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Jordan H, Matthan N, Chung M, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in Animal and Isolated Organ/Cell Culture Studies. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2004 Mar. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 92.)
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in Animal and Isolated Organ/Cell Culture Studies.
Show detailsAcronyms and abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Definition |
|---|---|
| * | P<.05 |
| ** | P<.01 |
| *** | P<.001 |
| A | Amplitude |
| AA (20:4 n-6) | Arachidonic acid |
| Ac | Activation parameter |
| AC | Intra-atrial conduction time |
| AHRQ | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |
| AI | Adequate Intake |
| ALA (18:3 n-3) | Alpha-linolenic acid |
| Amb | Ambient |
| AP or APR | Action potential rate |
| APA | Action-potential amplitude |
| APD40 | Action-potential duration at 40% depolarization |
| APD80 | Action-potential duration at 80% depolarization |
| Apo | Apoprotein |
| APS | Active pump sites |
| APT | Action potential threshold |
| AR | Arrhythmia |
| ARAr | Areas at risk of arrhythmias |
| ARP | Functional refractory period of the atrium |
| AS | Arrhythmia scores |
| ASC | Asynchronous contraction |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| ATPase | Adenosine triphosphatase |
| AVC | Atrioventricular conductance time |
| AVRP | Functional refractory period of atrio-ventricular conducting system |
| B | Basal |
| B | Blocked (when used with arrythmias) |
| BAY | Bay K8644 |
| BEP | Basal electromechanical parameters |
| Bmax | High and low affinity binding sites |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| BSA | Bovine serum albumin |
| BT | Benzonthiazepine calcium current-voltage (ICa-V) curves |
| BUME | Bumetamide |
| BW | Lipoxygenase inhibitor |
| C20 | Contraction coupling delay (ms) |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Ca2+ | Calcium |
| CAB | Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau |
| cAMP | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| CAFF | Caffeine |
| CaFlu | Calcium intermittent fluctuations |
| CCTR | Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials |
| CD20 | Contraction duration at 20% relaxation (ms) |
| CD80 | Contraction duration at 80% relaxation (ms) |
| CICR | Calcium induced contractile response |
| CL | Cell Length |
| CLO | Cod liver Oil |
| +Cmax | Cell shortening velocity |
| -Cmax | Relaxation time |
| CO | Corn Oil |
| Contra | Contractility or beating rate (beats/min) |
| COX | Cyclo-oxygenase |
| CP | contractile parameters |
| CSF II | Continuing Food Survey of Intakes by Individuals 1994-1998 |
| CRP | C reactive protein |
| Ctrl | Control |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| Cys | Cytosolic |
| D | Dietary supplement company (in evidence table) |
| D | Duration (in summary table) |
| D | Decreased (when in footnote of table) |
| dBcAMP | Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| DBHQ | 2,4-Di-tert-butylhydroquinone |
| DCL | Diastolic cell length |
| DD | Dose dependent |
| Dep APT | Depolarizing action potential threshold |
| df/dt | Maximum rate of rise of contraction |
| -df/dt | Maximum rate of rise of relaxation |
| DHA (22:6 n-3) | Decosahexaenoic acid |
| DHAe | DHA esters |
| DHPA | 3H-dihydroalprenolol |
| Dia | Diastolic |
| DIL | Diltiazem |
| DL | Diastolic length |
| DM | Diabetes mellitus |
| DPA (22:5 n-3 or n-6) | Docosapentaenoic acid |
| DRI | Dietary References Intakes |
| DTS | Dense tubular system |
| DXR | Doxorubicin |
| EA | Electrical automaticity/excitability |
| EAR | Estimated Average Requirement |
| ECG | Electrocardiogram |
| EC50 | That concentration needed to produce a 50% effect |
| e.e. | ethylated |
| EFA | Essential fatty acid |
| endo | endocardial |
| EPA (20:5 n-3) | Eicosapentaenoic acid |
| EPA-e | EPA esters |
| EPC | Evidence-based Practice Center |
| Epi | epicardial |
| ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
| ETYA | Eicosatetraynoic acid |
| F | Frequency |
| FAC | Fatty acid composition |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| FO | Fish Oil |
| FOC | Force of contraction |
| FRGS | Free radical generating system |
| FVR | Force-velocity relationship (Vmax, initial muscle length, maximum extent of twitch muscle shortening, time to peak shortening, positive peak of the normalized force derivative of the fully isometric twitch, total isometric force normalized per cross-sectional area, time to peak force) |
| G | Government |
| GLA (18:3 n-6) | Gamma linolenic acid |
| HC | High Cholesterol |
| HDL | High density lipoprotein |
| HF | High fat |
| HTN | Hypertension |
| Hy RMP | Hyperpolarizing |
| I | Industry |
| I | Increased (when in footnote of table) |
| ICa.L | Voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ current/inward Ca2+ current/Ca2+ sparks |
| ICa-V | Calcium current-voltage |
| ICH | Ion channel |
| ICl.Ca | Caffeine and Neurokinin A elicited Ca2+ dependent Cl- current |
| ICU | Ion currents |
| IC50 | That concentration that produces a 50% reduction in the effect |
| IK | Delayed rectifier K+ current |
| IKI | Inward rectifier K+ current or tail current |
| IKUR | Ultra rapid potassium current |
| IL | Interleukin |
| InAc | Inactivation parameter |
| In | Ionomycin |
| INa | Sodium current |
| INDO | Indomethacin |
| InsP | Inositol phosphate |
| IOM | Institute of Medicine |
| IP | Inotropic Parameters |
| IPIM | - Ion pumps and ion movement |
| IS | Infarct size |
| ISO | Isoproteronol; |
| ISUS | Outward K+ current |
| Ito | Transient K+ outward current or initial outward current |
| K+ | Potassium |
| KCl | Potassium chloride |
| Kd | Affinity |
| KRB | Krebs Ringer bicarbonate |
| L | Membrane leakiness |
| L | Resting cell length (inotropic measure in contractile parameter table) |
| LA (18:2 n-6) | Linoleic acid |
| LC PUFA | Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid |
| LD | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| LDL | Low density lipoprotein |
| LIN | Linseed Oil |
| LP | Lipoprotein |
| LPC | lysophosphatidylcholine |
| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| LT | Leukotriene |
| LVH | Left ventricular hypertrophy |
| Mag | Magnitude |
| MAP | Monophasic action potential duration |
| MDP | Maximal diastolic potential |
| m.e. | Methyl ester |
| MenO | Menhaden oil |
| MEX | Mexiletine |
| Mg | Magnesium ATPase |
| MI | Myocardial infarction |
| MO | Mitochondrial oligomycin sensitive ATPase |
| MP | Metabolites and pathways |
| MUFA | Monounsaturated fatty acit |
| N | Non-government / non-profit |
| Na | Sodium |
| Na+ | Sodium |
| NA | Not available |
| Nad | Sodium dependent |
| Na/K | Sodium potassium |
| NB | No blocks |
| NC | No change |
| Na/H exch | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger |
| NCHS | National Center for Health Statistics |
| ND | No data |
| NDGA | Nordihydroguiarectic acid |
| NEMC | New England Medical Center |
| NEU | Neurokinin |
| NHANES III | National Health and Nutrition Examination 1988-1994 |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NIT | Nitrendipine |
| NorEpi | Norepinephrine |
| NP | Not for Profit |
| O | Other (in evidence table) |
| O2 | Oxygen |
| ODS | Office of Dietary Supplements |
| OO | Olive Oil |
| OS | overshoot potential |
| OUA | Ouabain |
| OvAI | ovalbumin |
| P | Prevented (when in footnote of table) |
| PAA | Phenylalkylamine |
| PAI | Plasminogen activator inhibitor |
| Pas | Passive |
| PCL | Percent cell length |
| PE/A | Pump efficiency or affinity for ATP |
| PG | Prostaglandin |
| PHE | Phenylephrine |
| PIR | Poverty Income Ratio |
| PLC-b | Receptor mediated phospholipase C |
| PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor |
| PRP | Post rest potentiation |
| PTC | Palmitoylcarnitine |
| PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
| QRS | Ventricular conductance time |
| Qt | Electrocardiogram interval |
| RCL | Resting cell length |
| RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowances |
| RDT | Resting/developed tension |
| ReOxy | Reoxygenation |
| RO | Rapeseed oil (canola oil) |
| RP | Resting potential |
| RRP | Relative refractory period |
| RSE | Relative standard error |
| SAF | Safflower Oil |
| SC | Spontaneous contraction |
| SCL | Systolic cell length |
| SC-RAND | Southern California-RAND |
| SD | Standard deviation |
| SEM | Standard error of the mean |
| SF | Saturated fat |
| SFA | Saturated fatty acid |
| SL | Sarcolemma |
| SM3 | Synthesized medium for omega-3 group |
| SM6 | Synthesized medium for omega-6 group |
| SR | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| SREBP | Sterol regulatory element binding protein |
| STA or STD | Standard |
| SUP | Supplement |
| Sys | Systolic |
| T | Terminated (when in footnote of table) |
| TA | Twitch amplitude |
| TC | Total cholesterol |
| tC20 | Contracting coupling delay |
| TD | Time dependent |
| TEP | Technical Expert Panel |
| Tg | Triglycerides |
| TIC | Time constant of Ito inactivation |
| TIM | Timolol |
| TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
| TPA | Tissue plasminogen activator |
| TS | Twitch size |
| TSR | Time in sinus rhythm |
| TT FA | Total Fatty Acids |
| Tx | Thromboxane |
| UO | University of Ottawa |
| USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
| VCAM | Vascular cell adhesion molecule |
| VEB | Ventricular ectopic beats |
| VEN | Ventricular |
| VER | Verapamil |
| VERP | Left ventricular effective refractory period |
| VF | Ventricular fibrillation |
| VFT | Ventricular fibrillation threshold |
| VLDL | Very low density lipoprotein |
| VLN-3FA | Very long chain n-3 fatty acid |
| Vmax | Maximum rate of depolarization |
| VP | Vasopressin |
| VPB | Ventricular premature beat |
| VS | Velocity of shortening |
| VSRM | Voltage-sensitive release mechanism |
| VT | Ventricular tachycardia |
| W/W | Weight-by-weight |
Parameters
Arrhythmia-related parameters used in this report
| Category | Sub Categories |
|---|---|
| Ion Channels, Pumps and Currents | • Basal Electromechanical Parameters |
| - Resting potential (RP) | |
| - Action Potential Threshold (APT) | |
| - Action Potential Amplitude (APA) | |
| - Action Potential Duration at 40% repolarization (ADP40) | |
| - Action Potential Duration at 80% repolarization (ADP80) | |
| - Maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) | |
| - Maximum Diastolic Potential (MDP) | |
| - Overshoot potential or overshoot plateau potential (OS) | |
| • Ion Currents | |
| - Initial fast Na+ current (INa) | |
| - Initial outward K+ current/Transient K+ outward current (Ito) | |
| - Voltage dependent L-type Ca2+ current/Inward Ca2+ current/Ca2+ sparks (ICa.L) | |
| - Delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) | |
| - Inward rectifier K+ current (IKI) or tail current | |
| - Caffeine and Neurokinin A elicited Ca2+ dependent Cl- current (ICl.Ca) | |
| - Outward K+ current (ISUS) | |
| - Receptor mediated Ca2+ permeable non selective cation currents (?) | |
| - Kv4.3 current (?) | |
| • Ion Channels | |
| - Slow Ca2+ channel and L-type Ca2+ channel | |
| - Delayed rectifier K+ channel | |
| - Kv1.1, Kv2.1 and Kv1.5 channels | |
| - Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter | |
| • Ion Pumps and Ion Movement | |
| - Sodium Pump or Na, K-ATPase | |
| - Ca2+ influx or uptake or rise or cytosolic free Ca2+ | |
| - Na+ dependent Ca2+ influx | |
| - Na+/H+ uptake | |
| - Passive Ca2+ efflux | |
| - Na+ uptake | |
| - Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content or release | |
| Contractile Parameters | • Inotropic parameters (IP) |
| - Frequency (F) | |
| - Amplitude (A) | |
| - Duration (D) | |
| - Resting cell length (L) | |
| • Arrhythmia (AR) | |
| • Action Potential Rate, or beating rate or frequency, or contraction rate (APR) | |
| • Contraction coupling delay (tC20) | |
| • Contraction duration at 20% relaxation (CD20) | |
| • Contraction duration at 80% relaxation (CD80) | |
| • Relaxation time (-Cmax) | |
| • Cell shortening velocity (+Cmax) |
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