This Volume of the IARC Monographs provides an assessment of the carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to seven chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and their metabolites (dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chloral hydrate). All these agents were previously assessed by IARC Working Groups more than 10 years ago, and new epidemiological and mechanistic evidence has been considered in this reevaluation.

Trichloroethylene has been used in several industries, such as manufacture and repair of aircraft and automobiles, and in screw-cutting, while tetrachloroethylene is widely used in dry-cleaning and as a feedstock for the production of chlorinated chemicals.

The IARC Monographs Working Group relied on epidemiological evidence, carcinogenicity bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to evaluate the carcinogenic hazards to humans exposed to these agents.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
  • Members
  • Representatives
  • Observers
  • IARC Secretariat
  • Administrative Assistance
  • Production Team
• PREAMBLE
  • A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES
  • B. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW AND EVALUATION
  • References
• GENERAL REMARKS
  • Trichloroethylene
  • Tetrachloroethylene
  • Chloral hydrate
  • Other evaluations
  • References
• TRICHLOROETHYLENE
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• DICHLOROACETIC ACID
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• CHLORAL AND CHLORAL HYDRATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
  • 1. Exposure Data
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
  • 6. Evaluation
  • References
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.

Corrigenda to Volume 106. (PDF, 92K)

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 2-9 October 2012

Lyon, France - 2014

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 2014 by Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014–2020) (for further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi), and since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the United States National Cancer Institute, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission.

• Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2013
• Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int).
• Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to the IARC Communications Group at: publications@iarc.fr.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

The IARC Monographs Working Group alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication.