This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of quinoline, styrene, and styrene-7,8-oxide.

Quinoline and styrene are present in air pollution and in tobacco smoke. Quinoline also occurs in the processing of petroleum and shale oil, and is found in groundwater and soil at sites contaminated by coal tar and creosote. Quinoline and styrene are high production volume chemicals. Quinoline is used to produce various drugs and dyes. Styrene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene polymers. Styrene-7,8-oxide is primarily used to produce epoxy resins. Styrene-7,8-oxide is the primary metabolite of styrene in humans. Styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide are found in workplace air, particularly in the reinforced plastics industry and the rubber industry. Exposure to these agents may occur in the general population as well as in various occupational settings.

An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of environmental or occupational exposure to these agents.

Contents

• Note to the Reader
• List of Participants
• Preamble
• General Remarks
• Styrene and Styrene-7,8-Oxide
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Styrene
    • 1.2. Styrene-7,8-oxide
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
    • 1.6. Exposure assessment of epidemiological studies
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Introduction
    • 2.2. Cohort studies
    • 2.3. Case–control studies
    • 2.4. Human cancer evidence synthesis
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Styrene
    • 3.2. Styrene-7,8-oxide
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• Quinoline
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
    • 3.3. Syrian golden hamster
    • 3.4. Guinea-pig
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Toxicokinetic data
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• List of Abbreviations
• Annex 1. Supplemental Material for ToxCast/Tox21

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 20–27 March 2018

Lyon, France - 2019

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion, initially by the Unit of Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work, and since 2014 by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014–2020) (for further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi). Support has also been provided since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the United States National Cancer Institute, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission.

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