This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and its parent compound ortho-phenylenediamine, 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene, 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene and 2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene, 2-amino-4-chlorophenol, para-nitroanisole, and N,N-dimethylacetamide.

ortho-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride is used in the manufacture of dyes, coatings, and photographic chemicals, while ortho-phenylenediamine is used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, and in dyes and pigments for colouring hair and furs. 2-Chloronitrobenzene is used to make colorants and various other chemicals. 4-Chloronitrobenzene is a chemical that is used in the production of agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, paints, pigments, colorants, plastics, and paper, and in the treatment of textiles and leather. 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene and 2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene are intermediates in the manufacture of diazo pigments, agrochemicals, ultraviolet absorbents, and pharmaceuticals. 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol is a chemical used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and of dyes for textiles and other consumer products. para-Nitroanisole is used to make synthetic dyes used for cosmetics and other consumer products. Finally, N,N-dimethylacetamide is used in the manufacture of textile fibres, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, coatings and films, and as a solvent for resins.

Exposure to all the agents considered may occur in different occupational settings and in the general population.

The IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of environmental or occupational exposure to these agents.

Contents

• Note to the Reader
• List of Participants
• Preamble
• General Remarks
• 2-Chloronitrobenzene
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 4-Chloronitrobenzene
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data related to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data related to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• ortho-Phenylenediamine and ortho-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. ortho-Phenylenediamine
    • 1.2. ortho-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation and Rationale
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• para-Nitroanisole
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• N,N-Dimethylacetamide
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
    • 1.6. Critical review of exposure assessment in key epidemiological studies
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Cohort studies
    • 2.2. Case–control studies
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
    • 3.3. Hamster
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• List of Abbreviations
• Annex 1. Supplementary Material for Toxcast/Tox21

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 9–16 October 2018

Lyon, France - 2020

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

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