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The IARC Monographs identify the preventable causes of human cancer. These include chemicals, physical and biological agents, pharmaceuticals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, and other exposures of everyday life (e.g. lifestyle factors). National and international health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their actions to prevent exposure to potential carcinogens.
Interdisciplinary working groups of expert scientists review the published studies and evaluate the strength of the evidence that an agent can increase the risk of cancer. The principles, procedures, and scientific criteria that guide the evaluations are described in the Preamble to the IARC Monographs. The Preamble was most recently reviewed and updated in 2019, when the name of the IARC Monographs programme was also revised.
Since 1971, more than 1000 agents have been evaluated, of which more than 500 have been identified as carcinogenic, probably carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Contents
2023
- 132. Occupational Exposure as a FirefighterIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2023.
- 131. Cobalt, Antimony Compounds, and Weapons-Grade Tungsten AlloyIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2023.
2022
- 130. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Four Other Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022.
- 129. Gentian Violet, Leucogentian Violet, Malachite Green, Leucomalachite Green, and CI Direct Blue 218IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022.
2021
- 128. Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and ArecolineIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021.
- 127. Some Aromatic Amines and related CompoundsIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021.
- 126. Opium ConsumptionIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021.
2020
- 125. Some Industrial Chemical Intermediates and SolventsIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
- 124. Night Shift WorkIARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
- 123. Some nitrobenzenes and other industrial chemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
2019
- 122. Isobutyl Nitrite, β-Picoline, and Some AcrylatesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019.
- 121. Styrene, Styrene-7,8-oxide, and QuinolineIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019.
- 119. Some chemicals that cause tumours of the urinary tract in rodentsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019.
- 117. Pentachlorophenol and Some Related CompoundsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019.
2018
- 120. BenzeneIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
- 118. Welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxideIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
- 116. Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot BeveragesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
- 115. Some Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
- 114. Red Meat and Processed MeatIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
- 113. DDT, Lindane, and 2,4-DIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018.
2017
- 112. Some Organophosphate Insecticides and HerbicidesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017.
- 111. Some Nanomaterials and Some FibresIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017.
- 110. Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer ManufactureIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017.
2016
- 109. Outdoor air pollutionIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016.
- 108. Some Drugs and Herbal ProductsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016.
- 107. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated BiphenylsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016.
2014
- 106. Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated AgentsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.
- 105. Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some NitroarenesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2014.
2013
- 104. Malaria and Some Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK, JC, and Merkel Cell Viruses)IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.
- 103. Bitumens and Bitumen Emissions, and Some N- and
S-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): World Health Organization; 2013.
- 102. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic FieldsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.
- 101. Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-WaterIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.
2012
- 100F. Chemical Agents and Related OccupationsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
- 100E. Personal Habits and Indoor CombustionsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
- 100D. RadiationIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
- 100C. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and DustsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
- 100B. Biological AgentsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
- 100A. PharmaceuticalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
2010
- 99. Some Aromatic Amines, Organic Dyes, and Related ExposuresIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 98. Painting, Firefighting, and ShiftworkIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 96. Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl CarbamateIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 95. Household Use of Solid Fuels and High-temperature FryingIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 94. Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite, and Cyanobacterial Peptide ToxinsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 93. Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and TalcIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
- 92. Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related ExposuresIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010.
2008
- 97. 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide)IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008.
2007
- 91. Combined Estrogen–Progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen–Progestogen Menopausal TherapyIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
- 90. Human PapillomavirusesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
- 89. Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-NitrosaminesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007.
2006
- 88. Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-olIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2006.
- 87. Inorganic and Organic Lead CompoundsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2006.
- 86. Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium PentoxideIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2006.
2004
- 85. Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived NitrosaminesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2004.
- 84. Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including ArsenicIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2004.
- 83. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary SmokingIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2004.
2002
- 82. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and StyreneIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2002.
- 81. Man-made Vitreous FibresIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2002.
- 80. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic FieldsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2002.
2001
- 79. Some Thyrotropic AgentsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2001.
- 78. Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited RadionuclidesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2001.
2000
- 77. Some Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2000.
- 76. Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical AgentsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2000.
- 75. Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: X- and Gamma (γ)-Radiation, and NeutronsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2000.
1999
- 74. Surgical Implants and Other Foreign BodiesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
- 73. Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other SubstancesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
- 72. Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal TherapyIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
- 71. Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen PeroxideIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999.
1997
- 70. Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997.
- 69. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated DibenzofuransIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997.
- 68. Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid FibrilsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997.
1996
- 67. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Human T-Cell Lymphotropic VirusesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1996.
- 66. Some Pharmaceutical DrugsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1996.
- 65. Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro CompoundsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1996.
1995
- 64. Human PapillomavirusesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1995.
- 63. Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1995.
- 62. Wood Dust and FormaldehydeIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1995.
1994
- 61. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1994.
- 60. Some Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1994.
- 59. Hepatitis VirusesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1994.
1993
- 58. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing IndustryIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1993.
- 57. Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic AminesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1993.
- 56. Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and MycotoxinsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1993.
1992
- 55. Solar and Ultraviolet RadiationIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1992.
- 54. Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial ChemicalsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1992.
1991
- 53. Occupational Exposures in Insecticide Application, and Some PesticidesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1991.
- 52. Chlorinated Drinking-Water; Chlorination by-Products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt CompoundsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1991.
- 51. Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and MethylglyoxalIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1991.
1990
- 50. Pharmaceutical DrugsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1990.
- 49. Chromium, Nickel and WeldingIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1990.
- 48. Some Flame Retardants and Textile Chemicals, and Exposures in the Textile Manufacturing IndustryIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1990.
1989
- 47. Some Organic Solvents, Resin Monomers and Related Compounds, Pigments and Occupational Exposures in Paint Manufacture and PaintingIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1989.
- 46. Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some NitroarenesIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1989.
- 45. Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum FuelsIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1989.
1988
- 44. Alcohol DrinkingIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1988.
- 43. Man-made Mineral Fibres and RadonIARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1988.
1987
- Supplement 7. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987.
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are updated when necessary and
published online at https:
The IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans were formerly known as the IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
- NLM CatalogRelated NLM Catalog Entries
- IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to HumansIARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans
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