Table 1Candidate malaria vaccines currently in clinical development*

Pre-erythrocytic vaccines
Research Preclinical development Phase 1a Phase 2a Phase 1b Phase 2b Pivotal
CSP
RTS,S/AS02A (CSP/HBsAg particle in AS02A adjuvant) (GSK) X X X X X X
HBcAg-CSP VLP (Malarivax Apovia) X X X X
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) CSP tested in combination with RTS,S, SA02 (Oxford-GSK) X X X X
Long synthetic CSP peptide (Lausanne) X X X
CSP DNA immunization (Vical/NMRC) X X X X
Long Vivax CSP C-terminus 72 amino acid synthetic peptide (MVDC) X X X
Long Vivax CSP N-terminus 77 amino acid synthetic peptide (MVDC) X X X
Long Vivax CSP repeat 48 amino acid synthetic peptide (MVDC) X X X
Other antigens
Long synthetic LSA-3 peptide (Pasteur Institute) X X X
Lactococcus lactis recombinant LSA3 (Full length) in AS02 adjuvant (Pasteur In stitute) X X X X
Lipopetide LSA3 without adjuvant (Pasteur Institute) X X X X
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) CSP + LSA-1 epitope (Oxford) only a phase 1 with MVA. Combination noted above) X X X
Fowl Pox 9 CSP + LSA-1 epitope (Oxford) X X X
Escherichia coli LSA-1 recombinant protein (WRAIR) X X
MVA prime-boost DNA Multi-epitope string + TRAP (Oxford) X X X X X X
MVA prime-boost Fowl Pox 9 Multi-epitope string + TRAP (Oxford) X X X X X
Asexual stage vaccines
MSP-1
Recombinant full length MSP-1 3D7 + FCB1 (Heidelberg/WRAIR) X X
E. coli expressed recombinant protein MSP-1 42-kd 3D7 (FMP-1 WRAIR) X X X X X
E. coli expressed recombinant protein MSP-1 42-kd FVO (WRAIR) X X
Pichia pastoris expressed recombinant protein MSP-1 42-kd 3D7 + FVO (MVDU) X X
Baculovirus recombinant protein MSP-1 19-kD (Pasteur Institute) X X
Baculovirus recombinant protein MSP-1 42-kD FUP (U of Hawaii/Antigenics) X X
P. pastoris recombinant AMA-1 and MSP-1 chimera (SMMU) X X X
Other MSPs
Long synthetic peptide MSP-2 (Lausanne) X X
Long synthetic peptide MSP-3 (Pasteur Institute) X X X X
L. lactis MSP-3 recombinant (Pasteur Institute) X X X
MSP-3-GLURP hybrid vaccine (SSI) X X
AMA-1
E. coli expressed recombinant protein AMA-1 3D7+FVO (MVDU) X X X
P. pastoris expressed recombinant AMA-1 protein (BPRC) Doubt X X
E. coli recombinant protein AMA-1 3D7 (FMP-2.1 WRAIR) X X
Other proteins
Long synthetic GLURP peptide (SSI) X X X
Transmission-blocking vaccines
Saccharomyces recombinant protein PvS25 (MVDU) X X X
P. pastoris recombinant protein PfS25 (MVDU) X X
Combination (multistage) vaccines
Multi-stage pre-erythrocytic DNA vaccination (Vical/NMRC) X X X
Recombinant FMP-1 plus RTS,S MSP-1 3D7 + CSP (WRAIR) X X X X
*

CSP = circumsporozoite protein; HBsAg = hepatitis B surface antigen; GSK = GlaxoSmithKline; HBcAg = hepatitis B core antigen; VLP = virus-like particle; NMRC = Naval Medical Research Center; MVDC = Malaria Vaccine Development Center; LSA = liver stage antigen; WRAIR = Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; TRAP = thrombospondin-related adhesive protein; MSP = merozoite surface protein; FMP = Falciparum merozoite protein; MVDU = Malaria Vaccine Development Unit; AMA = apical membrane antigen; SMMU = Second Military Medical University; GLURP = glutamate-rich protein; SSI = Statens Serum Institute; BPRC = Biomedical Primate Research Center; Pv = Plasmodium vivax; Pf = P. falciparum.

From: Update on the Clinical Development of Candidate Malaria Vaccines

Cover of The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed
The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed: Supplement to Volume 71(2) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, editors.
Copyright © 2004, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

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