All Key Questions

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

1. hiv.ti.
2. limit 1 to full systematic reviews
3. antiretroviral.mp. [mp=title, short title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text]
4. haart.mp. [mp=title, short title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text]
5. 3 or 4
6. 2 and 5
7. screen$.mp. [mp=title, short title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text]
8. 2 and 7
9. test$.mp. [mp=title, short title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text]
10. 2 and 9
11. 6 or 8 or 10
12. limit 11 to last 8 years
13. pregnan$.mp. [mp=title, short title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text]
14. 12 not 13

Key Questions 1 and 2a-2f

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. exp AIDS Serodiagnosis/
2. exp HIV Seronegativity/
3. exp HIV Antigens/
4. exp HIV/
5. exp HIV Seroprevalence/
6. exp HIV Seropositivity/
7. exp HIV Antibodies/
8. or/2-7
9. exp Mass Screening/
10. 8 and 9
11. 1 or 10
12. (hiv adj1 screen$).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
13. 11 or 12
14. 13 and (200406$ or 200407$ or 200408$ or 200409$ or 20041$ or 2005$ or 2006$ or 2007$ or 2008$ or 2009$ or 2010$ or 2011$).ed.
15. limit 14 to English language
16. limit 14 to abstracts
17. 15 or 16
18. limit 17 to humans
19. universal.mp.
20. rapid.mp.
21. 19 and 20
22. or/1-8
23. 21 and 22
24. 9 and 21
25. 23 or 24
26. 18 or 25

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. exp AIDS Serodiagnosis/
2. exp HIV Seronegativity/
3. exp HIV Antigens/
4. exp HIV/
5. exp HIV Seroprevalence/
6. exp HIV Seropositivity/
7. exp HIV Antibodies/
8. or/2-7
9. exp Mass Screening/
10. 8 and 9
11. 1 or 10
12. (hiv adj1 screen$).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
13. 11 or 12
14. limit 13 to yr=“2004 -Current”
15. Pregnancy/
16. 14 not 15

Key Questions 3a, 3b

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. HIV Seropositivity/
2. (hiv adj1 positive).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
3. 1 or 2
4. exp Anti-HIV Agents/
5. exp Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
6. haart.mp.
7. 5 or 6
8. or/3-5,7
9. Sexual Behavior/
10. Unsafe Sex/
11. Safe Sex/
12. Risk-Taking/
13. Needle Sharing/
14. or/9-13
15. 8 and 14
16. Pregnancy/
17. 15 not 16
18. limit 17 to English language
19. limit 17 to abstracts
20. 18 or 19
21. limit 20 to humans

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. HIV Seropositivity/
2. (hiv adj1 positive).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
3. 1 or 2
4. exp Anti-HIV Agents/
5. exp Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
6. haart.mp.
7. 5 or 6
8. or/3-5,7
9. Sexual Behavior/
10. Unsafe Sex/
11. Safe Sex/
12. Risk-Taking/
13. Needle Sharing/
14. or/9-13
15. 8 and 14
16. Pregnancy/
17. 15 not 16
18. limit 17 to yr=“2004 -Current”

Key Questions 4a, 4b

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. exp HIV Infections/dh, dt, pc, th [Diet Therapy, Drug Therapy, Prevention & Control, Therapy]
2. exp HIV Infections/tm [Transmission]
3. 1 and 2
4. (hiv adj2 (transmission or transmit)).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
5. 3 or 4
6. exp Anti-HIV Agents/tu [Therapeutic Use]
7. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
8. 6 or 7
9. 8 and (2 or 4)
10. Counseling/
11. Patient Education as Topic/
12. 10 or 11
13. 12 and (2 or 4)
14. 5 or 9 or 13
15. Pregnancy/
16. 14 not 15
17. limit 16 to English language
18. limit 16 to abstracts
19. 17 or 18
20. limit 19 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
21. limit 20 to yr=“2004 - Current”

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. exp HIV Infections/dh, dt, pc, th [Diet Therapy, Drug Therapy, Prevention & Control, Therapy]
2. exp HIV Infections/tm [Transmission]
3. 1 and 2
4. (hiv adj2 (transmission or transmit)).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
5. 3 or 4
6. exp Anti-HIV Agents/tu [Therapeutic Use]
7. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
8. 6 or 7
9. 8 and (2 or 4)
10. Counseling/
11. Patient Education as Topic/
12. 10 or 11
13. 12 and (2 or 4)
14. 5 or 9 or 13
15. Pregnancy/
16. 14 not 15
17. limit 16 to yr=“2004 -Current”

Key Question 4c

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. exp HIV Infections/dt, th [Drug Therapy, Therapy]
2. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
3. Anti-HIV Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
4. Anti-Retroviral Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
5. or/1-4
6. Viral Load/
7. CD4 Lymphocyte Count/
8. or/6-7
9. 5 and 8
10. Drug Administration Schedule/
11. (treatment adj1 (tim$ or administration)).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
12. 10 or 11
13. 9 and 12
14. Pregnancy/
15. 13 not 14
16. limit 15 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
17. limit 16 to English language
18. limit 16 to abstracts
19. 17 or 18
20. limit 19 to yr=“2004 - Current”

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. exp HIV Infections/dt, th [Drug Therapy, Therapy]
2. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
3. Anti-HIV Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
4. Anti-Retroviral Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
5. or/1-4
6. Viral Load/
7. CD4 Lymphocyte Count/
8. or/6-7
9. 5 and 8
10. Drug Administration Schedule/
11. (treatment adj1 (tim$ or administration)).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
12. 10 or 11
13. 9 and 12
14. Pregnancy/
15. 13 not 14
16. limit 15 to yr=“2004 -Current”

Key Question 4c Supplement

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. exp HIV Infections/dt, th [Drug Therapy, Therapy]
2. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
3. Anti-HIV Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
4. Anti-Retroviral Agents/ad, tu [Administration & Dosage, Therapeutic Use]
5. or/1-4
6. Viral Load/
7. CD4 Lymphocyte Count/
8. or/6-7
9. 5 and 8
10. Drug Administration Schedule/
11. (treatment adj1 (tim$ or administration)).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
12. 10 or 11
13. 9 and 12
14. Pregnancy/
15. 13 not 14
16. limit 15 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
17. limit 16 to English language
18. limit 16 to abstracts
19. 17 or 18
20. (treatment adj5 (tim$ or administration or initiation)).mp.
21. 9 and 20
22. 21 not 19
23. limit 22 to English language
24. 23 not 14
25. limit 24 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
26. Prognosis/
27. 9 and 26
28. 27 not (19 or 22)
29. limit 28 to English language
30. limit 29 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
31. 25 or 30

Key Question 5

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
2. (ae or co or de or mo).fs.
3. 1 and 2
4. (harm$ or safe$ or adverse).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
5. 1 and 4
6. 3 or 5
7. Pregnancy/
8. 6 not 7
9. limit 8 to (“all adult (19 plus years)” or “adolescent (13 to 18 years)”)
10. limit 9 to English language
11. limit 9 to abstracts
12. 10 or 11
13. limit 12 to yr=“2004 - Current”
14. 13 not (letter or editorial or case reports).pt.

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. haart.mp. or Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/
2. (ae or co or de or mo).fs.
3. 1 and 2
4. (harm$ or safe$ or adverse).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
5. 1 and 4
6. 3 or 5
7. Pregnancy/
8. 6 not 7
9. limit 8 to yr=“2004 -Current”

Key Questions 6a, 6b

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) without Revisions

1. HIV Infections/tm [Transmission]
2. viremia.mp.
3. 1 and 2
4. Risk-Taking/
5. Sexual Behavior/
6. Unsafe Sex/
7. Safe Sex/
8. or/4-7
9. 1 and 8
10. risk reduction behavior/
11. (risk$ adj1 reduc$).mp. [mp=protocol supplementary concept, rare disease supplementary concept, title, original title, abstract, name of substance word, subject heading word, unique identifier]
12. 10 or 11
13. 9 and 12
14. 3 or 13
15. Pregnancy/
16. 14 not 15
17. limit 16 to yr=“2004 - Current”

Database: EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials

1. HIV Infections/tm [Transmission]
2. viremia.mp.
3. 1 and 2
4. Risk-Taking/
5. Sexual Behavior/
6. Unsafe Sex/
7. Safe Sex/
8. or/4-7
9. 1 and 8
10. risk reduction behavior/
11. (risk$ adj1 reduc$).mp. [mp=title, original title, abstract, mesh headings, heading words, keyword]
12. 10 or 11
13. 9 and 12
14. 3 or 13
15. Pregnancy/
16. 14 not 15
17. limit 16 to yr=“2004 -Current”

Wrong population

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Wrong intervention

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• Outlaw AY, Naar-King S, Parsons JT, Green-Jones M, Janisse H, Secord E. Using motivational interviewing in HIV field outreach with young African American men who have sex with men: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1. [PMC free article: PMC2837438] [PubMed: 20147689]
• Oyugi JH, Byakika-Tusiime J, Ragland K, Laeyendecker O, Mugerwa R, Kityo C, et al. Treatment interruptions predict resistance in HIV-positive individuals purchasing fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS. 2007;21(8):965–71. [PubMed: 17457090]
• Papasavvas E, Kostman JR, Mounzer K, Grant RM, Gross R, Gallo C, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of therapy interruption in chronic HIV-1 infection. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e64. [PMC free article: PMC539050] [PubMed: 15630469]
• Phillips AN, Carr A, Neuhaus J, Visnegarwala F, Prineas R, Burman WJ, et al. Interruption of antiretroviral therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV-1 infection: exploratory analyses from the SMART trial. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(2):177–87. [PubMed: 18505169]
• Pogany K, van Valkengoed IG, Prins JM, Nieuwkerk PT, van der Ende I, Kauffmann RH, et al. Effects of active treatment discontinuation in patients with a CD4+ T-cell nadir greater than 350 cells/mm³: 48-week Treatment Interruption in Early Starters Netherlands Study (TRIESTAN). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44(4):395–400. [PubMed: 17195761]
• Powers AE, Marden SF, McConnell R, Leidy NK, Campbell CM, Soeken KL, et al. Effect of long-cycle structured intermittent versus continuous HAART on quality of life in patients with chronic HIV infection. AIDS. 2006;20(6):837–45. [PubMed: 16549967]
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• Samet JH, Freedberg KA, Stein MD, Lewis R, Savetsky J, Sullivan L, et al. Trillion virion delay: time from testing positive for HIV to presentation for primary care. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(7):734–40. [PubMed: 9554679]
• Schechter M, do Lago RF, Mendelsohn AB, Moreira RI, Moulton LH, Harrison LH, et al. Behavioral impact, acceptability, and HIV incidence among homosexual men with access to postexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(5):519–25. [PubMed: 15021317]
• Schmidt M, Pichl L, Jork C, Hourfar MK, Schottstedt V, Wagner FF, et al. Blood donor screening with cobas s 201/cobas TaqScreen MPX under routine conditions at German Red Cross institutes. Vox Sang. 2010;98(1):37–46. [PubMed: 19682348]
• Sena AC, Hammer JP, Wilson K, Zeveloff A, Gamble J. Feasibility and acceptability of door-to-door rapid HIV testing among Latino immigrants and their HIV risk factors in North Carolina. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(3):165–73. [PMC free article: PMC2864055] [PubMed: 20214484]
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• Steingrover R, Pogany K, Fernandez Garcia E, Jurriaans S, Brinkman K, Schuitemaker H, et al. HIV-1 viral rebound dynamics after a single treatment interruption depends on time of initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008;22(13):1583–8. [PubMed: 18670217]
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• White DA, Scribner AN, Huang JV. A comparison of patient acceptance of fingerstick whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV screening in an emergency department. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(1):75–8. [PubMed: 19590430]
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Wrong Outcomes

• Adeyemi O, Rezai K, Bahk M, Badri S, Thomas-Gossain N. Metabolic syndrome in older HIV-infected patients: data from the CORE50 cohort. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(12):941–5. [PubMed: 19072100]
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• Akers AY, Bernstein L, Doyle J, Corbie-Smith G. Older women and HIV testing: examining the relationship between HIV testing history, age, and lifetime HIV risk behaviors. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;(4):420–3. [PubMed: 18362866]
• Allen S, Meinzen-Derr J, Kautzman M, Zulu I, Trask S, Fideli U, et al. Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing. AIDS. 2003;17(5):733–40. [PubMed: 12646797]
• Althoff KN, Gange SJ, Klein MB, Brooks JT, Hogg RS, Bosch RJ, et al. Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(11):1512–20. [PMC free article: PMC2862849] [PubMed: 20415573]
• Ananworanich J, Gayet-Ageron A, Le Braz M, Prasithsirikul W, Chetchotisakd P, Kiertiburanakul S, et al. CD4-guided scheduled treatment interruptions compared with continuous therapy for patients infected with HIV-1: results of the Staccato randomised trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9534):459–65. [PubMed: 16890832]
• Ananworanich J, Gayet-Ageron A, Ruxrungtham K, Chetchotisakd P, Prasithsirikul W, Kiertiburanakul S, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of first-line therapy with once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(3):375–80. [PubMed: 18572750]
• Annan NT, Nelson M, Mandalia S, Bower M, Gazzard BG, Stebbing J. The nucleoside backbone affects durability of efavirenz- or nevirapine-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in antiretroviral-naive individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(2):140–6. [PubMed: 19352201]
• Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Mocroft A, Sterne JA, Egger M, May M, Grabar S, et al. Variable impact on mortality of AIDS-defining events diagnosed during combination antiretroviral therapy: not all AIDS-defining conditions are created equal. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(8):1138–51. [PMC free article: PMC3032444] [PubMed: 19275498]
• Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, 1996-2006: collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(10):1387–96. [PMC free article: PMC3157754] [PubMed: 20380565]
• Apondi R, Bunnell R, Ekwaru JP, Moore D, Bechange S, Khana K, et al. Sexual behavior and HIV transmission risk of Ugandan adults taking antiretroviral therapy: 3 year follow-up. AIDS. 2011;25(10):1317–27. [PubMed: 21522005]
• Apuzzo LG, Vaida F, Gallant JE, Ernstrom KB, Little SJ, Routy JP, et al. Tolerability and efficacy of PI versus NNRTI-based regimens in subjects receiving HAART during acute or early HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50(3):267–75. [PMC free article: PMC3115738] [PubMed: 19194317]
• Arasteh K, Des Jarlais DC. HIV testing and treatment among at-risk drinking injection drug users. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care. 2009;8(3):196–201. [PubMed: 19414827]
• Arribas JR, Horban A, Gerstoft J, Fatkenheuer G, Nelson M, Clumeck N, et al. The MONET trial: darunavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside analogues, for patients with HIV RNA below 50 copies/mL. AIDS. 2010;24(2):223–30. [PubMed: 20010070]
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• Awad GH, Sagrestano LM, Kittleson MJ, Sarvela PD. Development of a measure of barriers to HIV testing among individuals at high risk. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004;16(2):115–25. [PubMed: 15134120]
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• Bell DN, Martinez J, Botwinick G, Shaw K, Walker LE, Dodds S, et al. Case finding for HIV-positive youth: a special type of hidden population. J Adolesc Health. 2003;33(2 Suppl):10–22. [PubMed: 12888283]
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• Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(2):118–29. [PMC free article: PMC4467783] [PubMed: 19179227]
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• Bouldouyre MA, Charreau I, Marchou B, Tangre P, Katlama C, Morlat P, et al. Incidence and risk factors of thrombocytopenia in patients receiving intermittent antiretroviral therapy: a substudy of the ANRS 106-window trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(5):531–7. [PubMed: 19855285]
• Bower M, Fisher M, Hill T, Reeves I, Walsh J, Orkin C, et al. CD4 counts and the risk of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in individuals with HIV in the UK. Haematologica. 2009;94(6):875–80. [PMC free article: PMC2688582] [PubMed: 19336735]
• Braithwaite RS, Kozal MJ, Chang CC, Roberts MS, Fultz SL, Goetz MB, et al. Adherence, virological and immunological outcomes for HIV-infected veterans starting combination antiretroviral therapies. AIDS. 2007;21(12):1579–89. [PMC free article: PMC3460378] [PubMed: 17630553]
• Brewer DD, Golden MR, Handsfield HH. Unsafe sexual behavior and correlates of risk in a probability sample of men who have sex with men in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33(4):250–5. [PubMed: 16505748]
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• Brown J, Shesser R, Simon G, Bahn M, Czarnogorski M, Kuo I, et al. Routine HIV screening in the emergency department using the new US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines: results from a high-prevalence area. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(4):395–401. [PubMed: 18077831]
• Burchell AN, Calzavara LM, Myers T, Schlossberg J, Millson M, Escobar M, et al. Voluntary HIV testing among inmates: sociodemographic, behavioral risk, and attitudinal correlates. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32(5):534–41. [PubMed: 12679706]
• Butler DM, Smith DM, Cachay ER, Hightower GK, Nugent CT, Richman DD, et al. Herpes simplex virus 2 serostatus and viral loads of HIV-1 in blood and semen as risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2008;22(13):1667–71. [PMC free article: PMC2653089] [PubMed: 18670228]
• Byakwaga H, Murray JM, Petoumenos K, Kelleher AD, Law MG, Boyd MA, et al. Evolution of CD4+ T cell count in HIV-1-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy with sustained long-term virological suppression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009;25(6):756–76. [PubMed: 19500017]
• Bygrave H, Ford N, van Cutsem G, Hilderbrand K, Jouquet G, Goemaere E, et al. Implementing a tenofovir-based first-line regimen in rural Lesotho: clinical outcomes and toxicities after two years. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(3):e75–8. [PubMed: 21164354]
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• Cade WT, Reeds DN, Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Powderly WG, Klein S, et al. Blunted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation during moderate exercise in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART. Am J Physiol. 2007;292(3):e812–9. [PMC free article: PMC3935339] [PubMed: 17106066]
• Calderon Y, Leider J, Hailpern S, Haughey M, Ghosh R, Lombardi P, et al. A randomized control trial evaluating the educational effectiveness of a rapid HIV post-test counseling video. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36(4):207–10. [PMC free article: PMC2982699] [PubMed: 19265735]
• Callegari L, Harper CC, van der Straten A, Kamba M, Chipato T, Padian NS. Consistent condom use in married Zimbabwean women after a condom intervention. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(6):624–30. [PubMed: 18545141]
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• Carballo-Diéguez A, O'Sullivan L, Lin P, Dolezal C, Pollack L, Catania J. Awareness and attitudes regarding microbicides and nonoxynol-9 use in a probability sample of gay men. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(2):271–6. [PubMed: 16775772]
• Cardoso SW, Grinsztejn B, Velasque L, Veloso VG, Luz PM, Friedman RK, et al. Incidence of modifying or discontinuing first HAART regimen and its determinants in a cohort of HIV-infected patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26(8):865–74. [PubMed: 20672997]
• Carnicer-Pont D, de Olalla PG, Cayla JA., AIDS Working Group. HIV infection late detection in AIDS patients of an European city with increased immigration since mid 1990s. Curr HIV Res. 2009;7(2):237–43. [PubMed: 19275593]
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• Carr A, Ritzhaupt A, Zhang W, Zajdenverg R, Workman C, Gatell JM, et al. Effects of boosted tipranavir and lopinavir on body composition, insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in antiretroviral-naive adults. AIDS. 2008;22(17):2313–21. [PubMed: 18981770]
• Carrico AW, Antoni MH, Duran RE, Ironson G, Penedo F, Fletcher MA, et al. Reductions in depressed mood and denial coping during cognitive behavioral stress management with HIV-positive gay men treated with HAART. Ann Behavioral Med. 2006;31(2):155–64. [PubMed: 16542130]
• Carrico AW, Antoni MH, Weaver KE, Lechner SC, Schneiderman N. Cognitive-behavioural stress management with HIV-positive homosexual men: mechanisms of sustained reductions in depressive symptoms. Chronic Illn. 2005;1(3):207–15. [PubMed: 17152183]
• Carvalho FT, Goncalves TR, Faria ER, Shoveller JA, Piccinini CA, Ramos MC, et al. Behavioral interventions to promote condom use among women living with HIV. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2011;(9):CD007844. [PubMed: 21901711]
• Casado A, Badia X, Consiglio E. Health-related quality of life in HIV-infected naive patients treated with nelfinavir or nevirapine associated with ZDV/3TC (the COMBINE-Qol Substudy). HIV Clinical Trials. 2004;5(3):132–9. [PubMed: 15248137]
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• Cesar C, Shepherd BE, Krolewiecki AJ, Fink VI, Schechter M, Tuboi SH, et al. Rates and reasons for early change of first HAART in HIV-1-infected patients in 7 sites throughout the Caribbean and Latin America. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e10490. [PMC free article: PMC2879360] [PubMed: 20531956]
• Chandwani S, Abramowitz S, Koenig LJ, Barnes W, D'Angelo L. A multimodal behavioral intervention to impact adherence and risk behavior among perinatally and behaviorally HIV-infected youth: description, delivery, and receptivity of adolescent impact. AIDS Educ Prev. 2011;23(3):222–35. [PubMed: 21696241]
• Chan-Tack KM, Truffa MM, Struble KA, Birnkrant DB. Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration's adverse event reporting system. AIDS. 2007;21(9):1215–8. [PubMed: 17502736]
• Cheng CY, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Sheng WH, Sun HY, Lo YC, et al. Risk of pneumocystosis after early discontinuation of prophylaxis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:126. [PMC free article: PMC2885390] [PubMed: 20492660]
• Cherry CL, Skolasky RL, Lal L, Creighton J, Hauer P, Raman SP, et al. Antiretroviral use and other risks for HIV-associated neuropathies in an international cohort. Neurology. 2006;66(6):867–73. [PubMed: 16567704]
• Chowers M, Gottesman BS, Leibovici L, Schapiro JM, Paul M. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination therapy for HIV patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(7):779–86. [PubMed: 20449621]
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• Clark A, Mayben JK, Hartman C, Kallen MA, Giordano TP. Conspiracy beliefs about HIV infection are common but not associated with delayed diagnosis or adherence to care. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(9):753–9. [PMC free article: PMC2929157] [PubMed: 18754706]
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• Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) Study Group. Sabin CA, Smith CJ, d'Arminio Monforte A, Battegay M, Gabiano C, et al. Response to combination antiretroviral therapy: variation by age. AIDS. 2008;22(12):1463–73. [PubMed: 18614870]
• Collazos J, Asensi V, Carton JA., Grupo Espanol Para El Estudio Multifactorial De La Adherencia (GEEMA). Factors associated with poor immunologic responses despite viral suppression in markedly immunosuppressed patients. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2007;21(6):378–84. [PubMed: 17594246]
• Copenhaver MM, Lee IC, Margolin A, Bruce RD, Altice FL. Testing an optimized community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction and antiretroviral adherence intervention for HIV-infected injection drug users. Subst Abus. 2011;32(1):16–26. [PMC free article: PMC3071583] [PubMed: 21302180]
• Corral I, Quereda C, Moreno A, Perez-Elias MJ, Dronda F, Casado JL, et al. Cerebrovascular ischemic events in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: incidence and risk factors. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(6):559–63. [PubMed: 19390181]
• Crawford KW, Spritzler J, Kalayjian RC, Parsons T, Landay A, Pollard R, et al. Age-related changes in plasma concentrations of the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26(6):635–43. [PMC free article: PMC2932550] [PubMed: 20560793]
• Crum-Cianflone N, Hullsiek KH, Satter E, Marconi V, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, et al. Cutaneous malignancies among HIV-infected persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(12):1130–8. [PMC free article: PMC2761839] [PubMed: 19546414]
• Crum-Cianflone NF, Hullsiek KH, Marconi V, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, Barthel RV, et al. The impact of nelfinavir exposure on cancer development among a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(3):305–9. [PMC free article: PMC2720269] [PubMed: 19412116]
• Crystal HA, Weedon J, Holman S, Manly J, Valcour V, Cohen M, et al. Associations of cardiovascular variables and HAART with cognition in middle-aged HIV-infected and uninfected women. J Neurovirol. 2011;17(5):469–76. [PMC free article: PMC3509940] [PubMed: 22006469]
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Wrong study design for key question

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No original data (review article, letter, editorial, results reported elsewhere)

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Inadequate duration

• Canestri A, Sow PS, Vray M, Ngom F, M'Boup S, Kane CT, et al. Poor efficacy and tolerability of stavudine, didanosine, and efavirenz-based regimen in treatment-naive patients in Senegal. MedGenMed. 2007;9(4):7. [PMC free article: PMC2234271] [PubMed: 18311357]
• Chu KM, Boulle AM, Ford N, Goemaere E, Asselman V, Van Cutsem G. Nevirapine-associated early hepatotoxicity: incidence, risk factors, and associated mortality in a primary care ART programme in South Africa. PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e9183. [PMC free article: PMC2822855] [PubMed: 20174653]
• Cohen CJ, Kubota M, Brachman PS, Harley WB, Schneider S, Williams VC, et al. Short-term safety and tolerability of a once-daily fixed-dose abacavir-lamivudine combination versus twice-daily dosing of abacavir and lamivudine as separate components: findings from the ALOHA study. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(3):314–22. [PubMed: 18294111]
• Johnson MA, Gathe JC, Podzamczer D, Molina JM, Naylor CT, Chiu YL, et al. A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen provides noninferior antiviral activity compared with a twice-daily regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(2):153–60. [PubMed: 16951643]
• Landman R, Capitant C, Descamps D, Chazallon C, Peytavin G, Katlama C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted dual protease inhibitor therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: the 2IP ANRS 127 study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(1):118–25. [PubMed: 19420019]
• Malan DR, Krantz E, David N, Wirtz V, Hammond J, McGrath D, et al. Efficacy and safety of atazanavir, with or without ritonavir, as part of once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in antiretroviral-naive patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(2):161–7. [PubMed: 17971713]
• Martin A, Bloch M, Amin J, Baker D, Cooper DA, Emery S, et al. Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine: a randomized, 96-week trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1591–601. [PubMed: 19842973]
• McComsey G, Rightmire A, Wirtz V, Yang R, Mathew M, McGrath D. Changes in body composition with ritonavir-boosted and unboosted atazanavir treatment in combination with lamivudine and stavudine: a 96-week randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(9):1323–6. [PubMed: 19302017]
• Miiro G, Todd J, Mpendo J, Watera C, Munderi P, Nakubulwa S, et al. Reduced morbidity and mortality in the first year after initiating highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) among Ugandan adults. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(5):556–63. [PubMed: 19320871]
• Mitsuyasu R, Gelman R, Cherng DW, Landay A, Fahey J, Reichman R, et al. The virologic, immunologic, and clinical effects of interleukin 2 with potent antiretroviral therapy in patients with moderately advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized controlled clinical trial—AIDS Clinical Trials Group 328. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(6):597–605. [PubMed: 17389292]
• Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, Chetchotisakd P, Corral J, David N, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):646–55. [PubMed: 18722869]
• Molina JM, Andrade-Villanueva J, Echevarria J, Chetchotisakd P, Corral J, David N, et al. Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(3):323–32. [PubMed: 20032785]
• Moyle GJ, DeJesus E, Cahn P, Castillo SA, Zhao H, Gordon DN, et al. Abacavir once or twice daily combined with once-daily lamivudine and efavirenz for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults: results of the Ziagen Once Daily in Antiretroviral Combination Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(4):417–25. [PubMed: 15764958]
• Olawumi HO, Olatunji PO, Salami AK, Odeigah L, Iseniyi JO. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on CD4 count and weight in AIDS patients seen at the UITH, Ilorin. Niger J Clin Pract. 2008;11(4):312–5. [PubMed: 19320401]
• Orkin C, Stebbing J, Nelson M, Bower M, Johnson M, Mandalia S, et al. A randomized study comparing a three- and four-drug HAART regimen in first-line therapy (QUAD study). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(2):246–51. [PubMed: 15608053]
• Ortiz R, Dejesus E, Khanlou H, Voronin E, van Lunzen J, Andrade-Villanueva J, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 48. AIDS. 2008;22(12):1389–97. [PubMed: 18614861]
• Palacios R, Hidalgo C, Rios MJ, Rivero A, Munoz L, Lozano F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of simplification from tenofovir-lamivudine (TDF-3TC) to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) co-formulation (truvada) in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients on HAART. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28(4):399–402. [PubMed: 18841401]
• Puls RL, Srasuebkul P, Petoumenos K, Boesecke C, Duncombe C, Belloso WH, et al. Efavirenz versus boosted atazanavir or zidovudine and abacavir in antiretroviral treatment-naive, HIV-infected subjects: week 48 data from the Altair study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(7):855–64. [PubMed: 20735258]
• Puoti M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Paraninfo G, Arici C, Moller NF, Lundgren JD, et al. Impact of lamivudine on the risk of liver-related death in 2,041 HBsAg- and HIV-positive individuals: results from an inter-cohort analysis. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(5):567–74. [PubMed: 16964824]
• Ribera E, Rodriguez-Pardo D, Rubio M, Soler A, Pedrol E, Blanco JL, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily combination therapy with didanosine, lamivudine and nevirapine in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(5):605–14. [PubMed: 16152754]
• Ruane PJ, Richmond GJ, DeJesus E, Hill-Zabala CE, Danehower SC, Liao Q, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of zidovudine 600 mg once/day versus 300 mg twice/day in therapy-naive patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24(3):307–12. [PubMed: 15040643]
• Saag MS, Cahn P, Raffi F, Wolff M, Pearce D, Molina JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of emtricitabine vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):180–9. [PubMed: 15249567]
• Schurmann D, Fatkenheuer G, Reynes J, Michelet C, Raffi F, van Lier J, et al. Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics and safety of vicriviroc, an oral CCR5 antagonist, during 14-day monotherapy in HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2007;21(10):1293–9. [PubMed: 17545705]
• Shikuma CM, Zackin R, Sattler F, Mildvan D, Nyangweso P, Alston B, et al. Changes in weight and lean body mass during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(8):1223–30. [PubMed: 15486848]
• van Vonderen MG, Lips P, van Agtmael MA, Hassink EA, Brinkman K, Geerlings SE, et al. First line zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir leads to greater bone loss compared to nevirapine/lopinavir/ritonavir. AIDS. 2009;23(11):1367–76. [PubMed: 19424051]

Sample size too small

• Couzigou C, Semaille C, Le Strat Y, Pinget R, Pillonel J, Lot F, et al. Differential improvement in survival among patients with AIDS after the introduction of HAART. AIDS Care. 2007;19(4):523–31. [PubMed: 17453593]
• INITIO Trial International Coordinating Committee. Yeni P, Cooper DA, Aboulker JP, Babiker AG, Carey D, et al. Virological and immunological outcomes at 3 years after starting antiretroviral therapy with regimens containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, or both in INITIO: open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9532):287–98. [PubMed: 16860698]
• Jaen A, Esteve A, Miro JM, Tural C, Montoliu A, Ferrer E, et al. Determinants of HIV progression and assessment of the optimal time to initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy: PISCIS Cohort (Spain). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(2):212–20. [PubMed: 18297762]
• Shepherd BE, Jenkins CA, Rebeiro PF, Stinnette SE, Bebawy SS, McGowan CC, et al. Estimating the optimal CD4 count for HIV-infected persons to start antiretroviral therapy. Epidemiology. 2010;21(5):698–705. [PMC free article: PMC3086582] [PubMed: 20585252]

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Cohort Studies

Criteria

• Initial assembly of comparable groups: RCTs—adequate randomization, including concealment and whether potential confounders were distributed equally among groups; cohort studies—consideration of potential confounders with either restriction or measurement for adjustment in the analysis; consideration of inception cohorts
• Maintenance of comparable groups (includes attrition, cross-overs, adherence, contamination)
• Important differential loss to followup or overall high loss to followup
• Measurements: equal, reliable, and valid (includes masking of outcome assessment)
• Clear definition of interventions
• Important outcomes considered
• Analysis: adjustment for potential confounders for cohort studies, or intention-to-treat analysis for RCTs; for cluster RCTs, correction for correlation coefficient

Source: Harris et al, 2001⁶⁶