NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 69.)
Table 1Concentrations of PCDDs in air
| Reference | Origin; sample description (and no.) | Coll. period | Samp. meth. Anal. meth. | PCDD concentration (pg/m3) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ PCDD/PCDF | |||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Australia | ||||||||||||
| Taucher et al. (1992) | Sydney; ambient air | (8) | 10/90 | G/P/X BSI | No information | 0.016–0.062 | ||||||
| Austria | ||||||||||||
| Moche & Thanner (1996a) | Mostly urban Ambient, winter Ambient, summer | (41) (43) | 92/93 | G/P BN | No information | 0.050–0.222 0.022–0.041 | ||||||
| Moche & Thanner (1996b) | Graz; ambient air, winter Linz; ambient air, winter | (20) (15) | 93/94 94/95 | G/P BN | No information | 0.07–0.42 < 0.01–0.18 | ||||||
| Christmann et al. (1989b) | Brixlegg; ∼ 280 m from Cu reclamation plant | (1) (1) (1) (1) | 2/88 5/88 6/88 7/88 | G/P CSI | 0.1 0.07 0.03 ND | 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 | ND ND 0.04 ND | ND 0.2 0.08 ND | ND ND 0.05 ND | 2.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 | 2.7 2.1 0.5 1.0 | 2.3a 1.9a 1.2a 1.5a |
| Belgium | ||||||||||||
| Wevers et al. (1992) | Antwerp Tunnel air | (1) (3) | 91 | G/P BSN | 0.017 | 0.0126 | 0.0025 | 0.0042 No information | 0.0030 | 0.0047 | 0.0022 | 0.080 (0.030– 0.116) |
| Ambient air | (4) | No information | 0.035 (0.021–0.055) | |||||||||
| Wevers et al. (1993) | Near emission sources | (20) | 92 | G/P BSN | No information | 0.165 (0.018–0.379) | ||||||
| Canada | ||||||||||||
| Reiner et al. (1995) | Close to cement kiln; ambient air | (6) | 6/89 | G/P B/ | No information | 0.015–0.035 | ||||||
| Toronto Island; ambient air | (6) | 9/88– 7/89 | CSO | No information | 0.063 | |||||||
| Steer et al. (1990a) | SW Ontario; burning tyre dump | 2/90 | G/P CSO | |||||||||
| 1 km downwind 3 km downwind | (5) (4) | I-TEQ (PCDD only), 0.01–0.34 I-TEQ (PCDD only), 0.014–0.039 | 0.02–2.5 0.046–0.27 | |||||||||
| Germany | ||||||||||||
| Bruckmann & Hackbe (1987) | Hamburg; dump site | (1) | 2/85 | G/P/Si BSI | < 0.02 | < 0,03 | < 0.02 | < 0.02 | ND | ND | 0.27 | 0a |
| Dump site, oil | (1) | 4/85 | < 0.1 | – | – | – | – | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.038a | ||
| Residential, west of dump | (2) | 4/85 3/86 | < 0.1–0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 1.5 | 1.2–4.2 | 0.032–0.072a | ||
| Residential highway, dump, industrial | (5) | 85–87 | < 0.02–0. 11 | < 0.01–0.60 | 0.06–1.0 | 0.08–2.2 | 0.07–5.2 | 2.15–15.4 | 1.1–40 | 0.164–2.186a | ||
| Close to copper industry | (2) | 1&2/87 | < 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03–0.04 | 0.06–0.12 | 0.06–0.09 | 2.15–3.69 | 0.65–0.7 | 0.093–0.206a | ||
| Industry, highway | (2) | 1&10/86 | 0.02–0.20 | 0.04–0.22 | 0.19–0.26 | 0.60–0.71 | < 0.17–0.36 | 4.8–53 | 7.4–9.4 | 0.525–0.612a | ||
| Industry, 2 MWI | (2) | 85–86 | < 0.01–0.085 | 0.1–0.052 | < 0.09–0.19 | < 0.09–0.90 | < 0.09–0.38 | 1.5–7.7 | 3.7–7.7 | 0.156–1.081a | ||
| Highway tunnel | (2) | 1/86 | < 0.01–0.06 | 0.28–0.31 | < 0.17–037 | 0.66–1.19 | < 0.17–0.44 | 3.4 | 6.3–6.4 | 0.457–0.569a | ||
| Suburb, highway | (1) | 9/86 | < 0.02 | < 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.09 | < 0.04 | 2.31 | 2.9 | 0.085a | ||
| Suburb (North) | (1) | 8/86 | < 0.02 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.23 | 1.0 | 0.032a | ||
| Suburb (13 km SE) | (1) | 4/86 | 0.02 | < 0.02 | < 0.08 | 0.23 | < 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.084a | ||
| Forest (20 km N) | (1) | 4/86 | < 0.02 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | < 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.001a | ||
| Kirschmer (1987) | Rhine-Ruhr; Mean of 11 sites/wide range of uses | (33) | 85–86 | G/P CSI | ND | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 1.14 | 0.98 | |
| Christmann et al. (1989b) | Ambient air; Berlin-Dahlem | (10) | 1/87 | G/P CSI | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.6 | 8.5 | 0.1 (0.02–0.4)a |
| Bad-Kreuzberg | (1) | 2/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.3 | 2.2 | 0.07a | ||
| Gelsenkirchen | (5) | 87/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.2 | 8.5 | 0.1 (0.03–0.3)a | ||
| Recklinghausen | (3) | 5–9/87 | ND | ND–0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND–1.7 | 6.1 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3)a | ||
| Indoor air; PCP application | (1) | ND | ND | ND | 6.2 | ND | 63.3 | 103 | 2.6a | |||
| Päpke et al. (1989a) | Indoor air; PCP application (kindergartens) | (1) (15) | 86 | G/P BSI | ND | ND | 0.04 | 0.92 No information | 0.11 | 77.0 | 131.5 | 2.46a 0.696 (0.018–2.46)a |
| König et al. (1993) | Hessen; ambient air | 90 | G/P BSI | |||||||||
| Rural | (21) | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.267 | 3.18 | 0.048 | |||
| Rural/industry | (21) | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.025 | 0.052 | 0.044 | 0.629 | 6.44 | 0.087 | |||
| Rural industry | (21) | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.048 | 0.036 | 0.527 | 5.80 | 0.079 | |||
| Industry | (21) | 0.005 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.071 | 0.061 | 0.570 | 8.77 | 0.146 | |||
| Industry | (21) | 0.004 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.053 | 0.044 | 0.603 | 6.77 | 0.110 | |||
| Traffic | (21) | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.042 | 0.036 | 0.435 | 5.14 | 0.078 | |||
| Wallenhorst et al. (1995) | Baden-Württemberg; ambient ain Rural | 92 | G/P BSI | No information | 0.021 (0.008–0.054) | |||||||
| Rural with special exposure | No information | 0.018 (0.005–0.049) | ||||||||||
| Suburban | No information | 0.056 (0.009–0.098) | ||||||||||
| Urban | No information | 0.083 (0.021–0.217) | ||||||||||
| Multitype | No information | 0.062 (0.014–0.130) | ||||||||||
| Hiester et al. (1995) | Ambient air; Essen, mostly | 93–94 | G/P CSI | No information | 0.076 | |||||||
| residential Duisburg, industrial | No information | 0.124 | ||||||||||
| Dortmund, downtown | No information | 0.120 | ||||||||||
| Cologne, mostly residential | No information | 0.040 | ||||||||||
| Hippelein et al. (1996) | Augsburg; ambient air (means) | G/X BSI | ||||||||||
| March–April | (6) | 92 | < 0.0035 | 0.0086 | < 0.013 | 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.270 | 0.720 | 0.040 | ||
| April–May | (6) | 92 | < 0.0017 | 0.0039 | < 0.0049 | < 0.0081 | < 0.0074 | 0.087 | 0.280 | 0.019 | ||
| June–July | (6) | 92 | < 0.0012 | 0.0024 | < 0.0043 | < 0.0058 | < 0.0046 | 0.089 | 0.320 | 0.014 | ||
| July–September | (6) | 92 | < 0.0014 | < 0.0022 | < 0.0061 | < 0.0078 | < 0.0062 | 0.120 | 0.430 | 0.015 | ||
| Sept–October | (6) | 92 | < 0.0030 | < 0.0076 | < 0.015 | < 0.021 | 0.021 | 0.310 | 0.750 | 0.042 | ||
| Oct.–November | (6) | 92 | 0.0037 | 0.012 | < 0.019 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.510 | 1.300 | 0.060 | ||
| Nov.–January | (6) | 92–93 | 0.0069 | 0.027 | 0.034 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.830 | 2.000 | 0.120 | ||
| Jan.–February | (6) | 93 | < 0.0036 | 0.018 | 0.027 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.530 | 1.200 | 0.087 | ||
| Mean of mean | (48) | 92–93 | 0.0031 | 0.010 | 0.015 | 0.030 | 0.024 | 0.340 | 0.870 | 0.049 | ||
| Rabl et al. (1996) | Bavaria; ambient air | G/P BSI | ||||||||||
| 13 km E of MWI | (1) | 96 | No information | 0.034 | ||||||||
| 2.0 km NE of MWI | (2) | 95–96 | No information | 0.055–0.064 | ||||||||
| 3.3 km NNE of MWI | (2) | 95–96 | No information | 0.034–0.062 | ||||||||
| Päpke et al. (1994a) | Workplace ain Plant 1 | (4) | 93 | G/P/Ps BSI | No information | 0.70–3.79 | ||||||
| Plant 2 | (3) | No information | 0.06–0.18 | |||||||||
| Plant 3 | (5) | No information | 0.06–0.60 | |||||||||
| Plant 1 | (3) | G/P | No information | 0.15–1.90 | ||||||||
| Plant 2 | (5) | BSI | No information | 0.08–0.15 | ||||||||
| Plant 3 | (5) | No information | 0.07–0.54 | |||||||||
| Menzel et al. (1996) | Workplace air; Welding, MWI1 boiler pipes | (1) | 95 | G/P/Ps N | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 541 | 56 | ||||||
| Welding, MWI2 waste chute | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 204–1058 | 11–44 | |||||||||
| Milling MWI1 boiler pipes | (1) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 975 | 87 | |||||||||
| Fitting, MWI1 waste chute | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 20 038–21 678 | 1830–2430 | |||||||||
| Fitting, MWI2 waste chute | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 794–2680 | 30–140 | |||||||||
| Air burning, MWI2 waste chute | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 354–6911 | 20–80 | |||||||||
| Cutting/welding, wood chip dryer | (1) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 61 | 2 | |||||||||
| Menzel et al. (1996) (contd) | Open-air burning, power plant demol. | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 20–39 | 358–459 | ||||||||
| Open-air burning, metal reclamation 1 | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 227–1266 | 98–858 | |||||||||
| Open-air burning, metal reclamation 2 | (2) | Total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 95–300 | 348–1183 | |||||||||
| Japan | ||||||||||||
| Sugita et al. (1993) | Urban area Ambient air, mean summer | (2) | 92 | G/P BSI | 0.007 | 0.087 | 0.180 | 0.274 | 0.191 | 2.375 | 4.624 | 0.469–1.427b |
| Ambient air, mean winter | (2) | 0.040 | 0.193 | 0.376 | 0.683 | 0.555 | 4.213 | 10.358 | 0.294–2.990b | |||
| Kurokawa et al. (1994) | Site A Ambient air, particle phase | < 94 | G/P BSO | No information | Summer Winter | 0.025 0.291 | ||||||
| Ambient air, vapour phase | No information | Summer Winter | 0.035 0.012 | |||||||||
| Site B Ambient air, particle phase | No information | Summer Winter | 0.184 0.310 | |||||||||
| Ambient air, vapour phase | No information | Summer Winter | 0.407 0.046 | |||||||||
| Site C Ambient air, particle phase | No information | Summer Winter | 0.273 0.614 | |||||||||
| Ambient air, vapour phase | No information | Summer Winter | 0.218 0.072 | |||||||||
| Norway | ||||||||||||
| Oehme et al. (1991) | Tunnel air; Northbound | 89 | G/P CSI | |||||||||
| Intlet, weekday | (1) | 0.02 | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.049 | 0.041 | 0.29 | 1.5 | 0.097c | |||
| Outlet, weekday | (1) | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.084 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.98c | |||
| Inlet, weekend | (1) | < 0.01 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.091 | 0.029 | 0.36 | 2.3 | 0.089c | |||
| Outlet, weekend Southbound | (1) | 0.03 | 0.054 | 0.050 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 2.8 | 0.55c | |||
| Inlet, weekday | (1) | 0.01 | 0.042 | 0.013 | 0.066 | 0.037 | 0.32 | 1.9 | 0.131c | |||
| Outlet, weekday | (1) | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.092 | 0.028 | 0.38 | 2.2 | 0.230c | |||
| Inlet, weekend | (1) | < 0.01 | 0.021 | 0.086 | 0.063 | 0.024 | 0.18 | 1.1 | 0.101c | |||
| Outlet, weekend | (1) | 0.01 | 0.031 | – | 0.048 | 0.028 | 0.24 | 1.7 | 0.134c | |||
| Central Oslo; ambient air | No information | 0.040c | ||||||||||
| Schlabach et al. (1996) | Spitbergen, arctic; ambient air | (1) (1) | 5/95 8/95 | G/P BSI | 0.0002 0.0001 | 0.0005 0.0002 | 0.0009 0.0001 | 0.0013 0.0003 | 0.0002 0.0002 | – 0.0016 | – 0.0044 | 0.0023 0.0011 |
| Poland | ||||||||||||
| Grochowalski et al. (1995) | Cracow centre; market square | (1) | 3/95 | G/C CSI | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 2.7 | 10.4 | 0.95 |
| Mateczny crossroad | (1) | 1 | 1.15 | 2.15 | 3 | 1.05 | 55 | 280 | 11.95 | |||
| Russian Federation | ||||||||||||
| Kruglov et al. (1996) | Oil fire; residential area | 96 | BSO | |||||||||
| 100 m downwind | (1) | 0.56 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 1.84 | 0.52 | 7.77 | 62.45 | 1.72 | |||
| 100 m upwind | (1) | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 4.26 | 39.3 | 0.5 | |||
| Slovakia | ||||||||||||
| Holoubek et al. (1991) | Ambient ain Urban/industrial | 90 | P N | No information | NP-6.3 | |||||||
| Rural | No information | 0.0002–4.9 | ||||||||||
| Rural/industrial | No information | 3.0–6.0 | ||||||||||
| Suburban | No information | 0.0035–2.9 | ||||||||||
| Resid./industrial | No information | 0.23–5.5 | ||||||||||
| Urban/industrial | No information | 2.0–3.0 | ||||||||||
| Spain | ||||||||||||
| Abad et al. (1996) | Catatonia (ambient air); urban, traffic | (8) | 93–95 | G/P BSI | 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.064 | 0.076 | 0.385 | 1.110 | 0.28 (0.05–0.62) |
| Rural, near MWI | (12) | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.031 | 0.218 | 1.286 | 0.05 (0.01–0.5) | |||
| Urban | (3) | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.043 | 0.277 | 0.803 | 0.13 (0.11–0.15) | |||
| Urban | (3) | 0.007 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.020 | 0.033 | 0.223 | 1.237 | 0.20 (0.07–0.43) | |||
| MWI influence | (2) | 0.010 | 0.050 | 0.060 | 0.155 | 0.210 | 1.720 | 5.695 | 0.55 (0.15–0.95) | |||
| Industrial, MWJ influence, traffic MWI | (3) (2) | 0.007 0.005 | 0.020 0.010 | 0.040 0.010 | 0.103 0.015 | 0.150 0.020 | 0.867 0.135 | 2.313 0.770 | 0.28 (0.20–0.36) 0.08 (0.01–0.05) | |||
| Heavy industry | (2) | 0.040 | 0.045 | 0.100 | 0.150 | 0.140 | 1.035 | 2.920 | 0.52 (0.16–0.88) | |||
| Sweden | ||||||||||||
| Rappe et al. (1989a) | Rörvik; ambient air | G BSI | ||||||||||
| Wind WSW | (1) | 9/85 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.057d | 0.050 | |||
| (1) | 1/86 | < 0.001 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.140d | 0.064 | ||||
| Wind W, N & E | (1) | 1/86 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.210d | 0.160 | |||
| Wind E & N | (1) | 1/86 | 0.005 | 0.035 | 0.007 | 0.014 | 0.032 | 1.00d | 0.540 | |||
| Wind SE | (1) | 2/86 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.110d | – | |||
| Wind NE Gothenburg; ambient air | (1) | 2/86 | < 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.270d | 0.160 | |||
| Wind W, N & E | (1) | 1/86 | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.380d | 0.290 | |||
| Wind E & N | (1) | 1/86 | 0.009 | 0.066 | 0.019 | 0.046 | 0.092 | 2.900d | 1.900 | |||
| Wind SE | (1) | 2/86 | < 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.230d | 1.040 | |||
| Antonsson et al. (1989) | Workplace ain (steelmills); close to furnace | 88 | G/X BSI | No information | 0.80–6.4c | |||||||
| Overhead crane | No information | 1.8–14c | ||||||||||
| Crane cabin | No information | 2.8–5.6c | ||||||||||
| United Kingdom | ||||||||||||
| Clayton et al. (1993) | Ambient ain Cardiff | (42) | 1/91– 9/92 | N B | Mean (range) total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 2.3 (ND-66) | 0.100 (ND-0.86) | ||||||
| Manchester | (43) | 3/91– 9/92 | Mean (range) total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 2.1 (ND-46) | 0.102 (0.001–1.81) | ||||||||
| London | (43) | 1/91– 11/92 | Mean (range) total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 2.2 (ND-17) | 0.06 (ND-0.65) | ||||||||
| Stevenage | (43) | 1/91– 4/92 | Mean (range) total 2,3,7,8-isomers, 1.7 (ND-9) | 0.039 (ND-0.80) | ||||||||
| Dyke & Coleman (1995) | Ambient ain Before bonfire During bonfire After bonfire | (1) (1) (1) | 11/94 | GP CSI | No information No information No information | 0.12–0.15 0.62–0.65 0.14–0.17 | ||||||
| United States | ||||||||||||
| Eitzer & Hites (1989) | Bloomington; ambient, municipal | (55) | 85–87 | G/P CSN | No further isomers reported | 0.89 | ||||||
| Trout Lake; ambient, rural | (2) | No further isomers reported | 0.16 | |||||||||
| Smith et al. (1989) | Niagara Falls; ambient air | G/P CSI | ||||||||||
| Downwind from | (1) | 11/86 | ND | ND | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.55 | 1.59 | |||
| industry | (1) | 11/86 | ND | 0.49 | 0.64 | 1.06 | ND | 5.43 | 8.88 | |||
| (1) | 1/86 | ND | ND | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | ND | 1.83 | ||||
| Upwind from | (1) | 11/86 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.34 | 1.40 | |||
| industry | (1) | 1/87 | ND | ND | ND | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 1.36 | |||
| (1) | 2/87 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.51 | 5.79 | ||||
| Edgerton et al. (1989) | Akron; 2 km from MWI | 87 | G/P BSN | < 0.20 < 0.16 < 0.01 | < 0.27 < 0.11 < 0.03 | 0.035 0.055 0.032 | 0.052 0.053 0.053 | 0.050 0.026 0.017 | 0.52 0.53 0.57 | 1.00 1.20 1.20 | ||
| Columbus; | ||||||||||||
| 3/4 km from RDF | < 0.82 | < 0.06 | < 0.028 | < 0.028 | < 0.028 | 0.26 | 0.51 | |||||
| 1/4 km from SSI | < 0.24 | < 0.05 | < 0.039 | 0.078 | 0.064 | 0.52 | 1.10 | |||||
| Highway | < 0.15 | < 0.08 | < 0.032 | < 0.032 | < 0.032 | 0.32 | 0.96 | |||||
| Waldo; Background | < 0.06 | < 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.24 | 0.50 | |||||
| Hahn et al. (1989) | Workplace air; bottom ash | 1/88 | G/P/X N | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.431 | 2.141 | ||
| conveyor Feed table floor | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.039 | 1.012 | 9.494 | |||||
| Tiernan et al. (1989) | Dayton, OH; ambient air, near MWI | 88 | N | ND | 0.57 | 0.63 | 1.19 | 0.91 | 6.02 | 8.26 | ||
| Kominsky & Kwoka (1989) | Boston Office building Ambient air | (12) (4) | 9/86 | G/Si CN | < 0.3–< 1.4 < 0.4–< 0.6 | < 0.2–< 1.1 < 0.5–< 1.6 | < 0.25–< 0.95 < 0.27–< 0.51 | < 0.66–2.0 < 1.2–1.6 | 3.2–7.6 3.5–5.6 | |||
| Harless et al. (1990) | Green Bay, WI; ambient air | (4) | 89 | G/P BSI | < 0.01–< 0.04 | < 0.02–< 0.08 | < 0.01–0.01 | 0.01–0.03 | < 0.01–0.02 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.3–0.4 | |
| Hunt & Maisel (1990) | Bridgeport, CT; ambient air | (29) | 87–88 | G/P BSI | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.030 | 0.043 | 0.075 | 0.477 | 2.10 | |
| Maisel (1990) | Bridgeport MWI; ambient preoperational | (22) | 87–88 | G/P BSI | < 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.030 | 0.046 | 0.080 | 0.47 | ||
| Maisel & Hunt (1990) | Los Angeles, CA; ambient air | (1) | W/87 | G/P BSI | < 0.010 | < 0.039 | < 0.076 | < 0.083 | < 0.086 | 0.25 | 1.9 | |
| Hunt & Maisel (1992) | S. California; Session I | (6) | 12/87 | G/P BSI | < 0.020 | < 0.136 | < 0.196 | < 0.410 | < 0.392 | 2.02 | 2,46 | |
| Session II | (2) | 12/87 | < 0.006 | < 0.014 | < 0.010 | < 0.008 | < 0.010 | 0.230 | 1.25 | |||
| Session III | (5) | 7/88 | < 0.026 | < 0.060 | < 0.086 | < 0.082 | < 0.104 | < 1.796 | 3.18 | |||
| Session IV | (6) | 7/88 | < 0.034 | < 0.056 | < 0.082 | < 0.076 | < 0.150 | < 3.52 | 5.26 | |||
| Session V | (7) | 9/88 | < 0.024 | < 0.026 | < 0.032 | < 0.050 | < 0.028 | 0.377 | 1.13 | |||
| Session VI | (1) | 11/88 | < 0.012 | < 0.022 | < 0.036 | < 0.054 | < 0.050 | 0.227 | 0.437 | |||
| Session VII | (6) | 3/89 | < 0.024 | < 0.186 | < 0.026 | < 0.026 | < 0.030 | 0.248 | 2.05 | |||
| Mean, all sessions | (33) | < 0.024 | < 0.088 | < 0.076 | < 0.118 | < 0.128 | < 2.02 | < 5.60 | ||||
| Schecter & Charles (1991) | Binghamton; transformer incident | 81–82 | N | No information | 352e | |||||||
| site | 89–90 | No information | 74e | |||||||||
| Upper floors | 81–82 | No information | 202e | |||||||||
| 89–90 | No information | 2.9e | ||||||||||
| Lorber et at. (1996a) | Columbus, OH; running MWI | (6) | 3/94 | N | No information | 0.067 | ||||||
| (6) | 4/94 | No information | 0.118 | |||||||||
| Shut down MWI | (7) | 6/95 | No information | 0.049 | ||||||||
| Columbus high; running MWI | (2) | 94 | No information | 0.26 | ||||||||
| Shut down MWI | (2) | 95 | No information | 0.09 | ||||||||
| Columbus low; running MWI | (2) | 94 | No information | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Shut down MWI | NG | 95 | No information | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Riggs et al. (1996) | Edgemont, OH; 2.4 km N of MWI | (6) | 9/95 | G/P CSO | No information | 0.206 | ||||||
| Kettering; 1.6 km N of MWI | (6) | No information | 0.057 | |||||||||
| Site 8; 0.5 km SW of MWI | (6) | No information | 0.045 | |||||||||
| Miami Villa; 1.4 km SW of MWI | (6) | No information | 0.016 | |||||||||
| Background; 15 km N of Dayton | (1) | No information | 0.006. | |||||||||
Analytical methods: All analyses use high-resolution gas chromatography; B, high-resolution mass spectrometry; C, low-resolution mass spectrometry; I, isomer-speciflc; O, others; N, no information; S, sophisticated clean-up; R, reduced clean-up; W, WHO-accepted laboratory
Sampling methods: G, glass fibre filter; P, polyurethane foam; X, XAD; C, carbon; Si, silica; Ps, personal sampling
ND, not detected; HWI, hospital waste incinerator; MWI, municipal waste incinerator; SSI, sewage sludge incinerator; RDF, refuse-derived fuel incinerator; W, winter
Data presented are means. Figures in parentheses are ranges. Levels of congeners not detected at known detection limits (for examples, 0.02 pg/m3) are presented as < 0.02
- a
German TEQ
- b
Including PCBs contribution
- c
Nordic TEQ
- d
Contains non-toxic isomers
- e
Eadon-TEQ
Table 2Concentrations of PCDDs in water
| Reference | Origin; sample description (and no.) | Coll. period | Anal. meth. | PCDD concentration (pg/L; ppt) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ PCDD/PCDF | |||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Canada | ||||||||||||
| Jobb et al. (1990) | Ontario; Amherstburg; drinking water, raw | 5 | 85–86 | AB/CS | – | – | – | – | – | – | 20–115 | |
| Cayuga; drinking water, raw | 1 | 87 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 42 | |||
| Lambton Area; drinking water, raw | 2 | 86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13–38 | |||
| Mitchell's Bay; drinking water, raw | 4 | 85–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 24–140 | |||
| South Peel Area; drinking water, raw | 1 | 83 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 30 | |||
| St. Catharines; drinking water, raw | 3 | 83–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 39–90 | |||
| Stoney Point; drinking water, raw | 4 | 85–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 24–120 | |||
| Wallaceburg; drinking water, raw | 2 | 85–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12–175 | |||
| Wallaceburg; drinking water, treated | 1 | 86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19 | |||
| Canada (contd) | ||||||||||||
| Jobb et al. (1990) (contd) | Walpole Island; drinking water, treated | 2 | 86 | AB/CS | – | – | – | – | – | – | 28–41 | |
| Walpole Island; drinking water, raw | 2 | 86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9–35 | |||
| Welland river; drinking water, raw | 1 | 86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25 | |||
| Windsor; drinking water, raw | 8 | 85–86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 22–63 | |||
| Windsor; drinking water, treated | 1 | 86 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 46 | |||
| Germany | ||||||||||||
| Götz et al.(1994) | River Elbe; Bunthaus d and PB | 8/90 | ABSIW | 0.220 | 0.409 | 0.732 | 1.120 | 1.936 | 15.065 | 64.6 | 3.15 | |
| Blankenese d and PB | 8/90 | 0.090 | 0.107 | 0.322 | 0.351 | 0.814 | 3.209 | 12.8 | 1.21 | |||
| Japan | ||||||||||||
| Hashimoto et al. (1995a) | Matsuyama Coastal seawater, d | 1a | 8/90 | ACIS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Coastal seawater, PB | 1b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.068 | 2.5 | ||||
| Hashimoto et al. (1995a) (contd) | Misaki Coastal seawater, d | 1a | 8/90 | ACIS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.10 | |
| Coastal seawater, PB | 1b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.1 | ||||
| Matsumara et al. (1994) | Coastal seawater | 1 | NG | ABIS | 0.020 | 0.014 | 0.040 | 0.070 | 0.088 | 0.250 | 0.340 | |
| Miyata et al. (1992, 93) | Nagahama Wellwater, S | 1a | 10– 11/91 | ABIS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.19 | |
| Wellwater, PB | 1b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.62 | 11.73 | ||||
| Home tap water, S | 1a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.29 | ||||
| Home tap water, PB | 1b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.24 | ||||
| Hirakata Home tap water, S | 2a | 10– 11/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.72– 0.88 | |||
| Home tap water, PB | 2b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.51– 0.79 | ||||
| Osaka Home tap water, S | 2a | 10– 11/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.09–0.14 | 0.85– 1.33 | |||
| Home tap water, PB | 2b | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.58– 0.86 | ||||
| Russian Federation | ||||||||||||
| Fedorov (1993) | Ufa, north; drinking water | 4/92 | N | 27.5 | ||||||||
| Ufa, south; drinking water | 4/92 | 48.8 | ||||||||||
| Russian Federation (contd) | ||||||||||||
| Fedorov (1993) | Ufa, Iziak; drinking water | 4/92 | 167,0 | |||||||||
| Ufa; Dem; drinking water | 4/92 | N | 83.5 | |||||||||
| Chapaevsk; Artesian drinking water | 6– 9/92 | 20.3 | 31.3 | 18.0 | 16,7 | 235 | 55.7 | |||||
| Ufa, Chapaevsk; river water | 3– 6/90 | 25 000 | 760 000 | |||||||||
| Khamitov & Maystrenko (1995) | Ufa; drinking water | 90 | N | No isomer-specific information | 0.5–1.0 | |||||||
| Belaja river; river water | 90 | No isomer-specific information | 2.3–5.7 | |||||||||
| Belaja river/Ufa; river water | 90 | No isomer-specific information | 1.7–6.0 | |||||||||
| Ufa river/w.i.; river water | 90 | No isomer-specific information | 0.6–1.0 | |||||||||
| Inzer river; river water | 90 | No isomer-specific information | 1.8 | |||||||||
| Zilim river; river water | 90 | No isomer-specific information | 0.2 | |||||||||
| Sweden | ||||||||||||
| Rappe et al. (1989b) | Bälinge, Uppsala; MWTP, in | 1 | 87 | ABIS | < 1.2 | < 3.6 | < 7 | < 5 | < 5 | 62 | 730 | |
| MWTP, out Henriksdal, Stockholm; | 1 | 87 | < 0.26 | < 0.77 | < 2 | < 1.5 | < 1.5 | 2.8 | 14 | |||
| MWTP, in | 1 | 87 | < 1.6 | < 4.8 | < 9 | < 14 | < 20 | 70 | 620 | |||
| MWTP, out | 1 | 87 | < 0.28 | < 0.70 | < 2 | < 3 | < 4 | < 6.1 | 39 | |||
| Rappe et al. (1989b)(contd) | Järnsjön; Eman river | 1 | 87 | ABIS | < 0.024 | < 0.039 | 0.054 | 0.120 | 0.075 | 0.300 | 2.000 | |
| Fliseryd; Eman river | 1 | 87 | < 0.020 | < 0.025 | < 0.014 | < 0.013 | < 0.015 | 0.150 | 0.790 | |||
| Filtered water; Eman river | 1 | 87 | < 0.023 | < 0.019 | < 0.027 | < 0.024 | < 0.029 | 0.057 | 0.170 | |||
| Blank; Laboratory | 1 | 87 | < 0.039 | < 0.034 | < 0.045 | < 0.040 | < 0.049 | < 0.083 | 0.180 | |||
| Rappe et al. (1990a) | Ringhals, in; sea cooling water | 1 | 89 | ABIS | < 0.005 | < 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.0047 | 0.0054 | 0.110 | 0.620 | 0.0083 |
| Ringhals, out; sea cooling water | 1 | 89 | < 0.005 | < 0.003 | < 0.006 | 0.0067 | < 0.005 | 0.070 | 0.240 | 0.0075 | ||
| Ringhals, in; sea cooling water | 1 | 89 | 0.0019 | 0.0009 | 0.0011 | 0.0015 | < 0.002 | 0.030 | 0.185 | 0.0057 | ||
| Ringhals, out; sea cooling water | 1 | 89 | 0.0026 | 0.0004 | < 0.002 | 0.0023 | 0.0012 | 0.031 | 0.154 | 0.0063 | ||
| River Ljusnan | 3 | 89 | 0.001–0.0021 | 0.0037– 0.0048 | 0.0018– 0.0022 | 0.018–0.021 | 0.0093– 0.017 | 0.059–0.110 | 0.140– 0.170 | 0.013–.017 | ||
| River Ljungan | 1 | 89 | 0.0031 | < 0.0004 | < 0.0006 | 0.0046 | 0.0027 | 0.036 | 0.140 | 0.014 | ||
| Drinking water | 1 | 89 | 0.0005 | < 0.0005 | < 0.0008 | 0.001 | < 0.0009 | 0.0044 | 0.017 | 0.0029 | ||
| United States | ||||||||||||
| Meyer et al. (1989) | Lockport; Finished water, S | 1 | 8/86 | AC/BOS | < 1.0 | < 1.8 | < 0.9 | < 0.9 | 5.0 | |||
| Finished water, PB | 1 | < 0.7 | < 1,6 | < 0.6 | < 0.5 | 3.6 | ||||||
| Meyer et al. (1989) (contd) | Blank; Distilled water, soluble | 1 | 9/86 | < 1.1 | < 3.9 | < 1.2 | < 1.4 | 6.5 | ||||
| Distilled water; PB | 1 | < 1.0 | < 3.9 | < 0.9 | < 0.8 | 2.3 | ||||||
| Lockport; Finished water, S | 1 | 2/88 | < 3.8 | < 4.9 | < 6.3 | < 12 | < 23 | |||||
| Finished water, PB | 1 | < 4.0 | < 4.8 | < 6.0 | < 9.4 | < 19 | ||||||
| Lockport; Finished water, S | 1 | 8/88 | < 3.4 | < 3.9 | < 4.7 | < 6.8 | 31 | |||||
| Finished water, PB | 1 | < 2.6 | < 3.8 | < 4.4 | < 5.4 | 15 | ||||||
| 19 other locations; Finished water, S | 19 | 86–87 | ND (0.4–2.6) | ND (1.2–7.4) | ND (0.4–3.6) | ND (0.4–6.1) | ND (0.9–15) | |||||
| Finished water, PB | 19 | ND (0.3–2.0) | ND (1.0–8.9) | ND (0.5–4.1) | ND (0.4–15.4) | ND (0.9–69) | ||||||
Analytical methods: A, high-resolution gas chromatography; B, high-resolution mass spectrometry; C, low-resolution mass spectrometry; I, isomer-speciflc; O, others; N, no information; S, sophisticated clean-up; R, reduced clean-up; W, WHO-accepted laboratory
ND, not detected; w.i., water intake; NG, not given
Data presented are means. Figures in parentheses are ranges. Levels of congeners not detected at known detection limits (for examples, 0.02 pg/m3) are presented as < 0.02
S, soluble; PB, particle bound; d, water dissolved; MWTP, municipal water treatment plant
Table 3Concentrations of PCDDs in soil
| Reference | Origin; sample description (and no.) | Coll. period | Anal. meth. | PCDD concentration (ng/kg; ppt) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ PCDD/PCDF | |||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||||
| Australia | ||||||||||||||
| Sund et al. (1993) | Melbourne; Park; urban area | 1 | 90 | ABSN | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 1200 | 2.1 | ||||||
| Near Tullamarine tip; industrial area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 1200 | 2.1 | ||||||||
| Near Maid-road; industrial area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 190 | 0.47 | ||||||||
| Near incinerator; industrial area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 230 | 0.09 | ||||||||
| Park; urban area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 2900 | 1.8 | ||||||||
| Gardens; urban area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 11 000 | 8.2 | ||||||||
| Near incinerator; industrial area | 1 | 90 | ND | No further isomer-specific information | 1000 | 1.0 | ||||||||
| Werribee farm; land filtration paddock | 1 | 90 | 34 | No isomer-specific information | 75 000 | 520 | ||||||||
| Buckland et al., (1994) | 300 m fr. road; burnt area | 1 | 94 | ABSI | No isomer-specific information | 2.2 | ||||||||
| 100 m fr. road; unburnt area | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 3.1 | ||||||||||
| 300 m fr. road; burnt area | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 35.1/38.5 | ||||||||||
| 5 m fr. road; unburnt area | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 8.7 | ||||||||||
| 1 km fr. highway; burnt area | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| 5 m fr. highway; unburnt area | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 10.0 | ||||||||||
| High traffic; unbumt area, Sydney | 1 | 94 | No isomer-specific information | 42.6 | ||||||||||
| Austria | ||||||||||||||
| Weiss et al. (1993, 1994) | Linz area; grassland; depth, 0–5 cm | 13 | < 93 | ABSI | No further isomer-specific information | [1.6–14.4] | ||||||||
| Austria (contd) | ||||||||||||||
| Riss et al. (1990) | Brixlegg (Tyrol) 200m downwind | NG | 87 | No isomer-specific information | 420a | |||||||||
| 400 m downwind | NG | 87 | No isomer-specific information | 170a | ||||||||||
| 700 m downwind | NG | 87 | No isomer-specific information | 46a | ||||||||||
| Boos et al. (1992) | Salzburg; Meadow; urban emission | 1 | 90/91 | ACSI | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.3 | 19.4 | 2.3 | ||
| Park; urban emission | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 10.5 | 65.0 | 1.8 | ||||
| Traffic island; heavy traffic | 1 | 90/91 | ND | 4.6 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 1.6 | 64.3 | 305 | 8.3 | ||||
| Meadow; urban | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 1.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 57.7 | 892 | 5.2 | ||||
| emission | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | 1.1 | ND | 45.5 | 328 | 1.8 | ||||
| 1 | 90/91 | ND | 1.1 | ND | 2.4 | ND | 38.9 | 270 | 3.9 | |||||
| 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 2.0 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 121.8 | 1022 | 4.5 | |||||
| Park; urban emission | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 10.6 | 40.8 | 2.2 | ||||
| Meadow; cable proc. plant | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 17.2 | 48.5 | 4.0 | ||||
| 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 13.8 | 29.4 | 6.9 | |||||
| 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | 1.8 | 1.6 | 16.2 | 57.2 | 3.5 | |||||
| Meadow; diffuse | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 1.1 | ND | 10.8 | 19.2 | 3.0 | ||||
| emission | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.7 | 10.1 | 0.8 | ||||
| Diffuse emission, highway 100m | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.9 | 13.2 | 0.6 | ||||
| Diffuse emission, highway 200m | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.5 | 7.5 | 0.9 | ||||
| Steel foundry | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.3 | 17.9 | 1.0 | ||||
| Steel foundry | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 5.9 | 17.7 | 1.8 | ||||
| Industry | 1 | 90/91 | ND | 1.9 | ND | 2.3 | 2.5 | 13.6 | 28.7 | 3.7 | ||||
| Boos et al. (1992) (contd) | Meadow; Alpine background | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.8 | 3.6 | 0.1 | |||
| Urban outsk.; 2ndary Al Smelter | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 1,2 | 1.6 | 6.6 | 24.2 | 2.8 | ||||
| 2ndary Al Smelter | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 7.0 | 23.5 | 5.3 | ||||
| Diffuse emission | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 11.4 | 26.0 | 3.6 | ||||
| Meadow; highway 0.5 m | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 24.6 | 89.1 | 3.1 | ||||
| Industrial area; metal smelter | 1 | 90/91 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 92.0 | 241 | 11.5 | ||||
| Belgium | ||||||||||||||
| Van Cleuvenbergen et al. (1993) | Mol; rural Moerkerke; rural Berendrecht; harbour antwerp Zelzate; industry, highway Ham; industry, highway Vilvoorde; industry, power plant | 92 92 92 92 92 92 | ABSI | No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information | 2.14 2.27 3.81 8.94 2.72 5.76 | |||||||||
| Brazil | ||||||||||||||
| Krauss et al. (1995) | Amazone basin; rural Rio de Janeiro; industrial region Rio de Janeiro; recreation areas Cubatao; heavy industry | < 95 < 95 < 95 < 95 | ABSI | No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information | 0.02–0.4 3–654 0.03–1.8 11–341 | |||||||||
| Canada | ||||||||||||||
| McLaughlin et al. (1989) | Hamilton, Ontario; vicinity incinerator | 14 | 7/83 | ACSO | No further isomer-specific information | 50–3 500 | ||||||||
| Pearson et al. (1990) | Hamilton; vicinity incinerator | 11 | 83 | No further isomer-specific information | 663 [ND-3 500] | |||||||||
| Scarborough; vicinity incinerator | 12 | 87 | No further isomer-specific information | 570 [ND-1 500] | ||||||||||
| Ontario; rural soils | 1 | 83 | No further isomer-specific information | 810 | ||||||||||
| Rural soils | 26 | 87 | No further isomer-specific information | 30 [ND-100] | ||||||||||
| Rural soils | 15 | 88 | No further isomer-specific information | 3 [ND-45] | ||||||||||
| Rural soils | 1 | 88 | No further isomer-specific information | ND | ||||||||||
| Urban soils | 2 | 83 | No further isomer-specific information | 2 070 [940–3 200] | ||||||||||
| Urban soils | 11 | 87 | No further isomer-specific information | 1461 [ND-11000] | ||||||||||
| Urban soils | 15 | 88 | No further isomer-specific information | 3 402 [ND-1 600] | ||||||||||
| Urban soils | 1 | 88 | No further isomer-specific information | 220 | ||||||||||
| China | ||||||||||||||
| Wu et al. (1995) | Ya-Er lake area; 1 | 1 | 91–94 | ACSI | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.49 | 14.6 | 0.11 | ||
| Ya-Er lake area; 2 | 1 | 91–94 | ACSI | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.78 | 24.4 | 0.15 | |||
| Czech Republic | ||||||||||||||
| Zemek & Kocan (1991) | TCP prod, plantb; | ACSI | ||||||||||||
| East | 5 | 86 | 10–400 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| North, intern.b | 10 | 86 | 20–10 800 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| North, extern,b | 13 | 86 | 20–2 200 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Westb | 18 | 86 | ND-11800 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Southb | 14 | 86 | ND-1300 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Drum dumpb | 33 | 86 | ND-29 800 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Finland | ||||||||||||||
| Sandell & Tuominen (1993) | 0–20 cm; Sawmill soil 20–50 cm; Sawmill soil | 14 14 | NG | ABSI | No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information | 1 700–85 000c 100–9 800c | ||||||||
| Assmuth & Vartiainen (1995) | Sawmill soil; depth 0–50 cm | 10 | NG | ABSI | 84–240 | ND | ND | 130–8 700 | ND-290 | 110–20 000 | 370–21 000 | |||
| Germany | ||||||||||||||
| Rotard et al. (1987) | Soil waste; oil contamination | NG | N | ND | – | ND | ND | ND | 300–1 200 | ND | ||||
| Schlesing (1989) | Herbicide plant; Typical | ANSI | ||||||||||||
| Depth, 1 m | 1 | < 89 | 6300 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 2 129 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 2 m | 1 | < 89 | 5300 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 36 800 | |||||||||
| Depth, 3 m | 1 | < 89 | 12 700 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 29 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 4 m Contaminated | 1 | < 89 | 400 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 10 300 | |||||||||
| Depth, 1 m | 1 | < 89 | 166 000 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 349 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 2 m | 1 | < 89 | 698 000 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 202 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 3 m | 1 | < 89 | 54 900 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 164 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 4 m | 1 | < 89 | 200 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 700 | |||||||||
| Depth, 5 m | 1 | < 89 | 400 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 2 500 | |||||||||
| Depth, 6 m | 1 | < 89 | 500 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 3 900 | |||||||||
| Depth, 7 m | 1 | < 89 | 98 200 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 931 000 | |||||||||
| Depth, 8 m | 1 | < 89 | 300 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 1 500 | |||||||||
| Depth, 9 m | 1 | < 89 | 400 | PnCDD-HpCDD, only totals reported | 300 | |||||||||
| Hagenmaier et al. (1992) | Rastatt; Cu smelter Site l | 1 | 87 | ABSI | 2 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 62 | 400 | 30 | ||
| 1 | 89 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 49 | 280 | 26 | |||||
| Site 2 | 1 | 87 | 90 | 470 | 590 | 1040 | 580 | 6 760 | 8 000 | 5 900 | ||||
| 1 | 89 | 90 | 540 | 550 | 950 | 540 | 6 770 | 6 600 | 5 110 | |||||
| Site 3 | 1 | 87 | 10 | 60 | 60 | 100 | 60 | 760 | 1600 | 600 | ||||
| 1 | 89 | 10 | 60 | 50 | 100 | 80 | 700 | 1000 | 600 | |||||
| Site 4 | 1 | 87 | 10 | 40 | 40 | 80 | 120 | 650 | 1 300 | 400 | ||||
| 1 | 89 | 10 | 50 | 70 | 110 | 70 | 820 | 1 100 | 510 | |||||
| She & Hagenmaier (1996) | Rastatt; all samplesd | 77 | 87 | ABSI | 7 [1–130] | 27 [2–1970] | 35 [1–2080] | 61 [4–3 680] | 48 [4–3 430] | 420 [31–22 400] | 800 [40–20 800] | 300 [12–14 500] | ||
| Deister & Pommer (1991) | Schwabach 750 m from MSWI 750 m from MSWI 550 m from MSWI 350 m from MSWI 350 m from MSWI | 5 2 5 5 1 | < 91 < 91 < 91 < 91 < 91 | N | No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information | 0.2–4.3a 3.7–14.5a 0.2–4.1a 0.6–4.4a 20.7a | ||||||||
| Unger & Prinz (1991) | B5 road, 43 000e; 0.1 m from road | < 91 | NNSN | No isomer-specific information | 23.0 | |||||||||
| B3 road, 15 000e; 1.0 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 2.6 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 1.0 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 9.7 | |||||||||||
| B31 road, 50 000e, 1.0 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 44.8 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 2.5 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 20.0 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 5.0 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 2.6 | |||||||||||
| B3 road, 15 000e, 10 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 0.6 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 10 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 1.0 | |||||||||||
| B31 road,50 000Te, 10 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 2.5 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 25 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 0.4 | |||||||||||
| B5 road, 43 000e; 50 m from road | < 91 | No isomer-specific information | 0.4 | |||||||||||
| Theisen et al. (1993) | Kieselrot, Cu slag Near Kieselrot, sports ground; garden soil | 92 92 | ABSI | 1800 4 | 8000 26 | 3800 8 | 4200 14 | 3900 11 | 78 300 439 | 530 000 3 450 | 64 500 154 | |||
| Corresponding standard soil | 92 | < 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2 | 2 | 26.8 | 170 | 3.8 | |||||
| McLachlan & Reissinger (1990) | Bavaria; Field 1 ; no sludgef | 1 | 89 | ACSI | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 3.3 | 9.4 | 0.84a | ||
| Field 2; sludge for 10yf | 1 | 89 | 0.05 | 0.47 | 0.76 | 5.0 | 2.7 | 44 | 100 | 3.7a | ||||
| Field 3; sludge for 30yf | 1 | 89 | 0.16 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 17.0 | 8.2 | 130 | 250 | 9.4a | ||||
| Meadow; Sludge for 30 yb | 1 | 89 | 0.24 | 1,9 | 3.9 | 25 | 13 | 200 | 360 | 15a | ||||
| Sewage sludge | 1 | 89 | 1.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 31 | 20 | 910 | 4 400 | 42a | ||||
| Rotard et al. (1994) | Ploughland Grassland | 14 7 | < 94 < 94 | ACSI | ND ND | ND 0.4 [0.4–0.4] | 1.2 [0.8–1.4] ND [ND] | 1.5 [1.1–1.8] 1.9 [1.4–2.9] | 2.0 [1.6–2.4] 1.7 [1.7–1.7] | 9.1 [4.1–21.9] 14.6 [7.1–35] | 32 [7.4–88] 44 [26–87] | 1.7 [0.3–3.7] 2.3 [0.4–4.8] | ||
| Deciduous forest | 9 | < 94 | 1.4 [0.5–3.0] | 8.3 [1.1–29] | 6.5 [1.5–20.9] | 12.4 [3.1–49] | 19.1 [3.6–82] | 121 [23–399] | 283 [60–759] | 38 [5.9–102] | ||||
| Coniferous forest | 11 | < 94 | 1.3 [ND-4.0] | 5.1 [ND-8.9] | 5.8 [2.1–14] | 11.1 [3.7–29] | 16.2 [5.3–54] | 109 [36–272] | 320 [100–692] | 37 [11.1–112] | ||||
| Kujawa et al. (1995) | Brandenburg; Rural | 49 | < 94 | ACSN | No isomer-specific information | 1–54 | ||||||||
| Italy | ||||||||||||||
| di Domenico et al.(1993b) | Sea level Alt 800–1300 m | 10 11 | 91 91 | ACSI | 0.025+ 0.036+ | 0.045 0.084 | 0.068 0.074 | 0.11 0.18 | 0.23 0.32 | 2.2 3.6 | 15 29 | |||
| Caves | 6 | 91 | 0.025+ | 0.030+ | 0.038+ | 0.038+ | 0.038+ | 0.11 | 2.5 | |||||
| Japan | ||||||||||||||
| Nakamura et al., (1994) | Agricultural field Agricultural field Agricultural field | 1 1 1 | NG NG NG | ABSI | No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information No isomer-specific information | 271 49 42.4 | ||||||||
| Jordan | ||||||||||||||
| Alawi et al. (1996a) | Landfill,Amman Sample 1 | 1 | 95 | ACSI | < 10 | 343 | 536 | 733 | 567 | 3 960 | 3250 | 1470a | ||
| Sample 2 | 1 | 95 | < 10 | 87 | 85 | 132 | 98 | 1390 | 3510 | 323a | ||||
| Sample 3 | 1 | 95 | < 10 | 37 | 48 | 86 | 56 | 453 | 474 | 122a | ||||
| Sample 4 | 1 | 95 | < 10 | 36 | 31 | 50 | 34 | 210 | 202 | 192a | ||||
| Sample 5 | 1 | 95 | < 10 | 30 | 16 | 35 | 22 | 428 | 544 | 111a | ||||
| Sample 6 | 1 | 95 | < 10 | < 10 | < 10 | < 10 | < 10 | 66 | 154 | 8.2a | ||||
| The Netherlands | 1 | |||||||||||||
| van Wijnen et al. (1992) | Scrap ear dealer Cable burning | 4 3 | 6/88 6/88 | ACSI | ND ND-1100 | ND-110 67–2 000 | ND-12 0–2 100 | 30–80 91–6 800 | 24–88 130–3 400 | 290–820 550–25000 | 790–3 600 860–17 000 | 60–160 380–16 000 | ||
| Scrap metal dealer, cable burning | 1 | 6/88 | 170 | 590 | 72 | 460 | 280 | 21000 | 89 000 | 1600 | ||||
| 2 | 6/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 950–14 000 | 4 600–5 000 | 230–800 | |||||
| Scrap car and open air cable burning | 4 | 6/88 | 130–840 | 350–2 200 | ND-1200 | 360–3400 | 320–2 800 | 900–14 000 | 1 100–10 000 | 1 200–9 900 | ||||
| 3 | 6/88 | 2100–3400 | 6 800–8 800 | 8 100–14 000 | 30 000–33 000 | 20 000–28 000 | 150 000–200 000 | 140 000–370 000 | 72 000–98 000 | |||||
| 3 | 6/88 | 190–240 | 100–930 | 610–1 900 | 1 900–4 800 | 1 300–3 400 | 13 000–37 000 | 8 500–730 000 | 4 100–12 000 | |||||
| Russian Federation | ||||||||||||||
| Pervunina et al. (1992) | Bashkiriya; Chlorophenol, 2,4-D production site | 3 | NG | ACSI | 900–40 000 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||
| Moscow region; TCP production site | 2 | NG | 1 000–4 800 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Samara region; PCP production site | 1 | NG | 18 700 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Fedorov (1993) | Chapaevsk | N | ||||||||||||
| Soil, near sect. 23 | 10/90 | 18 700 | Only total reported | – | ||||||||||
| Street dust | 6/91 | 0.2 | Only total reported | 660 | 2 000 | |||||||||
| Farming area | 6/91 | – | Only total reported | 34 | 120 | |||||||||
| Farming area | 7/92 | – | Only total reported | 9 600 | ||||||||||
| Potato field | 7/92 | 68 | Only total reported | 13 300 | ||||||||||
| Russian Federation (contd) | ||||||||||||||
| Fedorov (1993) (contd) | Chapaevsk; rest zone Incinerator Ufa | 1 | 7/92 | 56 | Only total reported | 76 | 256 | |||||||
| Near sect. N 15 | 10/90 | 8 000 | 1 230 | 1 900 | 56 000 | 18 100 | ||||||||
| Near sect. N 11 | 10/90 | 40 000 | 9 000 | 4 300 | 10 200 | 29 000 | ||||||||
| Fedorov et al. (1993) | Chapaevsk; CFP on site | 3 | 92–93 | ACNN | 20–3 000 | Only total reported | 30 000–134 000 | 100–46 200 | ||||||
| 1.5 km from CFP | 2 | 92–93 | < 1–7.5 | Only total reported | 3 900–64 000 | 50–298 | ||||||||
| 2 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | 1.5 | Only total reported | 13 000 | 40 | ||||||||
| 3 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | < 1 | Only total reported | 4 800 | 30 | ||||||||
| 6 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | < 1 | Only total reported | 4310 | 14 | ||||||||
| 7 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | < 1 | Only total reported | 960 | 10 | ||||||||
| 8 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | < 1 | Only total reported | 200 | 4 | ||||||||
| 12 km from CFP | 1 | 92–93 | < 1 | Only total reported | < 5 | < 4 | ||||||||
| Spain | ||||||||||||||
| Jiménez et al. (1996a) | Madrid; SW, 400 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ABSO | 0.98 | 0.23 | – | 0.23 | – | 1.60 | 6.52 | 2.28 | ||
| SE, 1200 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 1.51 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 1.18 | 1.53 | 26.24 | 136.7 | 4.11 | ||||
| NE, 600 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ND | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.36 | ND | 4,28 | 20.4 | 1.85 | ||||
| NW, 1200 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | – | 0.36 | – | – | – | 1.73 | 6.84 | 1.36 | ||||
| W, 2000 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 0.89 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.07 | 8.76 | 1.99 | ||||
| SW, 2000 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 2.62 | 1.04 | 1.27 | 2.92 | 4.05 | 34.6 | 171.3 | 11.4 | ||||
| N, 2000 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ND | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 1.75 | 9.42 | 0.69 | ||||
| S, 1200 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | – | – | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.61 | 1.74 | 7.43 | 2.03 | ||||
| NE, 2600 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 2.93 | 15.7 | 1.23 | ||||
| NE, 2600 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 1.03 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 3.64 | 24.9 | 2.59 | ||||
| NE, 2600 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 3.66 | 21.9 | 1.83 | ||||
| NE, 3000 m fr, CWI | 1 | 93 | ND | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 3.75 | 17.5 | 1.52 | ||||
| NE, 3000 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 2.54 | 23.01 | 0.82 | ||||
| NE, 3000 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ND | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 1.58 | 7.01 | 0.82 | ||||
| Control; NW, 4500 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ND | ND | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.48 | 1.36 | 5.93 | 0.71 | ||||
| Jiménez et al. (1996a) (contd) | Madrid, control; NE, 4500 m fr. CWI | 1 | 93 | ABSO | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.32 | 1.52 | 8.85 | 0.69 | ||
| Schuhmacher et al. (1996) | Tarragona; 250 m fr. MSWI | 6 | < 96 | ABSO | ND | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 2.12 | 234.1 | 0.48 | ||
| 500 m fr. MSWI | 6 | < 96 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 3.39 | 23.1 | 0.36 | ||||
| 750 m fr. MSWI | 6 | < 96 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 6.67 | 54.8 | 0.84 | ||||
| 1000 m fr. MSWI | 6 | < 96 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 1.72 | 7.62 | 0.53 | ||||
| NE fr. MSWI | 8 | < 96 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.69 | 2.27 | 0.23 | ||||
| SE fr. MSWI | 8 | < 96 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 8.11 | 60.0 | 0.63 | ||||
| SE fr, MSWI | 8 | < 96 | – | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 1.37 | 7.06 | 0.23 | ||||
| Sweden | ||||||||||||||
| Rappe et al. (1991b) | Plant B; soil I Plant B; soil II | 1 1 | 90 90 | ABSI | < 10 < 7 | < 11 < 11 | < 2.8 < 3.3 | < 13 < 6.9 | < 2.4 < 2.2 | 33 69 | 160 400 | 11 000b 870b | ||
| Outside plant B Grassfield; soil III | 1 | 90 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.1 | 25 | 5.3b | ||||
| Plant B;soil IV | 1 | 90 | < 0.1 | < 0.1 | < 0.2 | 3.6 | 2 | 81 | 820 | 440b | ||||
| Plant B; soil V | 1 | 90 | < 0.4 | < 0.4 | < 0.8 | < 0.7 | < 0.8 | 1.5 | 30 | 96b | ||||
| Plant B; C12 prod.; soil VI | 1 | 90 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 1.2 | 21 | 9.9 | 6.8 | 49 | 1 400b | ||||
| Taiwan | ||||||||||||||
| Huang et al. (1992) | Electric wire incinerator site | 1 1 | 89 89 | ABSI | 17 2 | 64 249 | 25 242 | 81 289 | 20 242 | 607 2162 | 37 5 | |||
| Mainly magnetic card | 1 | 89 | ND | ND | 1 | – | – | 8 | 1 | |||||
| incinerator site | 1 | 89 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||||
| 1 | 89 | 8 | 4 | – | 2 | 2 | 9 | – | ||||||
| 1 | 89 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1 | – | ||||||
| Soong & Ling (1996) | PCP production plant site | 1 1 | < 96 < 96 | ACSO | 19 2646 | 69 28850 | 192 50 770 | 794 1 337 000 | 375 130 600 | 39530 23 670 000 | 433 900 206 900 000 | 2 150 1 357 000 | ||
| United Kingdom | ||||||||||||||
| Kjeller et al. (1991) | Rothamsted (semi-rural); Archived samples (0–23 cm depth) | 1 1 1 | 1846 1856 1893 | ABSI | 0.048 0.033 0.029 | 0.13 0.09 0.09 | 0.18 0.13 0.12 | 0.31 0.12 0.1 | 0.28 0.14 0.13 | 2.8 1.2 1.5 | 13 7.8 11 | |||
| 1 | 1914 | 0.040 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 2.0 | 11 | ||||||
| 1 | 1944 | 0.043 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 1.8 | 12 | ||||||
| 1 | 1956 | 0.049 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 3.5 | 13 | ||||||
| 1 | 1966 | 0.060 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 5.3 | 32 | ||||||
| 1 | 1980 | 0.079 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 4.6 | 20 | ||||||
| 1 | 1986 | 0.058 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.57 | 0.48 | 6.3 | 25 | ||||||
| Creaser et al., (1989) | 50 km grid UK; All samples | 77 | < 89 | ABSI | < 0.5 [< 0.5–6.4] | < 0.5 [< 0.5–7.8] | Only totals reported | 277 [29–1365] | ||||||
| Reduced data-set | 65 | < 89 | < 0.5 [0.5–2.1] | < 0.5 [0.5–2.4] | Only totals reported | 191 [29–832] | ||||||||
| Creaser et al. (1990) | Urban soils (5 cities) | 19 | < 90 | ABSI | 0.7 [< 0.5–4.2] | 2.4 [< 0.5–11] | Only totals reported | 9980 [176–99 000] | ||||||
| Stenhouse & Badsha (1990) | Different semi-urban sites | 12 | 90 | ABSO | 3 [1–7] | < 1 [< 1–1] | 4 [2–8] | 33 [10–61] | 58 [20–150] | 8 [3–20] | ||||
| Foxall & Lovett (1994) | South Wales; close to incinerator plant | 42 | 91/93 | N | 66 [2.5–1745] | |||||||||
| United States | ||||||||||||||
| Kimbrough et al. (1977) | E. Missouri; Horse arena A | 8/71 | N | 31.8–33 × 106 | No further isomer-specific information | |||||||||
| Arena A (excavated) | 8/74 | None | No further isomer-specific information | |||||||||||
| Arena C | 8/74 | 0.22–0.85 × 106 | No further isomer-specific information | |||||||||||
| Farmroad soil | 9/74 | 0.61 × 106 | No further isomer-specific information | |||||||||||
| United States (contd) | ||||||||||||||
| Viswanathan et al. (1985) | E. Missouri; Denney's farm | 27 | NG | ACSO | 46 × 106– 9.6 × 109 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||
| Other sites | 22 | NG | 2 200– 1 500 000 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Nestrick et al. (1986) | Dow, Midland; Chlorophenol prod. area, top soil | 83 | ACSI | 41–5 200 | No further isomer-specific information | |||||||||
| Waste incinerator area, top soil | 10 | 83 | 18–4 300 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Background, top soil | 11 | 83 | 6.5–590 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Various; Industrial areas of US cities, top soil | 20 | 83 | < 0.2–9.4 | No further isomer-specific information | ||||||||||
| Reed et al. (1990) | Elk River, MI Site 1 untilledg | 1 | 9/88 | ABSI | ND | ND | ND | 14 | 9.9 | 300 | 2300 | |||
| Site 1 tilledg | 1 | 9/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 37 | 340 | |||||
| Site 2 untilledg | 1 | 9/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 78 | 680 | |||||
| Site 2 tilledg | 1 | 9/88 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.7 | 360 | 3 300 | |||||
| Rappe et al. (1995) | S. Mississippi; rural | 36 | 94 | ABSI | No further isomer-specific information | Range: 11–15 000 | 3.14 [0.08–22.6] | |||||||
| Lorber et al. (1996b) | Columbus, OH; MSWI, on site | 4 | 95 | ABSI | 29 | 180 | 143 | 138 | 202 | 765 | 1495 | |||
| MSWI, downwind off site | 4 | 95 | 4 | 18 | 16 | 26 | 28 | 459 | 3893 | |||||
| City of Columbus; urban | 14 | 95 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 112 | 892 | |||||
| Ohio; Rural | 3 | 95 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 18 | 161 | |||||
| Viet Nam | ||||||||||||||
| Matsuda et al. (1994) | Hanoi; background Hue, Phu Loc; sprayed area | 5 6 | 89–91 89–91 | ACSI | ND 4.37–16.8 | No further isomer-specific information No further isomer-specific information | 66.3–578 72.8–1 318 | |||||||
| Ho Chi Minh; sprayed area | 9 | 89–91 | 2.98–59.2 | No further isomer-specific information | 317–1 865 | |||||||||
| Tay Ninh; sprayed area | 54 | 89–91 | 1.2–38.5 | No further isomer-specific information | 17–16 000 | |||||||||
| Song Be; sprayed area | 11 | 89–91 | 6.0 | No further isomer-specific information | 11–880 | |||||||||
| Tarn Nong; sprayed area | 4 | 89–91 | – | No further isomer-specific information | 69 | |||||||||
| Dog Bin Kieu; sprayed area | 6 | 89–91 | – | No further isomer-specific information | 180–380 | |||||||||
| Ca Mau; sprayed area | 16 | 89–91 | – | No further isomer-specific information | 210–900 | |||||||||
Analytical methods; A, high-resolution gas chromatography; B, high-resolution mass spectrometry; C, low-resolution mass spectrometry; I, isomer-specific; O, others; N, no information; S, sophisticated clean-up; R, reduced clean-up; W, WHO-accepted laboratory
ND, not detected, detection limit in parentheses; [ ], range; +, contains 50% of detection limit
Data presented are means. Figures in parentheses are ranges. Levels of congeners not detected at known detection limits (for examples, 0.02 pg/m3) are presented as < 0.02
S, soluble; PB, particle bound; MWTP, municipal water treatment plant; CFP, chemical fertilizer plant; CWI, clinical waste incinerator; MSWI, municipal solid-waste incinerator; NG, not given
- a
German TEQ
- b
Sample depth, 0–20 cm
- c
Nordic TEQ
- d
Median values
- e
Cars per day
- f
Sample depth: 0–30 cm
- g
Sample depth, 0–2.5 cm
Table 4PCDD/PCDFF content in various materials from different areas of Brazil
| Area | Material | ng I-TEQ/kg |
|---|---|---|
| Amazon basin | ||
| Eucalipto (eucalyptus trees) | Leaves (n = 5) < 2 mm (n = 3)a Soil (n = 2) | 0.19 0.04 0.4 |
| Capoeira (wood cut) | Leaves (n = 5) < 2 mm (n = 3) Soil (n = 3) | 0.07 0.08 0.05 |
| Mata natural 1 (natural forest) | Leaves (n =5) < 2 mm (n = 3) Soil (n = 2) | 0.03 0.1 0.05 |
| Mata natural 2 (natural forest) | Leaves (n = 5) < 2 mm (n = 3) Soil (n = 2) | 0.02 0.02 0.03 |
| Mata degradada (new-grown forest) | Leaves (n = 5) < 2 mm (n = 3) Soil (n = 2) | 0.03 0.05 0.1 |
| Rio de Janeiro – industrial regions | ||
| Niterói, hospital waste incineration | Soil (from plant) Soil (street nearby) Soil (reference) | 23 73 3 |
| São Gonçalo, metal industry | Soil (nearby) Soil (outer wall) | 35 15 |
| Santa Cruz, iron industry | Sludge Soil Leaves Soil beyond leaves | 21 27 77 654 |
| Rio de Janeiro – recreation areas | ||
| Itaipuaçu | Leaves 1. Soil layer 2. Soil layer | 2.6 0.6 1.8 |
| Serra de Mauá | Leaves Soil | 0.6 0.4 |
| Saquarema | Leaves Soil (sand) | 0.4 0.03 |
| Cubatão, São Paulo – industrial region | ||
| Ultrafertil (fertilizer production) | Leaves Soil | 10 11 |
| Eletropaulo (chlorochemistry plant) | Leaves Soil | 12 54 |
| Carbocloro (chlorochemistry plant) | Leaves Soil | 49 341 |
From Krauss et al. (1995)
- a
Fraction < 2 mm (detritus plus soil particles)
Table 5Concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in soil samples from former East and West Germany (ng I-TEQ/kg)
| Soil type | East | West |
|---|---|---|
| For defined emitters — traffic, incinerators, landfills | 2–14 | 1–160 |
| Diffuse sources — green land, parks, playgrounds | 1–9 | 0.8–1594 |
| Background — forest soils, forest litter, green land | 1–54 | 0.01–140 |
From Kujawa et al. (1995)
Table 62,3,7,8-TCDD soil levels (in ng/kg) in the City of Midland, MI
| Range | |
|---|---|
| Chlorophenol production site | |
| Locally elevated level area 1 | 52–52 000 |
| Locally elevated level area 2 | 1000–34 000 |
| Other sites | 41–1 100 |
| Chemical plant | |
| Waste incinerator site | 18–4 300 |
| Background area | ND-590 |
| City of Midland | |
| Close to chemical plant | 22–450 |
| Further from chemical plant | 0.6–9.2 |
ND, not detected
Table 72,3,7,8-TCDD soil levels in industrialized areas of US cities (ng/kg)
| Lansing, MI (n = 2) | ND (0.8)−3 | Pittsburgh, PA | 2.6 |
| Gaylord, MI | ND (0.2) | Marcus Hook, PA | 0.4 |
| Detroit, MI (n = 2) | 2.1–3.6 | Philadelphia, PA | 0.9 |
| Chicago, IL (n = 2) | 4.2–9.4 | Clifton Heights, PA | ND (0.4) |
| Middletown, OH (n = 2) | ND (0.3) | Brooklyn, NY | 2.6 |
| Barberton, OH | 5.6 | South Charleston, WV | ND (0.4) |
| Akron, OH | 6.3 | Arlington, VA | ND (0.4) |
| Nashville, TN | 0.8 | Newport News, VA | 0.4 |
ND, not detected; detection limits in parentheses
Table 8PCDD/PCDF concentrations in Mississippi (USA) soil samples (ng/kg dry matter)
| County | OCDD | I-TEQ | County | OCDD | I-TEQ | County | OCDD | I-TEQ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| George | 36 | 0.16 | Jones | 4 000 | 20.30 | Perry | 140 | 0.52 |
| Jackson | 98 | 0.42 | Jones | 590 | 1.31 | Perry | 18 | 0.17 |
| Jackson | 67 | 0.38 | Jones | 13 000 | 14.30 | Wayne | 39 | 0.17 |
| Jackson | 34 | 0.31 | Jones | 1 200 | 2.81 | Wayne | 210 | 7.15 |
| Jackson | 29 | 0.37 | Lamar | 110 | 0.64 | Wayne | 2 400 | 3.41 |
| Jackson | 20 | 0.27 | Lamar | 174 | 0.55 | Wayne | 11 | 0.08 |
| Forrest | 4 300 | 10.90 | Lamar | 500 | 1.42 | Wayne | 880 | 1.66 |
| Forrest | 260 | 1.12 | Lamar | 140 | 0.36 | Greene | 51 | 0.20 |
| Forrest | 200 | 1.05 | Lamar | 37 | 0.15 | Greene | 410 | 1.03 |
| Forrest | 450 | 0.93 | Perry | 7 100 | 8.09 | Greene | 3 500 | 5.26 |
| Forrest | 110 | 0.25 | Perry | 1 200 | 2.75 | Greene | 36 | 0.18 |
| Jones | 260 | 0.90 | Perry | 15 000 | 22.60 | Greene | 75 | 0.37 |
| I-TEQ: | Mean | 3.14 | Min | 0.08 | ||||
| Median | 0.77 | Max | 22.60 | |||||
Table 9Concentrations of PCDDs in background cow's milk
| Reference | Origin; sample description (and no.) | Coll. period | PCDD concentration (ng/kg fat) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | ||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | |||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | ||||||
| Canada | |||||||||||
| Ryan et al. (1990) | 6 cities (2% fat) | 6 | 1985–88 | 1.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10.0 |
| France | |||||||||||
| Fraisse et al. (1996) | 57 | 1994 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.74 | |
| Germany | |||||||||||
| Beck et al. (1987) | Berlin | 8 | 1987∼ | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | < 2 | < 10 | 1.79 |
| Fürst et al. (1990) | NR West. | 10 | 1989∼ | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 6.2 | 11 | 3.83 |
| Fürst et al. (1992a) | NR West. | 120 | 1990 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.38 |
| Netherlands | |||||||||||
| Liem et al. (1991b) | NR | 1991 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 1.39 | 3.64 | 1.50 | |
| Russian Federation | |||||||||||
| Khamitov et al. (1996) | Bashkortostan | 15 | 1995 | 0.16 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.26 |
| Spain | |||||||||||
| Ramos et al. (1996) | Asturias | 15 | 1995 | ND | 0.36 | 0.24 | 8.93 | 15.8a | 7.21 | 136 | 3.94 |
| Sweden | |||||||||||
| Rappe et al. (1990b) | Malmö Stockholm Umeå Vaxjo Gothenburg | 1 1 1 1 1 | 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 | < 0.4 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.3 < 0.2 | 0.49 < 0.2 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 | 0.3 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 | 1.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 | < 0.3 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 0.2 | 3.1 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.8 | 3.5 2 1.4 4.9 1.6 | 1.77 0.48 0.47 1.08 0.82 |
| Switzerland | |||||||||||
| Rappe et al. (1987b) | Bern (retail) Bowil (pool) | 1 1 | 1986 1986 | < 0.3 < 0.3 | < 1.0 < 1.4 | < 1.7 < 1.4 | < 1.7 < 1.4 | < 1.7 < 1.4 | < 1.6 < 1.5 | < 4.0 < 2.8 | 2.68 2.48 |
| Bowil | 1 | 1986 | < 0.3 | < 1.83 | < 2.29 | < 2.29 | < 2.29 | < 1.51 | < 5.95 | 2.96 | |
| Schmid & Schlatter (1992) | Retail | 9 | 1990–91 | 0.2 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.98 | 2.5 | 1.31 |
| United Kingdom | |||||||||||
| Harrison et al. (1996) | Derbyshire (4% fat assumed) | 47 | 1991–93 | 1.25 | 2.25 | 5 | 1.75 | 3.25 | 11.75 | 3.64 | |
| Startin et al. (1990) | Rural farms (4% fat assumed) | 7 | 1989 | 0.225 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 1.15 | 5.75 | 1.11 | |
| Wright & Startin (1995) | TDS | pool | 1982 | 0.84 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 12 | 32 | 4.53 |
| Wright & Startin (1995) | TDS | pool | 1992 | < 0.40 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.95 | 0.56 | 6.6 | 51 | 2.02 |
| USA | |||||||||||
| Eitzer (1995) | Connecticut (4% fat assumed) | 17 | 1991 | 0.425 | 0.16 | 0.775 | 0.8 | 0.375 | 2.35 | 19.25 | 0.99 |
NR, not reported; ND, not detected and detection limit not reported; TDS, total diet study; NR West., North Rhine Westphalia
- a
[Dubious concentration]
TEQ concentrations recalculated where possible assuming congeners that were not detected were present at the full value of the detection limit
Table 10Summary of concentrations (ng/kg fat) of PCDDs in background cow's milk, reported in Table A1.10
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||
| Number of positives | 10 | 13 | 10 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 23 |
| Mean | 0.58 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 2.0 | 0.58 | 3.4 | 19 | 2.3 |
| Minimum | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 1.4 | 0.26 |
| 5th %tile | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.68 | 1.5 | 0.47 |
| 25th %tile | 0.74 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 2.1 | 0.68 | 4.7 | 16 | 2.8 |
| Median | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.97 | 0.38 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 1.7 |
| 75th %tile | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.71 | 0.28 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 1.1 |
| 95th %tile | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 1.5 | 8.6 | 76 | 4.5 |
| Maximum | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 12 | 140 | 10.0 |
Table 11Concentrations of PCDDs in milk products
| Sample description | Origin | Reference | Coll. period | No. | PCDD concentration (ng/kg fat) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Butter | Egypt | Malisch & Saad (1996) | 1994–96 | 33 | 1.06 | 2.1 | 0.53 | 0.8 | 0.31 | 1.14 | 8.36 | 7.68 |
| Butter | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1992a) | 1990 | 22 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.11 |
| Butter | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 0.95 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 3.4 | 0.79 |
| Butter | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.7 | < 0.5 | 1.7 | 11.6 | 1.76 |
| Butter | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.36 | 0.83 | 0.31 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 1.78 | |
| Butter | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 3 | < 0.5 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 1.0 | 0.41 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 1.38 |
| Butter | Russian Federation, Baikalsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.49 | < 0.49 | 0.6 | < 0.49 | 1.0 | 17 | 3.37 |
| Cheese | Germany | Fürst et al. (1992b) | 1990 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.83 |
| Cheese | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 10 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 10.5 | 2.17 |
| Cheese | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 0.22 | 0.5 | 0.24 | 0.72 | 0.22 | 1.16 | 3.77 | 1.41 | |
| Cheese | Russian Federation, Moscow | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.67 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 8.0 | 22 | 2.13 |
| Cheese/butter | Russian Federation, Novosibirsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.8 | < 0.5 | 2.0 | 15 | 1.78 |
| Cream | Germany | Fürst et al. (1992a) | 1990 | 22 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.37 |
| Cream | Russian Federation, Irkutsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.47 | < 0.47 | 0.9 | < 0.47 | 3.0 | 21 | 6.26 |
| Mixed (TDS) | Spain, Basque | Startin (1996) | 1994 | 8 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.59 | 0.94 | 0.55 | 3.14 | 14 | 2.30 |
| Mixed (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.56 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 4.9 | 1.4 | 13 | 25 | 3.42 |
| Mixed (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1992 | pool | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.95 | 3.6 | 0.75 |
NR, not reported; NR West., North Rhine Westphalia; MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
I-TEQ concentrations recalculated where possible assuming congeners that were not detected were present at the full value of the detection limit
Table 12Concentrations of PCDDs in meat and meat products
| Sample description | Origin | Reference | Coll. period | No. | PCDD concentration (ng/kg fat) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Mixed (TDS) | Spain, Basque region | Startin (1996) | 1994 | 8 | < 0.5 | 0.33 | < 0.5 | 0.85 | 0.5 | 8.7 | 50 | 1.64 |
| Mixed (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | < 0.44 | 0.88 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 13 | 51 | 2.81 |
| Mixed (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.70 | < 0.15 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 0.95 |
| Beef | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 18 | 25 | 2.59 |
| Beef | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 3 | < 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 3.73 |
| Beef | Russian Fed., Bashkortostan | Khamitov et al. (1996) | 1995 | 8 | 0.12 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.20 |
| Beef | Russian Fed., Irkutsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.67 | < 0.67 | 0.6 | < 0.67 | 5.2 | 21 | 5.84 |
| Beef fat | Russian Fed., Novosibirsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 1.0 | < 0.5 | 3 | 10.0 | 2.05 |
| Beef | USA | Ferrario et al. (1996) | 1993 | 63 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 1.4 | 0.53 | 4.50 | 4.80 | 0.89 |
| Beef (hamburger) | Canada | Ryan et al. (1990) | 1985–88 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.3 | 0 | 21.3 | 35.6 | 1.29 |
| Beef fat | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.3 | 1.32 | 0.31 | 1.95 | 2.86 | 1.77 |
| Beef fat | Viet Nam, Hanoi | Schecter et al. (1989a) | 1985–87 | 1 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 3.61 |
| Canned (unspecified) | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 2 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 13.2 | 53 | 2.10 |
| Liver (cow) | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.16 | 1.1 | 2.82 | 3.56 | 1.59 | 39.2 | 144 | 5.72 |
| Goat | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.8 | 1.98 | 1.27 | 6.4 | 0.64 | 12.8 | 26.8 | 4.20 |
| Horse fat | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 1.98 | 5.16 | 7.36 | 20.75 | 2.7 | 92.2 | 171 | 13.8 |
| Horse liver | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 2.03 | 15.9 | 24.2 | 39.3 | 12 | 941 | 1751 | 61.2 |
| Liver (pooled) | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 1.25 | 5.39 | 6.49 | 14.8 | 4.0 | 227 | 1017 | 30.7 |
| Mutton fat | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.32 | 0.86 | 0.44 | 1.41 | 0.28 | 2.44 | 4.73 | 1.81 |
| Offal (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.32 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 360 | 4400 | 19.0 |
| Offal (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1992 | pool | 0.81 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 30 | 200 | 9.86 |
| Liver (pig) | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.24 | 0.73 | 3.41 | 4.4 | 1.29 | 120 | 3431 | 15.3 |
| Pork | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 2.1 | 19 | 0.28 |
| Pork | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 3 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.7 | 8.2 | 1.20 |
| Pork | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.54 | 0.1 | 3.82 | 44.8 | 0.42 |
| Pork | Russian Fed., Baikalsk | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 2.0 | 16 | 1.97 |
| Pork | Russian Fed., Bashkortostan | Khamitov et al. (1996) | 1995 | 6 | 0.14 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.34 |
| Pork fat | Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 7.5 | 30 | 2.34 |
| Pork sticks | Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 8.4 | 28 | 2.31 |
| Pork fat | Viet Nam, Song Be | Schecter et al. (1989a) | 1986 | 1 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 13.2 | 64 | 2.65 |
| Products | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 2.93 | 32.9 | 0.67 |
| Products (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.15 | 0.34 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.33 | 19 | 111 | 1.44 |
| Products (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 2.9 | 18 | 0.40 |
| Sausage | Moscow | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1 | < 0.51 | < 0.51 | < 0.51 | < 0.51 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.73 |
| Sheep | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 15 | 68 | 1.65 |
| Sheep | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 2 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 11.4 | 19.3 | 2.43 |
| Veal | Germany, NR West. | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | < 0.5 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 5.3 | 1.8 | 14.4 | 22.3 | 7.68 |
NR, not reported; NR West., North Rhine Westphalia; TDS, total diet survey; MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
I-TEQ, concentrations recalculated where possible assuming congeners that were not detected were present at the full value of the detection limit
Table 13Summary of concentrations (ng/kg fat) of PCDDs for meat and meat products reported in Table 12
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||
| Number of positives | 24 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 30 | 36 | 36 | 39 |
| Mean | 0.54 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 1.6 | 62 | 350 | 6.5 |
| Minimum | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 2.9 | 0.20 |
| 5th %tile | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 0.33 |
| 25th %tile | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 1.3 | 0.35 | 3.0 | 18 | 1.4 |
| Median | 0.30 | 0.86 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.75 | 12 | 29 | 2.3 |
| 75th %tile | 0.70 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 5.8 | 1.9 | 22 | 79 | 5.8 |
| 95th %tile | 1.9 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 17 | 4.2 | 260 | 2 200 | 22 |
| Maximum | 2.0 | 16 | 24 | 39 | 12 | 941 | 4 400 | 61 |
Table 14Concentrations of PCDDs in poultry
| Sample description | Origin | Reference | Sample year | No. | Concentration ng/kg fat | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Chicken fat, PCP contamination | Canada | Ryan et al. (1985a) | 1980 | 26 | ND | ND | a | 27 | ND | 52 | 90 | 3.31 |
| Chicken | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 6 | 52 | 2.25 | |
| Chicken | Germany, North Rhine Westphalia, | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 2 | < 0.5 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 16.5 | 2.53 |
| Chicken fat | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 0.29 | 0.53 | 0.4 | 1.84 | 0.64 | 6.73 | 25.6 | 1.62 | |
| Chicken | Russian Federation, Bashkortostan | Khamitov et al. (1996) | 1995 | 10 | 1.02 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.54 |
| Chicken (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.76 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 12 | 1.5 | 65 | 150 | 5.41 |
| Chicken (TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 3.8 | 10 | 1.68 |
| Chicken fat | Viet Nam, Hanoi | Schecter et al. (1989a) | 1986 | 1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | < 4.5 | < 15 | 2.94 | |
| Chicken liver | Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh City | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 9.7 | 3.7 | 34 | 42 | 10.2 |
| Chicken | Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City | Schecter et al. (1990a) | 1988–89 | 1 | < 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 14 | 24 | 2.80 |
| Chicken fat | Vietnam, Song Be | Schecter et al. (1989a) | 1986 | 1 | 4.1 | 10 | 6.9 | 27 | 5.4 | 71 | 75 | 21.8 |
NR, not reported; ND, not detected and detection limit not reported; TDS, total diet surveyl-TEQ concentrations recalculated where possible assuming congeners that were not detected were present at the full value of the detection limit
- a
Included with 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
Table 15Concentrations of PCDDs in poultry eggs
| Sample description | Origin | Reference | Coll. period | No. | PCDD concentration (ng/kg fat) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Chicken | Germany, Berlin, retail | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 12 | 1.52 |
| Chicken | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 0.27 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 1.49 | 0.68 | 7.1 | 70.9 | 2.02 | |
| Chicken | Spain, Basque region, TDS | Startin (1996) | 1994 | 8 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 2.0 | 0.51 | 14 | 64 | 1.26 |
| Chicken (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.65 | 2.7 | 8.6 | 18 | 6.3 | 120 | 720 | 8.26 |
| Chicken (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.96 | 0.65 | 6.2 | 38 | 1.80 |
| Duck | UK, rural | Lovett et al. (1996) | 1993–94 | 7 | 0.7 | |||||||
TDS, total diet survey
Table 16Concentrations of PCDDs in fish
| Species | Origin | Reference | Coll. period | No. | Concentration ng/kg fat | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Barbel (river) | Germany | Frommberger (1991) | 1988 | 1 | 5.1 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 9.0 | 39.2 |
| Brown trout (river) | Germany | Frommberger (1991) | 1988 | 1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | < 1.3 | 0.6 | < 0.2 | 0.7 | < 5 | 10.6 |
| Catfish (farmed) | USA | Cooper et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 2.3 | 11 | 48 | 5.0 |
| Catfish (farmed) | USA | Cooper et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | 32 | 16 | 1.4 | 5.7 | 14 | 8.8 | 49 | 42.9 |
| Cod | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 2 | < 29.4 | < 17.6 | < 14.7 | < 14.7 | < 29.4 | < 29.4 | 353 | 59.6 |
| Cod (retail) | Germany, Berlin | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1 | 23 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 17 | 5.2 | 10 | 83 | 42.7 | |
| Eel | Germany | Frommberger (1991) | 1988 | 1 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 14 | 2.6 | 15 | 60 | 15.2 |
| Eel | Germany | Frommberger (1991) | 1988 | 1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | < 2.0 | 10 | 2.3 | 19 | 52 | 16.2 |
| Herring | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 6 | < 3.60 | < 1.08 | < 0.72 | < 0.72 | < 2.16 | < 2.16 | 17.3 | 17.6 |
| Herring, retail | Germany, Berlin | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1 | 4.7 | 12 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 19 | 33.7 | |
| Lean sea fish | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 16.3 | 6.61 | 2.38 | 7.11 | 4.10 | 22.9 | 213 | 48.6 | |
| Mackerel | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 3 | < 1.57 | < 0.47 | < 0.31 | < 0.31 | < 0.94 | < 0.94 | 16.6 | 3.49 |
| Mixed | Russian Federation, Bashkortostan | Khamitov et al. (1996) | 1995 | 13 | 0.11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.18 |
| Mixed (TDS) | Spain, Basque Region | Startin (1996) | 1994 | 8 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 23 | 98 | 7.24 |
| Mixed (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.79 | 1.2 | 0.61 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 14 | 57 | 5.29 |
| Mixed (TDS) | UK | Wright & Startin (1995); MAFF (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.25 | 0.90 | 0.59 | 1.0 | 0.74 | 2.7 | 16 | 2.72 |
| Mixed, freshwater | Germany, North Rhine Westphalia | Fürst (1990) | 1989∼ | 18 | NA | 9.7 | 2.4 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 9.9 | 19.3 | 30.5 |
| Mixed, saltwater | Germany, North Rhine Westphalia | Fürst (1990) | 1989∼ | 15 | 6.5 (n = 6) | 7.5 | 1.0 | 7.3 | 2.8 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 35.3 |
| Redilsh, retail | Germany, Berlin | Beck et al. (1989a) | 1987∼ | 1 | 2.8 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 8.4 | 1.3 | 3 | 11 | 30.6 |
| Salmon (farmed) | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | < 19.0 | < 4.76 | < 3.81 | < 3.81 | < 9.52 | 16.7 | 129 | 53.0 |
NA, not analyzed; TDS, total diet survey; MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Table 17Summary of concentrations (ng/kg fat) of PCDDs in fish reported in Table 16
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||
| Number of positives | 14 | 15 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 19 |
| Mean | 7.4 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 7.1 | 3.0 | 11 | 70 | 25 |
| Minimum | 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 9.0 | 0.2 |
| 5th %tile | 0.55 | 1.1 | 0.30 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 2.2 | 10 | 3.4 |
| 25th %tile | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.61 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 17 | 9.1 |
| Median | 3.2 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 9.9 | 49 | 31 |
| 75th %tile | 6.2 | 7.9 | 1.9 | 9.2 | 2.8 | 15 | 77 | 41 |
| 95th %tile | 26 | 13 | 2.4 | 16 | 8.3 | 23 | 230 | 54 |
| Maximum | 32 | 16 | 2.4 | 17 | 14 | 23 | 350 | 60 |
Table 18Concentrations of PCDDs in miscellaneous foods
| Sample description | Origin | Reference | Coll. period | No. | PCDD concentration (ng/kg fat) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TCDD | PeCDD | HxCDD | HpCDD | OCDD | I-TEQ | |||||||
| PCDD/PCDF | ||||||||||||
| 2378 | 12378 | 123478 | 123678 | 123789 | 1234678 | |||||||
| Bread (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | < 0.23 | < 0.31 | < 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 9.9 | 55 | 1.27 |
| Bread (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.49 | < 0.14 | < 0.22 | < 0.22 | < 0.22 | 15 | 94 | 1.34 |
| Cereal products (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | < 0.14 | < 0.16 | 0.55 | 4.45 | 2.7 | 10 | 50 | 1.76 |
| Cereal products (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.41 | < 0.56 | < 0.80 | < 0.66 | < 0.93 | 16 | 870 | 2.66 |
| Cheesecake | United States, Mississippi | Fiedler et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 2.2 | 0.42 | 5 | 4 | 0.95 |
| Cod liver oil | Germany, NRW | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 9.6 | 16.4 |
| Fish oil | Germany, NRW | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | < 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 4.39 |
| Fish oils | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | 5 | 0.53 | 1.17 | 0.65 | 1.2 | 1.46 | 6.19 | 14.9 | 2.24 |
| Fish oil (dietary supplement) | Spain | Jiménez et al. (1996b) | 1994 | 7 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 0.40 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 2.15 |
| Hamburger | United States, Mississippi | Fiedler et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | < 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.97 | 0.25 | 3 | 3.9 | 0.47 |
| Infant formula | Germany, NRW | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 10 | < 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 25.8 | 1.11 |
| Lard | Germany, NRW | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.3 | < 0.5 | 2.8 | 16.0 | 1.23 |
| Margarine | Germany, NRW | Fürst et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 6 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | < 0.5 | 0.9 | 11.0 | 1.2 |
| Margarine | Norway | Biseth et al. (1990) | 1989∼ | 4 | < 0.9 | < 0.2 | < 0.2 | < 0.2 | < 0.2 | 1.3 | 18 | 1.53 |
| Mexican dish | United States, Mississippi | Fiedler et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 9.1 | 0.22 |
| Mexican dish | United States, Mississippi | Fiedler et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | < 0.08 | < 0.07 | < 0.08 | 0.37 | 2.8 | 0.19 |
| Mexican dish | United States, Mississippi | Fiedler et al. (1996) | 1995 | 1 | < 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 0.40 |
| Nuts | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | pool | 0.17 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.88 | 7.25 | 0.20 |
| Oils and fats (Mixed, TDS) | Spain, Basque region | Startin (1996) | 1994 | 8 | < 0.22 | < 0.18 | < 0.25 | < 0.25 | < 0.25 | 1.48 | 17.7 | 0.24 |
| Oils and fats (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1982 | pool | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.57 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 11 | 50 | 1.26 |
| Oils and fats (Mixed, TDS) | United Kingdom | Wright & Startin (1995) | 1992 | pool | < 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 1.5 | 10 | 0.26 |
| Vegetable oils | Netherlands | Liem et al. (1991b) | 1990–91 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | 0.5 | 8.3 | 0.03 | |
ND, not detected and detection limit not reported; TDS, total diet survey; NRW, North Rhine Westphalia
- TABLES ON OCCURRENCE (PCDDs) - Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlo...TABLES ON OCCURRENCE (PCDDs) - Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans
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