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Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 65
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
This volume of the IARC Monographs evaluates the carcinogenic risks to humans posed by exposures in printing processes and to printing inks, to carbon black, and to selected nitro compounds, many of which are used in the production of dye and colourant intermediates. The first monograph evaluate occupational exposures in printing processes and to printing inks. Exposures in the printing industry are assessed according to their occurrence in printing ink manufacture and in printing operations such as letterpress, lithography, flexography, gravure, and screen printing. Although many epidemiological studies have demonstrated some evidence of cancer risk in printing trades and printing industries, the assessment found several important problems in the design of these studies. Occupational exposures in printing processes were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Printing inks could not be classified.
The second monograph evaluates the carcinogenicity of carbon black, an intense black pigment mainly used in tyres and other rubber automotive products, and in many other rubber products. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in experimental animals that exposure to carbon black causes lung tumours, data on carcinogenicity to humans were judged inadequate. Carbon black was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.
The remaining monographs evaluate selected nitro compounds. Of these, 3,7- and 3,9-dinitrofluoranthenes, 2,4- and 2,6-dinitro-toluenes, 2-nitroanisole, nitrobenzene, and tetranitromethane were evaluated as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Chloronitrobenzenes, 3,5-dinitrotoluene, nitrotoluenes, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and musk xylene and musk ambrette could not be classified.
Contents
- NOTE TO THE READER
- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
- PREAMBLE
- THE MONOGRAPHS
- Printing Processes and Printing Inks
- Carbon Black
- Sorne nitro cornpounds
- 2-Chloronitrobenzene, 3-Chloronitrobenzene and 4-Chloronitrobenzene
- 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene and 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene
- 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-Dinitrotoluene and 3,5-Dinitrotoluene
- 2-Nitroanisole
- Nitrobenzene
- 2-Nitrotoluene, 3-Nitrotoluene and 4-Nitrotoluene
- Tetranitromethane
- 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
- Musk Ambrette and Musk Xylene
- SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
- APPENDIX 1
- APPENDIX 2
- SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1–64
- PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
- IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.
Corrigenda to Volume 65. (PDF, 56K)
LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 10–17 October 1995
Lyon, France - 1996
IARC MONOGRAPHS
In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. In 1980 and 1986, the programme was expanded to include the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk associated with exposures to complex mixtures and other agents.
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed, and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed.
This project was supported by PHS Grant No. 5-UO1 CA33193-14 awarded by the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission.
- ©International Agency for Research on Cancer 1996
- IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
- IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
- (1995: Lyon, France)
- Printing processes and printing inks, carbon black and some nitro compounds : views and exper opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans which met in Lyon, 10–17 October 1995.
- (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; 65)
- 1. Carcinogens – congresses 2. Chemical industry – congresses 3. Neoplasms – chemically induced 4. Nitro compounds – congresses I. Series
- ISBN 92 832 1265 7 (NLM Classification: W 1)
- ISSN 0250-9555
- Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
- All rights reserved. Application for rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto, should be made to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
- Distributed by IARC Press (Fax: +33 72 73 83 02; E-mail: press@iarc.fr) and by the World Health Organization Distribution and Sales, CH-1211 Geneva 27 (Fax: +41 22 791 4857)
- PRINTED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
- NLM CatalogRelated NLM Catalog Entries
- IARC evaluates printing processes and printing inks, carbon black and some nitro compounds.[Scand J Work Environ Health. 1...]IARC evaluates printing processes and printing inks, carbon black and some nitro compounds.Wilbourn J, Partensky C, Morgan WG. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1996 Apr; 22(2):154-6.
- Review Printing processes and printing inks.[IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk...]Review Printing processes and printing inks.. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1996; 65:33-147.
- Search for Internal Cancers in Mice Tattooed with Inks of High Contents of Potential Carcinogens: A One-Year Autopsy Study of Red and Black Tattoo Inks Banned in the Market.[Dermatology. 2017]Search for Internal Cancers in Mice Tattooed with Inks of High Contents of Potential Carcinogens: A One-Year Autopsy Study of Red and Black Tattoo Inks Banned in the Market.Sepehri M, Lerche CM, Hutton Carlsen K, Serup J. Dermatology. 2017; 233(1):94-99. Epub 2017 May 17.
- Nano-sized ceramic inks for drop-on-demand ink-jet printing in quadrichromy.[J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008]Nano-sized ceramic inks for drop-on-demand ink-jet printing in quadrichromy.Gardini D, Dondi M, Costa AL, Matteucci F, Blosi M, Galassi C, Baldi G, Cinotti E. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2008 Apr; 8(4):1979-88.
- Review Composite Inks for Extrusion Printing of Biological and Biomedical Constructs.[ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021]Review Composite Inks for Extrusion Printing of Biological and Biomedical Constructs.Ravanbakhsh H, Bao G, Luo Z, Mongeau LG, Zhang YS. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021 Sep 13; 7(9):4009-4026. Epub 2020 Nov 10.
- Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro CompoundsPrinting Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds
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