Summary of Use during Lactation

Because of the low levels of nifedipine in breastmilk, amounts ingested by the infant are small, even in women with a genetic variant of breast cancer resistance protein that increases the amount of drug transferred to milk. No adverse effects have been reported among infants exposed to nifedipine in breastmilk. Nifedipine is used to treat painful nipple vasospasm (e.g., Raynaud phenomenon) in nursing mothers who do not respond to other measures such as hot compresses and avoidance of cold exposure.[1-5] The dosages of nifedipine most commonly reportedly used to treat the condition is 20 to 60 mg daily either as a single dose of a sustained-release product or 10 to 20 mg 3 times daily of an immediate-release product. Lower dosages can be tried if these doses are not tolerated.

Drug Levels

Maternal Levels. A woman taking nifedipine 10 mg four times daily was given a 20 mg test dose 10 days postpartum. One hour after this dose, peak milk levels of the drug and its pyridine metabolite were 43 and 15 mcg/L, respectively. By 4 hours after the dose, the levels of both drugs in breastmilk were less than 5 mcg/L.[6]

Another woman took doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg every 8 hours on different days shortly after delivering a premature infant. Her peak milk nifedipine levels occurred 1 hour after each dose. The half-life of the drug in milk varied with dosage: 1.4 hours with the 10 mg dose; 3.1 hours with the 20 mg dose; and 2.4 hours with the 30 mg dose. The average milk half-life of all doses was 3.3 hours. The highest milk level found was 53 mcg/L at 30 minutes after the 30 mg dose. Nifedipine had fallen to undetectable levels (<2 mcg/L) by 5.25 hours after the 10 mg dose. At 8 hours after the dose, nifedipine concentrations in milk were 3.2 mcg/L with the 20 mg dose and 4.9 mcg/L with the 30 mg dose. The total amounts in milk collected over 24 hours were 0.12 mcg with 10 mg every 8 hours, an average of 1.07 mcg with 20 mg every 8 hours, and an average of 1.71 mcg with 30 mg every 8 hours. Using the peak milk level data from the 30 mg every 8 hour dosage in this study, the authors estimated that an exclusively breastfed infant would receive an estimated maximum of 7.5 mcg/kg daily with this maternal dosage regimen.[7]

In 6 women taking a dose of 10 mg three times daily, milk levels ranged from <1 to 10.3 mcg/L at random times between 1 and 8 hours after a dose, with a median of 3.5 mcg/L.[8]

In a study of 21 women taking a median dosage of 40 mg daily, mostly as a sustained-release product, 13 donated milk samples at a median of 7 days postpartum (range 1 to 100 days). The infants would receive an average daily dosage of 0.1% of their mother's weight-adjusted dosage in breast milk.[9]

Nineteen hypertensive nursing mothers taking 20 mg of slow-release nifedipine daily for at least 15 days postpartum were genotyped for breast cancer resistance protein. Trough milk samples were obtained between 15 and 30 days postpartum. Women with the wild type homozygous ABCG2 421CA variant had median breastmilk nifedipine levels about 3 times higher (29 mcg/L) than those with the wild, homozygous ABCG2 421CC variant (10.5 mcg/L). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p =0.0793). The median milk to plasma ratio was significantly higher in those with ABCG2 421CA (about 1.2) than in those with ABCG2 421CC (0.73).[10]

Infant Levels. Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

Effects in Breastfed Infants

No adverse reactions have been reported among infants exposed to nifedipine in breastmilk mostly at maternal dosages of 30 mg daily beginning shortly postpartum and continuing for up to 6 months in some.[2,6,11-17]

Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

No direct effects are known. However, nifedipine has been used to decrease the pain of nipple vasospasm (or Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple), allowing mothers to continue nursing who might otherwise discontinue breastfeeding.[1,2,4,12-15,17-20]

Nifedipine had no effect on milk composition (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, nitrogen, phosphorus and total lipids) in one woman.[7]

Alternate Drugs to Consider

Amlodipine, Nitrendipine

References

1.

Berens P, Eglash A, Malloy M, et al. ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent pain with breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med 2016;11:46-53. [PubMed: 26881962]

2.

Anderson PO. Drug treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple. Breastfeed Med 2020;15:686-8. [PubMed: 32700966]

3.

Deniz S, Kural B. Nipple vasospasm of nursing mothers. Breastfeed Med 2023;18:494-8. [PubMed: 37335330]

4.

Eymann A, Pontoriero Daroni J, Brinci M, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple during breastfeeding: A case series. Arch Argent Pediatr 2024;122:e202310280. [PubMed: 38771559]

5.

Moreira TG, Castro GM, Gonçalves Júnior J. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: Epidemiological, clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic characterization. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024;21. [PMC free article: PMC11276586] [PubMed: 39063426]

6.

Penny WJ, Lewis MJ. Nifedipine is excreted in human milk. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36:427-8. [PubMed: 2737237]

7.

Ehrenkranz RA, Ackerman BA, Hulse JD. Nifedipine transfer into human milk. J Pediatr 1989;114:478-80. [PubMed: 2921695]

8.

Manninen AK, Juhakoski A. Nifedipine concentrations in maternal and umbilical serum, amniotic fluid, breast milk and urine of mothers and offspring. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1991;11:231-6. [PubMed: 1814844]

9.

Taddio A, Oskamp M, Ito S, et al. Is nifedipine use during labour and breast-feeding safe for the neonate? Clin Investig Med 1996;19:S11.

10.

Malfará BN, Benzi JRL, de Oliveira Filgueira GC, et al. ABCG2 c.421C>A polymorphism alters nifedipine transport to breast milk in hypertensive breastfeeding women. Reprod Toxicol 2019;85:1-5. [PubMed: 30659932]

11.

Lawlor-Smith LS, Lawlor-Smith CL. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: A preventable cause of breastfeeding failure? Med J Aust 1996;166:448. [PubMed: 9140358]

12.

Garrison CP. Nipple vasospasm, Raynaud's syndrome, and nifedipine. J Hum Lact 2002;18:382-5. [PubMed: 12449056]

13.

Anderson JE, Held N, Wright K. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple: A treatable cause of painful breastfeeding. Pediatrics 2004;113:e360-4. [PubMed: 15060268]

14.

Page SM, McKenna DS. Vasospasm of the nipple presenting as painful lactation. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108 (3 Part 2):806-8. [PubMed: 17018510]

15.

O'Sullivan S, Keith MP. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple: A rare finding in rheumatology clinic. J Clin Rheumatol 2011;17:371-2. [PubMed: 21946463]

16.

Wu M, Chason R, Wong M. Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119 (2 Pt 2):447-9. [PubMed: 22270434]

17.

Barrett ME, Heller MM, Fullerton Stone, H, et al. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple in breastfeeding mothers: An underdiagnosed cause of nipple pain. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:300-6. [PubMed: 23682366]

18.

Gallego H, Aleshaki JS. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple successfully treated with nifedipine and gabapentin. Cutis 2020;105:E22-E3. [PubMed: 32717000]

19.

Jansen S, Sampene K. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple: An under-recognized condition. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:975-7. [PubMed: 30969221]

20.

Quental C, Brito DB, Sobral J, et al. Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple: A clinical case report. J Family Reprod Health 2023;17:113-5. [PMC free article: PMC10397528] [PubMed: 37547779]

Substance Name

Nifedipine

CAS Registry Number

21829-25-4

Drug Class

Breast Feeding

Lactation

Milk, Human

Antihypertensive Agents

Calcium Channel Blockers

Vasodilator Agents