During the course of this study, the panel and staff have been assisted by many researchers and other individuals working in the field who took time to share their insights and expertise. Without this generous assistance, the panel would not have been able to complete its task.

At the panel's September 1993 workshop in Baltimore, Maryland, a number of people made presentations on current research in needle exchange and bleach distribution: Benjamin Bowser (California State University), Alice Gleghorn (The Johns Hopkins University), Lawrence Gostin (Georgetown University), Samuel Groseclose (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Holly Hagan (Seattle-King County Health Department), Catherine Hankins (Montréal General Hospital), Noreen Harris (Seattle-King County Department of Public Health [deceased]), James G. Kahn (University of California at San Francisco), Edward Kaplan (Yale School of Management), Peter Lurie (University of California at San Francisco), Linda Martin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Rose Martinez (U.S. General Accounting Office), Clyde McCoy (University of Miami), Margaret Millson (University of Toronto), Sheigla Murphy (Institute for Scientific Analysis), Ted Myers (University of Toronto), Kathy Oliver (Outside In, Portland), Denise Paone (Beth Israel Medical Center), Paul Shapshak (University of Miami), Linda Valleroy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Anneke van den Hoek (Municipal Health Service Amsterdam), John Watters (University of California at San Francisco), and Alex Wodak (St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales). Robert Booth (University of Colorado), T. Stephen Jones (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Andrew Moss (University of California), Lane Porter (consultant), and Peter Selwyn (Yale University) served as discussants.

At an informal workshop held in January 1994, briefings on relevant community issues were provided by Russell Coon (National Association of Chain Drug Stores [affiliation American Drug Stores]), George Doane (law enforcement community [affiliation Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement]), Sairus Faruque (Latino community [affiliation Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment]), Gilbert Gallegos (law enforcement community [affiliation Fraternal Order of Police]), Wilbert Jordan (African American community [affiliation Los Angeles County AIDS Program]), Cleo Malone (African American community, California Coalition of Clergy and Congress of National Black Churches [affiliation Palavra Tree]), Suzi Rodriguez (Chicano/Mexican community [affiliation Los Angeles County Substance Abuse Task Force]), and Rose Sparks (American Pharmaceutical Association [affiliation South Coast Medical Center]).

Many people assisted the panel in its deliberations by providing commissioned papers and/or data in specific research areas: Philip Alcabes (Yale University), Michael Aldrich (California AIDS Intervention Training Center), Walter Bond (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Barry Brown (University of North Carolina at Wilmington), Julie Bruneau (Hôpital St.-Luc, Montréal), Mary Ann Chiasson (New York City Department of Health), Richard Clayton (University of Kentucky), Sandra Crouse Quinn (Westat, Inc.), Dominick DePhilippis (University of Pennsylvania), Meg Doherty (The Johns Hopkins University), Martin Favero (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Blanche Frank (New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services), Samuel Friedman (National Development and Research Institutes), Joseph Gfroerer (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Alice Gleghorn (The Johns Hopkins University), Janet Greenblatt (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), Holly Hagan (Seattle-King County Health Department), Diana Hartel (Montefiore Medical Center), T. Stephen Jones (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Benny Jose (National Development and Research Institutes), Mark Kleiman (Harvard University), Thomas Lampinen (University of Washington), Carl Leukefeld (University of Kentucky), Jerry Mandel (La Familia Unida AIDS Outreach Project), Linda Martin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), David Metzger (University of Pennsylvania), Lynne Mofenson (National Institutes of Health), James Murray (University of Illinois at Chicago), John Newmeyer (Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinics), Mary Utne O'Brien (University of Illinois at Chicago), Lawrence Ouellet (University of Illinois at Chicago), Denise Paone (Beth Israel Medical Center), Jenny Rudolph (BOTEC Analysis Corporation), Peter Selwyn (Yale University), Stephen Thomas (Emory University), Thomas Ward (National Development and Research Institutes), and Norman Williams (New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services). In addition, researchers Antonio Jimenez, Wendell Johnson, and Afsaneh Rahimian, together with outreach workers Hermando Lira, Ed Mulligan, and Larry Smith, are some of the many intervention staff at field stations in Chicago, Illinois, who provided the panel with invaluable insight into working with drug users and abusers on the street.

The panel and staff would like to acknowledge project staff of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the project's sponsoring agency, for their assistance in making our work run smoothly. Our project officers were especially helpful: Peter Hartsock provided guidance and technical support throughout the project; Sander Genser offered guidance, particularly in the early stages of the panel's deliberations; Richard Needle served as a project officer as well; and Carol Cushing provided advice and assisted in the administration of the contract. T. Stephen Jones, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, assisted the panel through briefings and providing data during the course of the study. Ripley Forbes, of the House Subcommittee on Health and Environment, briefed the panel in the early stages of its deliberations and helped members focus on the task at hand from the legislative perspective.

The panel extends its sincere thanks and appreciation to all those who have assisted us in our work.

Lincoln E. Moses, Chair

Jacques Normand, Study Director

David Vlahov, Member

Panel on Needle Exchange and Bleach Distribution Programs