H1N1 ("swine flu"), SARS, mad cow disease, and HIV/AIDS are a few examples of zoonotic diseases-diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are a growing concern given multiple factors: their often novel and unpredictable nature, their ability to emerge anywhere and spread rapidly around the globe, and their major economic toll on several disparate industries.

Infectious disease surveillance systems are used to detect this threat to human and animal health. By systematically collecting data on the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals, investigators can track the spread of disease and provide an early warning to human and animal health officials, nationally and internationally, for follow-up and response. Unfortunately, and for many reasons, current disease surveillance has been ineffective or untimely in alerting officials to emerging zoonotic diseases.

Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases assesses some of the disease surveillance systems around the world, and recommends ways to improve early detection and response. The book presents solutions for improved coordination between human and animal health sectors, and among governments and international organizations.

Parties seeking to improve the detection and response to zoonotic diseases--including U.S. government and international health policy makers, researchers, epidemiologists, human health clinicians, and veterinarians--can use this book to help curtail the threat zoonotic diseases pose to economies, societies, and health.

Contents

• THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
• COMMITTEE ON ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE GLOBAL CAPACITY FOR SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE TO EMERGING DISEASES OF ZOONOTIC ORIGIN
• BOARD ON GLOBAL HEALTH
• BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Summary
• 1. Introduction
  • CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE
  • INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT FOR ZOONOTIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE
  • ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
  • REFERENCES
• 2. Making the Case for Zoonotic Disease Surveillance
  • SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING ZOONOTIC DISEASE EMERGENCE
  • HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES
  • DISEASE SURVEILLANCE TO MITIGATE EMERGENCY RESPONSE MEASURES AND COSTS
  • UNDERSTANDING ZOONOTIC DISEASE AGENTS AND TRENDS TO PREDICT ZOONOTIC DISEASE EMERGENCE
  • INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL SUPPORT IS CRITICAL
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Drivers of Zoonotic Diseases
  • OVERVIEW OF ZOONOTIC DISEASE EMERGENCE AND REEMERGENCE
  • THE HUMAN–ANIMAL–ENVIRONMENT INTERFACE
  • DRIVERS INFLUENCING EMERGING AND REEMERGING ZOONOSES
  • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
  • TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES LEADING TO DISEASE EMERGENCE
  • INADEQUATE GOVERNANCE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 4. Achieving an Effective Zoonotic Disease Surveillance System
  • DEFINING DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
  • ELEMENTS OF AN EFFECTIVE ZOONOTIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
  • EXECUTING AN EFFECTIVE ZOONOTIC DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
  • REVIEW OF EXISTING DISEASE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS FOR ZOONOTIC DISEASES
  • CAPACITY-BUILDING PROGRAMS TO CREATE A MULTIDISCIPLINARY, INTEGRATED WORKFORCE
  • GAPS AND CHALLENGES
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Incentives for Disease Surveillance, Reporting, and Response
  • BEHAVIORAL AND CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF INFORMATION SHARING
  • ECONOMIC AND TRADE SANCTIONS
  • INCENTIVES TO IMPROVE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND REPORTING
  • AUDIT AND RATING FRAMEWORK FOR DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE SYSTEMS
  • ENGAGING MULTI-LEVEL STAKEHOLDERS FOR TIMELY DISEASE DETECTION AND REPORTING
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 6. Sustainable Financing for Global Disease Surveillance and Response
  • FUNDING ANIMAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE
  • CURRENT FUNDING EFFORTS
  • FUNDING A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD
  • FUNDING MECHANISMS
  • THE INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Governance Challenges for Zoonotic Disease Surveillance, Reporting, and Response
  • THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH CAPABILITIES AND GOVERNANCE
  • GOVERNANCE PROBLEMS FACING INTEGRATED SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE SYSTEMS FOR EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES
  • GOVERNANCE INNOVATIONS SUPPORTING INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH
  • MOVING TOWARD A GLOBAL, INTEGRATED DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE SYSTEM: FUTURE GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Recommendations, Challenges, and Looking to the Future
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • CHALLENGES TO SUCCESSFULLY INTEGRATING AND COORDINATING INTERNATIONAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE SYSTEMS
  • LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
  • REFERENCES
• Appendix A Glossary of Terms
• Appendix B Surveillance and Response of Select Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks
• Appendix C Novel Human Pathogen Species
• Appendix D Public Committee Meeting Agendas
• Appendix E Committee Biosketches

Suggested citation:

IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). 2009. Sustaining global surveillance and response to emerging zoonotic diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development Award No. GHN-G-00-07-00001-00. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not constitute their endorsement by the sponsoring agency.