Search Strategies for the Identification of Clinical Studies

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)

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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care. London: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2014 Sep. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 185.)

See 2018 Partial Update

April 2018: Footnotes and cautions have been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources on sodium valproate. Sodium valproate must not be used in pregnancy, and only used in girls and women when there is no alternative and a pregnancy prevention plan is in place. This is because of the risk of malformations and developmental abnormalities in the baby. November 2017: Footnotes for some recommendations were updated with current UK marketing authorisations and MHRA advice. Links to other guidelines have also been updated. Some research recommendations have been stood down. See these changes in the short version of the guideline.

April 2018: Footnotes and cautions have been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources on sodium valproate. Sodium valproate must not be used in pregnancy, and only used in girls and women when there is no alternative and a pregnancy prevention plan is in place. This is because of the risk of malformations and developmental abnormalities in the baby. November 2017: Footnotes for some recommendations were updated with current UK marketing authorisations and MHRA advice. Links to other guidelines have also been updated. Some research recommendations have been stood down. See these changes in the short version of the guideline.

Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care.

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APPENDIX 8Search Strategies for the Identification of Clinical Studies

Scoping searches

A broad preliminary search of the literature was undertaken in August 2011 to obtain an overview of the issues likely to be covered by the scope, and to help define key areas. Searches were restricted to clinical guidelines, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) reports, key systematic reviews and RCTs.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
Canadian Medical Association Infobase (Canadian guidelines)
Clinical Policy and Practice Program of the New South Wales Department of Health (Australia)
Clinical Practice Guidelines (Australian Guidelines)
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)
Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR)
Excerpta Medica Database (Embase)
Guidelines International Network
Health Evidence Bulletin Wales
Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC)
HTA database (technology assessments)
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/MEDLINE In-Process)
National Health and Medical Research Council
National Library for Health Guidelines Finder
New Zealand Guidelines Group
NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
Organizing Medical Networked Information Medical Search
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
Turning Research Into Practice
United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Websites of NICE – including NHS Evidence – and the National Institute for Health Research HTA Programme for guidelines and HTAs in development.

Further information about this process can be found in The Guidelines Manual (NICE, 2012).

Systematic search

Each search was constructed using the groups of terms set out in Text Box 1. The full set of search terms is documented in sections 1 to 3.23. The selection of search terms was kept broad to maximise retrieval of evidence in a wide range of areas of interest to the GDG.

Text Box 1Summary of systematic search strategies: search strategy construction

Summary of systematic search strategies for clinical evidence
Section 1, focused searches
Review area/s	Search type	Search construction	Study design searched	Databases searched	Date range searched
Case identification and assessment	Focused search	[(Population terms version two) AND (((general identification instrument/diagnostic assessment terms) AND (sensitivity/specificity terms)) OR (named instruments))]	All study types	General medical databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO	Database inception to 20 January 2014
Section 2, generic searches
Review area/s	Search type	Search construction	Study design searched	Databases searched	Date range searched
Pharmacological and medical interventions for acute episodes	Generic search	General medical databases: [(population terms version 1) AND (RCT/SR terms)] Topic specific databases: [(population terms)]	Qualitative systematic reviews, randomised controlled studies	General medical databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO Topic specific databases: CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE, HMIC, HTA	SR: 2005 to 11 November 2012; RCT: 2005 to 20 January 2014
Pharmacological and medical interventions for long-term management	Generic search	General medical databases: [(population terms version 1) AND (RCT/SR terms)] Topic specific databases: [(population terms)]	Qualitative systematic reviews, randomised controlled studies	General medical databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO Topic specific databases: CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE, HMIC, HTA	SR: 2005 to 11 November 2012; RCT: 2005 to 20 January 2014
Psychosocial interventions for adults	Generic search	General medical databases: [(population terms version 1) AND (RCT/SR terms)] Topic specific databases: [(population terms)]	Qualitative systematic reviews, randomised controlled studies	General medical databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO Topic specific databases: CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE, HMIC, HTA	SR: 2005 to 11 November 2012; RCT: 2005 to 20 January 2014
Management of physical health	Generic search	General medical databases: [(population terms version 1) AND (RCT/SR terms)] Topic specific databases: [(population terms)]	Qualitative systematic reviews, randomised controlled studies	General medical databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO Topic specific databases: CDSR, CENTRAL, DARE, HMIC, HTA	SR: 2005 to 11 November 2012; RCT: 2005 to 20 January 2014
Note. Evidence resulting from generic searches mapped to all review areas.

1. Population search terms – all databases

1.1. STEM – General medical databases

Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO – OVID SP

Version 1

1	exp bipolar disorder/ or mania/
2	1 use emez
3	exp bipolar disorder/
4	3 use mesz, prem
5	exp bipolar disorder/ or exp mania/
6	5 use psyh
7	((bi?polar adj5 (disorder$ or depress$)) or ((cyclothymi$ or rapid or ultradian) adj5 cycl$) or hypomani$ or mania$ or manic$ or mixed episode$ or rcbd).ti,ab.
8	or/2,4,6-7

Version 2

1	exp bipolar disorder/ or mania/ or mood disorder/
2	1 use emez
3	exp bipolar disorder/ or mood disorders/
4	3 use mesz, prem
5	affective disorders/ or exp bipolar disorder/ or exp mania/
6	5 use psyh
7	(bi?polar or ((cyclothymi$ or rapid or ultradian) adj5 cycl$) or hypomani$ or mania$ or manic$ or mixed episode$ or rcbd).ti,ab,tm.
8	((affective$ or mood) adj (disorder$ or disturbance$ or dysfunction$ or illness$ or swing$)).ti,ab.tm.
9	or/2,4,6-8

1.2. STEM – topic specific databases

HTA, CDSR, DARE, CENTRAL – Wiley

Version 2

mesh descriptor bipolar disorder explode all trees

(((bipolar or “bi polar”) near/5 (disorder* or depress*)) or

((cyclothymi* or rapid or ultradian) near/5 cycl*) or

hypomani* or mania* or manic* or “mixed episode*” or rcbd):ti,ab,kw

(#1 or #2)

1.3. STEM – topic specific databases

CINAHL – Ebsco

s3	s1 or s2
s2	ti ((((bipolar or “bi polar”) n5 (disorder* or depress)) or ((cyclothymi or rapid or ultradian) n5 cycl) or hypomani or mania* or manic* or “mixed episode” or rcbd)) or ab ((((bipolar or “bi polar”) n5 (disorder or depress)) or ((cyclothymi or rapid or ultradian) n5 cycl) or hypomani or mania* or manic* or “mixed episode*” or rcbd))
s1	(mh “bipolar disorder”)

1.4. STEM – topic specific databases

HMIC – HDAS

1	hmic bipolar disorder/
2	hmic (((bipolar or “bi polar”) and (disorder* or depress)) or ((cyclothymi or rapid or ultradian) and cycl) or hypomani or mania* or manic* or “mixed episode*” or rcbd).ti,ab
3	hmic 1 or 2

2. Question specific search strategies – all databases

2.1. Case identification and assessment

Review questions:

RQ: For adults at risk of or suspected as having bipolar disorder, what identification instruments when compared with a gold standard diagnosis (based on DSM or ICD criteria) have adequate clinical utility (that is, clinically useful with good sensitivity and specificity) and reliability?

RQ: For children (less than 13 years) and young people (13 to 18 years)at risk of or suspected of having bipolar disorder, what identification instruments when compared with a gold standard diagnosis (based on DSM or ICD criteria) have adequate clinical utility (that is, clinically useful with good sensitivity and specificity) and reliability?

RQ: For people with possible bipolar disorder, what are the key components of, and the most effective structure for, diagnostic assessment?

What amendments, if any, need to be made for (i) particular cultural or minority ethnic groups, (ii) people of different genders, (iii) children and young people, (iv) older adults?

2.11. General medical databases

Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO – OVID SP

1	checklist/ or clinical assessment tool/ or clinical assessment/ or clinical evaluation/ or exp computer assisted diagnosis/ or exp diagnostic test/ or functional assessment/ or geriatric assessment/ or measurement/ or needs assessment/ or nursing assessment/ or outcome assessment/ or patient assessment/ or predictive value/ or exp psychologic test/ or psychometry/ or rating scale/ or risk assessment/ or scoring system/ or screening test/ or self evaluation/ or semi structured interview/ or “speech and language assessment”/ or structured interview/ or structured questionnaire/ or summated rating scale/
2	1 use emez
3	checklist/ or exp diagnosis, computer-assisted/ or diagnostic tests, routine/ or diagnostic, self evaluation/ or geriatric assessment/ or interview, psychological/ or mass screening/ or needs assessment/ or exp nursing assessment/ or “outcome and process assessment (health care)”/ or “outcome assessment (health care)”/ or exp personality assessment/ or “predictive value of tests”/ or exp psychiatric status rating scales/ or exp psychological tests/ or exp questionnaires/ or risk assessment/
4	3 use mesz, prem
5	attitude measurement/ or exp attitude measures/ or comprehension tests/ or computer assisted diagnosis/ or geriatric assessment/ or group testing/ or individual testing/ or exp inventories/ or measurement/ or needs assessment/ or exp perceptual measures/ or performance tests/ or exp personality measures/ or exp preference measures/ or pretesting/ or professional examinations/ or exp psychiatric evaluation/ or exp psychodiagnostic interview/ or exp psychological assessment/ or psychometrics/ or exp questionnaires/ or exp rating scales/ or exp reading measures/ or exp retention measures/ or risk assessment/ or exp screening tests/ or exp selection tests/ or self evaluation/ or sensorimotor measures/ or sociometric tests/ or “speech and hearing measures”/ or standardized tests/ or subtests/ or symptom checklists/ or exp testing/ or testing methods/ or exp test scores/ or verbal tests/
6	5 use psyh
7	(index or instrument$ or interview$ or inventor$ or item$ or measure$1 or questionnaire$ or rate$ or rating or scale$ or score$ or screen$ or (self adj (assess$ or report$)) or subscale$ or survey$ or test$ or tool$).tw.
8	or/2,4,6-7
9	di.fs. or exp diagnosis/ or exp mass screening/ or screening test/
10	9 use emez
11	di.fs. or exp diagnosis/ or mass screening/ or nursing diagnosis/
12	11 use mesz, prem
13	exp diagnosis/ or exp health screening/ or screening/ or exp screening tests/
14	13 use psyh
15	(assess$ or detect$ or diagnos$ or evaluat$ or identif$ or psychodiagnos$ or recogni$ or screen$).tw.
16	or/10,12,14-15
17	8 and 16
18	(casefind$ or ((case or tool$) adj (find$ or identif$))).tw.
19	or/17-18
20	“area under the curve”/ or predictive validity/ or receiver operating characteristic/ or reliability/ or “sensitivity and specificity”/ or test retest reliability/ or validity/
21	20 use emez
22	“area under curve”/ or “predictive value of tests”/ or “reproducibility of results”/ or roc curve/ or “sensitivity and specificity”/ or validation studies/
23	22 use mesz, prem
24	test reliability/ or test validity/
25	24 use psyh
26	(accurac$ or accurat$ or area under curve or auc value$ or (likelihood adj3 ratio$) or (diagnostic adj2 odds ratio$) or ((pretest or pre test or posttest or post test) adj2 probabilit$) or (predict$ adj3 value$) or receiver operating characteristic or (roc adj2 curv$) or reliabil$ or sensititiv$ or specificit$ or valid$).tw.
27	or/21,23,25-26
28	19 and 27
29	((altman adj (selfrat$ or self rat$) adj mania adj2 scale$) or arsm).tw.
30	(bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale$ or bsds).tw.
31	((bipolarity or bi polarity) adj index).tw.
32	((child mania rating scale) or cmrs).ti,ab,tm.
33	(clinician-administered rating scale for mania or carsm or cars m).tw.
34	((conner$ abbreviated adj3 parent$ adj3 question$) or CAPQ).ti,ab,tm.
35	(hypomania checklist or hcl 32 or hcl32 or hcl32r1).tw.
36	(hypomanic personality adj (questionnaire$ or scale$)).tw.
37	((screening assessment adj2 (depression adj2 polarity)) or sadp or sad p).tw.
38	((parent adj4 young mania rating scale) or pymrs or p ymrs).tw.
39	(composite international diagnostic interview or cidi or cidi1 or cidi2 or cidi3 or cidisc).tw.
40	(general behavio?r inventory or gbi15 or gbi 15 or pgbi or p gbi).tw.
41	life chart.tw.
42	((m3 or m 3) adj (checklist$ or screen$)).tw.
43	(((miniinternational or mini international) adj neuropsychiatric interview) or mini or miniplus).tw.
44	(mood swings questionnaire or msq).tw.
45	(mood disorder questionnaire or mdq).tw.
46	(provisional diagnostic instrument or pdi4 or pdi 4).tw.
47	or/29-46
48	or/28,47

3. Study design filters – all databases

3.1. Quantitative systematic review study design filters

3.11. Quantitative systematic review study design filter, general medical databases

Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PsycINFO – OVID SP

1	meta analysis/ or systematic review/
2	1 use emez
3	meta analysis.sh,pt. or “meta-analysis as topic”/ or “review literature as topic”/
4	3 use mesz, prem
5	(literature review or meta analysis).sh,id,md. or systematic review.id,md.
6	5 use psyh
7	(exp bibliographic database/ or (((electronic or computer$ or online) adj database$) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review$.ti,ab,sh,pt. or systematic$.ti,ab.)
8	7 use emez
9	(exp databases, bibliographic/ or (((electronic or computer$ or online) adj database$) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review$.ti,ab,sh,pt. or systematic$.ti,ab.)
10	9 use mesz, prem
11	(computer searching.sh,id. or (((electronic or computer$ or online) adj database$) or bids or cochrane or embase or index medicus or isi citation or medline or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or science citation or (web adj2 science)).ti,ab.) and (review$.ti,ab,pt. or systematic$.ti,ab.)
12	11 use psyh
13	((analy$ or assessment$ or evidence$ or methodol$ or quantitativ$ or systematic$) adj2 (overview$ or review$)).tw. or ((analy$ or assessment$ or evidence$ or methodol$ or quantitativ$ or systematic$).ti. and review$.ti,pt.) or (systematic$ adj2 search$).ti,ab.
14	(metaanal$ or meta anal$).ti,ab.
15	(research adj (review$ or integration)).ti,ab.
16	reference list$.ab.
17	bibliograph$.ab.
18	published studies.ab.
19	relevant journals.ab.
20	selection criteria.ab.
21	(data adj (extraction or synthesis)).ab.
22	(handsearch$ or ((hand or manual) adj search$)).ti,ab.
23	(mantel haenszel or peto or dersimonian or der simonian).ti,ab.
24	(fixed effect$ or random effect$).ti,ab.
25	((pool$ or combined or combining) adj2 (data or trials or studies or results)).ti,ab.
26	or/2,4,6,8,10,12-25

3.12. Qualitative systematic review study design filter, topic specific databases

CINAHL – EBSCO HOST

s33	s1 or s2 or s3 or s4 or s5 or s6 or s7 or s8 or s9 or s10 or s11 or s12 or s13 or s14 or s15 or s16 or s22 or s23 or s26 or s27 or s28 or s29 or s30 or s31 or s32
s32	ti (analy* n5 review* or assessment* n5 review* or evidence* n5 review* or methodol* n5 review* or quantativ* n5 review* or systematic* n5 review) or ab (analy n5 review* or assessment* n5 review* or evidence* n5 review* or methodol* n5 review* or quantativ* n5 review* or systematic* n5 review*)
s31	ti (analy* n5 overview* or assessment* n5 overview* or evidence* n5 overview* or methodol* n5 overview* or quantativ* n5 overview* or systematic* n5 overview) or ab (analy n5 overview* or assessment* n5 overview* or evidence* n5 overview* or methodol* n5 overview* or quantativ* n5 overview* or systematic* n5 overview*)
s30	ti (pool* n2 results or combined n2 results or combining n2 results) or ab (pool* n2 results or combined n2 results or combining n2 results)
s29	ti (pool* n2 studies or combined n2 studies or combining n2 studies) or ab (pool* n2 studies or combined n2 studies or combining n2 studies)
s28	ti (pool* n2 trials or combined n2 trials or combining n2 trials) or ab (pool* n2 trials or combined n2 trials or combining n2 trials)
s27	ti (pool* n2 data or combined n2 data or combining n2 data) or ab (pool* n2 data or combined n2 data or combining n2 data)
s26	s24 and s25
s25	ti review* or pt review*
s24	ti analy* or assessment* or evidence* or methodol* or quantativ* or systematic*
s23	ti “systematic* n5 search” or ab “systematic n5 search*”
s22	(s17 or s18 or s19) and (s20 or s21)
s21	ti systematic* or ab systematic*
s20	tx review* or mw review* or pt review*
s19	(mh “cochrane library”)
s18	ti (bids or cochrane or index medicus or “isi citation” or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or “science citation” or web n2 science) or ab (bids or cochrane or index medicus or “isi citation” or psyclit or psychlit or scisearch or “science citation” or web n2 science)
s17	ti (“electronic database” or “bibliographic database” or “computeri?ed database” or “online database”) or ab (“electronic database” or “bibliographic database” or “computeri?ed database” or “online database”)
s16	(mh “literature review”)
s15	pt systematic* or pt meta*
s14	ti (“fixed effect” or “random effect”) or ab (“fixed effect” or “random effect”)
s13	ti (“mantel haenszel” or peto or dersimonian or “der simonian”) or ab (“mantel haenszel” or peto or dersimonian or “der simonian”)
s12	ti (handsearch* or “hand search” or “manual search”) or ab (handsearch* or “hand search” or “manual search”)
s11	ab “data extraction” or “data synthesis”
s10	ab “selection criteria”
s9	ab “relevant journals”
s8	ab “published studies”
s7	ab bibliograph*
s6	ab “reference list*”
s5	ti (“research review” or “research integration”) or ab (“research review” or “research integration”)
s4	ti (metaanal* or “meta anal”) or ab (metaanal or “meta anal*”)
s3	(mh “meta analysis”)
s2	(mh “systematic review”)
s1	(mh “literature searching+”)

3.2. Randomised controlled trial filters

3.21. Randomized controlled trial study design filter, general medical databases

Embase, MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PsycINFO – OVID SP

1	exp “clinical trial (topic)”/ or exp clinical trial/ or crossover procedure/ or double blind procedure/ or placebo/ or randomization/ or random sample/ or single blind procedure/
2	1 use emez
3	exp clinical trial/ or exp “clinical trials as topic”/ or cross-over studies/ or double-blind method/ or placebos/ or random allocation/ or single-blind method/
4	3 use mesz, prem
5	(clinical trials or placebo or random sampling).sh,id.
6	5 use psyh
7	(clinical adj2 trial$).ti,ab.
8	(crossover or cross over).ti,ab.
9	(((single$ or doubl$ or trebl$ or tripl$) adj2 blind$) or mask$ or dummy or doubleblind$ or singleblind$ or trebleblind$ or tripleblind$).ti,ab.
10	(placebo$ or random$).ti,ab.
11	treatment outcome$.md. use psyh
12	animals/ not human$.mp. use emez
13	animal$/ not human$/ use mesz, prem
14	(animal not human).po. use psyh
15	(or/2,4,6-11) not (or/12-14)

3.23. Randomized controlled trial study design filter, topic specific databases

CINAHL– EBSCO Host

s10	s9 not s8
s9	s1 or s2 or s3 or s4 or s5 or s6 or s7
s8	(mh “animals”) not (mh “human”)
s7	(pt “clinical trial”) or (pt “randomized controlled trial”)
s6	ti (placebo* or random) or ab (placebo or random*)
s5	ti (single blind* or double blind* or treble blind* or mask* or dummy* or singleblind* or doubleblind* or trebleblind) or ab (single blind or double blind* or treble blind* or mask* or dummy* or singleblind* or doubleblind* or trebleblind*)
s4	ti (crossover or cross over) or ab (crossover or cross over)
s3	ti clinical n2 trial* or ab clinical n2 trial*
s2	(mh “crossover design”) or (mh “placebos”) or (mh “random assignment”) or (mh “random sample”)
s1	(mh “clinical trials+”)

All rights reserved. No part of this guideline may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Enquiries in this regard should be directed to the Centre Administrator: ku.ca.hcyspcr@nimdAHMCCN

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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care. London: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2014 Sep. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 185.) APPENDIX 8, Search Strategies for the Identification of Clinical Studies.
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Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care.

APPENDIX 8Search Strategies for the Identification of Clinical Studies

Scoping searches

Systematic search

Text Box 1Summary of systematic search strategies: search strategy construction

1. Population search terms – all databases

1.1. STEM – General medical databases

Version 1

Version 2

1.2. STEM – topic specific databases

Version 2

1.3. STEM – topic specific databases

1.4. STEM – topic specific databases

2. Question specific search strategies – all databases

2.1. Case identification and assessment

2.11. General medical databases

3. Study design filters – all databases

3.1. Quantitative systematic review study design filters

3.11. Quantitative systematic review study design filter, general medical databases

3.12. Qualitative systematic review study design filter, topic specific databases

3.2. Randomised controlled trial filters

3.21. Randomized controlled trial study design filter, general medical databases

3.23. Randomized controlled trial study design filter, topic specific databases

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