.A. HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature. 1996;381:667–673. [PubMed: 8649512]
  113. Dubay J.W., Roberts S.J., Brody B., Hunter E. Mutations in the leucine zipper of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein affect fusion and infectivity. J. Virol. 1992;66:4748–4756. [PMC free article: PMC241301] [PubMed: 1629954]
  114. Earl P.L., Moss B. Mutational analysis of the assembly domain of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1993;9:589–594. [PubMed: 8369163]
  115. Earl P.L., Doms R.W., Moss B. Multimeric CD4 binding exhibited by human and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein dimers. J. Virol. 1992;66:5610–5614. [PMC free article: PMC289124] [PubMed: 1501294]
  116. Earl P.L., Moss B., Doms R.W. Folding, interaction with GRP78-BiP, assembly, and transport of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. 1991;65:2047–2055. [PMC free article: PMC240054] [PubMed: 1900540]
  117. Eglitis M.A., Eiden M.V., Wilson C.A. Gibbon ape leukemia virus and the amphotropic murine leukemia virus 4070A exhibit an unusual interference pattern on E36 Chinese hamster cells. J. Virol. 1993;67:5472–5477. [PMC free article: PMC237949] [PubMed: 8394458]
  118. Eiden M.V., Farrell K., Warsowe J., Mahan L.C., Wilson C.A. Characterization of a naturally occurring ecotropic receptor that does not facilitate entry of all ecotropic murine retroviruses. J. Virol. 1993;67:4056–4061. [PMC free article: PMC237773] [PubMed: 8510216]
  119. Einfeld D., Hunter E. Oligomeric structure of a prototype retrovirus glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988;85:8688–8692. [PMC free article: PMC282525] [PubMed: 2847170]
  120. Einfeld D., Hunter E. Expression of the TM protein of Rous sarcoma virus in the absence of SU shows that this domain is capable of oligomerization and intracellular transport. J. Virol. 1994;68:2513–2520. [PMC free article: PMC236729] [PubMed: 8139033]
  121. Elder J.H., Mullins J.I. Nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of Gardner-Arnstein feline leukemia virus B reveals unique sequence homologies with a murine mink cell focus-forming virus. J. Virol. 1983;46:871–880. [PMC free article: PMC256562] [PubMed: 6304347]
  122. Elder J.H., McGee J.S., Alexander S. Carbohydrate side chains of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins are not required to elicit a neutralizing antibody response. J. Virol. 1986;57:340–342. [PMC free article: PMC252732] [PubMed: 2416953]
  123. Endres M.J., Clapham P.R., Marsh M., Ahuja M., Turner J.D., McKnight A., Thomas J.F., Stoebenau-Haggarty B., Choe S., Vance P.J., Wells T.N.C., Doms R.W., Landau N.R., Hoxie J.A. CD4-independent infection by HIV-2 is mediated by fusin/CXCR4. Cell. 1996;87:745–756. [PubMed: 8929542]
  124. Fantini J., Cook D.G., Nathanson N., Spitalnik S.L., Gonzalez-Scarano F. Infection of colonic epithelial cell lines by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus is associated with cell surface expression of galactosylceramide, a potential alternative gp120 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993;90:2700–2704. [PMC free article: PMC46163] [PubMed: 8464878]
  125. Fass D., Harrison S.C., Kim P.S. Retrovirus envelope domain at 1.7 angstroms resolution. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1996;3:465–469. [PubMed: 8612078]
  126. Fass D., Davey R.A., Hamson C.A., Kim P.S., Cunningham J.M., Berger J.M. Structure of a receptor-binding glycoprotein at 20Å resolution. Science. 1997;277:1662–1666. [PubMed: 9287219]
  127. Feng Y., Broder C.C., Kennedy P.E., Berger E.A. HIV-1 entry cofactor: Functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science. 1996;272:872–877. [PubMed: 8629022]
  128. Fenouillet E., Clerget-Raslain B., Gluckman J.C., Guetard D., Montagnier L., Bahraoui E. Role of N-linked glycans in the interaction between the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus and its CD4 cellular receptor. Structural enzymatic analysis. J. Exp. Med. 1989;169:807–822. [PMC free article: PMC2189259] [PubMed: 2538547]
  129. Fine D., Schochetman G. Type D primate retroviruses: A review. Cancer Res. 1978;38:3123–3139. [PubMed: 80259]
  130. Fisher R.A., Bertonis J.M., Meier W., Johnson V.A., Costopoulos D.S., Liu T., Tizard R., Walker B.D., Hirsch M.S., Schooley R.T., Flavell R.A. HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature. 1988;331:76–78. [PubMed: 2829022]
  131. Fowler A.K., Twardzik D.R., Reed C.D., Weislow O.S., Hellman A. Binding characteristics of Rauscher leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein gp70 to murine lymphoid cells. J. Virol. 1977;29:729–735. [PMC free article: PMC515994] [PubMed: 563478]
  132. Freed E.O., Myers D.J. Identification and characterization of fusion and processing domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1992;66:5472–5478. [PMC free article: PMC289104] [PubMed: 1501283]
  133. Freed E.O., Myers D.J., Risser R. Characterization of the fusion domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp41. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1990;87:4650–4654. [PMC free article: PMC54174] [PubMed: 2191297]
  134. Freed E.O., Myers D.J., Risser R. Identification of the principal neutralizing determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 as a fusion domain. J. Virol. 1991;65:190–194. [PMC free article: PMC240504] [PubMed: 1985197]
  135. Frey S., Marsh M., Gunther S., Pelchen-Matthews A., Stephens P., Ortlepp S., Stegmann T. Temperature dependence of cell-cell fusion induced by the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 1995;69:1462–1472. [PMC free article: PMC188734] [PubMed: 7853478]
  136. Fu Y.K., Hart T.K., Jonak Z.L., Bugelski P.J. Physicochemical dissociation of CD4-mediated syncytium formation and shedding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J. Virol. 1993;67:3818–3825. [PMC free article: PMC237746] [PubMed: 8510207]
  137. Gallaher W.R. Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of the human immunodeficiency virus. Cell. 1987;50:327–328. [PubMed: 3496970]
  138. Gallaher W.R., Ball J.M., Garry R.F., Griffin M.C., Montelaro R.C. A general model for the transmembrane proteins of HIV and other retroviruses. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1989;5:431–440. [PubMed: 2788443]
  139. Garcia J.V., Miller A.D. Serine-phosphorylation-independent downregulation of cell-surface CD4 by nef. Nature. 1992;350:508–511. [PubMed: 2014052]
  140. Garcia J.V., Jones C., Miller A.D. Localization of the amphotropic murine leukemia virus receptor gene to the pericentromeric region of human chromosome 8. J. Virol. 1991;65:6316–6319. [PMC free article: PMC250343] [PubMed: 1656098]
  141. Gazdar A.F., Oie H., Lalley P., Moss W.W., Minna J.D. Identification of mouse chromosomes required for murine leukemia virus replication. Cell. 1977;11:949–956. [PubMed: 196770]
  142. Ghysdael J., Bruck C., Kettmann R., Burny A. Bovine leukemia virus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1985;112:1–19. [PubMed: 6090059]
  143. Gilbert J.M., Mason D., White J.M. Fusion of Rous sarcoma virus with host cells does not require exposure to low pH. J. Virol. 1990;64:5106–5113. [PMC free article: PMC248002] [PubMed: 2168989]
  144. Gilbert J.M., Bates P., Varmus H.E., White J.M. The receptor for the subgroup-A avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses binds to subgroup-A but not to subgroup-C envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1994;68:5623–5628. [PMC free article: PMC236963] [PubMed: 8057442]
  145. Gilbert J.M., Hernandez L.D., Balliet J.W., Bates P., White J.M. Receptor-induced conformational changes in the subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma virus envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1995;69:7410–7415. [PMC free article: PMC189677] [PubMed: 7494245]
  146. Golding H., Blumenthal R., Manischewitz J., Littman D.R., Dimitrov D.S. Cell fusion mediated by interaction of a hybrid CD4.CD8 molecule with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein does occur after a long lag time. J. Virol. 1993;67:6469–6475. [PMC free article: PMC238083] [PubMed: 8411350]
  147. Gottlieb M.S., Schroff R., Schanker H.M., Weisman J.D., Fan P.T., Worlf R.A., Saxon A. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men. Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981;305:1425–1431. [PubMed: 6272109]
  148. Gray K.D., Roth M.J. Mutational analysis of the envelope gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J. Virol. 1993;67:3489–3496. [PMC free article: PMC237695] [PubMed: 7684467]
  149. Gregory T., Hoxie J., Watanabe C., Spellman M. Structure and function in recombinant HIV-1 gp120 and speculation about the disulfide bonding in the gp120 homologs of HIV-2 and SIV. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1991;303:1–14. [PubMed: 1805558]
  150. Grewe C., Beck A., Gelderblom H.R. HIV: Early virus-cell interactions. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 1990;3:965–974. [PubMed: 2398460]
  151. Grimaila R.J., Fuller B.A., Rennert P.D., Nelson M.B., Hammarskjold M.L., Potts B., Murray M., Putney S.D., Gray G. Mutations in the principal neutralization determinant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affect syncytium formation, virus infectivity, growth kinetics, and neutralization. J. Virol. 1992;66:1875–1883. [PMC free article: PMC288974] [PubMed: 1548744]
  152. Haigwood N.L., Nara P.L., Brooks E., Van Nest G.A., Ott G., Higgins K.W., Dunlop N., Scandella C.J., Eichberg J.W., Steimer K.S. Native but not denatured recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 generates broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies in baboons. J. Virol. 1992;66:172–182. [PMC free article: PMC238273] [PubMed: 1727480]
  153. Hansen J.E., Clausen H., Nielsen C., Teglbjaerg L.S., Hansen L.L., Nielsen C.M., Dabelsteen E., Mathiesen L., Hakomori S.I., Nielsen J.O. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in vitro by anticarbohydrate monoclonal antibodies: Peripheral glycosylation of HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 may be a target for virus neutralization. J. Virol. 1990;64:2833–2840. [PMC free article: PMC249465] [PubMed: 1692349]
  154. Harouse J.M., Bhat S., Spitalnik S.L., Laughlin M., Stefano K., Silberberg D.H., Gonzalez-Scarano F. Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide. Science. 1991;253:320–323. [PubMed: 1857969]
  155. Hart A.R., Cloyd M.W. Interference patterns of human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2. Virology. 1990;177:1–10. [PubMed: 2191494]
  156. Hart T.K., Kirsh R., Ellens H., Sweet R.W., Lambert D.M., Petteway S. Jr., Leary J., Bugelski P.J. Binding of soluble CD4 proteins to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and infected cells induces release of envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:2189–2193. [PMC free article: PMC51195] [PubMed: 2006155]
  157. Hartley J.W., Rowe W.P. Clonal cells lines from a feral mouse embryo which lack host-range restrictions for murine leukemia viruses. Virology. 1975;65:128–134. [PubMed: 167514]
  158. Hattori T., Koito A., Takatsuki K., Kido H., Katunuma N. Involvement of tryptase-related cellular protease(s) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. FEBS Lett. 1989;248:48–52. [PubMed: 2470618]
  159. Heard J.M., Danos O. An amino-terminal fragment of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein binds the ecotropic receptor. J. Virol. 1991;65:4026–4032. [PMC free article: PMC248833] [PubMed: 2072445]
  160. Hildreth J.E., Orentas R.J. Involvement of a leukocyte adhesion receptor (LFA-1) in HIV-induced syncytium formation. Science. 1989;244:1075–1078. [PubMed: 2543075]
  161. Hilkens J., van der Zeijst B., Buijs F., Kroezen V., Bleumink N., Hilgers J. Identification of a cellular receptor for mouse mammary tumor virus and mapping of its gene to chromosome 16. J. Virol. 1983;45:140–147. [PMC free article: PMC256395] [PubMed: 6296428]
  162. Hirsch V.M., Martin J.E., Dapolito G., Elkins W.R., London W.T., Goldstein S., Johnson P.R. Spontaneous substitutions in the vicinity of the V3 analog affect cell tropism and pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 1994;68:2649–2661. [PMC free article: PMC236742] [PubMed: 8139042]
  163. Ho D.D., McKeating J.A., Li X.L., Moudgil T., Daar E.S., Sun N.C., Robinson J.E. Conformational epitope on gp120 important in CD4 binding and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization identified by a human monoclonal antibody. J. Virol. 1991;65:489–493. [PMC free article: PMC240544] [PubMed: 1702163]
  164. Hooks J.J., Gibbs C.J. The foamy viruses. Bacteriol. Rev. 1975;39:169–185. [PMC free article: PMC413910] [PubMed: 51620]
  165. Hosie M.J., Willett B.J., Dunsford T.H., Jarrett O., Neil J.C., Rangan S.R. A monoclonal antibody which blocks infection with feline immunodeficiency virus identifies a possible non-CD4 receptor. J. Virol. 1993;67:1667–1671. [PMC free article: PMC237540] [PubMed: 7679750]
  166. Hoxie J.A. Hypothetical assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds for HIV-2 and SIV envelope glycoproteins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1991;7:495–499. [PubMed: 1931228]
  167. Hoxie J.A., Rackowski J.L., Haggarty B.S., Gaulton G.N. T4 endocytosis and phosphorylation induced by phorbol esters but not by mitogen or HIV infection. J. Immunol. 1988a;140:786–795. [PubMed: 3257504]
  168. Hoxie J.A., Brass L.F., Pletcher C.H., Haggarty B.S., Hahn B.H. Cytopathic variants of an attenuated isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 exhibit increased affinity for CD4. J. Virol. 1991;65:5096–5101. [PMC free article: PMC248977] [PubMed: 1870213]
  169. Hoxie J.A., Haggarty B.S., Bonser S.E., Rackowski J.L., Shan H., Kanki P.J. Biological characterization of a simian immunodeficiency virus-like retrovirus (HTLV-IV): Evidence for CD4-associated molecules required for infection. J. Virol. 1988b;62:2557–2568. [PMC free article: PMC253685] [PubMed: 2839686]
  170. Hunter E., Swanstrom R. 1990Retroviral envelope glycoproteins In Retroviruses—Strategies for replication (ed. R. Swanstrom and P.K. Vogt), pp. 187–253. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  171. Hunter E., Hill E., Hardwick M., Bhown A., Schwartz D.E., Tizard R. Complete sequence of the Rous sarcoma virus env gene: Identification of structural and functional regions of its product. J. Virol. 1983;46:920–936. [PMC free article: PMC256567] [PubMed: 6304351]
  172. Hunter K., Housman D., Hopkins N. Isolation and characterization of irradiation fusion hybrids from mouse chromosome 1 for mapping Rmc-1, a gene encoding a cellular receptor for MCF class murine retroviruses. Somatic Cell. Mol. Genet. 1991;17:169–183. [PubMed: 2011795]
  173. Hussey R.E., Richardson N.E., Kowalski M., Brown N.R., Chang H.C., Siliciano R.F., Dorfman T., Walker B., Sodroski J., Reinherz E.L. A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation. Nature. 1988;331:78–81. [PubMed: 2829023]
  174. Hwang S.S., Boyle T.J., Lyerly H.K., Cullen B.R. Identification of the envelope V3 loop as the primary determinant of cell tropism in HIV-1. Science. 1991;253:71–74. [PubMed: 1905842]
  175. Ikeda H., Sugimura H. Fv-4 resistance gene: A truncated endogenous murine leukemia virus with ecotropic interference properties. J. Virol. 1989;63:5405–5412. [PMC free article: PMC251208] [PubMed: 2555565]
  176. Ikeda H., Laigret F., Martin M.A., Repaske R. Characterization of a molecularly cloned retroviral sequence associated with Fv-4 resistance. J. Virol. 1985;55:768–777. [PMC free article: PMC255061] [PubMed: 2991595]
  177. Ivanoff L.A., Dubay J.W., Morris J.F., Roberts S.J., Gutshall L., Sternberg E.J., Hunter E., Matthews T.J., Petteway S. Jr. V3 loop region of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein is essential for virus infectivity. Virology. 1992;187:423–432. [PubMed: 1546447]
  178. Ivey-Hoyle M., Culp J.S., Chaikin M.A., Hellmig B.D., Matthews T.J., Sweet R.W., Rosenberg M. Envelope glycoproteins from biologically diverse isolates of immunodeficiency viruses have widely different affinities for CD4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:512–516. [PMC free article: PMC50841] [PubMed: 1899141]
  179. Jabbar M.A., Nayak D.P. Intracellular interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (ARV-2) envelope glycoprotein gp160 with CD4 blocks the movement and maturation of CD4 to the plasma membrane. J. Virol. 1990;64:6297–6304. [PMC free article: PMC248809] [PubMed: 2243395]
  180. Jameson B.A., Rao P.E., Kong L.I., Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., Hood L.E., Kent S.B. Location and chemical synthesis of a binding site for HIV-1 on the CD4 protein. Science. 1988;240:1335–1339. [PubMed: 2453925]
  181. Jarrett O., Laird H.M., Hay D. Determinants of the host range of feline leukaemia viruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1973;20:169–175. [PubMed: 4127732]
  182. Javaherian K., Langlois A.J., McDanal C., Ross K.L., Eckler L.I., Jellis C.L., Profy A.T., Rusche J.R., Bolognesi D.P.,, Putney S.D., Matthews T.J. Principal neutralizing domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1989;86:6768–6772. [PMC free article: PMC297927] [PubMed: 2771954]
  183. Johann S.V., Gibbons J.J., O'Hara B. GLVR1, a receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus, is homologous to a phosphate permease of Neurospora crassa and is expressed at high levels in the brain and thymus. J. Virol. 1992;66:1635–1640. [PMC free article: PMC240899] [PubMed: 1531369]
  184. Johann S.V., van Zeijl M., Cekleniak J., O'Hara B. Definition of a domain of GLVR1 which is necessary for infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus and which is highly polymorphic between species. J. Virol. 1993;67:6733–6736. [PMC free article: PMC238113] [PubMed: 8411375]
  185. Johnston P.B., Dubay J.W., Hunter E. Truncations of the simian immunodeficiency virus transmembrane protein confer expanded host range by removing a block to virus entry into cells. J. Virol. 1993;67:3077–3086. [PMC free article: PMC237644] [PubMed: 8497044]
  186. Joho R.H., Billeter M.A., Weissman C. Mapping of biological functions on RNA of tumor viruses: Location of regions required for transformation and determination of host range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1975;72:4772–4776. [PMC free article: PMC388813] [PubMed: 174075]
  187. Kaelbling M., Eddy R., Shows T.B., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J., Jenkins N.A., Klinger H.P., O'Hara B. Localization of the human gene allowing infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus to human chromosome region 2q11-q14 and to the homologous region on mouse chromosome 2. J. Virol. 1991;65:1743–1747. [PMC free article: PMC239979] [PubMed: 1672162]
  188. Kahn J.O., Allan J.D., Hodges T.L., Kaplan L.D., Arri C.J., Fitch H.F., Izu A.E., Mordenti J., Sherwin J.E., Groopman J.E., Volberding P.A. The safety and pharmacokinetics of recombinant soluble CD4 (rCD4) in subjects with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. A phase 1 study (see comments). Ann. Intern. Med. 1990;112:254–261. [PubMed: 2297204]
  189. Kai K., Ikeda H., Yuasa Y., Suzuki S., Odaka T. Mouse strain resistant to N-, B-, and NB-tropic murine leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 1976;20:436–440. [PMC free article: PMC355011] [PubMed: 185426]
  190. Kamps C.A., Lin Y.C., Wong P.K.Y. Oligomerization and transport of the envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB and of ts-1, a neurovirulent temperature-sensitive mutant of Mo-MuLV-TB. Virology. 1991;184:687–694. [PubMed: 1887590]
  191. Kan N.C., Baluda M.A., Papas T. Sites of recombination between the transforming gene of avian myeloblastosis virus and its helper virus. Virology. 1985;145:322–329. [PubMed: 2992154]
  192. Kang C.Y., Nara P., Chamat S., Caralli V., Ryskamp T., Haigwood N., Newman R., Kohler H. Evidence for non-V3-specific neutralizing antibodies that interfere with gp120/CD4 binding in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:6171–6175. [PMC free article: PMC52044] [PubMed: 2068099]
  193. Kasahara N., Dozy A.M., Kan Y.W. Tissue-specific targeting of retroviral vectors through ligand-receptor interactions (see comments). Science. 1994;266:1373–1376. [PubMed: 7973726]
  194. Kavanaugh M.P., Miller D.G., Zhang W., Law W., Kozak S.L., Kabat D., Miller A.D. Cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine retrovirus are inducible sodium-dependent phosphate symporters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994a;91:7071–7075. [PMC free article: PMC44340] [PubMed: 8041748]
  195. Kavanaugh M.P., Wang H., Zhang Z., Zhang W., Wu Y.N., Dechant E., North R.A., Kabat. D. Control of cationic amino acid transport and retroviral receptor functions in a membrane protein family. J. Biol. Chem. 1994b;269:15445–15450. [PubMed: 8195186]
  196. Kemble G.W., Danieli T., White J.M. Lipid-anchored influenza hemagglutinin promotes hemifusion, not complete fusion. Cell. 1994;76:383–391. [PubMed: 8293471]
  197. Kewalramani V.N., Panganiban A.T., Emerman M. Spleen necrosis virus, an avian immunosuppressive retrovirus, shares a receptor with the type D simian retroviruses. J. Virol. 1992;66:3026–3031. [PMC free article: PMC241062] [PubMed: 1313915]
  198. Kim J.W., Cunningham J.M. N-linked glycosylation of the receptor for murine ecotropic retroviruses is altered in virus-infected cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1993;268:16316–16320. [PubMed: 8393858]
  199. Kim J.W., Closs E.I., Albritton L.M., Cunningham J.M. Transport of cationic amino acids by the mouse ecotropic retrovirus receptor. Nature. 1991;352:725–728. [PubMed: 1652100]
  200. Kirchhoff F., Mori K., Desrosiers R.C. The V3 domain is a determinant of simian immunodeficiency virus cell tropism. J. Virol. 1994;68:3682–3692. [PMC free article: PMC236873] [PubMed: 8189506]
  201. Kirsh R., Hart T.K., Ellens H., Miller J., Petteway S.J., Lambert D.M., Leary J., Bugelski P.J. Morphometric analysis of recombinant soluble CD4-mediated release of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from HIV-1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1990;6:1209–1212. [PubMed: 2252640]
  202. Klatzmann D., Champagne E., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Guetard D., Hercend T., Gluckman J.C., Montagnier L. T-lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV. Nature. 1984;312:767–768. [PubMed: 6083454]
  203. Koch W., Hunsmann G., Friedrich R. Nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of Friend murine leukemia virus. J. Virol. 1983;45:1–9. [PMC free article: PMC256380] [PubMed: 6296423]
  204. Koch W., Zimmerman W., Oliff A., Friedrich R. Molecular analysis of the envelope gene and long terminal repeat of Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus: Implications for the functions of these sequences. J. Virol. 1984;49:828–840. [PMC free article: PMC255544] [PubMed: 6321768]
  205. Koenig S., Hirsch V.M., Olmsted R.A., Powell D., Maury W., Rabson A., Fauci A.S., Purcell R.H., Johnson P.R. Selective infection of human CD4+ cells by simian immunodeficiency virus: Productive infection associated with envelope glycoprotein-induced fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1989;86:2443–2447. [PMC free article: PMC286929] [PubMed: 2784571]
  206. Kost T.A., Kessler J.A., Patel I.R., Gray J.G., Overton L.K., Carter S.G. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and syncytium formation in HeLa cells expressing glycophospholipid-anchored CD4. J. Virol. 1991;65:3276–3283. [PMC free article: PMC240985] [PubMed: 1709701]
  207. Kowalski M., Potz J., Basiripour L., Dorfman T., Goh W.C., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Rosen C., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Science. 1987;237:1351–1355. [PubMed: 3629244]
  208. Kozak C.A. Susceptibility of wild mouse cells to exogenous infection with xenotropic leukemia viruses: Control by a single dominant locus on chromosome 1. J. Virol. 1985;55:690–695. [PMC free article: PMC255045] [PubMed: 2991590]
  209. Kozak C.A., Albritton L.M., Cunningham J. Genetic mapping of a cloned sequence responsible for susceptibility to ecotropic murine leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 1990;64:3119–3121. [PMC free article: PMC249506] [PubMed: 2159567]
  210. Kozak C.A., Gromet N.J., Ikeda H., Buckler C.E. A unique sequence related to the ecotropic murine leukemia virus is associated with the Fv-4 resistance gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1984;81:834–837. [PMC free article: PMC344932] [PubMed: 6322171]
  211. Krichbaum-Stenger K., Poiesz B.J., Keller P., Ehrlich G., Gavalchin J., Davis B.H., Moore J.L. Specific adsorption of HTLV-1 to various target human and animal cells. Blood. 1987;70:1303–1311. [PubMed: 3499186]
  212. Kumar D.V., Berry B.T., Roy-Burman P. Nucleotide sequence and distinctive characteristics of the env gene of endogenous feline leukemia provirus (published erratum appears in J. Virol. [1989] 63: 3560). J. Virol. 1989;63:2379–2384. [PMC free article: PMC250662] [PubMed: 2539525]
  213. Lai M.M.C., Rasheed S., Shimizu C.S., Gardner M.B. Genomic characterization of a highly oncogenic env gene recombinant between amphotropic retrovirus of wild mouse and endogenous xenotropic virus of NIH Swiss mouse. Virology. 1982;117:262–266. [PubMed: 6278739]
  214. Landau N.R., Warton M., Littman D.R. The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus binds to the immunoglobulinlike domain of CD4. Nature. 1988;334:159–162. [PubMed: 3260352]
  215. Landen B., Fox C.F. Isolation of BPgp70, a fibroblast receptor for the envelope antigen of Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1980;77:4988–4992. [PMC free article: PMC349975] [PubMed: 6933542]
  216. Lander M.R., Chattopadhyay S.K. A Mus dunni cell line that lacks sequences closely related to endogenous murine leukemia viruses and can be infected by ectropic, amphotropic, xenotropic, and mink cell focus-forming viruses. J. Virol. 1984;52:695–698. [PMC free article: PMC254577] [PubMed: 6092693]
  217. Lasfargues E.Y., Vaidya A.B., Lasfargues J.C., Moore D.H. In vitro susceptibility of mink lung cells to the mouse mammary tumor virus. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1976;57:447–449. [PubMed: 187775]
  218. Lasky L.A., Nakamura G., Smith D.H., Fennie C., Shimasaki C., Patzer E., Berman P., Gregory T., Capon D.J. Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor. Cell. 1987;50:975–985. [PubMed: 2441877]
  219. Layne S.P., Merges M.J., Dembo M., Spouge J.L., Nara P.L. HIV requires multiple gp120 molecules for CD4-mediated infection. Nature. 1990;346:277–279. [PubMed: 2374593]
  220. Lazaro I., Naniche D., Signoret N., Bernard A.M., Marguet D., Klatzmann D., Dragic T., Alizon M., Sattentau Q. Factors involved in entry of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into permissive cells: Lack of evidence of a role for CD26. J. Virol. 1994;68:6535–6546. [PMC free article: PMC237074] [PubMed: 7916060]
  221. Le Guern M., Levy J.A. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 can superinfect HIV-2-infected cells: Pseudotype virions produced with expanded cellular host range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1992;89:363–367. [PMC free article: PMC48237] [PubMed: 1346069]
  222. Leonard C.K., Spellman M.W., Riddle L., Harris R.J., Thomas J.N., Gregory T.J. Assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the type 1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1990;265:10373–10382. [PubMed: 2355006]
  223. Li Y., Luo L., Rasool N., Kang C.Y. Glycosylation is necessary for the correct folding of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 in CD4 binding. J. Virol. 1993;67:584–588. [PMC free article: PMC237399] [PubMed: 8416385]
  224. Limjoco T., Nihrane A., Silver J. Resistance to retroviral infection in transgenic and bone marrow chimeric mice containing Fv4-env-expressing hematopoietic cells. Virology. 1995;208 [PubMed: 11831733]
  225. Linder M., Wenzel V., Linder D., Stirm S. Structural elements in glycoprotein 70 from polytropic Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus and glycoprotein 71 from ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus, as defined by disulfide-bonding pattern and limited proteolysis. J. Virol. 1994;68:5133–5141. [PMC free article: PMC236457] [PubMed: 8035513]
  226. Linsley P.S., Ledbetter J.A., Kinney-Thomas E., Hu S.-L. Effects of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibodies on CD4 receptor binding by the env protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 1988;62:3695–3702. [PMC free article: PMC253512] [PubMed: 2458487]
  227. Liu R., Paxton W.A., Choe S., Ceradini D., Martin S.R., Horuk R., MacDonald M.E., Stuhlmann H., Koup R.A., Landau N.R. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell. 1996;86:367–378. [PubMed: 8756719]
  228. Maddon P.J., Dalgleish A.G., McDougal J.S., Clapham P.R., Weiss R.A., Axel R. The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain. Cell. 1986;47:333–348. [PubMed: 3094962]
  229. Maddon P.J., Littman D.R., Godfrey M., Maddon D.E., Chess L., Axel R. The isolation and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the T cell surface protein T4: A new member of the immunoglobulin gene family. Cell. 1985;42:93–104. [PubMed: 2990730]
  230. Maddon P.J., McDougal J.S., Clapham P.R., Dalgleish A.G., Jamal S., Weiss R.A., Axel R. HIV infection does not require endocytosis of its receptor, CD4. Cell. 1988;54:865–874. [PubMed: 3261635]
  231. Marsh M., Helenius A. Virus entry into animal cells. Adv. Virus Res. 1989;36:107–151. [PMC free article: PMC7130955] [PubMed: 2500008]
  232. Marshall W.L., Mittler E.S., Avery P., Lawrence J.P., Finberg R.W. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD4 supports human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication, but not cytopathic effect, in T-cell transfectants. J. Virol. 1994;68:4039–4042. [PMC free article: PMC236913] [PubMed: 8189539]
  233. Martin I., Dubois M.C., Defrise-Quertain F., Saermark T., Burny A., Brasseur R., Ruysschaert J.M. Correlation between fusogenicity of synthetic modified peptides corresponding to the NH2-terminal extremity of simian immunodeficiency virus gp32 and their mode of insertion into the lipid bilayer: An infrared spectroscopy study. J. Virol. 1994;68:1139–1148. [PMC free article: PMC236552] [PubMed: 8289343]
  234. Marx P.A., Maul D.H., Osborn K.G., Lerche N.W., Moody P., Lowenstine L.J., Henrickson R.V., Arthur L.O., Gilden R.V., Gravell M., London W.T., Sever J.L., Levy J.A., Munn R.J., Gardner M.B. Simian AIDS: Isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease. Science. 1984;223:1083–1086. [PubMed: 6695196]
  235. Marx P.A., Bryant M.L., Osborn K.G., Maul D.H., Lerche N.W., Lowenstine L.J., Kluge J.D., Zaiss C.P., Henrickson R.V., Shiigi S.M., Wilson B.J., Malley A., Olson L.C., Nulty W.P., Arthur L.O., Gilden R.V., Barker C.S., Hunter E., Munn R.J., Heidecker G., Gardner M.B. Isolation of a new serotype of simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome type D retrovirus from Celebes black macaques (Macaca nigra) with immune deficiency and retroperitoneal fibromatosis. J. Virol. 1985;56:571–578. [PMC free article: PMC252614] [PubMed: 2997477]
  236. Matsushita S., Robert-Guroff M., Rusche J., Koito A., Hattori T., Hoshino H., Javaherian K., Takatsuki K., Putney S. Characterization of a human immunodeficiency virus neutralizaing monoclonal antibody and mapping of the neutralizing epitope. J. Virol. 1988;62:2107–2114. [PMC free article: PMC253305] [PubMed: 2452899]
  237. McClure M., Erlwein O. Foamy viruses—Pathogenicity or potential? Rev. Med. Virol. 1995;5:229–237.
  238. McClure M.O., Marsh M., Weiss R.A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of CD4-bearing cells occurs by a pH-independent mechanism. EMBO J. 1988;7:513–518. [PMC free article: PMC454348] [PubMed: 3259178]
  239. McClure M.O., Sommerfelt M.A., Marsh M., Weiss R.A. The pH independence of mammalian retrovirus infection. J. Gen. Virol. 1990;71:767–773. [PubMed: 2157795]
  240. McClure M.O., Sattentau Q.J., Beverly P.C.L., Hearn J.P., Fitzgerald A.K., Zuckerman A.J., Weiss R.A. HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor. Nature. 1987;330:487–489. [PubMed: 2446142]
  241. McDougal J.S., Kennedy M.S., Sligh J.M., Cort S.P., Mawle A., Nicholson J.K. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule. Science. 1986a;231:382–385. [PubMed: 3001934]
  242. McDougal J.S., Nicholson J.K., Cross G.D., Cort S.P., Kennedy M.S., Mawle A.C. Binding of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV/ARV/HIV to the CD4 (T4) molecule: Conformation dependence, epitope mapping, antibody inhibition, and potential for idiotypic mimicry. J. Immunol. 1986b;137:2937–2944. [PubMed: 2428879]
  243. McDougal J.S., Mawie A., Cort S.P., Nicholson J.K.A., Cross G.D., Sheppler-Campbell J.A., Hicks D., Sligh J. Cellular tropism of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV. I. Role of T cell activation and expression of the T4 antigen. J. Immunol. 1985;135:3151–3162. [PubMed: 2995487]
  244. McKeating J.A., Thali M., Furman C., Karwowska S., Gorny M.K., Cordell J., Zolla-Pazner S., Sodroski J., Weiss R.A. Amino acid residues of the human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120 critical for the binding of rat and human neutralizing antibodies that block the gp120-sCD4 interaction. Virology. 1992;190:134–142. [PubMed: 1382339]
  245. Miller D.G., Miller A.D. Tunicamycin treatment of CHO cells abrogates multiple blocks to retrovirus infection, one of which is due to a secreted inhibitor. J. Virol. 1992;66:78–84. [PMC free article: PMC238262] [PubMed: 1370096]
  246. Miller D.G., Miller A.D. A family of retroviruses that utilize related phosphate transporters for cell entry. J. Virol. 1994;68:8270–8276. [PMC free article: PMC237294] [PubMed: 7966619]
  247. Miller D.G., Edwards R.H., Miller A.D. Cloning of the cellular receptor for amphotropic murine retroviruses reveals homology to that for gibbon ape leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994;91:78–82. [PMC free article: PMC42889] [PubMed: 8278411]
  248. Modrow S., Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., Gallo R.C., Wong-Staal F., Wolf H. Computer-assisted analysis of envelope protein sequences of seven human immunodeficiency virus isolates: Prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and variable regions. J. Virol. 1987;61:570–578. [PMC free article: PMC253982] [PubMed: 2433466]
  249. Moldow C.F., Reynolds F. Jr., Lake J., Lundberg K., Stephenson J.R. Avian sarcoma virus envelope glycoprotein (gp85) specifically binds chick embryo fibroblasts. Virology. 1979;97:448–453. [PubMed: 224590]
  250. Moore J.P. Simple methods for monitoring HIV-1 and HIV-2 gp120 binding to soluble CD4 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: HIV-2 has a 25-fold lower affinity than HIV-1 for soluble CD4. AIDS. 1990;4:297–305. [PubMed: 2190604]
  251. Moore J.P., Ho D.D. Antibodies to discontinuous or conformationally sensitive epitopes on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly prevalent in sera of infected humans. J. Virol. 1993;67:863–875. [PMC free article: PMC237440] [PubMed: 7678308]
  252. Moore J.P., Ho D.D. HIV-1 neutralization: The consequences of viral adaptation to growth on transformed T cells. AIDS (suppl. A). 1995;9:S117–S136. [PubMed: 8819579]
  253. Moore J.P., Klasse P.J. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of sCD4 binding to HIV-1 virions and of gp120 dissociation. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1992;8:443–450. [PubMed: 1599754]
  254. Moore J.P., Nara P.L. The role of the V3 loop of gp120 in HIV infection. AIDS. 1991;5:S21–S33. [PubMed: 1845049]
  255. Moore J.P., Sodroski J. Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope protein glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1996;70:1863–1872. [PMC free article: PMC190014] [PubMed: 8627711]
  256. Moore J.P., Morikawa Y., Jones I.M. Binding of recombinant HIV-1 and HIV-2 SU glycoproteins to sCD4 (letter). J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 1991a;4:442–443. [PubMed: 2007979]
  257. Moore J.P., McKeating J.A., Norton W.A., Sattentau Q.J. Direct measurement of soluble CD4 binding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions: gp120 dissociation and its implications for virus-cell binding and fusion reactions and their neutralization by soluble CD4. J. Virol. 1991b;65:1133–1140. [PMC free article: PMC239879] [PubMed: 1995942]
  258. Moore J.P., McKeating J.A., Weiss R.A., Sattentau Q.J. Dissociation of gp120 from HIV-1 virions induced by soluble CD4. Science. 1990;250:1139–1142. [PubMed: 2251501]
  259. Moore J.P., Sattentau Q.J., Wyatt R., Sodroski J. Probing the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus surface glycoprotein gp120 with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 1994;68:469–484. [PMC free article: PMC236308] [PubMed: 7504741]
  260. Moore J.P., Jameson B.A., Sattentau Q.J., Willey R., Sodroski J. Towards a structure of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120: An immunochemical approach. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1993a;342:83–88. [PubMed: 7904352]
  261. Moore J.P., McKeating J.A., Huang Y.X., Ashkenazi A., Ho D.D. Virions of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates resistant to soluble CD4 (sCD4) neutralization differ in sCD4 binding and glycoprotein gp120 retention from sCD4-sensitive isolates. J. Virol. 1992;66:235–243. [PMC free article: PMC238280] [PubMed: 1727487]
  262. Moore J.P., Burkly L.C., Connor R.I., Cao Y., Tizard R., Ho D.D., Fisher R.A. Adaptation of two primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to growth in transformed T cell lines correlates with alterations in the responses of their envelope glycoproteins to soluble CD4. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1993b;9:529–539. [PubMed: 8347397]
  263. Moore J.P., Thali M., Jameson B.A., Vignaux F., Lewis G.K., Poon S.W., Charles M., Fung M.S., Sun B., Durda P.J., Åkerblom L., Wahren B., Ho D.D., Sattenau Q.J., Sodroski J. Immunochemical analysis of the gp120 surface glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Probing the structure of the C4 and V4 domains and the interaction of the C4 domain with the V3 loop. J. Virol. 1993c;67:4785–4796. [PMC free article: PMC237865] [PubMed: 7687303]
  264. Morgan R.A., Nussbaum O., Muenchau D.D., Shu L., Couture L., Anderson W.F. Analysis of the functional and host range-determining regions of the murine ectropic and amphotropic retrovirus envelope proteins. J. Virol. 1993;67:4712–4721. [PMC free article: PMC237857] [PubMed: 8331726]
  265. Mulligan M.J., Ritter G. Jr., Chaikin M.A., Yamshchikov G.V., Kumar P., Hahn B.H., Sweet R.W., Compans R.W. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein: Differential CD4 interactions of soluble gp120 versus the assembled envelope complex. Virology. 1992;187:233–241. [PubMed: 1736526]
  266. Nagy K., Clapham P., Cheinsong-Popov R., Weiss R.A. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: Induction of syncytia and inhibition of patients' sera. Int. J. Cancer. 1983;32:321–328. [PubMed: 6604033]
  267. Neil J.C., Fulton R., Rigby M., Stewart M. Feline leukaemia virus: Generation of pathogenic and oncogenic variants. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1991;171:67–93. [PubMed: 1667630]
  268. Nussbaum O., Roop A., Anderson W.F. Sequences determining the pH dependence of viral entry are distinct from the host range-determining region of the murine ecotropic and amphotropic retrovirus envelope proteins. J. Virol. 1993;67:7402–7405. [PMC free article: PMC238204] [PubMed: 8230461]
  269. Oberlin E., Amara A., Bachelerie F., Bessia C., Virelizier J.-L., Arenzana-Seisdedos F., Schartz O., Heard J.-M., Clark-Lewis I., Legler D.F., Loetscher M., Baggiolini M., Moser B. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is ligand for LESTR/fusion and prevents infection by T-cell-adapted HIV-1. Nature. 1996;382:833–835. [PubMed: 8752281]
  270. O'Hara B., Johann S.V., Klinger H.P., Blair D.G., Rubinson H., Dunn K.J., Sass P., Vitek S.M., Robins T. Characterization of a human gene conferring sensitivity to infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus. Cell Growth Differ. 1990;1:119–127. [PubMed: 2078500]
  271. Oie H.K., Gazdar A.F., Lalley P.A., Russell E.K., Minna J.D., DeLarco J., Todaro G.J., Francke U. Mouse chromosome 5 codes for ecotropic murine leukaemia virus cell-surface receptor. Nature. 1978;274:60–62. [PubMed: 566388]
  272. Olshevsky U., Helseth E., Furman C., Li J., Haseltine W., Sodroski J. Identification of individual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 amino acids important for CD4 receptor binding. J. Virol. 1990;64:5701–5707. [PMC free article: PMC248709] [PubMed: 2243375]
  273. Orloff S.L., Kennedy M.S., Belperron A.A., Maddon P.J., McDougal J.S. Two mechanisms of soluble CD4 (sCD4)-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity and their relation to primary HIV-1 isolates with reduced sensitivity to sCD4. J. Virol. 1993;67:1461–1471. [PMC free article: PMC237516] [PubMed: 8437224]
  274. Ott D., Rein A. Basis for receptor specificity of nonecotropic murine leukemia virus surface glycoprotein gp70SU. J. Virol. 1992;66:4632–4638. [PMC free article: PMC241286] [PubMed: 1321266]
  275. Ott D., Friedrich R., Rein A. Sequence analysis of amphotropic and 10A1 murine leukemia viruses: Close relationship to mink cell focus-inducing viruses. J. Virol. 1990;64:757–766. [PMC free article: PMC249170] [PubMed: 2153240]
  276. Overbaugh J., Riedel N., Hoover E.A., Mullins J.I. Transduction of endogenous envelope genes by feline leukaemia virus in vitro. Nature. 1988;332:731–734. [PubMed: 2895894]
  277. Page K.A., Landau N.R., Littman D.R. Construction and use of a human immunodeficiency virus vector for analysis of virus infectivity. J. Virol. 1990;64:5270–5276. [PMC free article: PMC248565] [PubMed: 2214018]
  278. Page K.A., Stearns S.M., Littman D.R. Analysis of mutations in the V3 domain of gp160 that affect fusion and infectivity. J. Virol. 1992;66:524–533. [PMC free article: PMC238313] [PubMed: 1727497]
  279. Pantaleo G., Butini L., Graziosi C., Poli G., Schnittman S.M., Greenhouse J.J., Gallin J.I., Fauci A.S. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in CD4+ T lymphocytes genetically deficient in LFA-1: LFA-1 is required for HIV-mediated cell fusion but not for viral transmission. J. Exp. Med. 1991;173:511–514. [PMC free article: PMC2118777] [PubMed: 1671082]
  280. Patience C., McKnight A., Clapham P.R., Boyd M.T., Weiss R.A., Schulz T.F. CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (letter; comment). Science. 1994;264:1159–1160. [PubMed: 7909960]
  281. Paxton W., Martin S., Tse D., O'Brien T., Skurnik T., Van Devanter N., Padian N., Braun J., Kotler D., Wolinsky S., Koup R. Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk exposures. Nat. Med. 1996;2:412–417. [PubMed: 8597950]
  282. Payne L.N., Biggs P.M. Genetic basis of cellular susceptibility to the Schmidt-Ruppin and Harris strains of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1966;29:190–198. [PubMed: 4287328]
  283. Payne L.N., Pani P.K., Weiss R.A. A dominant epistatic gene which inhibits cellular susceptibility to RSV(RAV-O). J. Gen. Virol. 1971;13:455–462. [PubMed: 4334301]
  284. Pedersen L., Johann S.V., Vanzeijl M., Pedersen F.S., Ohara B. Chimeras of receptors for gibbon ape/leukemia-virus feline leukemia virus B and amphotropic murine leukemia-virus reveal different modes of receptor recognition by retrovirus. J. Virol. 1995;69:2401–2405. [PMC free article: PMC188913] [PubMed: 7884886]
  285. Peterson A., Seed B. Genetic analysis of monoclonal antibody and HIV binding sites on the human lymphocyte antigen CD4. Cell. 1988;54:65–72. [PubMed: 2454749]
  286. Piatier-Tonneau D., Gastinel L.N., Moussy G., Benichou B., Amblard F., Vaigot P., Auffray C. Mutations in the D strand of the human CD4 V1 domain affect CD4 interactions with the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and HLA class II antigens similarly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1991;88:6858–6862. [PMC free article: PMC52188] [PubMed: 1713692]
  287. Pinter A., Honnen W.J. O-linked glycosylation of retroviral envelope gene products. J. Virol. 1988;62:1016–1021. [PMC free article: PMC253661] [PubMed: 2828650]
  288. Pollard S.R., Rosa M.D., Rosa J.J., Wiley D.C. Truncated variants of gp120 bind CD4 with high affinity and suggest a minimum CD4 binding region. EMBO J. 1992;11:585–591. [PMC free article: PMC556490] [PubMed: 1537337]
  289. Posner M.R., Hideshima T., Cannon T., Mukherjee M., Mayer K.H., Byrn R.A. An IgG human monoclonal antibody that reacts with HIV-1/GP120, inhibits virus binding to cells, and neutralizes infection. J. Immunol. 1991;146:4325–4332. [PubMed: 1710248]
  290. Poulin L., Evans L.A., Tang S.B., Barboza A., Legg H., Littman D.R., Levy J.A. Several CD4 domains can play a role in human immunodeficiency virus infection in cells. J. Virol. 1991;65:4893–4901. [PMC free article: PMC248950] [PubMed: 1714523]
  291. Ramarli D., Cambiaggi C., De Giuli Morghen C., Tripputi P., Ortolani R., Bolzanelli M., Tridente G., Accolla R.S. Susceptibility of human-mouse T cell hybrids to HIV-productive infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1993;9:1269–1275. [PubMed: 8142144]
  292. Rangan S.R. Antigenic relatedness of simian C-type viruses. Int. J. Cancer. 1974;13:64–70. [PubMed: 4361918]
  293. Redmond S., Peters G., Dickson C. Mouse mammary tumor virus can mediate cell fusion at reduced pH. Virology. 1984;133:393–402. [PubMed: 6324459]
  294. Rein A. Interference grouping of murine leukemia viruses: A distinct receptor for the MCF-recombinant viruses in mouse cells. Virology. 1982;120:251–257. [PubMed: 6285602]
  295. Rein A., Schultz A. Different recombinant murine leukemia viruses use different cell surface receptors. Virology. 1984;136:144–152. [PubMed: 6330990]
  296. Rey M.A., Laurent A.G., McClure J., Krust B., Montagnier L., Hovanessian A.G. Transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac exist as homodimers. J. Virol. 1990;64:922–926. [PMC free article: PMC249191] [PubMed: 2296088]
  297. Richardson N.E., Brown N.R., Hussey R.E., Vaid A., Matthews T.J., Bolognesi D.P., Reinherz E.L. Binding site for human immunodeficiency virus coat protein gp120 is located in the NH2-terminal region of T4 (CD4) and requires the intact variable-region-like domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988;85:6102–6106. [PMC free article: PMC281913] [PubMed: 3261864]
  298. Riedel N., Hoover E.A., Gasper P.W., Nicolson M.O., Mullins J.I. Molecular analysis and pathogenesis of of the feline aplastic anemia retrovirus, feline leukemia virus C-SARMA. J. Virol. 1986;60:242–250. [PMC free article: PMC253922] [PubMed: 3018287]
  299. Robinson H.L., Lamoreux W.F. Expression of endogenous ALV antigens and susceptibility to subgroup E ALV in three strains of chickens (endogenous avian C-type virus). Virology. 1976;69:50–62. [PubMed: 174298]
  300. Robinson J.E., Holton D., Pacheco-Morell S., Liu J., McMurdo H. Identification of conserved and variant epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 by human monoclonal antibodies produced by EBV-transformed cell lines. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1990;6:567–579. [PubMed: 1694449]
  301. Robinson P.J., Hunsmann G., Schneider J., Schirrmacher V. Possible cell surface receptor for Friend murine leukemia virus isolated with viral envelope glycoprotein complexes. J. Virol. 1980;36:291–294. [PMC free article: PMC353640] [PubMed: 7441823]
  302. Rossmann M.G. The canyon hypothesis. Hiding the host cell receptor attachment site on a viral surface from immune surveillance. J. Biol. Chem. 1989;264:14587–14590. [PubMed: 2670920]
  303. Rubin H. Genetic control of cellular susceptibility to pseudotypes of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1965;26:270–278. [PubMed: 14323995]
  304. Ruddle N.H., Conta B.S., Leinwand L., Kozak C., Ruddle F., Besmer P., Baltimore D. Assignment of the receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia virus to mouse chromosome 5. J. Exp. Med. 1978;148:451–465. [PMC free article: PMC2184946] [PubMed: 212501]
  305. Rusche J.R., Javaherian K., McDanal C., Petro J., Lynn D.L., Grimaila R., Langlois A., Gallo R.C., Arthur L.O., Fischinger P.J., Bolognesi D.P., Putney S.D., Matthews T.J. Antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24-amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988;85:3198–3202. [PMC free article: PMC280171] [PubMed: 2452447]
  306. Russell S.J., Hawkins R.E., Winter G. Retroviral vectors displaying functional antibody fragments. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993;21:1081–1085. [PMC free article: PMC309266] [PubMed: 8385311]
  307. Ryu S.E., Kwong P.D., Truneh A., Porter T.G., Arthos J., Rosenberg M., Dai X.P., Xuong N.H., Axel R., Sweet R.W., Hendrickson W.A. Crystal structure of an HIV-binding recombinant fragment of human CD4 (see comments). Nature. 1990;348:419–426. [PMC free article: PMC5638305] [PubMed: 2247146]
  308. Sacks T.L., Devare S.G., Blennerhassett G.T., Stephenson J.R. Nonconditional replication mutants of type C and type D retroviruses defective in gag gene-coded polyprotein posttranslational processing. Virology. 1978;91:352–363. [PubMed: 217152]
  309. Salzwedel K., Johnston P.B., Roberts S.J., Dubay J.W., Hunter E. Expression and characterization of glycophospholipid-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins. J. Virol. 1993;67:5279–5288. [PMC free article: PMC237926] [PubMed: 8102410]
  310. Sarma P.S., Log T., Jain D., Hill P.R., Huebner R.J. Differential host range of viruses of feline leukemia-sarcoma complex. Virology. 1975;64:438–446. [PubMed: 166488]
  311. Sattentau Q.J., Moore J.P. Conformational changes induced in the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein by soluble CD4 binding. J. Exp. Med. 1991;174:407–415. [PMC free article: PMC2118908] [PubMed: 1713252]
  312. Sattentau Q.J., Moore J.P. The role of CD4 in HIV binding and entry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 1993;342:59–66. [PubMed: 7904348]
  313. Sattentau Q.J., Zolla-Pazner S., Poignard P. Epitope exposure on functional, oligomeric HIV-1 gp41 molecules. Virology. 1995;206:713–717. [PubMed: 7530400]
  314. Sattentau Q.J., Dalgleish A.G., Weiss R.A., Beverley P.C. Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. Science. 1986;234:1120–1123. [PubMed: 2430333]
  315. Sattentau Q.J., Moore J.P., Vignaux F., Traincard F., Poignard P. Conformational changes induced in the envelope glycoproteins of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses by soluble receptor binding. J. Virol. 1993;67:7383–7393. [PMC free article: PMC238202] [PubMed: 7693970]
  316. Sattentau Q.J., Clapham P.R., Weiss R.A., Beverley P.C., Montagnier L., Alhalabi M.F., Gluckmann J.C., Klatzmann D. The human and simian immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV interact with similar epitopes on their cellular receptor,the CD4 molecule. AIDS. 1988;2:101–105. [PubMed: 2454642]
  317. Schawaller M., Smith G.E., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C. Studies with crosslinking reagents on the oligomeric structure of the env glycoprotein of HIV. Virology. 1989;172:367–369. [PubMed: 2672564]
  318. Schnittman S.M., Lane H.C., Roth J., Burrows A., Folks T.M., Kehrl J.H., Koenig S., Berman P., Fauci A.S., Berkower I., Smith G.E., Giri C., Murphy D. Characterization of GP120 binding to CD4 and an assay that measures ability of sera to inhibit this binding. J. Immunol. 1988;141:4181–4186. [PubMed: 3264307]
  319. Schockmel G.A., Somoza C., Davis S.J., Williams A.F., Healey D. Construction of a binding site for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 in rat CD4. J. Exp. Med. 1992;175:301–304. [PMC free article: PMC2119094] [PubMed: 1730924]
  320. Schooley R.T., Merigan T.C., Gaut P., Hirsch M.S., Holodniy M., Flynn T., Liu S., Byington R.E., Henochowicz S., Gubish E., Spriggs D., Kufe D., Schindler J., Dawson A., Thomas D., Hanson D.G., Letwin B., Liu T., Gulinello J., Kennedy S., Fisher R., Ho D.D. Recombinant soluble CD4 therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. A phase I-II escalating dosage trial (see comments). Ann. Intern. Med. 1990;112:247–253. [PubMed: 2297203]
  321. Schwartz D.E., Tizard R., Gilbert W. Nucleotide sequence of Rous sarcoma virus. Cell. 1983;32:853–869. [PubMed: 6299578]
  322. Sekigawa I., Chamow S.M., Groopman J.E., Byrn R.A. CD4 immunoadhesin, but not recombinant soluble CD4, blocks syncytium formation by human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected lymphoid cells. J. Virol. 1990;64:5194–5198. [PMC free article: PMC248017] [PubMed: 2398542]
  323. Sheets R.L., Pandey R., Klement V., Grant C.K., Roy-Burman P. Biologically selected recombinants between feline leukemia virus (FeLV) subgroup A and an endogenous FeLV element. Virology. 1992;190:849–855. [PubMed: 1381539]
  324. Shibata R., Hoggan M.D., Broscius C., Englund G., Theodore T.S., Buckler-White A., Arthur L.O., Israel Z., Schultz A., Lane H.C., Martin M.A. Isolation and characterization of a syncytium-inducing, macrophate/T-cell line-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate that readily infects chimpanzee cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 1995;69:4453–4462. [PMC free article: PMC189187] [PubMed: 7769705]
  325. Simon J.H., Somoza C., Schockmel G.A., Collin M., Davis S.J., Williams A.F., James W. A rat CD4 mutant containing the gp120-binding site mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 1993;177:949–954. [PMC free article: PMC2190986] [PubMed: 8459222]
  326. Sinangil F., Loyter A., Volsky D.J. Quantitative measurement of fusion between human immunodeficiency virus and cultured cells using membrane fluorescence dequenching. FEBS Lett. 1988;239:88–92. [PubMed: 2846352]
  327. Skalka A.M. Retroviral proteases: First glimpses at the anatomy of a processing machine. Cell. 1989;56:911–913. [PubMed: 2647305]
  328. Skehel J.J., Bayley P.M., Brown E.B., Martin S.R., Waterfield M.D., White J.M., Wilson I.A., Wiley D.C. Changes in the conformation of influenza virus hemagglutinin at the pH optimum of virus-mediated membrane fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1982;79:968–972. [PMC free article: PMC345880] [PubMed: 6951181]
  329. Skinner M.A., Ting R., Langlois A.J., Weinhold K.J., Lyerly H.K., Javaherian K., Matthews T.J. Characteristics of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to the HIV envelope glycoprotein. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1988;4:187–197. [PubMed: 2456088]
  330. Smith D.H., Byrn R.A., Marsters S.A., Gregory T., Groopman J.E., Capon D.J. Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. Science. 1987;238:1704–1707. [PubMed: 3500514]
  331. Smith T.F., Srinivasan A., Schochetman G., Marcus M., Myers G. The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses. Nature. 1988;333:573–575. [PubMed: 3131682]
  332. Somia N.V., Zoppe M., Verma I.M. Generation of targeted retroviral vectors by using single-chain variable fragment: An approach to in vivo gene delivery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995;92:7570–7574. [PMC free article: PMC41381] [PubMed: 7638232]
  333. Sommerfelt M.A., Weiss R.A. Receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells. Virology. 1990;176:58–69. [PubMed: 1691887]
  334. Sommerfelt M.A., Williams B.P., Clapham P.R., Solomon E., Goodfellow P.N., Weiss R.A. Human T cell leukemia viruses use a receptor determined by human chromosome 17. Science. 1988;242:1557–1559. [PubMed: 3201246]
  335. Sonigo P., Barker C., Hunter E., Wain-Hobson S. Nucleotide sequence of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: An immunosuppressive D-type retrovirus. Cell. 1986;45:375–385. [PubMed: 2421920]
  336. Spector D.H., Wade E., Wright D.A., Koval V., Clark C., Jaquish D., Spector S.A. Human immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes with expanded cellular and species tropism. J. Virol. 1990;64:2298–2308. [PMC free article: PMC249391] [PubMed: 1691314]
  337. Srivastava K.K., Fernandez-Larsson R., Zinkus D.M., Robinson H.L. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NL4-3 replication in four T-cell lines: Rate and efficiency of entry, a major determinant of permissiveness. J. Virol. 1991;65:3900–3902. [PMC free article: PMC241424] [PubMed: 1674969]
  338. Stanley K.K. The molecular mechanism of complement C9 insertion and polymerisation in biological membranes. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1989;140:49–65. [PubMed: 2644075]
  339. Starcich B.R., Hahn B.H., Shaw G.M., McNeely P.D., Modrow S., Wolf H.J., Parks E.S., Parks W.P., Josephs S.F., Gallo R.C., Wong-Staal F. Identification and characterization of conserved and variable regions in the envelope gene of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus of AIDS. Cell. 1986;45:637–648. [PubMed: 2423250]
  340. Steck F.T., Rubin H. The mechanism of interference between an avian leukosis virus and Rous sarcoma virus. II. Early steps of infection by RSV of cells under conditions of interference. Virology. 1966;29:642–653. [PubMed: 4287699]
  341. Steffy K.R., Kraus G., Looney D.J., Wong-Staal F. Role of the fusogenic peptide sequence in syncytium induction and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2. J. Virol. 1992;66:4532–4535. [PMC free article: PMC241263] [PubMed: 1602558]
  342. Stegmann T., Doms R.W., Helenius A. Protein-mediated membrane fusion. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 1989;18:187–211. [PubMed: 2660823]
  343. Steimer K.S., Scandella C.J., Skiles P.V., Haigwood N.L. Neutralization of divergent HIV-1 isolates by conformation-dependent human antibodies to Gp120. Science. 1991;254:105–108. [PubMed: 1718036]
  344. Stein B.S., Gowda S.D., Lifson J.D., Penhallow R.C., Bensch K.G., Engleman E.G. pH-independent HIV entry into CD4-positive T cells via virus envelope fusion to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1987;49:659–668. [PubMed: 3107838]
  345. Stewart M.A., Warnock M., Wheeler A., Wilkie N., Mullins J.I., Onions D.E., Neil J.C. Nucleotide sequences of a feline leukemia virus subgroup A envelope gene and long terminal repeat and evidence for the recombinational origin of subgroup B viruses. J. Virol. 1986;58:825–834. [PMC free article: PMC252989] [PubMed: 3009890]
  346. Stoye J.P., Coffin J.M. The four classes of endogenous murine leukemia virus: Structural relationships and potential for recombination. J. Virol. 1987;61:2659–2669. [PMC free article: PMC255766] [PubMed: 3039159]
  347. Stromberg K., Benveniste R.E., Arthur L.O., Rabin H., Giddens W.E., Ochs H.E., Morton W.R., Tsai C.C. Characterization of exogenous type D retrovirus from a fibroma of a macaque with simian AIDS and fibromatosis. Science. 1984;224:289–292. [PubMed: 6200929]
  348. Sullivan N., Sun Y., Li J., Hofmann W., Sodroski J. Replicative function and neutralization sensitivity of envelope glycoproteins from primary and T-cell line-passaged human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. J. Virol. 1995;69:4413–4422. [PMC free article: PMC189183] [PubMed: 7769703]
  349. Sun N.C., Ho D.D., Sun R.Y., Liou R.S., Gordon W., Fung M.S.C., Li X.L., Ting R.C., Lee T.H., Chang N.T., Chang T.W. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the putative CD4-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J. Virol. 1989;63:3579–3585. [PMC free article: PMC250947] [PubMed: 2474670]
  350. Suzuki S. FV-4: A new gene affecting the splenomegaly induction by Friend leukemia virus. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 1975;45:473–478. [PubMed: 1232464]
  351. Sweet R.W., Trunech A., Hendrickson W.A. CD4: Its structure, role in immune function and AIDS pathogenesis, and potential as a pharmacological target. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1991;2:622–633. [PubMed: 1367682]
  352. Tailor C.S., Takeuchi Y., O'Hara B., Johann S.V., Weiss R.A., Collins M.K. Mutation of amino acids within the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor differentially affects feline leukemia virus subgroup B, simian sarcomaassociated virus, and GALV infections. J. Virol. 1993;67:6737–6741. [PMC free article: PMC238114] [PubMed: 8411376]
  353. Takeuchi Y., Akutsu M., Murayama K., Shimizu N., Hoshino H. Host range mutant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Modification of cell tropism by a single point mutation at the neutralization epitope in the env gene. J. Virol. 1991;65:1710–1718. [PMC free article: PMC239975] [PubMed: 2002539]
  354. Takeuchi Y., Vile R.G., Simpson G., O'Hara B., Collins M.K., Weiss R.A. Feline leukemia virus subgroup B uses the same cell surface receptor as gibbon ape leukemia virus. J. Virol. 1992;66:1219–1222. [PMC free article: PMC240831] [PubMed: 1309898]
  355. Teich N. 1984Taxonomy of retroviruses In Molecular biology of tumor viruses, 2nd edition: RNA tumor viruses. 1 Text (ed. R. Weiss et al.), pp. 25–209. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
  356. Thali M., Olshevsky U., Furman C., Gabuzda D., Li J., Sodroski J. Effects of changes in gp120-CD4 binding affinity on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein function and soluble CD4 sensitivity. J. Virol. 1991a;65:5007–5012. [PMC free article: PMC248964] [PubMed: 1870209]
  357. Thali M., Olshevsky U., Furman C., Gabuzda D., Posner M., Sodroski J. Characterization of a discontinuous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitope recognized by a broadly reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibody. J. Virol. 1991b;65:6188–6193. [PMC free article: PMC250310] [PubMed: 1717717]
  358. Thali M., Furman C., Ho D.D., Robinson J., Tilley S., Pinter A., Sodroski J. Discontinuous, conserved neutralization epitopes overlapping the CD4-binding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1992;66:5635–5641. [PMC free article: PMC289129] [PubMed: 1380099]
  359. Thali M., Moore J.P., Furman C., Charles M., Ho D.D., Robinson J., Sodroski J. Characterization of conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 neutralization epitopes exposed upon gp120-CD4 binding. J. Virol. 1993;67:3978–3988. [PMC free article: PMC237765] [PubMed: 7685405]
  360. Tilley S.A., Honnen W.J., Racho M.E., Hilgartner M., Pinter A. A human monoclonal antibody against the CD4-binding site of HIV1 gp120 exhibits potent, broadly neutralizing activity. Res. Virol. 1991;142:247–259. [PubMed: 1724568]
  361. Tozawa H., Bauer H., Graf T., Gelderblom H. Strain-specific antigen of the avian leukosis sarcoma group. I. Isolation and immunological characterization. Virology. 1970;40:530–539. [PubMed: 4314505]
  362. Traunecker A., Luke W., Karjalainen K. Soluble CD4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nature. 1988;331:84–86. [PubMed: 2829024]
  363. Tsichlis P.N., Conklin K.F., Coffin J.M. Mutant and recombinant avian retroviruses with extended host range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1980;77:536–540. [PMC free article: PMC348307] [PubMed: 6244565]
  364. Tucker S.P., Srinivas R.V., Compans R.W. Molecular domains involved in oligomerization of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein. Virology. 1991;185:710–720. [PubMed: 1962445]
  365. Turner S., Tizard R., DeMarinis J., Pepinsky R.B., Zullo J., Schooley R., Fisher R. Resistance of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to neutralization by soluble CD4 is not due to lower affinity with the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1992;89:1335–1339. [PMC free article: PMC48444] [PubMed: 1741386]
  366. Valentin A., Lundin K., Patarroyo M., Asjo B. The leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD18 participates in HIV-1-induced syncytia formation in monocytoid and T cells. J. Immunol. 1990;144:934–937. [PubMed: 1967280]
  367. Valsesia-Wittmann S., Drynda A., Deleage G., Aumailley M., Heard J.M., Danos O., Verdier G., Cosset F.L. Modifications in the binding domain of avian retrovirus envelope protein to redirect the host range of retroviral vectors. J. Virol. 1994;68:4609–4619. [PMC free article: PMC236388] [PubMed: 8207835]
  368. van Zeijl M., Johann S.V., Closs E., Cunningham J., Eddy R., Shows T.B., O'Hara B. A human amphotropic retrovirus receptor is a second member of the gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994;91:1168–1172. [PMC free article: PMC521475] [PubMed: 8302848]
  369. Vincent M.J., Raja N.U., Jabbar M.A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein induces degradation of chimeric envelope glycoproteins bearing the cytoplasmic and anchor domains of CD4: Role of the cytoplasmic domain in Vpu-induced degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Virol. 1993;67:5538–5549. [PMC free article: PMC237957] [PubMed: 8350411]
  370. Vogt M., Haggblom C., Swift S., Haas M. Specific sequences of the env gene determine the host range of two HC-negative viruses of the Rauscher virus complex. Virology. 1986;154:420–424. [PubMed: 3020789]
  371. Vogt P.K., Hu S.S. The genetic structure of RNA tumor viruses. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1977;11:203–238. [PubMed: 74233]
  372. Vogt P.K., Ishizaki R. Reciprocal patterns of genetic resistance to avian tumor viruses in two lines of chickens. Virology. 1965;26:664–672. [PubMed: 4284168]
  373. Wang H., Kavanaugh M.P., Kabat D. A critical site in the cell surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses required for amino acid transport but not for viral reception. Virology. 1994;202:1058–1060. [PubMed: 8030211]
  374. Wang H., Kavanaugh M.P., North R.A., Kabat D. Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter (see comments). Nature. 1991;352:729–731. [PubMed: 1908564]
  375. Wang H., Dechant E., Kavanaugh M., North R.A., Kabat D. Effects of ecotropic murine retroviruses on the dual-function cell surface receptor/basic amino acid transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 1992;267:23617–23624. [PubMed: 1429703]
  376. Wang J.H., Yan Y.W., Garrett T.P., Liu J.H., Rodgers D.W., Garlick R.L., Tarr G.E., Husain Y., Reinherz E.L., Harrison S.C. Atomic structure of a fragment of human CD4 containing two immunoglobulinlike domains (see comments). Nature. 1990;348:411–418. [PubMed: 1701030]
  377. Wang L.H., Duesberg P., Kawai S., Hanafusa H. The location of envelope-specific and sarcomaspecific oligonucleotides on the RNA of Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1976;73:447–451. [PMC free article: PMC335926] [PubMed: 174108]
  378. Weiner D.B., Huebner K., Williams W.V., Greene M.I. Human genes other than CD4 facilitate HIV-1 infection of murine cells. Pathobiology. 1991;59:361–371. [PubMed: 1930688]
  379. Weiss C.D., White J.M. Characterization of stable Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type, secreted, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 1993;67:7060–7066. [PMC free article: PMC238167] [PubMed: 8230430]
  380. Weiss C.D., Levy J.A., White J.M. Oligomeric organization of gp120 on infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. J. Virol. 1990;64:5674–5677. [PMC free article: PMC248628] [PubMed: 2214033]
  381. Weiss R.A. 1980Rhabdovirus pseudotypes In Rhabdoviruses, 3rd edition (ed. D.H.L. Bishop), pp. 51–65. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
  382. Weiss R.A. 1993Cellular receptors and viral glycoproteins involved in retrovirus entry In The retroviridae, 2nd edition (ed. J.A. Levy), pp. 1–108. Plenum Press, New York.
  383. Weiss R.A., Clapham P., Nagy K., Hoshino H. Envelope properties of human T-cell leukemia viruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1985;115:235–246. [PubMed: 2983944]
  384. Weller S.K., Temin H.M. Cell killing by avian leukosis viruses. J. Virol. 1981;39:713–721. [PMC free article: PMC171305] [PubMed: 6270346]
  385. Werner A., Winskowsky G., Kurth R. Soluble CD4 enhances simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm infection. J. Virol. 1990;64:6252–6256. [PMC free article: PMC248800] [PubMed: 1700834]
  386. White J.M. Membrane fusion. Science. 1992;258:917–924. [PubMed: 1439803]
  387. White J., Kielian M., Helenius A. Membrane fusion proteins of enveloped animal viruses. Q. Rev. Biophys. 1983;16:151–195. [PubMed: 6359230]
  388. Wild C., Oas T., McDanal C., Bolognesi D., Matthews T. A synthetic peptide inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication: Correlation between solution structure and viral inhibition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1992;89:10537–10541. [PMC free article: PMC50374] [PubMed: 1438243]
  389. Wild C., Dubay J.W., Greenwell T., Baird T. Jr., Oas T.G., McDanal C., Hunter E., Matthews T. Propensity for a leucine zipper-like domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 to form oligomers correlates with a role in virus-induced fusion rather than assembly of the glycoprotein complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994;91:12676–12680. [PMC free article: PMC45502] [PubMed: 7809100]
  390. Willett B.J., Hosie M.J., Jarrett O., Neil J.C. Identification of a putative cellular receptor for feline immunodeficiency virus as the feline homologue of CD9. Immunology. 1994;81:228–233. [PMC free article: PMC1422324] [PubMed: 8157271]
  391. Willett B.J., Hosie M.J., Dunsford T.H., Neil J.C., Jarrett O. Productive infection of T-helper lymphocytes with feline immunodeficiency virus is accompanied by reduced expression of CD4. AIDS. 1991;5:1469–1475. [PubMed: 1687647]
  392. Willey R.L., Martin M.A., Peden K.W. Increase in soluble CD4 binding to and CD4-induced dissociation of gp120 from virions correlates with infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 1994a;68:1029–1039. [PMC free article: PMC236541] [PubMed: 7904656]
  393. Willey R.L., Theodore T.S., Martin M.A. Amino acid substitutions in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 V3 loop that change viral tropism also alter physical and functional properties of the virion envelope. J. Virol. 1994b;68:4409–4419. [PMC free article: PMC236365] [PubMed: 7515973]
  394. Willey R.L., Maldarelli F., Martin M.A., Strebel K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein induces rapid degradation of CD4. J. Virol. 1992;66:7193–7200. [PMC free article: PMC240416] [PubMed: 1433512]
  395. Willey R.L., Rutledge R.A., Dias S., Folks T., Theodore T., Buckler C.E., Martin M.A. Identification of conserved and divergent domains within the envelope gene of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1986;83:5038–5042. [PMC free article: PMC323885] [PubMed: 3014529]
  396. Wilson C.A., Eiden M.V. Viral and cellular factors governing hamster cell infection by murine and gibbon ape leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 1991;65:5975–5982. [PMC free article: PMC250262] [PubMed: 1717711]
  397. Wilson C.A., Farrell K.B., Eiden M.V. Properties of a unique form of the murine amphotropic leukemia virus receptor expressed on hamster cells. J. Virol. 1994;68:7697–7703. [PMC free article: PMC237230] [PubMed: 7966559]
  398. Wilson I.A., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C. Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 Å resolution. Nature. 1981;289:366–373. [PubMed: 7464906]
  399. Wyatt R., Moore J., Accola M., Desjardin E., Robinson J., Sodroski J. Involvement of the V1/V2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding. J. Virol. 1995;69:5723–5733. [PMC free article: PMC189432] [PubMed: 7543586]
  400. Wyatt R., Sullivan N., Thali M., Repke H., Ho D., Robinson J., Posner M., Sodroski J. Functional and immunologic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins containing deletions of the major variable regions. J. Virol. 1993;67:4557–4565. [PMC free article: PMC237840] [PubMed: 8331723]
  401. Wyatt R., Thali M., Tilley S., Pinter A., Posner M., Ho D., Robinson J., Sodroski J. Relationship of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 third variable loop to a component of the CD4 binding site in the fourth conserved region. J. Virol. 1992;66:6997–7004. [PMC free article: PMC240347] [PubMed: 1279195]
  402. Yahi N., Baghdiguian S., Moreau H., Fantini J. Galactosyl ceramide (or a closely related molecule) is the receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on human colon epithelial HT29 cells. J. Virol. 1992;66:4848–4854. [PMC free article: PMC241313] [PubMed: 1378511]
  403. Yoshikura H., Odaka T. Surface antigen expressed in hematopoietic cells derived from Fv-4r mouse strains. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1982;68:1005–1009. [PubMed: 6283223]
  404. Yoshimoto T., Yoshimoto E., Meruelo D. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human gene homologous to the murine ecotropic retroviral receptor. Virology. 1991;185:10–17. [PubMed: 1718082]
  405. Yoshimoto T., Yoshimoto E., Meruelo D. Identification of amino acid residues critical for infection with ecotropic murine leukemia retrovirus. J. Virol. 1993;67:1310–1314. [PMC free article: PMC237498] [PubMed: 8382297]
  406. Young J.A., Bates P., Varmus H.E. Isolation of a chicken gene that confers susceptibility to infection by subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses. J. Virol. 1993;67:1811–1816. [PMC free article: PMC240233] [PubMed: 8383211]
  407. Zavada J., Dickson C., Weiss R. Pseudotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus with envelope antigens provided by murine mammary tumor virus. Virology. 1977;82:221–231. [PubMed: 197701]
  408. Zingler K., Littman D.R. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein increases Env incorporation into particles and fusogenicity and infectivity. J. Virol. 1993;66:2824–2831. [PMC free article: PMC237607] [PubMed: 8474176]
  409. Zingler K., Bélanger C., Peters R., Agard D., Young J.A.T. Identification and characterization of the viral interaction determinant of the subgroup-A avianleukosis virus receptor. J. Virol. 1995;69:4261–4266. [PMC free article: PMC189164] [PubMed: 7769686]
Copyright © 1997, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Bookshelf ID: NBK19365
Contents

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Related Items in Bookshelf

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...