When is medication an option?

Treatment with medication is especially recommended if

• gout attacks have become frequent or are very distressing,
• joint damage is already visible in x-rays,
• tophi have already formed, or
• increased uric acid levels have caused kidney stones.

Treatment with medication may also be recommended if changes to your diet are not enough to lower the uric acid levels, or if they are very high.

If someone has had a gout attack for the first time, it’s not clear whether treatment to lower uric acid levels makes sense. Some people don't have any more problems after their first attack, while others only have them very rarely. That's why some medical societies don’t recommend starting treatment with medication right away.

It’s not always clear what’s meant by "frequent" gout attacks. Usually, it means more than one or two gout attacks per year. Other factors that play a role include the how severe the attacks are and how well the medication for lowering uric acid levels is tolerated. And some people don't want to take tablets every day. Others may be more concerned about the long-term effects of gout, and find peace of mind in taking medication.

What medication options are there?

The drug allopurinol is the most commonly used uric-acid-lowering medication. It restricts the breakdown of purines and so reduces uric acid levels. The medication is taken after a meal with plenty of fluids.

It's recommended that treatment be started with a low dose of 100 mg which is gradually increased until uric acid levels are below 387 micromoles per liter (µmol/L), or 6.5 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). If the levels go above that limit, uric acid crystals may form in the blood.

For people with mild gout, a dose of 200 to 300 mg allopurinol per day is usually enough. 400 to 500 mg may be needed to treat severe gout. The maximum dose is 800 mg per day, but that is only rarely necessary.

After the treatment has been started, doctors will first check every three months to see whether the uric acid levels are low enough to stop crystals from developing. Less frequent check-ups, for example once a year, are enough at a later stage.

How effective are the medications?

Allopurinol and febuxostat are very effective at reducing uric acid levels. Studies on these medications showed that most participants were able to lower their uric acid levels to under 387 µmol/L (6.5 mg/dL).

Most experts believe that taking these medications can successfully prevent complications of gout. That wasn't tested enough in the studies, though. So it's not possible to say exactly what people with gout can expect from long-term treatment with these medications – for instance, how many gout attacks can be avoided or how well the treatments can prevent joint damage.

What should be considered when taking the medication?

Especially during the first few months of treatment, uric-acid-reducing medications may even increase the risk of gout attacks. The reason for this is that any uric acid crystals already present only break down gradually. When this happens, small particles of the crystals may be washed into the joint, where they then cause an inflammation that leads to a gout attack. That happens quite often. It is thought that it can take up to two years for the body to get rid of all uric acid crystals.

To prevent gout attacks during this time, low-dose colchicine is often also prescribed for the first six months. That effectively reduces the risk of those kinds of attacks. But even if one occurs, it's not necessary to stop taking the uric-acid-reducing medication.

What are the possible side effects?

Rashes are a possible side effect of allopurinol, occurring in an estimated 1 out of 100 people. Most of these rashes are mild and don't have any serious consequences. But in rare cases, a rash may be a sign of a hypersensitive reaction to allopurinol. That can lead to serious complications. People who have chronic kidney disease are especially at risk. So if they suddenly feel ill, develop a fever, cold-like symptoms or a rash, it's important to seek medical attention quickly.

There's not much good research on the side effects of febuxostat. The possible side effects include nausea and joint pain. Rashes and serious hypersensitivity reactions are also possible during treatment with febuxostat. Febuxostat is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than allopurinol is.

Sources

• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM). Häufige Gichtanfälle und Chronische Gicht in der hausärztlichen Versorgung (S1-Leitlinie). AWMF-Registernr.: 053-032a. September 30, 2013.
• Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64(10): 1431-1446. [PMC free article: PMC3683400] [PubMed: 23024028]
• Kiltz U, Alten R, Fleck M, Krüger K, Manger B, Müller-Ladner U et al. S2e-Leitlinie Gichtarthritis (fachärztlich): Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie (DGRh). AWMF-Registernr.: 060-005. April 30, 2016.
• Qaseem A, Harris RP, Forciea MA. Management of Acute and Recurrent Gout: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166(1): 58-68. [PubMed: 27802508]
• Shekelle PG, FitzGerald J, Newberry SJ, Motala A, O'Hanlon CE, Okunogbe A et al. Management of Gout. March 2016. (AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews; Volume 176).
• Tayar JH, Lopez-Olivo MA, Suarez-Almazor ME. Febuxostat for treating chronic gout. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (11): CD008653. [PMC free article: PMC4058893] [PubMed: 23152264]
• White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, Borer JS, Gorelick PB, Whelton A et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Patients with Gout. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(13): 1200-1210. [PubMed: 29527974]

• IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.

  Because IQWiG is a German institute, some of the information provided here is specific to the German health care system. The suitability of any of the described options in an individual case can be determined by talking to a doctor. We do not offer individual consultations.

  Our information is based on the results of good-quality studies. It is written by a team of health care professionals, scientists and editors, and reviewed by external experts. You can find a detailed description of how our health information is produced and updated in our methods.