U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Hempel S, Newberry S, Ruelaz A, et al. Safety of Probiotics to Reduce Risk and Prevent or Treat Disease. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011 Apr. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 200.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Safety of Probiotics to Reduce Risk and Prevent or Treat Disease

Safety of Probiotics to Reduce Risk and Prevent or Treat Disease.

Show details

Appendix DExcluded Studies and Background Papers

Excluded Studies

    Exclude-NoAE (does not address safety); Exclude-Design (lacks primary data or uncontrolled studies that are not linked to adverse events); Exclude-Duplicate (duplicates a study already reviewed); Exclude-Genus (does not address specific genera); Exclude-Intervention (does not address specific interventions); Exclude-Participants (does not address humans). Please note Rec means the reviewers had different decisions and had to reconcile.

  • 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: disease-specific recommendations. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. U.S. Public Health Services/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(Suppl 3):S313–335. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9356832]
  • Aaltonen J, Ojala T, et al. Evidence of infant blood pressure programming by maternal nutrition during pregnancy: a prospective randomized controlled intervention study. J Pediatr. 2008;152(1):79–84. 84 e71–72. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18154905]
  • Aas J, Gessert CE, et al. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(5):580–585. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12594638]
  • Abbas Z, Jafri W. Yoghurt (dahi): a probiotic and therapeutic view. J Pak Med Assoc. 1992;42(9):221–224. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 1433810]
  • Abd El-Atti S, Wasicek K, et al. Use of probiotics in the management of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea: a case study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(5):569–570. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 19423769]
  • Abgrall S, Joly V, et al. Lactobacillus casei infection in an AIDS patient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;16(2):180–182. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9105853]
  • Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, et al. Effect of prebiotic supplementation and calcium intake on body mass index. J Pediatr. 2007;151(3):293–298. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17719942]
  • Adam J, Barret A, et al. Essais cliniques controles en double insu de l’ultra-levure lyphilisee: etude multicentrique par 25 medicins de 388 cas. Gaz Med Fr. 1977;84:2072–2078. Exclude-NoAE (French)
  • Adam J, Barret C, et al. Controlled doubleblind clinical trials of Ultra-Levure: Multicentre study by 25 physicians in 388 cases. Gaz Med Fr. 1977;84:2072–2078. Exclude-NoAE(French)
  • Adams MR, Marteau P. On the safety of lactic acid bacteria from food. Int J Food Microbiol. 1995;27(2–3):263–264. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8579995]
  • Adawi D, Ahrne S, et al. Effects of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on bacterial translocation and liver injury in an acute liver injury model. Int J Food Microbiol. 2001;70(3):213–220. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 11764187]
  • Adler SN. The probiotic agent Escherichia coli M-17 has a healing effect in patients with IBS with proximal inflammation of the small bowel. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(9):713. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 16777498]
  • Agadjanyan M, Vasilevko V, et al. Nutritional Supplement (NT Factor(TM)) Restores Mitochondrial Function and Reduces Moderately Severe Fatigue in Aged Subjects. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 2003;11(3):23–36. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Agarwal R, Sharma N, et al. Effects of oral Lactobacillus GG on enteric microflora in low-birth-weight neonates. Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36(3):397–402. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12604982]
  • Agerholm-Larsen L, Bell ML, et al. The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: a meta-analysis of short-term intervention studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(11):856–860. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11114681]
  • Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, et al. Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(4):288–297. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10745279]
  • Aggett PJ, Antoine JM, et al. PASSCLAIM: consensus on criteria. Eur J Nutr. 2005;44(Suppl 1):i5–30. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 15933809]
  • Agrawal A, Houghton LA, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173-010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18801055]
  • Agrawal A, Houghton LA, et al. Clinical trial: The effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2009;29(1):104–114. Exclude-Duplicates 4724. [PubMed: 18801055]
  • Aguirre M, Collins M. Lactic acid bacteria and human clinical infection. J Appl Bacteriol. 1993;75(2):95–107. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 8407678]
  • Ahmed M, Prasad J, et al. Impact of consumption of different levels of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on the intestinal microflora of elderly human subjects. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11(1):26–31. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17315077]
  • Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol. 2002;47(11):799–804. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12446187]
  • Al Samaraee A, McCallum IJ, et al. Nutritional strategies in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the evidence. Surgeon. 2010;8(2):105–110. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20303893]
  • Alander M, Mattila-Sandholm T. Selection and Safety Criteria of Probiotics. Workshop Demonstration of the Nutritional Functionality of Probiotic Foods (1st). 1996 Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Alander M, Satokari R, et al. Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65(1):351–354. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC91031] [PubMed: 9872808]
  • Aldinucci C, Bellussi L, et al. Effects of dietary yoghurt on immunological and clinical parameters of rhinopathic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(12):1155–1161. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12494299]
  • Alenfall J, Astrom M, et al. Early Enteral supply of Lactobacillus plantarum 299 reduce the incidence of infections in severely ill patients: a meta analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:S1474. Exclude-Design.
  • AlFaleh Khalid M, Bassler D. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(1) Exclude-Duplicates 4728. [PubMed: 18254081]
  • Allen SJ, Okoko B, et al. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD003048. Exclude-Duplicate 6083. [PubMed: 15106189]
  • Alliet P, Scholtens P, et al. Effect of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide infant formula on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Nutrition. 2007;23(10):719–723. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17664059]
  • Alm L. Effect of fermentation on lactose, glucose, and galactose content in milk and suitability of fermented milk products for lactose intolerant individuals. J Dairy Sci. 1982;65(3):346–352. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7076958]
  • Amenta M, Cascio MT, et al. Diet and chronic constipation. Benefits of oral supplementation with symbiotic zir fos (Bifidobacterium longum W11 + FOS Actilight). Acta Biomed. 2006;77(3):157–162. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17312986]
  • Anaissie E, Bodey GP, et al. New spectrum of fungal infections in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(3):369–378. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2749101]
  • Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(1):43–50. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10067658]
  • Andreeva PM, Omar HA. Effectiveness of current therapy of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002;14(2):145–148. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12467186]
  • Anikhovskaia IA, Vyshegurov I, et al. Bifidobacteria as a means of prevention or treatment of endotoxin aggression in patients with chronic diseases during remission or exacerbation. Fiziol Cheloveka. 2004;30(6):125–127. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15624734]
  • Antonio MA, Hillier SL. DNA fingerprinting of Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05 by repetitive element sequence-based PCR analysis in a pilot study of vaginal colonization. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(5):1881–1887. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC154705] [PubMed: 12734221]
  • Antony SJ, Stratton CW, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia: description of the clinical course in adult patients without endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(4):773–778. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8909843]
  • Anukam KC, Hayes K, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 may help downregulate TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) in the neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injured patient with urinary tract infections: a two-case study. Adv Urol: 680363. 2009 Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2694319] [PubMed: 19753131]
  • Anukam KC, Osazuwa E, et al. Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Microbes Infect. 2006;8(12–13):2772–2776. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17045832]
  • Aponte GB, MCAB, et al. Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008:4. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Apostolou E, Kirjavainen PV, et al. Good adhesion properties of probiotics: a potential risk for bacteremia? FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2001;31(1):35–39. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 11476979]
  • Arciero JC, Ermentrout GB, et al. Using a mathematical model to analyze the role of probiotics and inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis. PLoS One. 2010;5(4):e10066. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2856678] [PubMed: 20419099]
  • Are probiotics safe? Contemporary OB/GYN. 2007;52(4):20. Exclude-Design.
  • Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, et al. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15(2):163–169. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11148433]
  • Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a pilot study. Digestion. 2001;63(1):1–7. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11173893]
  • Aronsson B, Barany P, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in uremic patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987;6(3):352–356. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3622506]
  • Arpi M, Vancanneyt M, et al. Six cases of Lactobacillus bacteraemia: identification of organisms and antibiotic susceptibility and therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35(6–7):404–408. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12953954]
  • Arroyo R, Martin V, et al. Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: antibiotics versus oral administration of Lactobacilli isolated from breast milk. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1551–1558. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20455694]
  • Arshad S, Gopalakrishna KV, et al. Lactobacillus-cause of death. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 2010;18(3):219–220. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, et al. Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first 6 months of life. J Nutr. 2007;137(11):2420–2424. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17951479]
  • Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, et al. Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life. J Nutr. 2008;138(6):1091–1095. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18492839]
  • Arzumanian VG, Sergeev AY, et al. Antagonistic activity of Malassezia Spp. towards other clinically significant yeast genera. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2009;148(3):410–415. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20396701]
  • Asahara T, Takahashi M, et al. Assessment of safety of lactobacillus strains based on resistance to host innate defense mechanisms. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10(1):169–173. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC145284] [PubMed: 12522056]
  • Ascioglu S, Rex JH, et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(1):7–14. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11731939]
  • Ataie-Jafari A, Hosseini S, et al. Effects of milk replacement with regular yogurt and probiotic yogurt on blood lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemic and normocholesterolemic individuals. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2007;7(2):239–244. E224. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Aucott JN, Fayen J, et al. Invasive infection with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: report of three cases and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(3):406–411. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2193348]
  • Aureli P, Fiore A, et al. National survey outcomes on commercial probiotic food supplements in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;137(2–3):265–273. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20061041]
  • Avlami A, Kordossis T, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis complicating colonoscopy. J Infect. 2001;42(4):283–285. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 11545575]
  • Awasthi S. Lactobacillus GG reduced diarrhoea incidence in children treated with antibiotics. vid Based Med. 2000;(5):113. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Axelrod J, Keusch GT, et al. Endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus plantarum. Ann Intern Med. 1973;78(1):33–37. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 4485615]
  • Bahar RJ, Collins BS, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2008;152(5):685–689. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18410774]
  • Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Tol EA, et al. Faecal SIgA secretion in infants fed on pre- or probiotic infant formula. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17(2):134–140. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16618363]
  • Baldassarre ME, Laforgia N, et al. Lactobacillus GG improves recovery in infants with blood in the stools and presumptive allergic colitis compared with extensively hydrolyzed formula alone. J Pediatr. 2010;156(3):397–401. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19880141]
  • Balli F, Bertolani P, et al. High-dose oral bacteria-therapy for chronic non-specific diarrhea of infancy. Pediatr Med Chir. 1992;14(1):13–15. Exclude-NoAE (Italian) [PubMed: 1579511]
  • Barbara G, Corinaldesi R. Probiotics: could they turn out to be ineffective in irritable bowel syndrome? Dig Liver Dis. 2000;32(4):302–304. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 11515627]
  • Barbes C, Boris S. Potential role of lactobacilli as prophylactic agents against genital pathogens. IDS Patient Care STDS. 1999;13(12):747–751. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10743538]
  • Barbi M, Bardare M, et al. Antibody response to inactivated polio vaccine (E-IPV) in children born to HIV positive mothers. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992;8(2):211–216. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1644138]
  • Barker P, McNaught C, et al. Synbiotic in irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind prospective randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2003;52:A11. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Barreto R, Naito Y, et al. Gut flora manipulation mitigates ethanol-induced liver damage and endotoxinemia: experimental comparison between a novel probiotic and metronidazole. Intern Med J. 2000;7:121–128. Exclude-Participants.
  • Barrett JF. Potential risk of probiotic usage. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2006;5(1):3–4. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16370949]
  • Bartlett JG. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(10):758–764. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17116920]
  • Basu S, Paul DK, et al. Efficacy of high-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute watery diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(3):208–213. Exclude-Duplicate 4762. [PubMed: 18813028]
  • Batac MaCR GM, Caparas-de Castro C, Gutierrez-Santos K, Tondoc A. Effects of a probiotic formula on measles, mumps and rubella IgG production and on anthropometric measurements of infants aged 11–15 months in a tertiary hospital. Santo Tomas Journal of Medicine. 2005;52(4):124–130. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Baughan CA, Canney PA, et al. A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid for the prevention of radiation enteritis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1993;5(1):19–24. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8424910]
  • Bayer AS, Chow AW, et al. Lactobacillemia--report of nine cases. Important clinical and therapeutic considerations. Am J Med. 1978;64(5):808–813. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 645745]
  • Bayona-Gonzalez A, Lopez-Camara V, et al. Final results of a dental caries clinical trial using heat killed lactic bacteria (Streptococci and Lactobacilli) orally. Pract Odontol. 1990;11(6):41–47. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 2131458]
  • Bazzarre T, Liu-Wu S, et al. Total and HDL-cholesterol concentrations: yogurt and calcium supplementation. Nutr Rep Int. 1983;28:17–24. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Bazzocchi G, Gionchetti P, et al. Intestinal microflora and oral bacteriotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis. 2002;34(Suppl 2):S48–53. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12408440]
  • Beerepoot MA, ter Riet G, et al. Non-antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary-tract infections. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006;150(10):541–544. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Dutch) [PubMed: 16566416]
  • Bell MJ. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and peritonitis in the neonate. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1985;160(1):20–26. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3964964]
  • Bellete B. Molecular confirmation of an absidiomycosis following treatment with a probiotic supplement in a child with leukemia. 2006 Exclude-Rec Genus.
  • Bellizzi A, Barucca V, et al. Early years of biological agents therapy in Crohn’s disease and risk of the human polyomavirus JC reactivation. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2010;224(2):316–326. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20432445]
  • Bengmark S. Ecological control of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of probiotic flora. Gut. 1998;42(1):2–7. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC1726957] [PubMed: 9505873]
  • Bennett R, Gorbach SL, et al. Treatment of relasping Clostridium difficile diarrhea with Lactobacillus GG. Nutr Today. 1993;31:35S–42S. Exclude-Duplicate 12844.
  • Benno P, Ernberg I, et al. Probiotics--friends or enemies of the intestine? Lakartidningen. 2010;107(13–14):907–909. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20432864]
  • Benno Y, Mitsuoka T. Impact of Bifidobacterium longum on human fecal microflora. Microbiol Immunol. 1992;36(7):683–694. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1406371]
  • Benton D, Williams C, et al. Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(3):355–361. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17151594]
  • Berg RD. Translocation of enteric bacteria in health and disease. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transfus. 1992;(59):44–65. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1533359]
  • Bergogne-Berezin E. Treatment and prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;16(4):521–526. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11118872]
  • Berrada N, Lemeland JF, et al. Bifidobacterium from fermented milks: survival during gastric transit. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74(2):409–413. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2045548]
  • Besirbellioglu BA, Ulcay A, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii and infection due to Giardia lamblia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(6–7):479–481. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16798698]
  • Besselink MG, Timmerman HM, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (PROPATRIA): design and rationale of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised multicenter trial [ISRCTN38327949. BMC Surg. 2004;4:12. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC526218] [PubMed: 15456517]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96(3):267–273. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19125434]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(12):685–696. Exclude-Duplicate 4767(Dutch) [PubMed: 18438065]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction in a randomized trial of a specific probiotic composition in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2009;250(5):712–719. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19801929]
  • Bessis D, Le Quellec A, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus endocarditis after an appendectomy. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(3):724–725. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 7756510]
  • Betsi GI, Papadavid E, et al. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(2):93–103. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 18284263]
  • Bettler J, Euler A. An evaluation of the growth of term infants fed formula supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharide. 2004 Exclude-Rec Intervention.
  • Bhutta ZA, Molla AM, et al. Nutrient absorption and weight gain in persistent diarrhea: comparison of a traditional rice-lentil/yogurt/milk diet with soy formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18(1):45–52. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8126617]
  • Billot-Klein D, Gutmann L, et al. Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type Enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum. J Bacteriol. 1994;176(8):2398–2405. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC205365] [PubMed: 8157610]
  • Binns CW, Lee AH, et al. The CUPDAY Study: prebiotic-probiotic milk product in 1–3-year-old children attending childcare centres. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(11):1646–1650. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17937689]
  • Birch EE, Garfield S, et al. Visual acuity and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age in a double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented infant formula. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(5):279–284. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17240089]
  • Bisson JF, Hidalgo S, et al. Preventive effects of different probiotic formulations on travelers’ diarrhea model in wistar rats : preventive effects of probiotics on TD. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(4):911–919. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19437118]
  • Bittner A, Caicedo B, et al. Probiotic-prebiotic Prescript-Assist(TM) treatment for bacterial diarrhea. Prensa Medica Argentina. 2007;94(3):195–202. Exclude-NoAE (Spanish)
  • Blaire E, Tull B. Multiple infections among newborns resulting from colonization with Staphylococcus aureus 502a. Am J Clin Pathol. 1968;52:42. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 5789483]
  • Bodmann KF, Vogel F. Antimikrobielle Therapie der Sepsis. 2001:43–55. Exclude-Intervention (German)
  • Boehm G, Lidestri M, et al. Supplementation of a bovine milk formula with an oligosaccharide mixture increases counts of faecal bifidobacteria in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;86(3):F178–181. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1721408] [PubMed: 11978748]
  • Bongaerts G. Lactobacillus Fermentum Bacteremia In A Seriously Ill Premature Short Small Bowel Patient During Probiotic Lactobacillus Casei Therapy. International Journal of probiotics. 2007;1(2):145–158. Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Bongaerts G, Severijnen R, et al. Yeast mediates lactic acidosis suppression after antibiotic cocktail treatment in short small bowel? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(10):1246–1250. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16165705]
  • Bongaerts G, Severijnen R, et al. Effect of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(1):64–68. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15533613]
  • Bongaerts GP, Tolboom JJ, et al. Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of short bowel syndrome-associated D-lactic acidemia. Microb Pathog. 1997;22(5):285–293. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9160298]
  • Bongers ME, de Lorijn F, et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Nutr J. 2007;6:8. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1852321] [PubMed: 17428343]
  • Bonnay S, Darchis J, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae septicaemia in a cancer patient. Med Malad Infect. 1991;21:73. Exclude-Intervention (French)
  • Bonorden MJ, Greany KA, et al. Consumption of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum do not alter urinary equol excretion and plasma reproductive hormones in premenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(12):1635–1642. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 15213709]
  • Boonyaritichaikij S, Kuwabara K, et al. Long-term administration of probiotics to asymptomatic pre-school children for either the eradication or the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2009;14(3):202–207. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19702850]
  • Borruel N, Carol M, et al. Increased mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha production in Crohn’s disease can be downregulated ex vivo by probiotic bacteria. Gut. 2002;51(5):659–664. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC1773447] [PubMed: 12377803]
  • Bosques-Padilla FJ, Flores-Rendon AR. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy with probiotics and prebiotics. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2005;70(3):372–374. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17063793]
  • Boudraa G, Touhami M, et al. Effect of feeding yogurt versus milk in children with persistent diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1990;11(4):509–512. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2262840]
  • Bouhnik Y, Attar A, et al. Lactulose ingestion increases faecal bifidobacterial counts: a randomised double-blind study in healthy humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(3):462–466. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 14985684]
  • Bouhnik Y, Marteau P, et al. The use of probiotics in humans. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris). 1993;29(5):241–249. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8250519]
  • Bouhnik Y, Neut C, et al. Prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial to evaluate the effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol-4000 on colonic flora in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(8):889–899. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15080850]
  • Bouilly-Gauthier D, Jeannes C, et al. Clinical evidence of benefits of a dietary supplement containing probiotic and carotenoids on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20545689]
  • Boulloche J, Mouterde O, et al. Management of acute diarrhoea in infants and young children. Controlled study of the antidiarrhoeal efficacy of killed L/acidophilus (LB strain) versus a placebo and a reference drug (Loperamide). Ann Pediatr. 1994;41:1–7. Exclude-Rec Genus (Foreign Language)
  • Bourne KA, Beebe JL, et al. Bacteremia due to Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium or Lactobacillus; twenty-one cases and review of the literature. Yale J Biol Med. 1978;51(5):505–512. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC2595696] [PubMed: 749356]
  • Bowden TA Jr, Mansberger AR Jr, et al. Pseudomembraneous enterocolitis: mechanism for restoring floral homeostasis. Am Surg. 1981;47(4):178–183. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7224366]
  • Boyce JM, Opal SM, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable vanB class vancomycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(5):1148–1153. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC263627] [PubMed: 8051238]
  • Boyle RJ, Mah L, et al. In vivo, in vitro and transplacental immune effects of a probiotic bacterium lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in humans. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009;123(2):S200. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Brady LJ, Gallaher DD, et al. The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):410S–414S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10721916]
  • Braegger C. Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children. 2002;(150):824–828. Exclude-Rec Design (German)
  • Brand S, Reinecker H. An enhanced barrier is a better defense: effects of probiotics on intestinal barrier function. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2002;8:67–69. Exclude-Participants.
  • Briand V, Buffet P, et al. Absence of efficacy of nonviable Lactobacillus acidophilus for the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(9):1170–1175. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17029137]
  • Brigidi P, Vitali B, et al. Effects of probiotic administration upon the composition and enzymatic activity of human fecal microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea. Res Microbiol. 2001;152(8):735–741. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11686387]
  • Brinkhaus B, Stockert K, et al. The effect of acupuncture and probiotics in children with asthma. Focus on Alternative & Complementary Therapies. 2007;12(3):194–196. Exclude-Design.
  • Brook I. Isolation of non-sporing anaerobic rods from infections in children. J Med Microbiol. 1996;45(1):21–26. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8667406]
  • Broughton R, Gruber W, et al. Neonatal meningitis due to Lactobacillus. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983;2:382–384. Exclude-Duplicate 12439. [PubMed: 6634467]
  • Broughton RA, Gruber WC, et al. Neonatal meningitis due to Lactobacillus. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983;2(5):382–384. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6634467]
  • Brouwer ML, Wolt-Plompen SA, et al. No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(7):899–906. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16839405]
  • Bruck WM, Redgrave M, et al. Effects of bovine alpha-lactalbumin and casein glycomacropeptide-enriched infant formulae on faecal microbiota in healthy term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(5):673–679. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17130747]
  • Bruhn C. Prevention of atopic disease with lactobacillus. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung. 2003;143(35):44. Exclude-Design.
  • Brunser O, Araya M, et al. Effect of an acidified milk on diarrhoea and the carrier state in infants of low socio-economic stratum. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989;78(2):259–264. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2929349]
  • Brunser O, Figueroa G, et al. Effects of probiotic or prebiotic supplemented milk formulas on fecal microbiota composition of infants. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(3):368–376. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 16837430]
  • Brunser O, Gotteland M, et al. Effect of a milk formula with prebiotics on the intestinal microbiota of infants after an antibiotic treatment. Pediatr Res. 2006;59(3):451–456. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16492988]
  • Bruzzese E, Raia V, et al. Intestinal inflammation is a frequent feature of cystic fibrosis and is reduced by probiotic administration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(7):813–819. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15379842]
  • Bruzzese E, Volpicelli M, et al. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: an observational study. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(2):156–161. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19231042]
  • Buchner AM, Sonnenberg A. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in a large population of hospitalized US military veterans. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(1):201–207. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11837725]
  • Burton JP, Cadieux PA, et al. Improved understanding of the bacterial vaginal microbiota of women before and after probiotic instillation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(1):97–101. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC152440] [PubMed: 12513982]
  • Burton JP, Chilcott CN, et al. A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100(4):754–764. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16553730]
  • Burton JP, Wescombe PA, et al. Safety assessment of the oral cavity probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(4):3050–3053. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC1449041] [PubMed: 16598017]
  • Buts JP, Corthier G, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii for Clostridium difficile-associated enteropathies in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;16(4):419–425. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8315551]
  • Byun R, Nadkarni MA, et al. Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(7):3128–3136. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC446321] [PubMed: 15243071]
  • Cabana MD, McKean M, et al. Examining the hygiene hypothesis: the Trial of Infant Probiotic Supplementation. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 21 Suppl. 2007;3:23–28. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 17935572]
  • Cafaro D, Onofrio L, et al. Combination therapy with symbiotics and local anti-inflammatories for red anusitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2007;53(2):117–123. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17557039]
  • Caglar E, Kargul B, et al. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics’ role on oral health. Oral Dis. 2005;11(3):131–137. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 15888102]
  • Caglar E, Kuscu OO, et al. A probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(1):35–39. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18086024]
  • Cairoli R, Marenco P, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia with granulomas in the bone marrow in a patient undergoing BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1995;15(5):785–786. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7670407]
  • Camilleri M, Northcutt AR, et al. Efficacy and safety of alosetron in women with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9209):1035–1040. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 10744088]
  • Campbell JM, Fahey GC Jr, et al. Metabolic characteristics of healthy adult males as affected by ingestion of a liquid nutritional formula containing fish oil, oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidant vitamins. Food Chem Toxicol. 1997;35(12):1165–1176. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9449222]
  • Campeotto F. Effects of administration of Bifidobacteria on fecal microflora and clinical symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Coh Nutr Diet. 2003;38(6):371–375. Exclude-NoAE (French) [PubMed: 12598719]
  • Campeotto F. Probiotics during pregnancy: A protection against atopic disease in the infant? Medicine and Nutrition. 2003 Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Campieri C, Campieri M, et al. Reduction of oxaluria after an oral course of lactic acid bacteria at high concentration. Kidney Int. 2001;60(3):1097–1105. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11532105]
  • Campieri M, Rizzello F, et al. Combination of antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled study vs mesalamine. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:A781. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Canani R, Albano F, et al. Probiotics for acute diarrhea: a comparative study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32:347. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Candelli M, Nista EC, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-associated diarrhea in an immunocompetent patient with ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(1):39–40. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12488706]
  • Canducci F, Armuzzi A, et al. A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(12):1625–1629. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 11121911]
  • Candy DC, Densham L, et al. Effect of administration of Lactobacillus casei shirota on sodium balance in an infant with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32(4):506–508. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11396828]
  • Cao YJ, Qu CM, et al. Control of intestinal flora alteration induced by eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection in the elders. Chin J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;14:195–199. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Caplan M, Lickerman M, et al. Bifidobacteria supplementation reduces the incidence and severity of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborn rats. Pediatr Res. 1995;(37):A198. Exclude-Participants.
  • Capsule & comment Lactobacilli for allergy: calling Dr Metchnikoff Kalliomäki M et al Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 357:1076, 2001. Hospital Practice. 2001;36(6):24. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11297958]
  • Capurso G, Marignani M, et al. Probiotics and severe acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(Suppl 3 Pt 1):S148–151. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18806709]
  • Capurso L, Delle Fave G, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics, and new foods. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(Suppl 3 Pt 2):S155. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18685509]
  • Carmona-Sanchez R. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome - a randomized, doubleblind, controlled study. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2010;75(1):123. Exclude-Design.
  • Caropreso E. I microorganismi probiotici: effetti sul trattamento e sulla prevenzione delle diarree acute. Aggiorn Pediatr. 1998;1:81–85. Exclude-Design (Italian)
  • Caropreso E. Probiotics micro-organisms: Effects on the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea. Aggiornamento Pediatrico. 1998;1(3–4):81–85. Exclude-Design.
  • Carroll D, Corfield A, et al. Faecal calprotectin concentrations and diagnosis of necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 2003;361(9354):310–311. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12559868]
  • Cartwright-Shamoon J, Dickson GR, et al. Uptake of yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) in normal and rotavirus treated intestine. Gut. 1996;39(2):204–209. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC1383299] [PubMed: 8991857]
  • Casey PH, Whiteside-Mansell L, et al. Impact of prenatal and/or postnatal growth problems in low birth weight preterm infants on school-age outcomes: an 8-year longitudinal evaluation. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1078–1086. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16951001]
  • Castex F, Corthier G, et al. Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced experimental pseudomembranous colitis by Saccharomyces boulardii: a scanning electron microscopic and microbiological study. J Gen Microbiol. 1990;136(6):1085–1089. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 2200843]
  • Cats A, Kuipers EJ, et al. Effect of frequent consumption of a Lactobacillus casei-containing milk drink in Helicobacter pylori-colonized subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(3):429–435. Exclude-Rec Participants. [PubMed: 12562457]
  • Cerny A. Side effects and consequences of frequently used antibiotics in clinical practice. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996;126(13):528–534. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8658092]
  • Chaiken BH. Yogurt and autoimmune liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89(10):1916–1917. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 7942706]
  • Chandra R. Effect of Lactobacillus on the incidence and severity of acute rotavirus diarrhoea in infants. A prospective placebo-controlled double-blind study. Nutr Res. 2002;22:65–69. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Charteris WP, Kelly PM, et al. Selective detection, enumeration and identification of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in mixed bacterial populations. Int J Food Microbiol. 1997;35(1):1–27. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 9081222]
  • Charteris WP, Kelly PM, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus species. J Food Prot. 1998;61(12):1636–1643. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 9874341]
  • Cheng J, Chen D, et al. Dietary probiotic supplementation for allergic rhinitis. Cochrance Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 Exclude-Design.
  • Chermesh I, Tamir A, et al. Failure of Synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(2):385–389. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17211699]
  • Chernyshov PV. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial on clinical and immunologic effects of probiotic containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and L. helveticus R0052 in infants with atopic dermatitis. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2009;21(3–4):228–232. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Chiang BL, Sheih YH, et al. Enhancing immunity by dietary consumption of a probiotic lactic acid bacterium (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019): optimization and definition of cellular immune responses. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(11):849–855. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11114680]
  • Choi SS, Kang BY, et al. Safety assessment of potential lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 isolated from healthy Koreans. J Microbiol. 2005;43(6):493–498. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16410764]
  • Chomarat M, Espinouse D. Lactobacillus rhamnosus septicemia in patients with prolonged aplasia receiving ceftazidime-vancomycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1991;10(1):44. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2009881]
  • Chouragqui J, Van Egroo L, et al. Prevention of diarrhea by feeding infants with an acidified milk formula containing Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bb). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;26([Abstract 13]):539. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Christensen HR, Larsen CN, et al. Immunomodulating potential of supplementation with probiotics: a dose-response study in healthy young adults. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006;47(3):380–390. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16872374]
  • Christmann W. Gleichzeitige Gabe eines Breitbandantibiotikums und Hefepraparates. Arztliche Praxis. 1967;19(13):451–452. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Chuang LC, Huang CS, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei effect on cariogenic bacterial flora. Clin Oral Investig. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC3133768] [PubMed: 20502929]
  • Chui D. The efficacy of bifidobacteria on interstinal obstruction and blood endotoxin. Chinese Journal of Microecology. 1992;4(3):7. Exclude-Participants (Chinese)
  • Cianci A, Giordano R, et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GR-1 and of Lactobacillus Reuteri RC-14 in the treatment and prevention of vaginoses and bacterial vaginitis relapses. Minerva Ginecol. 2008;60(5):369–376. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18854803]
  • Cimolai N, Gill MJ, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: case report and review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1987;8(2):113–117. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3322656]
  • Clancy RL, Gleeson M, et al. Reversal in fatigued athletes of a defect in interferon gamma secretion after administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(4):351–354. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2577537] [PubMed: 16556792]
  • Clements ML, Levine MM, et al. Exogenous lactobacilli fed to man - their fate and ability to prevent diarrheal disease. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1983;7(3–4):29–37. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 6657981]
  • Cobo Sanz JM, Mateos JA, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of infectious conditions in children. Nutr Hosp. 2006;21(4):547–551. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16913215]
  • Coconnier MH, Lievin V, et al. Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(11):4573–4580. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC106686] [PubMed: 9797324]
  • Colbere-Garapin F, Martin-Latil S, et al. Prevention and treatment of enteric viral infections: possible benefits of probiotic bacteria. Microbes Infect. 2007;9(14–15):1623–1631. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18023231]
  • Collado MC, Isolauri E, et al. The impact of probiotic on gut health. Curr Drug Metab. 2009;10(1):68–78. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19149514]
  • Collins JKDC, Murphy L, Morrissey D, O’Mahony L, O’Sullivan E, Fitzgerald G, Kiely B, O’Sullivan GC, Daly C, Marteau P, Shanahan F. A randomised controlled trial of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain in healthy adults: Assessment of its delivery, transit and influence on microbial flora and enteric immunity. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease. 2002;14(2):81–89. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Colodner R, Edelstein H, et al. Vaginal colonization by orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Isr Med Assoc J. 2003;5(11):767–769. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 14650098]
  • Colombel JF, Cortot A, et al. Yoghurt with Bifidobacterium longum reduces erythromycin-induced gastrointestinal effects. Lancet. 1987;2(8549):43. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2885529]
  • Contardi I. Oral bacterial therapy in prevention of antibiotic-induced diarrhea in childhood. Clin Ter. 1991;136(6):409–413. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Foreign Language) [PubMed: 1828205]
  • Conway S, Hart A, et al. Does eating yogurt prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhoea? A placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial in general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57(545):953–959. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PMC free article: PMC2084134] [PubMed: 18252070]
  • Cooper CD, Vincent A, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia in febrile neutropenic patients in a cancer hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(5):1247–1248. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9597275]
  • Coronado BE, Opal SM, et al. Antibiotic-induced D-lactic acidosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(11):839–842. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7741368]
  • Costalos C, Kapiki A, et al. The effect of a prebiotic supplemented formula on growth and stool microbiology of term infants. Early Hum Dev. 2008;84(1):45–49. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17433577]
  • Costa-Ribeiro H, Ribeiro TC, et al. Limitations of probiotic therapy in acute, severe dehydrating diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36(1):112–115. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12500005]
  • Cote GL, Holt SM. Probiotics in food : health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. Corp Author(s): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.; World Health Organization Prebiotic oligosaccharides via alternansucrase acceptor reactions. FAO food and nutrition paper. 2006;85(10) 2007. Exclude-Participants.
  • Cotton DJ, Gill VJ, et al. Clinical features and therapeutic interventions in 17 cases of Bacillus bacteremia in an immunosuppressed patient population. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25(4):672–674. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC266057] [PubMed: 3571476]
  • Cox AJ, Pyne DB, et al. Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2008 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18272539]
  • Cox AJ, Pyne DB, et al. Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(4):222–226. Exclude-Duplicate 4867. [PubMed: 18272539]
  • Cox MJ, Huang YJ, et al. Lactobacillus casei abundance is associated with profound shifts in the infant gut microbiome. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8745. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2807455] [PubMed: 20090909]
  • Cremonini F, Di Caro S, et al. The impact of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Gastroenterology. 2001;(120):A215. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Cremonini F, Di Caro S, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(8):1461–1467. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12182746]
  • Crosby Z, Williamson I. Probiotics for the prevention of acute otitis media in children [Protocol. Exclude-Design. 2009
  • Cross ML, Gill HS. Can immunoregulatory lactic acid bacteria be used as dietary supplements to limit allergies? Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001;125(2):112–119. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 11435727]
  • Cross ML, Stevenson LM, et al. Anti-allergy properties of fermented foods: an important immunoregulatory mechanism of lactic acid bacteria? Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(5):891–901. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11379044]
  • Cruchet S, Obregon MC, et al. Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children. Nutrition. 2003;19(9):716–721. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12921879]
  • Cui HH, Chen CL, et al. Effects of probiotic on intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(10):1521–1525. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC4656296] [PubMed: 15133865]
  • Cukrowska B, Ceregra A, et al. The influence of probiotic Lactobacillus casei and paracasei strains on clinical status of atopic eczema in children with food allergy on cow’s milk proteins. Pediatria Wspolczesna. 2008;10(2):67–70. Exclude-NoAE (Polish)
  • Cukrowska B, Rosiak I, et al. Impact of heat-inactivated Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei strains on cytokine responses in whole blood cell cultures of children with atopic dermatitis. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2010;55(3):277–280. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20526842]
  • Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. Gastrointestinal effects of prebiotics. Br J Nutr. 2002;87(Suppl 2):S145–151. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12088511]
  • Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT, et al. Prebiotic digestion and fermentation. Am J Clin Nutr 73(2 Suppl): 415S–420S. 2001 Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11157351]
  • Cummins J, Ho M. Genetically modified probiotics should be banned. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2005;17(2):66–68. Exclude-Design.
  • Curragh H, Collins M. High levels of spontaneous drug resistance in Lactobacillus. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1992;73:31–36. Exclude-Participants.
  • Czajkowska-Kozik J, Szymanski A. The influence of probiotic supplementation on girls’ red blood cell characteristics. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2009;60(4):367–370. Exclude-NoAE (Polish) [PubMed: 20361566]
  • Czerucka D, Rampal P. Experimental effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on diarrheal pathogens. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(7):733–739. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 12067833]
  • Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Kuczynska R, et al. Effect of probiotic bacteria supplementation on the tolerance of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in children and youth. Pediatria Polska. 2006;81(5):334–341. Exclude-NoAE (Polish)
  • Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Murawska S. Probiotics importance in tolerance of eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori in children. Przeglad Peditryczny. 2006;36(4):287–290. Exclude-Design.
  • Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Murawska S, et al. Evaluation of influence of oral treatment with probiotic and/or oral rehydration solution on course of acute diarrhoea in children. Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny. 2009;4(3):166–172. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Dani C, Biadaioli R, et al. Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. A prospective double-blind study. Biol Neonate. 2002;82(2):103–108. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12169832]
  • de Boer AS, Diderichsen B. On the safety of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1991;36(1):1–4. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1367772]
  • De Boisiambert P. Accidents et incidents digestifs de l’antibiotherapie. Leur prevention par des levures ultra-hautes. Semaine des Hopitaux (Therapeutique). 1966;1:36–40. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language) [PubMed: 5986622]
  • de Bortoli N, Leonardi G, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized prospective study of triple therapy versus triple therapy plus lactoferrin and probiotics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(5):951–956. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17313499]
  • de dios Pozo-Olano J, Warram JH Jr, et al. Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler’s diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial. Gastroenterology. 1978;74(5 Pt 1):829–830. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 416989]
  • de Felippe Junior J, da Rocha e Silva Junior M, et al. Infection prevention in patients with severe multiple trauma with the immunomodulator beta 1-3 polyglucose (glucan). Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;177(4):383–388. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8211583]
  • de Llanos R, Fernandez-Espinar MT, et al. A comparison of clinical and food Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates on the basis of potential virulence factors. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2006;90(3):221–231. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16871421]
  • de Llanos R, Querol A, et al. Food and probiotic strains from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species as a possible origin of human systemic infections. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;110(3):286–290. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 16782223]
  • De Luis D, Santamaria A, et al. Study of influence of dietary yogurt in an allergic population. Anales de Medicina Interna. 2005;22(2):55–58. Exclude-Duplicate 2816. [PubMed: 15896109]
  • de Luis DA, Santamaria AR, et al. Study of the influence of dietary yogurt in an allergic population. An Med Interna. 2005;22(2):55–58. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15896109]
  • De Preter V, Geboes K, et al. The in vivo use of the stable isotope-labelled biomarkers lactose-[15N]ureide and [2H4]tyrosine to assess the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal flora of healthy human volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2004;92(3):439–446. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15469647]
  • De Preter V, Raemen H, et al. Effect of dietary intervention with different pre- and probiotics on intestinal bacterial enzyme activities. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):225–231. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17327863]
  • De Preter V, Vanhoutte T, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Bifidobacterium breve, and oligofructose-enriched inulin on colonic nitrogen-protein metabolism in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;292(1):G358–368. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16990449]
  • De Santis A, Famularo G, et al. Probiotics for the hemodynamic alterations of patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(1):323–324. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 10638621]
  • de Vrese M, Rautenberg P, et al. Probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination. Eur J Nutr. 2005;44(7):406–413. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15578195]
  • de Vrese M, Winkler P, et al. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine. 2006;24(44–46):6670–6674. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16844267]
  • de Waard R, Claassen E, et al. Enhanced immunological memory responses to Listeria monocytogenes in rodents, as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), adoptive transfer of DTH, and protective immunity, following Lactobacillus casei Shirota ingestion. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10(1):59–65. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC145274] [PubMed: 12522040]
  • Deal D, Borriello S, et al. Treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea by administration of a non-toxigenic strain. Eur J Microbiol. 1987;(6):51–53. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 3569251]
  • Dehkordi N, Rao DR, et al. Lactose malabsorption as influenced by chocolate milk, skim milk, sucrose, whole milk, and lactic cultures. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(4):484–486. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7699193]
  • Dekker J, Collett M, et al. Functionality of probiotics - potential for product development. Forum Nutr. 2007;60:196–208. Exclude-Rec Participants. [PubMed: 17684416]
  • Del Piano M, Ballare M, et al. Clinical experience with probiotics in the elderly on total enteral nutrition. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S111–114. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15220673]
  • Delcenserie V, Martel D, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2008;10(1–2):37–54. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 18525105]
  • Delgado S, Florez AB, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species from the human gastrointestinal tract. Curr Microbiol. 2005;50(4):202–207. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15902467]
  • Depeint F, Tzortzis G, et al. Prebiotic evaluation of a novel galactooligosaccharide mixture produced by the enzymatic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171, in healthy humans: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):785–791. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 18326619]
  • Dewan P, Kaur IR, et al. Cytokine response to dietary rehabilitation with curd (Indian dahi) & leaf protein concentrate in malnourished children. Indian J Med Res. 2009;130(1):31–36. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19700798]
  • Dewit O, Boudraa G, et al. Breath hydrogen test and stools characteristics after ingestion of milk and yogurt in malnourished children with chronic diarrhoea and lactase deficiency. J Trop Pediatr. 1987;33(4):177–180. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3669132]
  • Dhodapkar KM, Henry NK. Leuconostoc bacteremia in an infant with short-gut syndrome: case report and literature review. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71(12):1171–1174. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 8945490]
  • Di Benedetto L, Raia V, et al. Lactobacillus casei strain GG as adjunctive treatment to children with cystic fibrosis, Abstract #P164. 5th Joint Meeting of ESPGHAN and NADPGN; Toulouse, France. May 27–30, 1998. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Dicks LM, Fraser T, et al. Lactic acid bacteria population in children diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45(10):567–572. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19751380]
  • Diepenhorst GM, van Ruler O, et al. INFLUENCE OF PROPHYLACTIC PROBIOTICS AND SELECTIVE DECONTAMINATION ON BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PANCREATIC SURGERY: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL. Shock. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20577144]
  • Dikkenberg GM. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(28):1592. author reply 1592–1594. Exclude-Rec Design (Dutch) [PubMed: 18712231]
  • Dinleyici EC, Eren M, et al. Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii and metronidazole compared to metronidazole alone in children with acute bloody diarrhea caused by amebiasis: a prospective, randomized, open label study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(6):953–955. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19478257]
  • Dlugovitzky D, Notario R, et al. Immunotherapy with oral, heat-killed, Mycobacterium vaccae in patients with moderate to advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunotherapy. 2010;2(2):159–169. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 20635925]
  • Do VT, Baird BG, et al. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(3):565–571. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20124461]
  • Dobson SR, Baker CJ. Enterococcal sepsis in neonates: features by age at onset and occurrence of focal infection. Pediatrics. 1990;85(2):165–171. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2104974]
  • Donat F. Prevention of intestinal side-effects of antibiotics with Perenterol. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1970;112(2):74–77. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 5467104]
  • Dong Y, Yu H, et al. Development of isolation and identification of Lactobacillus. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008;37(4):508–510. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 18839545]
  • Donohue D, Deighton M, et al. Toxicity of lactic acid bacteria. 1993:307–313. Exclude-Participants.
  • Donohue D, Salminen S. Safety assessment of probiotic bacteria. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5:25–28. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 24394461]
  • Donohue D, Salminen S. Safety of Lactobacillus GG. Nutr. 1996;31:12s–15s. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Dotterud C, Oien T, et al. Probiotic supplementation given to mothers in primary prevention of allergic diseases in early childhood - a randomized controlled trial in an unselected population. Allergy. 2009;64(Supple 90):64. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Doyle MG, Pickering LK, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9(11):850–851. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2263436]
  • Doyuk E, Ormerod OJ, et al. Native valve endocarditis due to Streptococcus vestibularis and Streptococcus oralis. J Infect. 2002;45(1):39–41. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12217730]
  • Drisko J, Bischoff B, et al. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with a food elimination diet followed by food challenge and probiotics. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(6):514–522. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17229899]
  • Drouault-Holowacz S, Bieuvelet S, et al. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008;32(2):147–152. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18387426]
  • DTB cautious on probiotics. Pharmaceutical Journal. 2004;273(7324):672. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Duc le H, Cutting SM. Bacterial spores as heat stable vaccine vehicles. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003;3(8):1263–1270. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 14640952]
  • Ducluzeau R, Bensaada M. Comparative effect of a single or continuous administration of “Saccharomyces boulardii” on the establishment of various strains of “candida” in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1982;133(3):491–501. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 6762128]
  • Dughera L, Serra AM, et al. Acute recurrent diverticulitis is prevented by oral administration of a polybacterial lysate suspension. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2004;50(2):149–153. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15722985]
  • Dupont B, Lapresle C. Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to lactobacillus (author’s transl). Nouv Presse Med. 1977;6(39):3627–3628. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 415291]
  • DuPont HL, Ericsson CD. Prevention and treatment of traveler’s diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(25):1821–1827. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8502272]
  • Edmond MB, Ober JF, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(5):1126–1133. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7619987]
  • Egashira K, Kitahara T, et al. Investigation for proper use of probiotics in Nagasaki University Hospital of Medicine and Dentistry. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006;126(11):1155–1161. Exclude-NoAE (Japanese) [PubMed: 17077616]
  • Egervarn M, Lindmark H, et al. Transferability of a tetracycline resistance gene from probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri to bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2010;97(2):189–200. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19997864]
  • Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, et al. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent infectious complications in patients after elective living donor liver transplantation. A prospective randomized study. Am J Surg. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20619394]
  • Ekerk H, Jurk I, et al. Prophylactic co-trimoxazole and lactobacilli preparation in neutropenic patients. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1980;8:47–51. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 6969348]
  • Ekert H, Jurk IH, et al. Prophylactic co-trimoxazole and lactobacilli preparation in neutropenic patients. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1980;8(1):47–51. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 6969348]
  • Elahi B, Nikfar S, et al. On the benefit of probiotics in the management of pouchitis in patients underwent ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(5):1278–1284. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17940902]
  • Elahi S, Pang G, et al. Enhanced clearance of Candida albicans from the oral cavities of mice following oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;141(1):29–36. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC1809411] [PubMed: 15958067]
  • Elmadfa I, Klein P, et al. Immune-stimulating effects of lactic acid bacteria in vivo and in vitro. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(3):416–420. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20550748]
  • Elmer GW, McFarland LV. Comment on ‘The lack of therapeutic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-related diarrhoea in elderly patients’ J Infect. 1998;37(3):307–308. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9892543]
  • Elmer GW, McFarland LV, et al. Behaviour of Saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent Clostridium difficile disease patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(12):1663–1668. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10594402]
  • El-Nezami HS, Polychronaki NN, et al. Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk of liver cancer in young men from Southern China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(5):1199–1203. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16685066]
  • Enck P, Zimmermann K, et al. Randomized controlled treatment trial of irritable bowel syndrome with a probiotic E.-coli preparation (DSM17252) compared to placebo. Z Gastroenterol. 2009;47(2):209–214. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 19197823]
  • Enck P, Zimmermann K, et al. A mixture of Escherichia coli (DSM 17252) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSM 16440) for treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome--a randomized controlled trial with primary care physicians. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(10):1103–1109. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 18565142]
  • Endres JR, Clewell A, et al. Safety assessment of a proprietary preparation of a novel Probiotic, Bacillus coagulans, as a food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC2726964] [PubMed: 19248815]
  • Eng RH, Drehmel R, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infections in man. Sabouraudia. 1984;22(5):403–407. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6390738]
  • Erdem H, Cetin M, et al. Identification of yeasts in public hospital primary care patients with or without clinical vaginitis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;43(4):312–316. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 14714718]
  • Erdeve O, Tiras U, Dallar Y. The probiotic effect of Saccharomyce boulardii in a pediatric age group. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2004;50(4):234–236. Exclude-Duplicate 2334. [PubMed: 15357564]
  • Erdeve O, Tiras U, et al. The probiotic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in a pediatric age group. J Trop Pediatr. 2004;50(4):234–236. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15357564]
  • Erdeve O, Tiras U, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(12):1508–1509. author reply 1509. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15948821]
  • Eren M, Dinleyici EC, et al. Clinical efficacy comparison of Saccharomyces boulardii and yogurt fluid in acute non-bloody diarrhea in children: a randomized, controlled, open label study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(3):488–491. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2829915] [PubMed: 20207879]
  • Erickson KL, Hubbard NE. Probiotic immunomodulation in health and disease. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):403S–409S. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 10721915]
  • Eschete ML, West BC. Saccharomyces cerevisiae septicemia. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140(11):1539. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7002086]
  • Euler AR, Mitchell DK, et al. Prebiotic effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplemented term infant formula at two concentrations compared with unsupplemented formula and human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(2):157–164. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15699689]
  • Expression of concern--Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9718):875–876. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20226971]
  • Ewaschuk JB, Tejpar QZ, et al. The role of antibiotic and probiotic therapies in current and future management of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8(6):486–498. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17105688]
  • Faber S, Rigden S, et al. The use of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: two case reports. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11(4):60–62. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16053123]
  • Fabian E, Elmadfa I. Influence of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the plasma lipid profile in young healthy women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(4):387–393. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16816529]
  • Fabian E, Elmadfa I. The effect of daily consumption of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on oxidant and anti-oxidant parameters in plasma of young healthy women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2007;77(2):79–88. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17896581]
  • Fabian E, Majchrzak D, et al. Influence of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the status of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in young healthy women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008;52(1):29–36. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18230968]
  • Fagbemi AO, TAG, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008:4. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 22161412]
  • Falagas ME, Betsi GI, et al. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs. 2006;66(9):1253–1261. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 16827601]
  • Falcao de Arruda IS, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Benefits of early enteral nutrition with glutamine and probiotics in brain injury patients. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;106(3):287–292. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 14558885]
  • Fan N, Tian ZB, et al. Bifico improves intestinal macromolecular permeability in patients with liver cirrhosis. World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2009;17(36):3745–3748. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Fang H, Elina T, et al. Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2000;29(1):47–52. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10967260]
  • Fang SB, Lee HC, et al. Dose-dependent effect of Lactobacillus GG on quantitative reduction of faecal rotavirus shedding in children. J Trop Pediatr. 2009 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19203988]
  • Fang SB, Lee HC, et al. Dose-dependent effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on quantitative reduction of faecal rotavirus shedding in children. J Trop Pediatr. 2009;55(5):297–301. Exclude-Duplicates 5666. [PubMed: 19203988]
  • FAO/WHO. Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. 2001 Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Farina C, Arosio M, et al. Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus sepsis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33(3):251–252. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11500620]
  • Farrar WE Jr. Serious infections due to “non-pathogenic” organisms of the genus Bacillus. Review of their status as pathogens. Am J Med. 1963;34:134–141. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 13944444]
  • Farthing MJ. Review article: prevention and treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1991;5(1):15–30. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 1932478]
  • Fastinger ND, Karr-Lilienthal LK, et al. A novel resistant maltodextrin alters gastrointestinal tolerance factors, fecal characteristics, and fecal microbiota in healthy adult humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(2):356–366. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 18689571]
  • Felten A, Barreau C, et al. Lactobacillus species identification, H2O2 production, and antibiotic resistance and correlation with human clinical status. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(3):729–733. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC84537] [PubMed: 9986841]
  • Fenton A. Nutrition: probiotics: how friendly are they? World of Irish Nursing & Midwifery. 2005;13(4):42–43. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Ferencik M, Ebringer L, et al. Successful modification of human intestinal microflora with oral administration of lactic acid bacteria. Bratisl Lek Listy. 1999;100(5):238–245. Exclude-NoAE (Slovakian) [PubMed: 10500327]
  • Fernandez MF, Boris S, et al. Safety evaluation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis UO 004, a probiotic bacterium. Res Microbiol. 2005;156(2):154–160. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15748979]
  • Ferrero L, Cameron B, et al. Cloning and primary structure of Staphylococcus aureus DNA topoisomerase IV: a primary target of fluoroquinolones. Mol Microbiol. 1994;13(4):641–653. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 7997176]
  • Figler M, Mozsik G, et al. Effect of special Hungarian probiotic kefir on faecal microflora. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(7):1129–1132. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC4087909] [PubMed: 16534858]
  • Fiore NF, Conway JH, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(12):1177–1179. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9877377]
  • Floch MH. Probiotics, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2003;6(4):283–288. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12846937]
  • Floch MH. Use of diet and probiotic therapy in the irritable bowel syndrome: analysis of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(5 Suppl 3):S243–246. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15798491]
  • Floch MH, Madsen KK, et al. Recommendations for probiotic use. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(3):275–278. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16633136]
  • Floch MH, Montrose DC. Use of probiotics in humans: an analysis of the literature. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005;34(3):547–570. x. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16084313]
  • Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(10):1805. author reply 1806. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19966623]
  • Forsgren E. Antibiotic and probiotic therapy of tuberculosis. Sven Lakartidn. 1954;51(43):2711–2719. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 13216612]
  • Foulquie Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, et al. The role and application of enterococci in food and health. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;106(1):1–24. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16216368]
  • Franks I. Pediatrics: Probiotics reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(7):358. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20626073]
  • Fredricsson B, Englund K, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is not a simple ecological disorder. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1989;28(3):156–160. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2509305]
  • Fric P, Zavoral M. The effect of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(3):313–315. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 12610327]
  • Fruchart C, Salah A, et al. Lactobacillus species as emerging pathogens in neutropenic patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;16(9):681–684. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9352263]
  • Fujiwara D, Inoue S, et al. The anti-allergic effects of lactic acid bacteria are strain dependent and mediated by effects on both Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and balance. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;135(3):205–215. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15467373]
  • Fujiwara S, Seto Y, et al. Establishment of orally-administered Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055SR in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and its influence on intestinal microflora and metabolism. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;90(3):343–352. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11298228]
  • Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl Bacteriol. 1989;66(5):365–378. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 2666378]
  • Fung KS, Scheel O, et al. Self-inflicted bacteraemia and fungaemia in Vietnamese migrants. Scand J Infect Dis. 1996;28(1):83–85. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9122639]
  • Fusch C, Skopnik H, et al. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the nutritional efficacy of Omneo 1. Final study results. Pediatrika. 2001;21(10):397–402. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Gaby AR. The use of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006;12(1):17. author reply 17. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16454141]
  • Gallemore GH, Mohon RT, et al. Lactobacillus fermentum endocarditis involving a native mitral valve. J Tenn Med Assoc. 1995;88(8):306–308. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7650937]
  • Gaon D, Doweck Y, et al. Lactose digestion by milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human origin. Medicina (B Aires). 1995;55(3):237–242. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8544722]
  • Gardiner G, Heinemann C, et al. Oral administration of the probiotic combination Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L fermentum RC-14 for human intestinal applications. Int Dairy J. 2002;12:191–196. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Gardiner P. Dietary supplement use in children: Concerns of efficacy and safety. American Family Physician. 2005;71(6):1068–1071. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 15791888]
  • Gasbarrini A, Ojetti V, et al. Efficacy of a multistep strategy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(1):79–83. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 10632649]
  • Gasser F. Safety of lactic acid bacteria and their occurrence in human clinical infections. Buil Inst Pasteur. 1994;92:45–67. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Gatt M, Reddy BS, et al. Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill--evidence and methods of prevention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(7):741–757. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17373913]
  • Gaynes RP, Edwards JR, et al. Nosocomial infections among neonates in high-risk nurseries in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Pediatrics. 1996;98(3 Pt 1):357–361. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8784356]
  • Gebhardt DO. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(28):1594. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 18712232]
  • Gedek BR. Regulation of the intestinal flora by food. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1991;191(2–3):277–301. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 2059289]
  • Gertenrich RL, Hart RW. Treatment of oral ulcerations with Bacid (Lactobacillus acidophilus). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970;30(2):196–200. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 4988795]
  • Gianotti L, Morelli L, et al. A randomized double-blind trial on perioperative administration of probiotics in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):167–175. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2806554] [PubMed: 20066735]
  • Gibson GR. Dietary modulation of the human gut microflora using the prebiotics oligofructose and inulin. J Nutr. 1999;129(7 Suppl):1438S–1441S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10395616]
  • Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 1995;125(6):1401–1412. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7782892]
  • Gilboa Y, Bar-Hava I, et al. Does intravaginal probiotic supplementation increase the pregnancy rate in IVF-embryo transfer cycles? Reprod Biomed Online. 2005;11(1):71–75. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16102292]
  • Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ. Immune enhancement conferred by oral delivery of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in different milk-based substrates. J Dairy Res. 2001;68(4):611–616. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 11928957]
  • Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, et al. Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes. J Clin Immunol. 2001;21(4):264–271. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11506196]
  • Gilliland SE, Kim HS. Effect of viable starter culture bacteria in yogurt on lactose utilization in humans. J Dairy Sci. 1984;67(1):1–6. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6707296]
  • Giochetti P, Rizzelo F, et al. In vivo effect of a highly concentrated probiotic on IL-10 pelvic pouch tissue levels (abstract). Gastroenterology. 1999;116:A723. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, et al. Standard treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis. 2003;21(2):157–167. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 14571113]
  • Giovannini M, Agostoni C, et al. A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial on effects of long-term consumption of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei in pre-school children with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis. Pediatr Res. 2007;62(2):215–220. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17597643]
  • Giovannone M, Barberani F, et al. Lactobacillus casei Dg effectiveness on Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment side effects; A placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(4 Suppl 2):A614. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Giraffa G, Carminati D, et al. Enterococci isolated from dairy products: A review of risks and potential technological use. Journal of Food Protection. 1997;60(6):732–738. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 31195556]
  • Gluck U, Gebbers JO. Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci). Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):517–520. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12540416]
  • Goerg KJ, Schlorer E. Probiotic therapy of pseudomembranous colitis. Combination of intestinal lavage and oral administration of Escherichia coli. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1998;123(43):1274–1278. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 9817997]
  • Goetze O, Fruehauf H, et al. Effect of a prebiotic mixture on intestinal comfort and general wellbeing in health. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(5):1077–1085. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18377682]
  • Gold HS, Moellering RC Jr. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(19):1445–1453. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8875923]
  • Goldin B, Gualteri L, et al. The effect of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) on DMH-induced rat intestinal tumours and on human immunological function. XVII International Congress on Microbial Ecology and Disease; Helsinki, Finland. Aug, 1992. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;39(5):756–761. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6424430]
  • Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Clinical indications for probiotics: an overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 2):S96–100. discussion S144–151. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18181732]
  • Goldin BR, Swenson L, et al. Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1980;64(2):255–261. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6766508]
  • Goldman CG, Barrado DA, et al. Effect of a probiotic food as an adjuvant to triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Nutrition. 2006;22(10):984–988. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16978844]
  • Golledge CL, Riley TV. “Natural” therapy for infectious diseases. Med J Aust. 1996;164(2):94–95. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8569582]
  • Gonchar NV, Berezina LV, et al. Choice of probiotic for rational therapy of infection caused by Klebsiella in children. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2009;(2):85–89. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19462517]
  • Gonzalez S, Albarracin G, et al. Prevention of infantile diarrhea by fermented milk. Microbiologie Aliments Nutrit. 1990;8:349–354. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Gonzalez S, Cardoza R, et al. Biotherapeutic role of fermented milk. Biotherapy. 1995;8:129–134. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8924354]
  • Gopal P, Dekker J, et al. Development adn commercialisation of Fonterra’s probiotic strains. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 2005;60:174–183. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Gorbach SL, Chang TW, et al. Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet. 1987;2(8574):1519. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2892070]
  • Gorbach SL, Goldin BR. The intestinal microflora and the colon cancer connection. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(Suppl 2):S252–261. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2154844]
  • Gotoh M, Sashihara T, et al. Efficacy of oral administration of a heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 on patients of japanese cedar pollinosis with high japanese-cedar pollen-specific IgE. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2009;73(9):1971–1977. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 19734682]
  • Gotteland M, Andrews M, et al. Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children. Nutrition. 2008;24(5):421–426. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18343637]
  • Gotteland M, Brunser O, et al. Systematic review: are probiotics useful in controlling gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(8):1077–1086. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16611267]
  • Gotteland M, Poliak L, et al. Effect of regular ingestion of Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin or Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in children colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(12):1747–1751. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16421034]
  • Gotz V, Romankiewicz JA, et al. Prophylaxis against ampicillin-associated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979;36(6):754–757. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 111546]
  • Graf C, Gavazzi G. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in an immunocompromised patient not treated with Saccharomyces boulardii preparation. J Infect. 2007;54(3):310–311. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16545460]
  • Grathwohl D. Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first six months of life. J Nutr. 2008;138(8):1520. author reply 1521. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18641200]
  • Graul T, Cain AM, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria combinations: A strategy to reduce hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea incidence and mortality. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19359104]
  • Greany KA, Bonorden MJ, et al. Probiotic capsules do not lower plasma lipids in young women and men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):232–237. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17356554]
  • Greany KA, Nettleton JA, et al. Probiotic consumption does not enhance the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2004;134(12):3277–3283. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 15570025]
  • Green SL. Case report: fatal anaerobic pulmonary infection due to Bifidobacterium eriksonii. Postgrad Med. 1978;63(3):187–188. 190, 192. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 628649]
  • Greer A, Gemoets H. The coexistence of pathogenic fungi in certain chronic pulmonary diseases: with especial reference to pulmonary tuberculosis. Dis Chest. 1943;9:212–224. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Griffiths JK, Daly JS, et al. Two cases of endocarditis due to Lactobacillus species: antimicrobial susceptibility, review, and discussion of therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15(2):250–255. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 1520759]
  • Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, et al. Lactobacillus GG supplementation does not reduce faecal colonization of Klebsiella oxytoca in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(7):785–786. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9240897]
  • Growth, weight gain composition and mineral accretion in term infants fed a new experimental formula containing hydrolysed protein, beta-palmitate and prebiotics. Ciencia Pediatrika. 2001;21(10):387–396. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Guandalini S. Probiotics in the treatment of diarrheal diseases in children. Gastroenterol Int. 1998;(11):87–90. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Guarino A, Canani RB, et al. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;25(5):516–519. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9360205]
  • Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 2003;361(9356):512–519. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12583961]
  • Guarner F, Perdigon G, et al. Should yoghurt cultures be considered probiotic? Br J Nutr. 2005;93(6):783–786. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16022746]
  • Gueimonde M, Sakata S, et al. Effect of maternal consumption of lactobacillus GG on transfer and establishment of fecal bifidobacterial microbiota in neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(2):166–170. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16456409]
  • Gueniche A, Bastien P, et al. Bifidobacterium longum lysate, a new ingredient for reactive skin. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(8):e1–8. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19624730]
  • Guenther K, Straube E, et al. Sever sepsis after probiotic treatment with Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(2):188–189. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 20118747]
  • Guerin-Danan C, Chabanet C, et al. Milk fermented with yogurt cultures and Lactobacillus casei compared with yogurt and gelled milk: influence on intestinal microflora in healthy infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;67:111–117. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9440384]
  • Guo JB, Yang PF, et al. The application of clostridium to the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Chin J Celiopathy. 2004;4:163–165. Exclude-Genus.
  • Guslandi M. Are probiotics effective for treating Clostridium difficile disease and antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(11):606–607. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 17068492]
  • Ha GY, Yang CH, et al. Case of sepsis caused by Bifidobacterium longum. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(4):1227–1228. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC88684] [PubMed: 10074561]
  • Habermann W, Zimmerman K. Reduction of acute relapses in patients with chronic recurrent hypertrophic sinusitis during treatment with a bacterial immunostimulant (Enterococcus faecalis bacteriae of human origin - A medical probiotic). 2002;52(8):622–627. Exclude-Duplicate 1540 (German) [PubMed: 12236051]
  • Hafer A, Kramer S, et al. Effect of oral lactulose on clinical and immunohistochemical parameters in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:36. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1995200] [PubMed: 17784949]
  • Hallen A, Jarstrand C, et al. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with lactobacilli. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;19(3):146–148. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1523530]
  • Haller J, Kraeubig H. On the modification of the radiation reaction of the intestines by a combination of living acidophilus, bifidus and coli bacteria. Strahlentherapie. 1960;113:272–280. Exclude-NoAE (German) [PubMed: 13710840]
  • Halpern GM, Prindiville T, et al. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(8):1579–1585. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8759665]
  • Halpern GM, Vruwink K, et al. Influence of long-term yoghurt consumption in young adults. Int J Immunother. 1991;7:205–210. Exclude-Rec Genus.
  • Hamilton-Miller J. Probiotics in the management of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of clinical trials. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2001;13:212–216. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Hamilton-Miller JM. Probiotics and prebiotics in the elderly. Postgrad Med J. 2004;80(946):447–451. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1743061] [PubMed: 15299153]
  • Hamilton-Miller JMT, Shah S. Benefits and risks of Enterococcus faecium as a probiotic. 1998:20–24. Exclude-Design.
  • Handwerger S, Horowitz H, et al. Infection due to Leuconostoc species: six cases and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12(4):602–610. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 2201065]
  • Harding KL, Judah RD, et al. Outcome-based comparison of Ritalin versus food-supplement treated children with AD/HD. Altern Med Rev. 2003;8(3):319–330. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12946241]
  • Harms HK, Bertele-Harms RM, et al. Enzyme-substitution therapy with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(21):1306–1309. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3553946]
  • Harty DW, Oakey HJ, et al. Pathogenic potential of lactobacilli. Int J Food Microbiol. 1994;24(1–2):179–189. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 7703012]
  • Harty DW, Patrikakis M, et al. Identification of lactobacillus strains isolated from patients with infective endocarditis and comparison of their surface-associated properties with those of other strains of the same species. Microb Ecol Hlth Dis. 1993;6:191–201. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Hata D, Yoshida A, et al. Meningitis caused by Bifidobacterium in an infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7(9):669–671. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3174310]
  • Hatakka K, Ahola AJ, et al. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly--a randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res. 2007;86(2):125–130. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17251510]
  • Hattori K, Yamamoto A, et al. Effects of administration of bifidobacteria on fecal microflora and clinical symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Arerugi. 2003;52(1):20–30. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language) [PubMed: 12598719]
  • Hawrelak J. Prebiotics: what are they and how safe? Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society. 2002;8(4):151–155. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Hawrelak JA, Whitten DL, et al. Is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effective in preventing the onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. Digestion. 2005;72(1):51–56. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16113542]
  • Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T. Suppressing effect of Lactobacillus casei administration on the urinary mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Cancer Lett. 1993;73(2–3):173–179. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8221630]
  • He Y. The efficacy of Bifidobacterium on adult diarrhea. Chinese Journal of Microecology. 1990;2(3):10. Exclude-NoAE (Chinese)
  • Heath CH, Jaksic A, et al. Disseminated Saccharomyces cerevisiae infection following polymicrobial hepatobiliary sepsis. Aust N Z J Med. 2000;30(4):521–522. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 10985529]
  • Heilpern D, Szilagyi A. Manipulation of intestinal microbial flora for therapeutic benefit in inflammatory bowel diseases: review of clinical trials of probiotics, pre-biotics and synbiotics. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2008;3(3):167–184. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18782075]
  • Heimbach J. European Food Safety Authority Scientific Colluquium on Micro-organisms in Food and Feed Qualified Presumption of Safety - QPS. 2004 Exclude-Participants.
  • Helin T, Haahtela S, et al. No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), on birch-pollen allergy: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Allergy. 2002;57(3):243–246. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 11906339]
  • Henker J, Blokhin B, et al. Acute diarrhoea in infants and small children. Successful adjuvant therapy with the probiotic Mutaflor. Padiatrische Praxis. 2008;71(4):605–610. Exclude-Rec Genus (Foreign Language)
  • Henker J, Laass M, et al. The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) stops acute diarrhoea in infants and toddlers. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(4):311–318. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC1802727] [PubMed: 17287932]
  • Henker J, Laass MW, et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus placebo for treating diarrhea of greater than 4 days duration in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(6):494–499. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 18469732]
  • Henker J, Muller S, et al. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) for successful remission maintenance of ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents: an open-label pilot study. Z Gastroenterol. 2008;46(9):874–875. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 18810672]
  • Henker J, Schuster F, et al. Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria--a case report. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160(10):592–594. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11686501]
  • Hennequin C, Thierry A, et al. Microsatellite typing as a new tool for identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(2):551–559. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC87774] [PubMed: 11158105]
  • Henriksson R, Franzen L, et al. Prevention of irradiation-induced bowel discomfort by sucralfate: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study when treating localized pelvic cancer. Am J Med. 1991;91(2A):151S–157S. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1882903]
  • Henriksson R, Franzen L, et al. Effects of active addition of bacterial cultures in fermented milk to patients with chronic bowel discomfort following irradiation. Support Care Cancer. 1995;3(1):81–83. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7697308]
  • Hepner G, Fried R, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of yogurt and milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(1):19–24. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 581636]
  • Herek O, Kara IG, et al. Effects of antibiotics and Saccharomyces boulardii on bacterial translocation in burn injury. Surg Today. 2004;34(3):256–260. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 14999540]
  • Hernando-Harder AC, von Bunau R, et al. Influence of E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) on intestinal gas dynamics and abdominal sensation. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(2):443–450. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17712634]
  • Hertzler SR, Clancy SM. Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(5):582–587. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 12728216]
  • Heydarian F, Kianifar HR, et al. A comparison between traditional yogurt and probiotic yogurt in non-inflammatory acute gastroenteritis. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(3):280–283. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20231933]
  • Hiatt N, Warner NE. Influence of intestinal content on radiation lesions of the small intestine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967;124(3):937–939. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 6023436]
  • Hickson M, Muthu N, et al. Use of probiotic lactobacillus preparation to prevent antibiotic induced diarrhoea. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing. 2008;12(3–4):133–134. Exclude-Duplicate 4246.
  • Hill LR, Skerman VBD, et al. Corrignenda to the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1984;34:508–511. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Hillier S, Wiesenfeld H, et al. A trial of intravaginal Lactobacillus crispatus as an adjunct to metronidazole therapy form treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Infectious Disease Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual Meeting and Research Symposium; 2002. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Hilton E, Isenberg HD, et al. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(5):353–357. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1736766]
  • Hilton E, Rindos P, et al. Lactobacillus GG vaginal suppositories and vaginitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(5):1433. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC228189] [PubMed: 7615776]
  • Hinze J, Mahan T. Probiotics and their effect on leaky gut syndrome and associated diseases. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding. 2000;4(5):349–350. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 23981698]
  • Hlivak P, Odraska J, et al. One-year application of probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium M-74 decreases serum cholesterol levels. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2005;106(2):67–72. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16026136]
  • Hochter W. Ein wirksames Mittel gegen die akute Erwachsenendiarrho. Expertenrunde Darmerkrankungen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen1.-5.3.89, Munch Med Wschr (Beilage 81). 1989;131:2–3. Exclude-Duplicate 12996.
  • Hong HA, Huang JM, et al. The safety of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus indicus as food probiotics. J Appl Microbiol. 2008;105(2):510–520. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18312567]
  • Horeau J, Nicolas G, et al. Apropos of a case of endocarditis due to a lactobacillus. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1969;120(2):125–129. Exclude-Intervention (French) [PubMed: 5788470]
  • Horvath B, Hadarits F, et al. Probiotic vaginal treatment efficacy study. Magyar Noorvosok Lapja. 2004;67(2):85–91. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Hungarian)
  • Horwitch CA, Furseth HA, et al. Lactobacillemia in three patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21(6):1460–1462. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8749632]
  • Hosoda M, Hashimoto H, et al. Effect of administration of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-2 on fecal mutagenicity and microflora in the human intestine. J Dairy Sci. 1996;79(5):745–749. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8792276]
  • Hotta M, Sato Y, et al. Clinical effects of Bifidobacterium preparations on pediatric intractable diarrhea. Keio J Med. 1987;36(3):298–314. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3682553]
  • Hotten PMF, Naito Y, Minelli E, Helmy A, Lighthouse J, Fuji H, Fesce E. Effects of probiotics, lactitol and rifaximin on intestinal flora and fecal excretion of organic acids in cirrhotic patients. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2003;4(1):13–18. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Houck PW, Nelson JD, et al. Fatal septicemia due to Staphylococcus aureus 502A. Report of a case and review of the infectious complications of bacterial interference programs. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123(1):45–48. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 5010551]
  • Hove H, Nordgaard-Andersen I, et al. Effect of lactic acid bacteria on the intestinal production of lactate and short-chain fatty acids, and the absorption of lactose. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(1):74–79. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8279407]
  • Hoveyda N, Heneghan C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (Structured abstract). BMC gastroenterology. 2009;(15) Exclude-Duplicate 5694. [PMC free article: PMC2656520] [PubMed: 19220890]
  • Howard JC, Reid G, et al. Probiotics in surgical wound infections: current status. Clin Invest Med. 2004;27(5):274–281. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15559864]
  • Hoyme UB, Saling E. Efficient prematurity prevention is possible by pH-self measurement and immediate therapy of threatening ascending infection. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;115(2):148–153. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15262346]
  • Huang JS, Bousvaros A, et al. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(11):2625–2634. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12452406]
  • Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, et al. Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD003019. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18254014]
  • Hughes VL, Hillier SL. Microbiologic characteristics of Lactobacillus products used for colonization of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75(2):244–248. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 2300352]
  • Huntley AL. Four-year follow-up shows continued benefit of perinatal Lactobacillus for childhood atopic disease. Focus on Alternative & Complementary Therapies. 2003;8(4):425–426. Exclude-Participants.
  • Huntley AL, Martin KW. Probiotics show promise for prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. Focus on Alternative & Complementary Therapies. 2002;7(4):358–359. Exclude-Design.
  • Hurduc V, Plesca D, et al. A randomized, open trial evaluating the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(1):127–131. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18681892]
  • Husni RN, Gordon SM, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia and endocarditis: review of 45 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(5):1048–1055. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9402355]
  • Huurre A, Laitinen K, et al. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(8):1342–1348. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18477013]
  • Iakushenko MN, Tkhagapsoeva Zh M, et al. The regulation of microecological disorders of the intestines in newborn infants with perinatal pathology using the new probiotic bifidumbacterin-forte. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1997;(6):18–22. Exclude-NoAE (Russian) [PubMed: 9460858]
  • Idigoras P, Valiente A, et al. Meningitis due to Streptococcus salivarius. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(8):3017. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC88286] [PubMed: 11499393]
  • Ihde DC, Armstrong D. Clinical spectrum of infection due to Bacillus species. Am J Med. 1973;55(6):839–845. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 4356715]
  • Imase K, Takahashi M, et al. Efficacy of Clostridium butyricum preparation concomitantly with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in relation to changes in the intestinal microbiota. Microbiol Immunol. 2008;52(3):156–161. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 18402597]
  • Imase K, Tanaka A, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri tablets suppress Helicobacter pylori infection--a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled cross-over clinical study. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2007;81(4):387–393. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17695792]
  • Indrio F, Ladisa G, et al. Effect of a fermented formula on thymus size and stool pH in healthy term infants. Pediatr Res. 2007;62(1):98–100. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17515847]
  • Indrio F, Riezzo G, et al. Prebiotics improve gastric motility and gastric electrical activity in preterm newborns. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(2):258–261. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 19561548]
  • Infante Pina D, Redecillas Ferreiro S, et al. Improvement of intestinal function in cystic fibrosis patients using probiotics. An Pediatr (Barc). 2008;69(6):501–505. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19128761]
  • Iovieno A, Lambiase A, et al. Preliminary evidence of the efficacy of probiotic eye-drop treatment in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(3):435–441. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 18040708]
  • Ipson MA, Blanco CL. Saccharomyces cerevisiae sepsis in a 35-week-old premature infant. A case report. J Perinatol. 2001;21(7):459–460. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 11894515]
  • Ishida Y, Nakamura F, et al. Clinical effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 on perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88(2):527–533. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15653517]
  • Ishida Y, Nakamura F, et al. Effect of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 on symptoms of Japanese cedar pollen allergy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005;69(9):1652–1660. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16195581]
  • Isobe H, Fukai T, et al. Liver abscess complicating intratumoral ethanol injection therapy for HCC. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85(12):1646–1648. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2174643]
  • Isolauri E. Probiotics in human disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(6):1142S–1146S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11393192]
  • Isolauri E, Arvola T, et al. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(11):1604–1610. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11069570]
  • Isolauri E, Kaila M, et al. Oral bacteriotherapy for viral gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39(12):2595–2600. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7995184]
  • Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, et al. Obesity - extending the hygiene hypothesis. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2009;64:75–85. discussion 85–79, 251–257. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19710516]
  • Isolauri E, Majamaa H, et al. Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats. Gastroenterology. 1993;105(6):1643–1650. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 8253341]
  • Isolauri E, Sutas Y, et al. Probiotics: effects on immunity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2 Suppl):444S–450S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11157355]
  • Ivory K, Chambers SJ, et al. Oral delivery of Lactobacillus casei Shirota modifies allergen-induced immune responses in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(8):1282–1289. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18510694]
  • Iwabuchi N, Takahashi N, et al. Suppressive effects of Bifidobacterium longum on the production of Th2-attracting chemokines induced with T cell-antigen-presenting cell interactions. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;55(3):324–334. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19291170]
  • Iwamoto T, Suzuki N, et al. Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on halitosis and oral health: an open-label pilot trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110(2):201–208. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20659698]
  • Jaafari A, Tahbaz F, et al. Comparison of the effect of a probiotic yoghurt and ordinary yoghurt on serum cholesterol levels in subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2005;4(3):E6–E6i-E6vi. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Jabra-Rizk MA, Ferreira SM, et al. Recovery of Candida dubliniensis and other yeasts from human immunodeficiency virus-associated periodontal lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39(12):4520–4522. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC88577] [PubMed: 11724873]
  • Jaspers D, Massey L, et al. Effect of consuming yogurts prepared with 3 culture strains on human serum lipoproteins. J Food Sci. 1984;49:1178–1181. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Jeun J, Kim S, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 by increased bile acid excretion in C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition. 2010;26(3):321–330. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19695834]
  • Jiang T, Mustapha A, et al. Improvement of lactose digestion in humans by ingestion of unfermented milk containing Bifidobacterium longum. J Dairy Sci. 1996;79(5):750–757. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8792277]
  • Jimenez E, Fernandez L, et al. Oral administration of Lactobacillus strains isolated from breast milk as an alternative for the treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(15):4650–4655. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2519365] [PubMed: 18539795]
  • Johansson ML, Molin G, et al. Administration of different Lactobacillus strains in fermented oatmeal soup: in vivo colonization of human intestinal mucosa and effect on the indigenous flora. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993;59(1):15–20. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC202048] [PubMed: 8439146]
  • Jonkers D, Stockbrugger R. Review article: Probiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 Suppl. 2007;2:133–148. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18081657]
  • Kaila M, Isolauri E, et al. Viable versus inactivated lactobacillus strain GG in acute rotavirus diarrhoea. Arch Dis Child. 1995;72(1):51–53. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1510973] [PubMed: 7717739]
  • Kaila M, Isolauri E, et al. Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr Res. 1992;32(2):141–144. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1324462]
  • Kajander K, Krogius-Kurikka L, et al. Effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(3):463–473. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17635381]
  • Kajimoto O, Aihara K, et al. Hypotensive effects of the tablets containing “lactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)” J Nutr Food. 2001;4:51–61. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Kajimoto O, Aihara K, et al. Safety evaluation of excessive intake of the tablet containing “lactotripeptides (VPP, IPP) in healthy volunteers. J Nutr Food. 2001;4:37–46. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Kalima P, Masterton RG, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus infection in a child following bone marrow transplant. J Infect. 1996;32(2):165–167. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 8708379]
  • Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, et al. Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):129–134. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11150002]
  • Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, et al. Prenatal and postnatal administration of Lactobacillus GG reduced the occurence of atopic disease in offspring. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2001;6(6):178. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, et al. Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):1019–1021. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17289135]
  • Kamiya T, Shikano M, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. Nippon Rinsho. 2008;66(7):1385–1390. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Chinese) [PubMed: 18616132]
  • Kanamori U. SYNBIOTIC THERAPY: AN IMPORTANT SUPPORTIVE THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SEVERE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS. International journal of probiotics. 2007;1(3):161. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kanamori Y, Hashizume K, et al. Combination therapy with Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus casei, and galactooligosaccharides dramatically improved the intestinal function in a girl with short bowel syndrome: a novel synbiotics therapy for intestinal failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(9):2010–2016. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11575457]
  • Kanamori Y, Hashizume K, et al. A novel synbiotic therapy dramatically improved the intestinal function of a pediatric patient with laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft (LTEC) in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2002;21(6):527–530. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12468374]
  • Kanamori Y, Sugiyama M, et al. Experience of long-term synbiotic therapy in seven short bowel patients with refractory enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(11):1686–1692. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15547835]
  • Kanauchi O, Mitsuyama K, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis patients by long-term administration of germinated barley foodstuff: multi-center open trial. Int J Mol Med. 2003;12(5):701–704. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 14532996]
  • Kanazawa H, Nagino M, et al. Synbiotics reduce postoperative infectious complications: a randomized controlled trial in biliary cancer patients undergoing hepatectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2005;390(2):104–113. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15711820]
  • Kang B. Report on Probiotics. Journal of Dalian Medical College. 1984;6(1):46. Exclude-Participants (Chinese)
  • Kang MS, Kim BG, et al. Inhibitory effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the production of volatile sulphur compounds. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(3):226–232. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16489950]
  • Karakan T, Ergun M, et al. Comparison of early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis with prebiotic fiber supplementation versus standard enteral solution: a prospective randomized double-blind study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(19):2733–2737. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC4147124] [PubMed: 17569144]
  • Karlsson C, Ahrne S, et al. Probiotic therapy to men with incipient arteriosclerosis initiates increased bacterial diversity in colon: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(1):228–233. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19608185]
  • Kastner S, Perreten V, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and resistance genes of starter cultures and probiotic bacteria used in food. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2006;29(2):145–155. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16464696]
  • Katamura K, Shintaku N, et al. Prostaglandin E2 at priming of naive CD4+ T cells inhibits acquisition of ability to produce IFN-gamma and IL-2, but not IL-4 and IL-5. J Immunol. 1995;155(10):4604–4612. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 7594459]
  • Katan MB. The probiotic yogurt Activia shortens intestinal transit, but has not been shown to promote defecation. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(13):727–730. Exclude-Rec Design (German) [PubMed: 18461886]
  • Kato I, Yokokura T, et al. Augmentation of mouse natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus casei and its surface antigens. Microbiol Immunol. 1984;28(2):209–217. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 6427563]
  • Kaur S, Kullisaar T, et al. Successful management of mild atopic dermatitis in adults with probiotics and emollients. European Journal of Medicine. 2008;3(2):215–220. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kawase M, Hashimoto H, et al. Effect of administration of fermented milk containing whey protein concentrate to rats and healthy men on serum lipids and blood pressure. J Dairy Sci. 2000;83(2):255–263. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10714858]
  • Kawase M, He F, et al. Effect of fermented milk prepared with two probiotic strains on Japanese cedar pollinosis in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;128(3):429–434. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18977549]
  • Kecskes G, Belagyi T, et al. Early jejunal nutrition with combined pre- and probiotics in acute pancreatitis--prospective, randomized, double-blind investigations. Magy Seb. 2003;56(1):3–8. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Hungarian) [PubMed: 12764986]
  • Keegan B, Chan YP, et al. An interdisciplinary approach including probiotic in the reduction of Clostridium difficile infection on an acute geriatric ward British Geriatrics Society: Abstracts of papers presented at the Spring Scientific Meeting, 6–7 April 2006. Age & Ageing. 2006;35(Supplement 3):i12. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kekkonen RA, Lummela N, et al. Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(13):2029–2036. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2701523] [PubMed: 18395902]
  • Kekkonen RA, Sysi-Aho M, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention on global serum lipidomic profiles in healthy adults. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(20):3188–3194. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2712851] [PubMed: 18506924]
  • Kekkonen RA, Vasankari TJ, et al. The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17(4):352–363. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17962710]
  • Kelly GS. Nutritional and botanical interventions to assist with the adaptation to stress. Altern Med Rev. 1999;4(4):249–265. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 10468649]
  • Kennedy RJ, Kirk SJ, et al. Mucosal barrier function and the commensal flora. Gut. 2002;50(3):441–442. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1773146] [PubMed: 11839731]
  • Khanna V, Alam S, et al. Efficacy of tyndalized Lactobacillus acidophilus in acute diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72(11):935–938. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 16391447]
  • Kiessling G, Schneider J, et al. Long-term consumption of fermented dairy products over 6 months increases HDL cholesterol. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(9):843–849. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12209372]
  • Kim H, Kwack K, et al. Oral probiotic bacterial administration suppressed allergic responses in an ovalbumin-induced allergy mouse model. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005;45(2):259–267. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15963706]
  • Kim H, Lee SY, et al. Timing of bifidobacterium administration influences the development of allergy to ovalbumin in mice. Biotechnol Lett. 2005;27(18):1361–1367. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16215850]
  • Kim HS, Gilliland SE. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct for milk to aid lactose digestion in humans. J Dairy Sci. 1983;66(5):959–966. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6409948]
  • Kim SH, Lee da H, et al. Supplementation of baby formula with native inulin has a prebiotic effect in formula-fed babies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):172–177. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17215195]
  • Kim SH, Yang SJ, et al. Inhibitory activity of Bifidobacterium longum HY8001 against Vero cytotoxin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot. 2001;64(11):1667–1673. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 11726142]
  • Kimmey MB, Elmer GW, et al. Prevention of further recurrences of Clostridium difficile colitis with Saccharomyces boulardii. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35(7):897–901. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2364845]
  • Kirjavainen PV, Apostolou E, et al. Characterizing the composition of intestinal microflora as a prospective treatment target in infant allergic disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2001;32(1):1–7. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11750215]
  • Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, et al. Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study. Alcohol. 2008;42(8):675–682. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2630703] [PubMed: 19038698]
  • Klein A, Friedrich U, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus 74–2 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis DGCC 420 modulate unspecific cellular immune response in healthy adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(5):584–593. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17440520]
  • Klein N, Schoch P, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus liver abscess. Infectious Diseases Newsletter. 1991;10:101–102. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Klein V, Bonaparte C, et al. Lactobazillen als Starterkulturen fur die Milchwirtschaft unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Sicheren Biotechnologie. Milchwissenschaft. 1992;47:632–636. Exclude-Rec Intervention.
  • Kliegman R, Willoughby R. Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis With Probiotics. Pediatrics. 2005;115–172:171. Exclude-Duplicate 2956. [PubMed: 15629995]
  • Kliegman RM. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):710. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15870682]
  • Kloster Smerrud H, Ramstak Kleiveland C, et al. Effect of a probiotic milk product on gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children attending day-care. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2008;20(2):80–85. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kluytmans J. Reduction of surgical site infections in major surgery by elimination of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40(Suppl B):S25–29. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9777530]
  • Knight DJ. Immunonutrition: increased mortality is associated with immunonutrition in sepsis. BMJ. 2003;327(7416):682–683. author reply 683. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC196434] [PubMed: 14510000]
  • Knight DJ, Gardiner D, et al. Effect of synbiotic therapy on the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in critically ill patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(5):854–861. Exclude-Duplicates 5110. [PubMed: 19083199]
  • Kocourkova I, Ladnikova R, et al. Effect of oral application of a probiotic E. coli strain on the intestinal microflora of children of allergic mothers during the first year of life. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2007;52(2):189–193. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17575918]
  • Kok RG, de Waal A, et al. Specific detection and analysis of a probiotic Bifidobacterium strain in infant feces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(10):3668–3672. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC168175] [PubMed: 8837422]
  • Kolars JC, Levitt MD, et al. Yogurt--an autodigesting source of lactose. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(1):1–3. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6417539]
  • Koletzko S. Does lactobacillus GG lower the risk of atopic eczema? Tagliche Praxis. 2004;45(3):661–662. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Kollaritsch H. Prophylaxe der Reisediarrhomit Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen CBS 5929. Munch Med Wschr, Beilage 81 (Expertenrunde Darmerkrankungen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen1.-5.3.89. 1989;131:5–6. Exclude-Duplicate 13031.
  • Koretz RL. Invited review: Probiotics, critical illness, and methodologic bias. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2009;24(1):45–49. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19244148]
  • Korschunov VM, Smeianov VV, et al. Therapeutic use of an antibiotic-resistant Bifidobacterium preparation in men exposed to high-dose gamma-irradiation. J Med Microbiol. 1996;44(1):70–74. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8544215]
  • Kotz CM, Furne JK, et al. Factors affecting the ability of a high beta-galactosidase yogurt to enhance lactose absorption. J Dairy Sci. 1994;77(12):3538–3544. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7699133]
  • Koutelidakis IM, Bezirtzoglou E, et al. Impact of synbiotics on the intestinal flora of critically ill patients with multiple injuries. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36(1):90–91. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20346633]
  • Kralovicova K, Spanik S, et al. Fungemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy versus surgery: risk factors, etiology and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(3):301–304. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9255894]
  • Krause W, Matheis H, et al. Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet. 1969;1(7595):598–599. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 4180129]
  • Krauss-Silva L, Moreira ME, et al. Randomized controlled trial of probiotics for the prevention of spontaneous preterm delivery associated with intrauterine infection: study protocol. Reprod Health. 2010;7:14. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2911410] [PubMed: 20591191]
  • Krogh P, Holmstrup P, et al. Yeast organisms associated with human oral leukoplakia. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1986;121:51–55. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3459346]
  • Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, et al. Antibody response to influenza, tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines in HIV-seropositive individuals in relation to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes. AIDS. 1994;8(4):469–476. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7912086]
  • Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, et al. Antibody response to diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis vaccines in relation to the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21(5):1197–1203. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8589143]
  • Kruis W, Fric P, et al. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut. 2004;53(11):1617–1623. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC1774300] [PubMed: 15479682]
  • Kruis W, Schutz E, et al. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11(5):853–858. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 9354192]
  • Ksiazyk. Probiotics and prebiotics in carcinogenesis. 2002;4(1):61–62. Exclude-Design (Polish)
  • Kubota A, He F, et al. Diversity of Intestinal Bifidobacteria in Patients with Japanese Cedar Pollinosis and Possible Influence of Probiotic Intervention. Curr Microbiol. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20512497]
  • Kubota A, He F, et al. Lactobacillus strains stabilize intestinal microbiota in Japanese cedar pollinosis patients. Microbiol Immunol. 2009;53(4):198–205. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19714856]
  • Kubota A, Kawahara H, et al. The efficacy of synbiotics on chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome in children. J Parenter Ent Nutr. 2007;31:S63–64. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kuhbacher T, Ott SJ, et al. Bacterial and fungal microbiota in relation to probiotic therapy (VSL#3) in pouchitis. Gut. 2006;55(6):833–841. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1856240] [PubMed: 16401690]
  • Kuitunen M. Probiotics And Intestinal Permeability In Infants With Cow’s Milk Allergy And Eczema. International journal of probiotics. 2007;2(4):239–244. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Kuitunen M. Probiotics prevent allergic diseases in high-risk children. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009;5(3):221–224. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20476998]
  • Kuitunen M, Kukkonen K, et al. Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):335–341. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 19135235]
  • Kukkonen K, Kuitunen M, et al. High intestinal IgA associates with reduced risk of IgE-associated allergic diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(1 Pt 1):67–73. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19566584]
  • Kullisaar T, Songisepp E, et al. Antioxidative probiotic fermented goats’ milk decreases oxidative stress-mediated atherogenicity in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2003;90(2):449–456. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12908907]
  • Kyne L, Sougioultzis S, et al. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(11):653–659. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12452292]
  • Laake KO, Bjorneklett A, et al. Outcome of four weeks’ intervention with probiotics on symptoms and endoscopic appearance after surgical reconstruction with a J-configurated ileal-pouch-anal-anastomosis in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(1):43–51. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15841713]
  • Ladenheim D, Horn O, et al. Potential health risks of complementary alternative medicines in HIV patients. HIV Medicine. 2008;9(8):653–659. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 18631258]
  • Lahtinen SJ, Boyle RJ, et al. Prenatal probiotic administration can influence Bifidobacterium microbiota development in infants at high risk of allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):499–501. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19135234]
  • Laitinen K, Poussa T, et al. Probiotics and dietary counselling contribute to glucose regulation during and after pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(11):1679–1687. Exclude-Duplicate 5127. [PubMed: 19017418]
  • Lanco S, Guillot M, et al. Severe systemic infections with Bacillus cereus: current aspects of the pathogenicity of the genus Bacillus. Arch Pediatr. 1997;4(11):1144–1145. Exclude-Rec Intervention (French) [PubMed: 9488753]
  • Lara-Villoslada F, Sierra S, et al. Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716, a probiotic strain isolated from human milk. J Dairy Res. 2009;76(2):216–221. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19281631]
  • Larkin TA, Astheimer LB, et al. Dietary combination of soy with a probiotic or prebiotic food significantly reduces total and LDL cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(2):238–245. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17940545]
  • Larkin TA, Price WE, et al. Increased probiotic yogurt or resistant starch intake does not affect isoflavone bioavailability in subjects consuming a high soy diet. Nutrition. 2007;23(10):709–718. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17656069]
  • Larvol L, Monier A, et al. Liver abscess caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1996;20(2):193–195. Exclude-Intervention (French) [PubMed: 8761680]
  • Lata J, Jurankova J, et al. Effect of administration of Escherichia coli Nissle (Mutaflor) on intestinal colonisation, endo-toxemia, liver function and minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Vnitr Lek. 2006;52(3):215–219. Exclude-Genus (Czech) [PubMed: 16722152]
  • Lata J, Novotny I, et al. The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double-blind randomized study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(12):1111–1113. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17998837]
  • Lata J, Pribramska V, et al. Bowel premeability, endotoxin level and bacterial flora changes in patients suffering from liver cirrhosis after Escherichia Coli Nissle (Mutaflor) administration. Ceska a Slovenska, Gasatoenterologie a Hepatologie. 2006;60(2):70–72. Exclude-Genus.
  • Lata J, Stiburek O. Antibiotics and probiotics in acute pancreatitis. Vnitr Lek. 2010;56(6):582–584. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20681470]
  • Laviano A, Pennacchiotti M, et al. Reduced need for parenteral nutrition in intensive care unit by enteral nutrition supplemented with probiotic. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:S1466. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Le MG, Moulton LH, et al. Consumption of dairy produce and alcohol in a case-control study of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;77(3):633–636. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 3091896]
  • Lee do K, Jang S, et al. Lactic acid bacteria affect serum cholesterol levels, harmful fecal enzyme activity, and fecal water content. Lipids Health Dis. 2009;8:21. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC2707375] [PubMed: 19515264]
  • Lee H, Kim YH, et al. A feasibility study of probiotics pretreatment as a bowel preparation for colonoscopy in constipated patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(8):2344–2351. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19830558]
  • Lee J, Seto D, et al. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(1):116–121 e111. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18206506]
  • Lee K, Lee M, et al. Safety assessment of commercial Enterococcus probiotics in Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;18(5):942–945. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18633295]
  • Lee MC, Lin LH, et al. Oral bacterial therapy promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001;42(5):301–305. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11729708]
  • Lee P, Campbell LV. Vitamin D deficiency: the invisible accomplice of metabolic endotoxemia? Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(23):2751–2758. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 19689344]
  • Lee S, Lillehoj HS, et al. Effects of Pediococcus- and Saccharomyces-based probiotic (MitoMax) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;30(4):261–268. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17434586]
  • Lee SJ, Cho SJ, et al. Effects of probiotics on enteric flora and feeding tolerance in preterm infants. Neonatology. 2007;91(3):174–179. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17377402]
  • Lee SJ, Shim YH, et al. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(9):1315–1320. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17530295]
  • Lee SY, Chang CT, et al. Lactobacillus peritonitis: a rare cause of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2004;26(4):419–423. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15462111]
  • Lee TT, Morisset M, et al. Contamination of probiotic preparations with milk allergens can cause anaphylaxis in children with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(3):746–747. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 17270264]
  • Lei V, Friis H, et al. Spontaneously fermented millet product as a natural probiotic treatment for diarrhoea in young children: an intervention study in Northern Ghana. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;110(3):246–253. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16814890]
  • Leonard F, Andremont A, et al. Use of beta-lactamase-producing anaerobes to prevent ceftriaxone from degrading intestinal resistance to colonization. J Infect Dis. 1989;160(2):274–280. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2788196]
  • Lerebours E, N’Djitoyap Ndam C, et al. Yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk: effects of short-term and long-term ingestion on lactose absorption and mucosal lactase activity in lactase-deficient subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(5):823–827. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 2497632]
  • Lessard M, Dupuis M, et al. Administration of Pediococcus acidilactici or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii modulates development of porcine mucosal immunity and reduces intestinal bacterial translocation after Escherichia coli challenge. J Anim Sci. 2009;87(3):922–934. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19028865]
  • Lestin F. Fungemia after oral treatment with Saccharomyces boulardii in a patient with multiple co-morbidities. 2003 Exclude-Duplicate 2017. [PubMed: 14648435]
  • Lewis S. Response to the article: McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:812–22. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(1):201–202. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17266694]
  • Lewis S, Burmeister S, et al. Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(5):442–448. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15880313]
  • Lewis SJ, Burmeister S. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on plasma lipids. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59(6):776–780. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15841092]
  • Leyer GJ, Li S, et al. A critical review of probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2009;16(3):e441–e442. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19651563]
  • Li LQ, Wu B, et al. Role of probiotics in the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A case-control study. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2006;8(6):464–466. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Chinese) [PubMed: 17178035]
  • Li X. Controlled clinical trial of Lacteol fort sachets versus furazolidone or berberine in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Ann Pediatr. 1995;42:366–401. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Li Y. Adjuvant therapy for probiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: An analysis of 14 cases. World Chinese Journal of Digestology. 2007;15(3):302–304. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Chinese)
  • Li ZH, Dong M, et al. Functional constipation in children: investigation and management of anorectal motility. World J Pediatr. 2008;4(1):45–48. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18402252]
  • Lichtenstein AH, Yetley EA, et al. Application of systematic review methodology to the field of nutrition. J Nutr. 2008;138(12):2297–2306. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC3415860] [PubMed: 19022948]
  • Lidbeck A, Edlund C, et al. Impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the normal intestinal microflora after administration of two antimicrobial agents. Infection. 1988;16(6):329–336. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3146551]
  • Lidbeck A, Gustafsson JA, et al. Impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on the human oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Scand J Infect Dis. 1987;19(5):531–537. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3122316]
  • Lidbeck A, Nord CE, et al. Lactobacilli, anticarcinogenic activities and human intestinal microflora. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1992;1(5):341–353. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1463986]
  • Lievin-Le Moal V, Sarrazin-Davila LE, et al. An experimental study and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the antisecretory activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB against nonrotavirus diarrhea. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):e795–803. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17768180]
  • Lim KS, Huh CS, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bifidobacteria. J Dairy Sci. 1993;76(8):2168–2174. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 8408866]
  • Lin JS, Chiu YH, et al. Different effects of probiotic species/strains on infections in preschool children: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Vaccine. 2009;27(7):1073–1079. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19114073]
  • Lin MY, Savaiano D, et al. Influence of nonfermented dairy products containing bacterial starter cultures on lactose maldigestion in humans. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74(1):87–95. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1903136]
  • Lin MY, Yen CL, et al. Management of lactose maldigestion by consuming milk containing lactobacilli. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(1):133–137. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9508514]
  • Lindh J. Possible interaction between probiotics and warfarin. Lakartidningen. 2010;107(13–14):917. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20432867]
  • Ling WH, Hanninen O, et al. Colonization and fecal enzyme activities after oral Lactobacillus GG administration in elderly nursing home residents. Ann Nutr Metab. 1992;36(3):162–166. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1530285]
  • Ling WH, Korpela R, et al. Lactobacillus strain GG supplementation decreases colonic hydrolytic and reductive enzyme activities in healthy female adults. J Nutr. 1994;124(1):18–23. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8283290]
  • Link-Amster H, Rochat F, et al. Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1994;10(1):55–63. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7874079]
  • Linsalata M, Russo F, et al. The influence of Lactobacillus brevis on ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine profiles in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Helicobacter. 2004;9(2):165–172. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15068419]
  • Liu Q, Duan ZP, et al. Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2004;39(5):1441–1449. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15122774]
  • Lodi CS, Manarelli MM, et al. Evaluation of fermented milk containing probiotic on dental enamel and biofilm: in situ study. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(1):29–33. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19945694]
  • Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Cukrowska B, et al. Oral administration of probiotic Escherichia coli after birth reduces frequency of allergies and repeated infections later in life (after 10 and 20 years). Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003;131(3):209–211. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 12876412]
  • Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Prokesova L, et al. Prevention of Allergy in Infants of Allergic Mothers by Probiotic Escherichia coli. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;153(2):201–206. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 20413988]
  • Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Prokesova L, et al. Influence of oral colonization with probiotic E. coli strain after birth on frequency of recurrent infections, allergy and development of some immunologic parameters. Long-term studies. Ceska Gynekol 69 Suppl. 2004;1:91–97. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15748033]
  • Logan A, Roa V, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: lactic acid bacteria may be of therapeutic value. Medical Hypotheses. 2003;60(6):915–923. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12699726]
  • Loguercio C, De Simone T, et al. Gut-liver axis: a new point of attack to treat chronic liver damage? Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(8):2144–2146. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12190198]
  • Loguercio C, Federico A, et al. Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(6):540–543. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15942443]
  • Loizeau E. Can antibiotic-associated diarrhea be prevented? Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris). 1993;29(1):15–18. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 8442650]
  • Lomangino K. Can probiotics prevent infections in healthy children? Clinical Nutrition Insight. 2010;36(8):8–11. Exclude-Design.
  • Long ZR, Yu CH, et al. Clinical observation on acupuncture combined with microorganism pharmaceutical preparations for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome of constipation type. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2006;26(6):403–405. Exclude-NoAE (Chinese) [PubMed: 16813181]
  • Looijer-van Langen MA, Dieleman LA. Prebiotics in chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(3):454–462. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC5148622] [PubMed: 18831524]
  • Lorea Baroja M, Kirjavainen PV, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic yogurt in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;149(3):470–479. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC2219330] [PubMed: 17590176]
  • Loret de Mola O, Gonzalez-Vallina R, et al. Recovery of chronic Clostridium difficile colitis with the use of Lactobacillus GG, Abstract #P163. 5th Joint Meeting of ESPGHAN and NADPGN; Toulouse, France. May 27–30, 1998. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Low DE, Willey BM, et al. Enterococcis: pathogens of the 90s. Eur J Surg Suppl. 1994;(573):19–24. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7524791]
  • Lu X, Han CM, et al. Preliminary comparative study on the effects of early enteral supplementation of synbiotics on severely burned patients. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2004;20(4):198–201. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Chinese) [PubMed: 15447816]
  • Lu Z, DB, et al. Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008:1. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 21901706]
  • Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, et al. Effect on the Cholesterol Content of Fresh Lamb of supplementing the Feed of Awassi Ewes and Lambs with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci. 1999;52:381–385. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 22062700]
  • Lund B, Edlund C, et al. Impact on human intestinal microflora of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic and vancomycin. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32(6):627–632. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 11200372]
  • Luoto R, Kalliomaki M, et al. The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20231842]
  • Luoto R, Matomaki J, et al. Incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight infants related to the use of Lactobacillus GG. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(8):1135–1138. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20219023]
  • Lye HS, Kuan CY, et al. The improvement of hypertension by probiotics: effects on cholesterol, diabetes, renin, and phytoestrogens. Int J Mol Sci. 2009;10(9):3755–3775. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC2769158] [PubMed: 19865517]
  • Lykova EA, Bondarenko VM, et al. The probiotic correction of microecological and immune disorders in gastroduodenal pathology in children. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1996;(2):88–91. Exclude-NoAE (Russian) [PubMed: 8701669]
  • Ma D, Forsythe P, et al. Live Lactobacillus reuteri is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin-8 expression. Infect Immun. 2004;72(9):5308–5314. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC517478] [PubMed: 15322027]
  • MacDonald TT, Di Sabatino A. The exposure of infants to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(5):476–478. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16707967]
  • MacFie J, O’Boyle C, et al. Gut origin of sepsis: a prospective study investigating associations between bacterial translocation, gastric microflora, and septic morbidity. Gut. 1999;45(2):223–228. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1727620] [PubMed: 10403734]
  • MacGregor G, Smith AJ, et al. Yoghurt biotherapy: contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients? Postgrad Med J. 2002;78(920):366–367. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PMC free article: PMC1742399] [PubMed: 12151695]
  • Mack DR. D(-)-lactic acid-producing probiotics, D(-)-lactic acidosis and infants. Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;18(11):671–675. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 15565207]
  • Mack DR. Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 2005;116(1):293. author reply 293. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15995082]
  • Madden JA, Hunter JO. A review of the role of the gut microflora in irritable bowel syndrome and the effects of probiotics. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(Suppl 1):S67–72. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12215182]
  • Madden JA, Plummer SF, et al. Effect of probiotics on preventing disruption of the intestinal microflora following antibiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5(6):1091–1097. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15829425]
  • Madsen K. Probiotics in critically ill patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(Suppl 3 Pt 1):S116–118. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18806700]
  • Madsen KL, Doyle JS, et al. Lactobacillus species prevents colitis in interleukin 10 gene-deficient mice. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(5):1107–1114. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10220502]
  • Magee HR. Probiotic treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a randomised controlled trial. Comment. Med J Aust. 2007;187(5):320. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17767448]
  • Mahe S, Marteau P, et al. Intestinal nitrogen and electrolyte movements following fermented milk ingestion in man. Br J Nutr. 1994;71(2):169–180. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8142329]
  • Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: a novel approach in the management of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(2):179–185. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9042042]
  • Majamaa H, Isolauri E, et al. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;20(3):333–338. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7608829]
  • Makaryus AN, Yang R, et al. A rare case of Lactobacillus acidophilus presenting as mitral valve bacterial endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2005;22(5):421–425. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15901294]
  • Makharia G, Sood A, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a probiotic preparation, VSL#3, for the treatment of mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastro Hep. 2009:1202–1209. Exclude-Duplicate 15381. [PubMed: 19631292]
  • Malberg K. Oral probiotic modifies pollen rhinitis. MMW Fortschr Med. 2008;150(26–27):26. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 18681226]
  • Malchow HA. Crohn’s disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn’s disease? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;25(4):653–658. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9451682]
  • Malin M, Suomalainen H, et al. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn’s disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(3):137–145. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8862696]
  • Malkov S, Markelov V, et al. Genome rejuvenation and its applications. Biomed Sci. 2006;50:45–47. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Mallie M, Nguyen V, et al. Genotyping study of Saccharomyces boulardii compared to the Saccharomyces sensustricto complex species. J Mycol Med. 2001;11:19–25. Exclude-Participants.
  • Mann GV. Studies of a surfactant and cholesteremia in the Maasai. Am J Clin Nutr. 1974;27(5):464–469. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 4596028]
  • Mansour-Ghanaei F, Dehbashi N, et al. Efficacy of saccharomyces boulardii with antibiotics in acute amoebiasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(8):1832–1833. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC4611554] [PubMed: 12918131]
  • Manzella JP, Shaffer S, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a multiply traumatized patient. J Trauma. 1989;29(1):129–130. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2642972]
  • Manzoni P, Arisio R, et al. Prophylactic fluconazole is effective in preventing fungal colonization and fungal systemic infections in preterm neonates: a single-center, 6-year, retrospective cohort study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(1):e22–32. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16326690]
  • Mao M, Yu T, et al. Effect of a lactose-free milk formula supplemented with bifidobacteria and streptococci on the recovery from acute diarrhoea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(1):30–34. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18364323]
  • Marcone V, Rocca G, et al. Long-term vaginal administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a complementary approach to management of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;110(3):223–226. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20573348]
  • Marinho S, Simpson A, et al. Quantification of atopy and the probability of rhinitis in preschool children: a population-based birth cohort study. Allergy. 2007;62(12):1379–1386. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17822449]
  • Marini A, Negretti F, et al. Pro- and pre-biotics administration in preterm infants: colonization and influence on faecal flora. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2003;91(441):80–81. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 14599047]
  • Marotta F, Naito Y, et al. Chemopreventive effect of a probiotic preparation on the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic colonic lesions: an experimental study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;50:19148. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 14696432]
  • Marteau P. Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: An overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects. Best Practice and Research. 2003 Exclude-Duplicate 2037. [PubMed: 14507584]
  • Marteau P, Cellier C. Immunological effects of biotherapeutic agents, Biotherapeutic agents and Infectious Diseases. Elmer G, Surawicz C, McFarland L, editors. Humana Press Inc.; 1998. pp. 121–144. Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Marteau P, Cuillerier E, et al. Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 shortens the colonic transit time in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(3):587–593. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11876714]
  • Marteau P, Flourie B, et al. Effect of the microbial lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity in yoghurt on the intestinal absorption of lactose: an in vivo study in lactase-deficient humans. Br J Nutr. 1990;64(1):71–79. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2119224]
  • Marteau P, Seksik P, et al. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(Suppl 1):S51–57. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12215185]
  • Marteau P, Vaerman JP, et al. Effects of intrajejunal perfusion and chronic ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 on serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of immunoglobulins and serum proteins in healthy humans. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1997;21(4):293–298. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9207997]
  • Marteau PR, de Vrese M, et al. Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2 Suppl):430S–436S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11157353]
  • Martens U, Enck P, et al. Probiotic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children. Ger Med Sci. 2010;8:Doc07. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC2839254] [PubMed: 20234804]
  • Martini MC, Bollweg GL, et al. Lactose digestion by yogurt beta-galactosidase: influence of pH and microbial cell integrity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45(2):432–436. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3101480]
  • Martini MC, Lerebours EC, et al. Strains and species of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milks (yogurts): effect on in vivo lactose digestion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(6):1041–1046. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 1957819]
  • Martini MC, Smith DE, et al. Lactose digestion from flavored and frozen yogurts, ice milk, and ice cream by lactase-deficient persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46(4):636–640. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 3116836]
  • Mason PD. Metabolic acidosis due to D-lactate. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292(6528):1105–1106. Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC1340038] [PubMed: 3084018]
  • Mastretta E, Longo P, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;35(4):527–531. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12394379]
  • Mastromarino P, Macchia S, et al. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus-containing vaginal tablets in the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(1):67–74. Exclude-Duplicate 7382. [PubMed: 19046169]
  • Mathur S, Singh R. Antibiotic resistance in food lactic acid bacteria--a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;105(3):281–295. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16289406]
  • Matricardi PM. Probiotics against allergy: data, doubts, and perspectives. Allergy. 2002;57(3):185–187. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11906330]
  • Matsumoto K, Takada T, et al. Effects of a probiotic fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on defecation frequency, intestinal microbiota, and the intestinal environment of healthy individuals with soft stools. J Biosci Bioeng. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20580604]
  • Matsumoto M, Benno Y. Consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis LKM512 yogurt reduces gut mutagenicity by increasing gut polyamine contents in healthy adult subjects. Mutat Res. 2004;568(2):147–153. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15542102]
  • Matsumoto M, Sakamoto M, et al. Dynamics of fecal microbiota in hospitalized elderly fed probiotic LKM512 yogurt. Microbiol Immunol. 2009;53(8):421–432. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19659926]
  • Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, et al. The effect of oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on immunoglobulin E production in mice. J Dairy Sci. 1998;81(1):48–53. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 9493081]
  • Mattarelli, P., G. Brandi, et al.Discrepancy between declared and recovered bifidobacteria in a human probiotic Annals of microbiology 52(3):283–286.Exclude-Rec Participants.
  • Matteuzzi D, Crociani F, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bifidobacterium. Ann Microbiol (Paris). 1983;134A(3):339–349. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 6638754]
  • Matthes H, Krummenerl T, et al. Clinical trial: probiotic treatment of acute distal ulcerative colitis with rectally administered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:13. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC2861635] [PubMed: 20398311]
  • Mattila-Sandholm T. The PROBDEMO project: demonstration of the nutritional functionality of probiotic foods. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1999;10:385–386. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Matulka RA. Safety Evaluation Of A Novel Ingredient: Probiotic And Non-Probiotic Bacteria Added To Food. Toxicol Sci. 2006;90(1-S):156. Exclude-Participants.
  • Mawdsley JE, Lindsay J, et al. Synbiotic therapy for ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2005;54(9):1346. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1774650] [PubMed: 16099808]
  • McClean K. Probiotics help reduce severity of atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr. 2006;148(1):143–144. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16440481]
  • McCoy D, Bennett S, et al. Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2008;371(9613):675–681. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18295025]
  • McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, et al. Epidemiological investigation of vaginal Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates by a genotypic method. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(2):557–562. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC104577] [PubMed: 9466776]
  • McCullough MJ, Clemons KV, et al. Species identification and virulence attributes of Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.). J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(9):2613–2617. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC105172] [PubMed: 9705402]
  • McDonough F, Wong N, et al. Alleviation of lactose malabsorption from sweet acidophilus milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;42:345–346. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3927703]
  • McDonough FE, Hitchins AD, et al. Modification of sweet acidophilus milk to improve utilization by lactose-intolerant persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45(3):570–574. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3103415]
  • McFarland LV. Saccharomyces boulardii is not Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(1):200–201. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8825013]
  • McFarland LV. A review of the evidence of health claims for biotherapeutic agents. Microbial Ecol Health Dis. 2000;12(4):65–76. Exclude-NoAE.
  • McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, et al. Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(1):43–50. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9927265]
  • McIntosh J. Research shows the benefits of postoperative probiotics. Nursing Times. 2004;100(18):14. Exclude-NoAE.
  • McMullen MH, Hamilton-Reeves JM, et al. Consumption of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum does not alter phytoestrogen metabolism and plasma hormones in men: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(9):887–894. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17109580]
  • McNaught C, Woodcock N, et al. The effect of probiotics on bacterial translocation and septic morbidity in elective surgical patients. Gut. 2001;48(Supp 1 A18):064. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • McNaught CE, Woodcock NP, et al. A prospective randomised trial of probiotics in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(2):211–219. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 15784480]
  • Meance S, Cayuela C, et al. A fermented milk with a Bifidobacterium probiotic strain DN-173 010 shortened oro-fecal gut transit time in elderly. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2001;(13):217–222. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Mego M, Majek J, et al. Intramucosal bacteria in colon cancer and their elimination by probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium M-74 with organic selenium. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2005;50(5):443–447. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16475505]
  • Mei H, Antoine JM, et al. Influence of live flora on lactose digestion in male adult lactose-malabsorbers after dairy products intake. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2004;33(5):603–605. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15612492]
  • Mettler L, Romeyke A, et al. Effects of para- and post-irradiation abnormal bacterial flora and intestinal irradiation reaction through Bacterium bifidus substitution therapy. Strahlentherapie. 1973;145(5):588–599. Exclude-NoAE (German) [PubMed: 4796905]
  • Miceli E, Missanelli A, Mazzocchi S, Di Stefano M, Corazza GR. Lactobacillus GG in the treatment of gaseous symptoms. Argomenti di Gastroenterologia Clinica. 2003;16(3):71–75. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Michail SK, Stolfi A, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101(5):508–516. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 19055205]
  • Michielutti F, Bertini M, et al. Clinical assessment of a new oral bacterial treatment for children with acute diarrhea. Minerva Med. 1996;87(11):545–550. Exclude-Genus (Italian) [PubMed: 9045106]
  • Mihatsch WA, Hoegel J, et al. Prebiotic oligosaccharides reduce stool viscosity and accelerate gastrointestinal transport in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(7):843–848. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 16801182]
  • Mikes A, Ferencik M, et al. Hypocholesterolemic and immunostimulatory effects of orally applied Enterococcus faecium M-74 in man. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1995;40(6):639–646. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8768254]
  • Miller LG, Finegold SM. Antibacterial sensitivity of Bifidobacterium (Lactobacillus bifidus). J Bacteriol. 1967;93(1):125–130. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC314978] [PubMed: 6020399]
  • Miller M. A probiotic drink prevented diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile infection in older patients taking antibiotics. Evid Based Med. 2008;13(2):46. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18375699]
  • Mills JA. Do bacteria cause chronic polyarthritis? N Engl J Med. 1989;320(4):245–246. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2911309]
  • Mimura T, Kaminishi M, et al. Probiotic therapy for pouchitis and its endoscopic findings. Digestive Endoscopy. 2002;14:47–52. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Miraglia del Giudice M, De Luca MG. The role of probiotics in the clinical management of food allergy and atopic dermatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S84–85. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15220666]
  • Misra S, Sabui TK, et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of lactobacillus GG in infantile diarrhea. J Pediatr. 2009;155(1):129–132. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19559297]
  • Misuoka T. Taxonomy and ecology of bifidobacteria. Bifidobact Microflora. 1984;3:11–28. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Mittal VV, Sharma P, et al. Treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial comparing lactulose, probiotics & L-ornithine L-aspartate with placebo. Hepatology. 2009;(4 (Suppl)):471a. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 21646910]
  • Moayyedi P. Review: eradication therapy supplemented by probiotics increased eradication rates and reduced side effects in H pylori infection. Evid Based Med. 2007;12(3):84. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 17537892]
  • Moayyedi P, Ford AC, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut. 2010;59(3):325–332. Exclude-Duplicate 5233. [PubMed: 19091823]
  • Modi N, Uthaya S, et al. A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial of the effect of prebiotic oligosaccharides on enteral tolerance in preterm infants (ISRCTN77444690). Pediatr Res. 2010 Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 20639792]
  • Moellering RC Jr. Enterococcal infections in patients treated with moxalactam. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4(Suppl):S708–711. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6218588]
  • Moghaddam MN. Recto-vaginal colonization of group B streptococcus in pregnant women referred to a hospital in Iran and its effect on lactobacillus normal flora. Journal of Biological Sciences. 2010;10(2):166–169. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Mohan R, Koebnick C, et al. Effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 supplementation on body weight, fecal pH, acetate, lactate, calprotectin, and IgA in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2008;64(4):418–422. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18552710]
  • Mollenbrink M, Bruckschen E. Treatment of chronic constipation with physiologic Escherichia coli bacteria. Results of a clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of microbiological therapy with the E. coli Nissle 1917 strain (Mutaflor). Med Klin (Munich). 1994;89(11):587–593. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 7815986]
  • Mommsen H. Antibiotic or probiotic therapy of whooping cough. Medizinische. 1956;(14):501–504. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 13321453]
  • Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, et al. Probiotics may be unsafe in infants allergic to cow’s milk. Allergy. 2006;61(4):507–508. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 16512815]
  • Monteiro E, Fernandes JP, et al. Double blind clinical trial on the use of ultra-levure in the prophylaxis of antibiotic induced gastro-intestinal and mucocutaneous disorders. Acta Med Port. 1981;3:143–145. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7032230]
  • Montes RG, Bayless TM, et al. Effect of milks inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus or a yogurt starter culture in lactose-maldigesting children. J Dairy Sci. 1995;78(8):1657–1664. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8786251]
  • Montineri A, Iacobello C, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungaemia associated to multiple foci pneumonia in a patient affected by alcohol-related hepatic cirrhosis. Infez Med. 2008;16(4):227–229. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19155689]
  • Moreira A, Kekkonen R, et al. Allergy in marathon runners and effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on allergic inflammatory markers. Respir Med. 2007;101(6):1123–1131. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17196811]
  • Morelli L, Campominosi E. Genetic stability of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei F19. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease Suppl. 2002;3:14–16. Exclude-Participants.
  • Morgenstern L, Hiatt N. Injurious effect of pancreatic secretions on postradiation enteropathy. Gastroenterology. 1967;53(6):923–929. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 6065003]
  • Morken MH, Valeur J, et al. Antibiotic or bacterial therapy in post-giardiasis irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(11):1296–1303. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19821794]
  • Moro G, Arslanoglu S, et al. A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(10):814–819. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC2066015] [PubMed: 16873437]
  • Moro G, Minoli I, et al. Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructooligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34(3):291–295. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 11964956]
  • Morrison D, Woodford N, et al. Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser. 1997;26:89S–99S. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9436321]
  • Morrison VA, Haake RJ, et al. The spectrum of non-Candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation. Medicine (Baltimore). 1993;72(2):78–89. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8479326]
  • Muehrcke DD, Lytle BW, et al. Surgical and long-term antifungal therapy for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60(3):538–543. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7677477]
  • Mullie C, Yazourh A, et al. Increased poliovirus-specific intestinal antibody response coincides with promotion of Bifidobacterium longum-infantis and Bifidobacterium breve in infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Res. 2004;56(5):791–795. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 15347767]
  • Murosaki S, Yamamotoa Y, et al. Effects of intake of syrup supplemented with nigerooligosaccharides and heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on skin symptom and immune function in patients with atopic dermatitis. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;34(10):1087–1096. Exclude-Genus (Chinese)
  • Murray B. Editorial response: what can we do about vancomycin-resistant enterocooci. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;(20):1134–1136. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7619988]
  • Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3(1):46–65. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC358140] [PubMed: 2404568]
  • Mustapha A, Jiang T, et al. Improvement of lactose digestion by humans following ingestion of unfermented acidophilus milk: influence of bile sensitivity, lactose transport, and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80(8):1537–1545. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9276791]
  • Myllyluoma E, Veijola L, et al. Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy--a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21(10):1263–1272. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15882248]
  • NN. Essais clinques controle en double insu de I’Ultra-Levure lyophilisee. Etude multicentrique per 25 medecins de 388 cas. Medecine et Chirurgie Digestives. 1976;5:401–406. Exclude-Duplicate 12894. [PubMed: 796598]
  • Nakajima S, Setoguchi Y, et al. Effect of probiotics on the prevention of diarrhea in Helicobacter pylori therapy. Nippon Rinsho 63 Suppl. 2005;11:539–542. Exclude-NoAE (Japanese) [PubMed: 16363597]
  • Nase L, Hatakka K, et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res. 2001;35(6):412–420. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 11799281]
  • Neri A, Sabah G, et al. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy treated with yoghurt. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993;72(1):17–19. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8382424]
  • Nettleton JA, Greany KA, et al. Plasma phytoestrogens are not altered by probiotic consumption in postmenopausal women with and without a history of breast cancer. J Nutr. 2004;134(8):1998–2003. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15284389]
  • Nettleton JA, Greany KA, et al. The effect of soy consumption on the urinary 2:16-hydroxyestrone ratio in postmenopausal women depends on equol production status but is not influenced by probiotic consumption. J Nutr. 2005;135(3):603–608. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15735101]
  • Nettleton JA, Greany KA, et al. Short-term soy and probiotic supplementation does not markedly affect concentrations of reproductive hormones in postmenopausal women with and without histories of breast cancer. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(6):1067–1074. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 16398599]
  • Neu J. Nutrition in clinical care Perinatal and neonatal manipulation of the intestinal microbiome: a note of caution. Nutrition Reviews. 2007;65(6 Part 1):282–285. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17605304]
  • Neu J. Perinatal and neonatal manipulation of the intestinal microbiome: a note of caution. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(6 Pt 1):282–285. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 17605304]
  • Ng SC, Plamondon S, et al. Immunosuppressive effects via human intestinal dendritic cells of probiotic bacteria and steroids in the treatment of acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1286–1298. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20155842]
  • Nicas TI, Cole CT, et al. Activity of glycopeptides against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33(9):1477–1481. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC172686] [PubMed: 2817848]
  • Nichols AW. Probiotics and athletic performance: a systematic review. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2007;6(4):269–273. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17618005]
  • Nielsen H, Stenderup J, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomycetaceae. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990;22(5):581–584. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 2259868]
  • Niemi S, Saxelin M, et al. Effects of fiber-rich rye bread and yoghurt with Lactobacillus GG on bowel movement. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:490S–491S. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Nikfar S, Rahimi R, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(12):1775–1780. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18465170]
  • Nikitenko VI, Zolotareva GN, et al. Sporobakterin impact on atherogenic dyslipidemia at patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. 2010;(3):60–64. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 20496791]
  • Nishijima K, Shukunami K, et al. Probiotics affects vaginal flora in pregnant women, suggesting the possibility of preventing preterm labor. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(5):447–448. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15815217]
  • Nista EC, Candelli M, et al. Bacillus clausii therapy to reduce side-effects of anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(10):1181–1188. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15569121]
  • Niv M, Levy W, et al. Yogurt in the treatment of infantile diarrhea. Clin Pediatr. 1963;7:407–411. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Nomura T, Tsuchiya Y, et al. Probiotics reduce infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(75):661–663. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17591036]
  • Nonaka Y, Izumo T, et al. Antiallergic effects of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 mediated by modulation of Th1/Th2 immunobalance and induction of IL-10 production. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;145(3):249–257. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17914277]
  • Nopchinda S, Varavithya W, et al. Effect of bifidobacterium Bb12 with or without Streptococcus thermophilus supplemented formula on nutritional status. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002;85(Suppl 4):S1225–1231. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12549799]
  • Noriega ER, Rubinstein E, et al. Subacute and acute endocarditis due to Pseudomonas cepacia in heroin addicts. Am J Med. 1975;59(1):29–36. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 166559]
  • Oatley JT, Rarick MD, et al. Binding of aflatoxin B1 to bifidobacteria in vitro. J Food Prot. 2000;63(8):1133–1136. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10945592]
  • Oberhelman RA, Gilman RH, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG to prevent diarrhea in undernourished Peruvian children. J Pediatr. 1999;134(1):15–20. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9880443]
  • Oberreuther-Moschner DL, Jahreis G, et al. Dietary intervention with the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus 145 and Bifidobacterium longum 913 modulates the potential of human faecal water to induce damage in HT29 clone 19A cells. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(6):925–932. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15182396]
  • Ogier JC, Casalta E, et al. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: The Leuconostoc genus. International journal of food microbiology. 2008;126(3):286–290. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17897747]
  • Ogier J-C, Serror P. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: The Enterococcus genus. International journal of food microbiology. 2008;126(3):291–301. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17889954]
  • Oh Y, Osato MS, et al. Folk yoghurt kills Helicobacter pylori. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(6):1083–1088. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 12452966]
  • Ohno H, Tsunemine S, et al. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 suppresses total and antigen specific immunoglobulin E production in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(8):1462–1466. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16079493]
  • Okawa T, Kita M, et al. Phase II randomized clinical trial of LC9018 concurrently used with radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Its effect on tumor reduction and histology. Cancer. 1989;64(9):1769–1776. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 2507125]
  • Okawa T, Niibe H, et al. Effect of LC9018 combined with radiation therapy on carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A phase III, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Cancer. 1993;72(6):1949–1954. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 8364872]
  • Okumura MJ, Cabana MD. The results of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006;19(6):451. author reply 452. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17105543]
  • Olah A, Belagyi T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2002;89(9):1103–1107. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12190674]
  • Olguin F, Araya M, et al. Prebiotic ingestion does not improve gastrointestinal barrier function in burn patients. Burns. 2005;31(4):482–488. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15896512]
  • Olivares M, Diaz-Ropero MP, et al. The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans. Int Microbiol. 2006;9(1):47–52. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16636989]
  • Olmo J, Mariscal M, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Streptococcus constellatus [5. Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia. 2006;29(9):595–596. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17129558]
  • Olver WJ, James SA, et al. Nosocomial transmission of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bone marrow transplant patients. J Hosp Infect. 2002;52(4):268–272. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12473471]
  • Onwulata CI, Rao DR, et al. Relative efficiency of yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, hydrolyzed-lactose milk, and a commercial lactase tablet in alleviating lactose maldigestion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(6):1233–1237. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2499174]
  • Ooi CY, Dilley AV, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii in a child with recurrent Clostridium difficile. Pediatrics International. 2009;51(1):156–158. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19371301]
  • Opekun AR, Yeh CW, et al. In vivo tests of natural therapy, Tibetan yogurt or fresh broccoli, for Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005;27(5):327–329. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 16082421]
  • Oriol A, Ribera JM, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae septicemia in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 1993;43(4):325–326. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8372820]
  • Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, Sanchez-Villegas A, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of the intake of fermented milk with Lactobacillus casei DN114001 in lactating mothers and their children. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(4):834–845. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18341756]
  • Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD006474. Exclude-Duplicate 4449. [PubMed: 17943911]
  • Osipova IG, Sorokulova IB, et al. Safety of bacteria of the genus Bacillus, forming the base of some probiotics. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1998;(6):68–70. Exclude-Participants (Russian) [PubMed: 9949507]
  • Othman M, Neilson JP, et al. Probiotics for preventing preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD005941. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC9006117] [PubMed: 17253567]
  • Otsuka Y, Pan W. Effects of the novel symbiotic immubalance as a food supplement in relieving clinical symptoms of Japnese cedar pollinosis: A pilot study. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2007;34(Suppl 1):S73–75. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Ouwehand AC, Lagstrom H, et al. Effect of probiotics on constipation, fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(3–4):159–162. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 12169860]
  • Ouwehand AC, Saxelin M, et al. Phenotypic differences between commercial Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus strains recovered from blood. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(12):1858–1860. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15578412]
  • Palacios S, Rojo IA, et al. Women’s perception of the efficacy of a soy extract with probiotic: the M3 study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24(4):178–183. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 18382902]
  • Pande C, Kumar A, et al. Addition of probiotics to antibiotics does not improve its efficacy in prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a double blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2009;(4 (Suppl))):454a. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 22522141]
  • Pant AR, Graham SM, et al. Lactobacillus GG and acute diarrhoea in young children in the tropics. J Trop Pediatr. 1996;42(3):162–165. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 8699584]
  • Pant N, Marcotte H, et al. Effective prophylaxis against rotavirus diarrhea using a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and antibodies. BMC Microbiol. 2007;7:86. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC2194776] [PubMed: 17900343]
  • Park SK, Park DI, et al. The effect of probiotics on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(79):2032–2036. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 18251154]
  • Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1751–1759. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC3827013] [PubMed: 19386741]
  • Pashapour N, Iou SG. Evaluation of yogurt effect on acute diarrhea in 6–24-month-old hospitalized infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2006;48(2):115–118. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16848109]
  • Patel R, Cockerill FR, et al. Lactobacillemia in liver transplant patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18(2):207–212. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8161628]
  • Pavan S, Desreumaux P, et al. Use of mouse models to evaluate the persistence, safety, and immune modulation capacities of lactic acid bacteria. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10(4):696–701. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC164262] [PubMed: 12853407]
  • Pavese P, Brion JP, et al. Epidemiology of fungemia in a university hospital; therapeutic incidence. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1999;47(5):579–583. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 10418046]
  • Pawlowska J, Klewicka E, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 application on the activity of fecal enzymes in children after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(10):3219–3221. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18089357]
  • Payne DL, Welsh JD, et al. Effectiveness of milk products in dietary management of lactose malabsorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(12):2711–2715. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 6797289]
  • Pearce JL, Hamilton JR. Controlled trial of orally administered lactobacilli in acute infantile diarrhea. J Pediatr. 1974;84(2):261–262. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 4589843]
  • Pedone CA, Bernabeu AO, et al. The effect of supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (strain DN-114 001) on acute diarrhoea in children attending day care centres. Int J Clin Pract. 1999;53(3):179–184. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10665128]
  • Pedrosa MC, Golner BB, et al. Survival of yogurt-containing organisms and Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) and their effect on bacterial enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy and hypochlorhydric elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(2):353–359. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7840074]
  • Pelletier X, Laure-Boussuge S, et al. Hydrogen excretion upon ingestion of dairy products in lactose-intolerant male subjects: importance of the live flora. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(6):509–512. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 11423928]
  • Pelto L, Isolauri E, et al. Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(12):1474–1479. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10024217]
  • Peng G, Hsu C. The efficacy and safety of heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei for treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis induced by house-dust mite: Commentary. 2006 Exclude-Duplicate 3119. [PubMed: 16101937]
  • Peng S, Lin JY, et al. Antiallergic effect of milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria in a murine animal model. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55(13):5092–5096. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17530857]
  • Penot JP, Lagrange P, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus endocarditis. Presse Med. 1998;27(21):1009–1012. Exclude-Intervention (French) [PubMed: 9767820]
  • Peral MC, Rachid MM, et al. Interleukin-8 production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with chronic infected leg ulcers treated with Lactobacillus plantarum. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(3):281–286. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19519855]
  • Perdigon. The oral administration of lactic acid bacteria increases the mucosal intestinal immunity in response to enteropathogens. J Food Protection. 1990;(53):404–410. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 31018295]
  • Peret Filho LA, Penna FJ, et al. Dose effect of oral Saccharomyces boulardii treatments on morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed mice. J Med Microbiol. 1998;47(2):111–116. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 9879952]
  • Perez N, Iannicelli JC, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on immunoglobulins, isoagglutinins and antibody response in children of low socio-economic status. Eur J Nutr. 2010;49(3):173–179. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19838618]
  • Pessi T, Sutas Y, et al. Interleukin-10 generation in atopic children following oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(12):1804–1808. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11122221]
  • Petricevic L, WA The role of Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus Lcr35 in restoring the normal vaginal flora after antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008;115(11):1369–1374. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18823487]
  • Phuapradit P, Varavithya W, et al. Reduction of rotavirus infection in children receiving bifidobacteria-supplemented formula. J Med Assoc Thai. 1999;82(Suppl 1):S43–48. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10730517]
  • Picard C, Fioramonti J, et al. Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents -- physiological effects and clinical benefits. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(6):495–512. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16167966]
  • Picaud JC, Chapalain V, et al. Incidence of infectious diseases in infants fed follow-on formula containing synbiotics: an observational study. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC3034191] [PubMed: 20560895]
  • Pichkhadze GM, Rusanov VP, et al. The antagonistic activity of the eubiotic Maxilin towards wound infection and its effect on the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2000;79(4):22–27. Exclude-Rec Participants (Russian) [PubMed: 10961107]
  • Pilipenko VI, Burliaeva EA, et al. Efficacy of using inulin fortified fermented milk products in patients with functional constipation. Vopr Pitan. 2009;78(3):56–61. Exclude-Genus (Russian) [PubMed: 19663305]
  • Pirotta M, Gunn J, et al. The PAV trial: does lactobacillus prevent post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis? Protocol of a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN24141277. BMC Fam Pract. 2004;5:5. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC521199] [PubMed: 15046642]
  • Pitsouni E, Alexiou V, et al. Does the use of probiotics/synbiotics prevent postoperative infections in patients undergoing abdominal surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Provisional abstract). European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2009;(6):561–570. Exclude-Duplicate 5805. [PubMed: 19326107]
  • Pitzurra R, Steffen R, et al. Diarrhoea in a large prospective cohort of European travellers to resource-limited destinations. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):231. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC2924857] [PubMed: 20684768]
  • Planeta-Malecka I, Bak-Romaniszyn L, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection - A preliminary report. Gastroenterologia Polska. 2004;11(3):219–222. Exclude-Design (Polish)
  • Plein K, Hotz J. Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn’s disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea--a pilot study. Z Gastroenterol. 1993;31(2):129–134. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8465554]
  • Pletinex M, Legein J, et al. Fungemia with Saccharomyces boulardii in a 1-year-old girl with protracted diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;21:113–115. Exclude-Duplicate 12363. [PubMed: 8576803]
  • Plewinska EM, P-MI, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Gastroenterologia Polska. 2006;13(4):315–319. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Plummer S, Weaver MA, et al. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol. 2004;7(1):59–62. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15179608]
  • Pochapin M. The effect of probiotics on Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(1 Suppl):S11–13. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10634221]
  • Pohjavuori E, Viljanen M, et al. Lactobacillus GG effect in increasing IFN-gamma production in infants with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(1):131–136. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15241356]
  • Pool-Zobel BL. Inulin-type fructans and reduction in colon cancer risk: review of experimental and human data. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(Suppl 1):S73–90. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15877900]
  • Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M, et al. Molecular and epidemiological characterization of vaginal Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(7):2230–2235. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC85125] [PubMed: 10364590]
  • Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(4):1108–1115. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 8462799]
  • Poty FC, Poty JA. Urinary tract infections caused by Lactobacillus (author’s transl). Nouv Presse Med. 1979;8(45):3755–3756. Exclude-Rec Intervention (Foreign Language) [PubMed: 534240]
  • Prajapati J, Shah R, et al. Nutritional and therapeutic benefits of a blended-spray dried acidophilus preparation. Cultured Dairy Prod J. 1986:16–21. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Prantera C. Should probiotics be given as an adjunct to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn’s disease? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3:130–131. Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Prantera C, Zannoni F, et al. An antibiotic regimen for the treatment of active Crohn’s disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(2):328–332. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8607501]
  • Prescott SL, Dunstan JA, et al. Clinical effects of probiotics are associated with increased interferon-gamma responses in very young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(12):1557–1564. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16393321]
  • Prescott SL, Wickens K, et al. Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics in pregnancy increases cord blood interferon-gamma and breast milk transforming growth factor-beta and immunoglobin A detection. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(10):1606–1614. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18631345]
  • Prescott SL, Wiltschut J, et al. Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5-year follow-up phase. Allergy. 2008;63(11):1481–1490. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18925885]
  • Preter Vd, Raemen H, et al. Effect of dietary intervention with different pre- and probiotics on intestinal bacterial enzyme activities. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;62(2):225–231. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17327863]
  • Probiotic blocks HIV transmission via breastfeeding. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22(8):687. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18846605]
  • Probiotic normalizes bowel function in IBS. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006;42(1):iii. Exclude-NoAE.
  • A probiotic strain of Escherichia coli, Nissle 1917, given orally exerts local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in mice. 2009. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC2737661] [PubMed: 19486007]
  • Probiotic supplements improve atopic dermatitis in infants. Anonymous Nurs Times. 2005;101(23):7. Exclude-Rec Design.
  • Probiotic therapy may prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;41(2):IV. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Probiotics and eczema prevention: a randomized study. Nutrition & the M D. 2004;30(8):5–6. Exclude-Design.
  • Probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Bandolier. 2002;9(10):1–2. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Probiotics in late pregnancy/early infancy confer antiallergy protection. Alternative & Complementary Therapies. 2003;9(4):155–156. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Pronio A, Montesani C, et al. Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(5):662–668. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18240282]
  • Qin H, Zheng J, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum enteral feeding on the gut permeability and septic complications in the patients with acute pancreatitis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrion. 2008;62(7):923–930. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17579653]
  • Qualia C, Bousvaros A. Probiotic for new onset ulcerative colitis in children: baby’s got bac(teria). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(1):177–178. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19685449]
  • Quigley EM, Wald A, et al. Safety and tolerability of tegaserod in patients with chronic constipation: pooled data from two phase III studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(5):605–613. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16678076]
  • Quliyev N, Huseynova N. Dynamics of immune indices at newborn with intestinal dysbacteriosis during treatment by probiotics. Azerbaijan Medical Journal. 2007;4:110–112. Exclude-NoAE (Azerbaijani)
  • Radke M. Pro- and prebiotics for nutrition of preterm infants and newborns. Padiatrische Praxis. 2009;73(1):49–57. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Rafeey M, Ostadrahimi A, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus yogurt and supplement in children with acute diarrhea: A clinical trial. Research Journal of Medical Sciences. 2008;2(1):13–18. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Rafter J. Probiotics and colon cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17(5):849–859. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 14507593]
  • Rahimi R, Nikfar S, et al. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of probiotics for maintenance of remission and prevention of clinical and endoscopic relapse in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(9):2524–2531. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18270836]
  • Rahman M. Chest infection caused by Lactobacillus casei ss rhamnosus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284(6314):471–472. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1496019] [PubMed: 6800500]
  • Rahman SH, Catton JA, et al. Letter 2: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1103–1107). Br J Surg. 2003;90(1):123. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12520593]
  • Rajala SA, Salminen SJ, et al. Treatment of chronic constipation with lactitol sweetened yoghurt supplemented with guar gum and wheat bran in elderly hospital in-patients. Compr Gerontol A. 1988;2(2):83–86. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 2852540]
  • Rakov AL, Grinevich VB, et al. Clinical efficacy of probiotics in complex treatment of called-up servicemen with community-acquired pneumonia. Voen Med Zh. 2006;327(4):15–22. Exclude-Rec Intervention (Russian) [PubMed: 16784101]
  • Rapoport L, Levine WI. Treatment of oral ulceration with lactobacillus tablets. Report of forty cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1965;20(5):591–593. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 4953373]
  • Rautanen T, Isolauri E, et al. Management of acute diarrhoea with low osmolarity oral rehydration solutions and Lactobacillus strain GG. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79(2):157–160. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1717650] [PubMed: 9797599]
  • Rautava S, Arvilommi H, et al. Specific probiotics in enhancing maturation of IgA responses in formula-fed infants. Pediatr Res. 2006;60(2):221–224. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16864708]
  • Rautava S, Salminen S, et al. Specific probiotics in reducing the risk of acute infections in infancy--a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(11):1722–1726. Exclude-Duplicate 3761. [PubMed: 18986600]
  • Rayes N. Lactobacilli and fibers -- a strong couple against bacterial infections in patients with major abdominal surgery. Nutrition. 2004;20(6):579–580. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15165623]
  • Raza S, Graham SM, et al. Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute nonbloody diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(2):107–111. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7746691]
  • Recurrent septicemia in an immunocompromised patient due to probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis [2. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998;36(1):32. Exclude-Duplicate 679. [PMC free article: PMC124869] [PubMed: 9431982]
  • Reddy BS, Macfie J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of effect of synbiotics, neomycin and mechanical bowel preparation on intestinal barrier function in patients undergoing colectomy. Br J Surg. 2007;94(5):546–554. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 17443852]
  • Reddy BS, Rivenson A. Inhibitory effect of Bifidobacterium longum on colon, mammary, and liver carcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, a food mutagen. Cancer Res. 1993;53(17):3914–3918. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 8358717]
  • Reid G. Testing the efficacy of probiotics in: Probiotics: a Critical Review. Horizon Scientific Press. 1999:129–140. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Reid G. Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2 Suppl):437S–443S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11157354]
  • Reid G, Bruce AW, et al. Is there a role for lactobacilli in prevention of urogenital and intestinal infections? Clin Microbiol Rev. 1990;3(4):335–344. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC358167] [PubMed: 2224835]
  • Reid G, Burton J. Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(3):319–324. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11909742]
  • Reid G, Burton J, et al. Nucleic acid-based diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and improved management using probiotic lactobacilli. J Med Food. 2004;7(2):223–228. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15298771]
  • Reid G, Hammond JA. Beware of “natural” products. Can Fam Physician. 2004;50:1081. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2214642] [PubMed: 15455803]
  • Reiff C, Delday M, et al. Balancing inflammatory, lipid, and xenobiotic signaling pathways by VSL#3, a biotherapeutic agent, in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(11):1721–1736. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19639558]
  • Rembacken BJ, Snelling AM, et al. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9179):635–639. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 10466665]
  • Resbeut M, Marteau P, et al. A randomized double blind placebo controlled multicenter study of mesalazine for the prevention of acute radiation enteritis. Radiother Oncol. 1997;44(1):59–63. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9288859]
  • Reuter G. The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium microflora of the human intestine: composition and succession. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2001;2(2):43–53. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11721280]
  • Ribeiro H, Vanderhoof J. Reduction of diarrheal illness following adminstration of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in a day care facility, Abstract #P162. 5th Joint Meeting of ESPGHAN and NADPGN; Toulouse, France. May 27–30, 1998. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Ridwan BU, Koning CJ, et al. Antimicrobial activity of a multispecies probiotic (Ecologic 641) against pathogens isolated from infected pancreatic necrosis. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008;46(1):61–67. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17944834]
  • Rincon Sanchez AR, Rivas-Estilla AM. Role of probiotics in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(4):629–631. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16677145]
  • Rinne M, Kalliomaki M, et al. Effect of probiotics and breastfeeding on the bifidobacterium and lactobacillus/enterococcus microbiota and humoral immune responses. J Pediatr. 2005;147(2):186–191. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16126047]
  • Rinne M, Kalliomaki M, et al. Probiotic intervention in the first months of life: short-term effects on gastrointestinal symptoms and long-term effects on gut microbiota. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(2):200–205. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16877985]
  • Rivero M, Roca A, et al. Effect of a new infant formula enriched with prebiotics, probiotics, nucleotides and LC-PUFA on recovery after infection. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2005;569:186–187. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Rizkalla SW, Luo J, et al. Chronic consumption of fresh but not heated yogurt improves breath-hydrogen status and short-chain fatty acid profiles: a controlled study in healthy men with or without lactose maldigestion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(6):1474–1479. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11101474]
  • Robertson J. In children receiving antibiotics, does coadministration of Lactobacillus GG reduce the incidence of diarrhea? commentary on Vanderhoof JA, Whitney DB, Antonson DL, et al Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children J PEDIATR 1999;135:564–568. WJM: Western Journal of Medicine. 2000;173(6):397. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC1071193] [PubMed: 11112757]
  • Robins-Browne RM, Levine MM. The fate of ingested lactobacilli in the proximal small intestine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(4):514–519. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6784568]
  • Robinson EL, Thompson WL. Effect on weight gain of the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus to the formula of newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1952;41(4):395–398. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12991171]
  • Rochat F, Brown C, et al. Effect of a formula with adapted protein profile on intestinal microbiota and growth of infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41:508. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Rochat F, Cherbut C, et al. A whey-predominant formula induces fecal microbiota similar to that found in breast-fed infants. Nutrition research. 2007;27(12):735–740. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Rogasi PG, Vigano S, et al. Lactobacillus casei pneumonia and sepsis in a patient with AIDS. Case report and review of the literature. Ann Ital Med Int. 1998;13(3):180–182. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9859577]
  • Rohrenbach J, Matthess A, et al. Treatment of children with E. coli strain Nissle 1917. Results of a prospective data collection with 668 patients. Padiatrische Praxis. 2009;73(4):645–652. Exclude-Genus.
  • R⊘land KD, Reime MH, et al. Acute pancreatitis and nutrition -- a systematic review of literature [Danish. Klinisk Sygepleje. 2010;24(2):48–59. Exclude-Design (Danish)
  • Rolfe RD. The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):396S–402S. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10721914]
  • Roller M, Clune Y, et al. Consumption of prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis has minor effects on selected immune parameters in polypectomised and colon cancer patients. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(4):676–684. Exclude-Rec Participants. [PubMed: 17349080]
  • Roos K, Grahn E, et al. Evaluation of beta-lactamase activity and microbial interference in treatment failures of acute streptococcal tonsillitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;18(4):313–319. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3094137]
  • Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(2):389–395. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12589361]
  • Rosenfeldt V, Benfeldt E, et al. Effect of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms and small intestinal permeability in children with atopic dermatitis. J Pediatr. 2004;145(5):612–616. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15520759]
  • Rosenfeldt V, Michaelsen KF, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(5):411–416. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12150178]
  • Rossouw JE, Burger EM, et al. The effect of skim milk, yoghurt, and full cream milk on human serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):351–356. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7211734]
  • Rouge C, Piloquet H, et al. Oral supplementation with probiotics in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1828–1835. Exclude-Duplicate 5819. [PubMed: 19369375]
  • Rowland I. Probiotics and colorectal cancer risk. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(6):805–807. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15182384]
  • Rubaltelli F, Biadaioli R, et al. Probiotics feeding prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a prospective double-blind study. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:346A. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12169832]
  • Rubinstein E, Noriega ER, et al. Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1975;54(4):331–334. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1171349]
  • Ruiz-Esquide F, Diaz MC, et al. Verrucous endocarditis secondary to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A case report. Rev Med Chil. 2002;130(10):1165–1169. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 12491835]
  • Ruiz-Palacios G, Gerrrero M, et al. Feeding of probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in yougn Mexican children. Ped Res. 1996;39(Supp 4):184A. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Ruoff KL, Miller SI, et al. Bacteremia with Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus salivarius: clinical correlates of more accurate identification of isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27(2):305–308. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC267297] [PubMed: 2915024]
  • Ruseler-van Embden JG, van Lieshout LM, et al. Inability of Lactobacillus casei strain GG, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum to degrade intestinal mucus glycoproteins. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30(7):675–680. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 7481531]
  • Russell G, Kaplan J, et al. Fecal bacteriotherapy for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in a child: a proposed treatment protocol. Pediatrics. 2010;126(1):e239–242. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20547640]
  • Saavedra J, Abi-Hanna A, et al. Effect of long term consumption of infant formulas with bifidobacteria (B) and S. thermophilus (ST) on stool patterns and diaper rash in infacts. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27([Abstract 82]):483. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh H, Elmadfa I, et al. The effects of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on lipid profile in women. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(12):1778–1783. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20100374]
  • Safety of Lactobacillus strains used as probiotic agents [5] (multiple letters). 2002. Exclude-Duplicates 1753. [PubMed: 11941562]
  • Saggioro A. Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S104–106. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15220671]
  • Saint-Marc T, Rossello-Prats L, et al. Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of diarrhea in AIDS. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1991;142(1):64–65. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 2048880]
  • Saint-Marc T, Sellem C, et al. Treatment of chronic diarrhea with saccharomyces boulardii. Int Conf AIDS June 20–23. 1990;6(1 (abstract no. Th.B.363)):212. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Sakata T, Kojima T, et al. Probiotic preparations dose-dependently increase net production rates of organic acids and decrease that of ammonia by pig cecal bacteria in batch culture. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(7):1485–1493. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10489936]
  • Salazar-Lindo E, Figueroa-Quintanilla D, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Lactobacillus LB in the treatment of mild acute diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(5):571–576. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 17460488]
  • Salminen E, Isolauri E, et al. Gut microflora in health and disease. Chemotherapy. 1995;41:5–15. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7671648]
  • Salminen E, Salminen S, et al. Adverse effects of pelvic radiotherapy. Prog-Radio-Oncol. 1995:501–504. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Salminen MK, Rautelin H, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(1):62–69. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 14679449]
  • Salminen MK, Rautelin H, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, species identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of 85 blood isolates. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(5):e35–44. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16447101]
  • Salminen S, Bouley C, et al. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(Suppl 1):S147–171. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 9849357]
  • Salminen S, Deighton M, et al. Lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. Lactic Acid Bacteria. 1993:199–225. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Salminen S, Von Wright A, et al. Development of selection criteria for probiotic strains to assess their potential in functional foods: A Nordic and European approach. Biosci Microbiol. 1996;15:61–67. Exclude-Design.
  • Saltzman JR, Russell RM, et al. A randomized trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 to treat lactose intolerance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):140–146. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9925136]
  • Salzano P, Piscopo L, et al. The role of Lactobacillus casei subspecies Rhamnous GG (ATCC 53103) in the treatment of recurring cystitis and vaginitis and in the prevention of specific cystitis and vaginitis after therapy. 2000;159(2):59–63. Exclude-NoAE (Italian)
  • Sandborn WJ, McLeod R, et al. Medical therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in pouchitis: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;5(1):33–39. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10028447]
  • Sanders ME. Summary of probiotic activities of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(9):776–783. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 17016131]
  • Sang LX, Chang B, et al. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(15):1908–1915. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2856834] [PubMed: 20397271]
  • Santen GW, Benus RF, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(28):1591. author reply 1593–1594. Exclude-Rec Design (German) [PubMed: 18712230]
  • Santiago GL, Verstraelen H, et al. A pilot study evaluating the safety of vaginal administration of a multi-particulate pellet formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;73(3):399–403. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 19733660]
  • Sanz Y, Nadal I, et al. Probiotics as drugs against human gastrointestinal infections. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2007;2(2):148–156. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18221171]
  • Sarker SA, Sultana S, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 has no effect on rotavirus but ameliorates the outcome of nonrotavirus diarrhea in children from Bangladesh. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):e221–228. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15995003]
  • Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(6):1620–1633. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15168372]
  • Sashihara T, Sueki N, et al. An analysis of the effectiveness of heat-killed lactic acid bacteria in alleviating allergic diseases. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89(8):2846–2855. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 16840600]
  • Satoh Y. Bifidobacteria prevents necrotizing enterocolitis and infection in preterm infants. International journal of probiotics. 2007;2(2):149–154. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Satta A, Delplano A, et al. Treatment of enterocolitis and other intestinal disorders with a Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus combination. Clin Ter. 1980;94(2):173–184. Exclude-NoAE (Italian) [PubMed: 6778648]
  • Savaiano DA, AbouElAnouar A, et al. Lactose malabsorption from yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, and cultured milk in lactase-deficient individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(6):1219–1223. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 6439026]
  • Savino F, Palumeri E, et al. Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(11):1304–1310. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16736065]
  • Sawada J, Morita H, et al. Ingestion of heat-treated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents development of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37(2):296–303. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17250703]
  • Saxelin M. Lactobacillus gg. a human probiotic strain with thorough clinical documentation. Food Reviews International. 1997;13(2):293–313. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Saxelin M, Ahokas M, et al. Dose response on the fecal colinzation of Lactobacillus strain GG administered by two different formulations. Microb Ecol Hlth Dis. 1993;6:119–122. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Saxelin M, Chuang NH, et al. Lactobacilli and bacteremia in southern Finland, 1989–1992. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(3):564–566. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 8852980]
  • Saxelin M, Pessi T, et al. Fecal recovery following oral administration of Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103) in gelatine capsules to healthy volunteers. Int J Food Microbiol. 1995;25(2):199–203. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7547151]
  • Saxelin M, Rautelin H, et al. The safety of commercial products with viable Lactobacillus strains. Infect Dis Clin Prac. 1996;5:331–335. Exclude-Participants.
  • Sazawal S, Dhingra U, et al. Effects of fortified milk on morbidity in young children in north India: community based, randomised, double masked placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;334(7585):140. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC1779825] [PubMed: 17132678]
  • Sazawal S, Hiremath G, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(6):374–382. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16728323]
  • Scaccianoce G, Zullo A, et al. Triple therapies plus different probiotics for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008;12(4):251–256. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18727457]
  • Schaberg DR, Culver DH, et al. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med. 1991;91(3B):72S–75S. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1928195]
  • Schell MA, Karmirantzou M, et al. The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(22):14422–14427. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC137899] [PubMed: 12381787]
  • Schellenberg D, Bonington A, et al. Treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea with brewer’s yeast. Lancet. 1994;343(8890):171–172. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7904014]
  • Schiffrin EJ, Parlesak A, et al. Probiotic yogurt in the elderly with intestinal bacterial overgrowth: endotoxaemia and innate immune functions. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(7):961–966. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19353762]
  • Schiffrin EJ, Rochat F, et al. Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci. 1995;78(3):491–497. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7782506]
  • Schiffrin EJ, Thomas DR, et al. Systemic inflammatory markers in older persons: the effect of oral nutritional supplementation with prebiotics. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11(6):475–479. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17985062]
  • Schlegel L, Lemerle S, et al. Lactobacillus species as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998;17(12):887–888. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 10052559]
  • Schlotterer M, Bernasconi P, et al. Interet de Saccharomyces boulardii dans la tolerance digestive de la nutrition enterale a debit coninu chez le brule. Nutr Clin Metabol. 1987;1:31–34. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Schmelzle H, Wirth S, et al. Randomized double-blind study of the nutritional efficacy and bifidogenicity of a new infant formula containing partially hydrolyzed protein, a high beta-palmitic acid level, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36(3):343–351. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 12604972]
  • Schmolzer G, Urlesberger B, et al. Multi-modal approach to prophylaxis of necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical report and review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006;22(7):573–580. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16775708]
  • Schneegans E, Haarscher A, et al. Contribution a l’etude de Bifidobacterinum bifidum. Essais d’implantation chez le nourrisson sain et chez le porteur d’Escherichia coli pathogenes. Sem. Hop. Paris. 1966;42(26/27):457–462. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Scholtens PA, Alles MS, et al. Bifidogenic effects of solid weaning foods with added prebiotic oligosaccharides: a randomised controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(5):553–559. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16707980]
  • Scholtens PA, Alliet P, et al. Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A is increased in healthy infants who receive a formula with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. J Nutr. 2008;138(6):1141–1147. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18492847]
  • Schoon Y, Schuurman B, et al. Aortic graft infection by Lactobacillus casei: a case report. Neth J Med. 1998;52(2):71–74. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9557529]
  • Schultz MJ. Symbiotics as a preventive measure against ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(6):1506–1507. author reply 1507. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 20502161]
  • Schwabb J. Phlogistic properties of peptido-glycan-polysaccharide polymers from cell walls of pathogenic and normal-flora bacteria which colonise humans. Infect Immun. 1993;(61):4535–4539. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC281201] [PubMed: 8406849]
  • Schwan A, Sjolin S, et al. Relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. Lancet. 1983;2(8354):845. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6137662]
  • Schwandt LQ, van Weissenbruch R, et al. Effect of dairy products on the lifetime of Provox2 voice prostheses in vitro and in vivo. Head Neck. 2005;27(6):471–477. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15825199]
  • Scribano ML, PC Use of antibiotics and probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. EOS Rivista di Immunologia ed Immunofarmacologia. 2004;24(1–2):44–51. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Sedman PC, Macfie J, et al. The prevalence of gut translocation in humans. Gastroenterology. 1994;107(3):643–649. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8076751]
  • See J. Lactobacillus endocarditis: Case report and literature review. 2006 Exclude-Rec Genus.
  • Segawa S, Nakakita Y, et al. Effect of oral administration of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis SBC8803 on total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E production through the improvement of Th1/Th2 balance. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;121(1):1–10. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18055049]
  • Seguela J, Massot J, et al. Action d’un Saccharomyces lors d’une infestaton experimentale a Candida Albicans chez le rat normal et le rat traite par antibiotiques. Bulletin de la Societe Myc. Med. 1978;VII:199. Exclude-Participants (French)
  • Seidel C, Boehm V, et al. Influence of prebiotics and antioxidants in bread on the immune system, antioxidative status and antioxidative capacity in male smokers and non-smokers. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(2):349–356. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17298705]
  • Seki H, Shiohara M, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI. Pediatr Int. 2003;45(1):86–90. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 12654076]
  • Semmo N. Probiotic drink prevents antibiotic associated diarrhea. Zeitschrift fur Gastoenterologie. 2007;45(11):1110. Exclude-Rec Design (Foreign Language)
  • Sen S, Mullan M, et al. Effect of lactobacillus plantarum 299v on colonic fermentation and symptoms or irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2615. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12452404]
  • Senok AC, VH, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006:4. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19821358]
  • Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, et al. Probiotics: facts and myths. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(12):958–966. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 16307549]
  • Sensenig J, Johnson M, et al. Treatment of migraine with targeted nutrition focused on improved assimilation and elimination. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(5):488–494. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11703169]
  • Sentongo TA, Cohran V, et al. Intestinal permeability and effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus therapy in children with short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;46(1):41–47. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18162832]
  • Sepp E, Julge K, et al. Intestinal microflora of Estonian and Swedish infants. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(9):956–961. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9343275]
  • Sepp E, Mikelsaar M, et al. Effect of administration of Lactobacillus casei strain GG on the gastrointestinal microbiota of newborns. Microbila Ecology in Health and Disease. 1993;6:309–314. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Sethi N, Mandell W. Saccharomyces fungemia in a patient with AIDS. N Y State J Med. 1988;88(5):278–279. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3288915]
  • Shadid R, Haarman M, et al. Effects of galactooligosaccharide and long-chain fructooligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal microbiota and immunity--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(5):1426–1437. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 17991656]
  • Shah U, Walker WA. Adverse host responses to bacterial toxins in human infants. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):420S–425S. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 10721919]
  • Shalev E. Ingestion of probiotics: optional treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4(5):357–360. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12040825]
  • Shamir R, Makhoul IR, et al. Evaluation of a diet containing probiotics and zinc for the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in children younger than one year of age. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(5):370–375. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16192262]
  • Shanahan F. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: from fads and fantasy to facts and future. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(Suppl 1):S5–9. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12215176]
  • Sharma J, Chanana C, et al. Comparison of ofloxacin & ornidazole with probiotic versus doxycycline & metronidazole for the outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. JK Science. 2007;9(2):66–69. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Sharma JK, Kapoor KK, et al. Clinical trial of Sporlac in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration. Uttar Pradesh State Dent J. 1980;11(1):7–12. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7003894]
  • Shaughnessy A. Can probiotics decrease the likelihood of antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Evidence-Based Practice. 2003;6(2):3, 2. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Shaw L. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(4):373. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2065998] [PubMed: 16551799]
  • Sheen P, Oberhelman RA, et al. Short report: a placebo-controlled study of Lactobacillus GG colonization in one-to-three-year-old Peruvian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52(5):389–392. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 7771602]
  • Shen DH, Shi CR, et al. Detection of intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in patients with Hirschsprung’s disease associated enterocolitis. World J Pediatr. 2009;5(3):201–205. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19693464]
  • Shen J, Ran HZ, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect and adverse events of Lactobacilli versus placebo in maintenance therapy for Crohn disease (Structured abstract). Internal Medicine Journal. 2009;(2):103–109. Exclude-Duplicate 7295. [PubMed: 19220543]
  • Shermak MA, Saavedra JM, et al. Effect of yogurt on symptoms and kinetics of hydrogen production in lactose-malabsorbing children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(5):1003–1006. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 7572723]
  • Sherman ME, Albrecht M, et al. An unusual case of splenic abscess and sepsis in an immunocompromised host. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;88(5):659–662. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 3314473]
  • Sheu B, Wu J, et al. Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria - containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1669–1675. Exclude-Duplicate 1749. [PubMed: 12197847]
  • Sheu BS, Wu JJ, et al. Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(9):1669–1675. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12197847]
  • Shiau SL, Su BH, et al. Possible effect of probiotics and breast milk in short bowel syndrome: report of one case. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2007;48(2):89–92. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17626609]
  • Shibolet O, Karmeli F, et al. Probiotics ameliorates iodoacetamide induced colitis. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:A818. Exclude-Participants.
  • Shimizu R, Haruna H. Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21) on Helicobacter pylori infection in children [5. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50(4):617–618. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12356815]
  • Shinefield HR, Ribble JC, et al. Bacterial interference between strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 1960 to 1970. Am J Dis Child. 1971;121(2):148–152. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 5542853]
  • Shlaes DM, Levy J, et al. Enterococcal bacteremia without endocarditis. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141(5):578–581. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6784687]
  • Shornikova AV, Casas IA, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;24(4):399–404. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9144122]
  • Shornikova AV, Isolauri E, et al. A trial in the Karelian Republic of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus GG for treatment of acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(5):460–465. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 9183482]
  • Shteyer E, Wilschanski M. Novel therapeutic modalities in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(11):816–820. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19070296]
  • Sicherer SH, Ford LS. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants: Effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Pediatrics. 2009;124(SUPPL 2):S112. Exclude-Duplicate 5858. [PubMed: 19134020]
  • Siegman-Igra Y, Lavochkin J, et al. Meningitis and bacteremia due to Bacillus cereus. A case report and a review of Bacillus infections. Isr J Med Sci. 1983;19(6):546–551. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 6408023]
  • Siitonen S, Vapaatalo H, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG yoghurt in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Ann Med. 1990;22(1):57–59. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2184848]
  • Silk DB, Davis A, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(5):508–518. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19053980]
  • Silva MR, Dias G, et al. Growth of preschool children was improved when fed an iron-fortified fermented milk beverage supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Nutr Res. 2008;28(4):226–232. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19083412]
  • Simakachorn N, Pichaipat V, et al. Clinical evaluation of the addition of lyophilized, heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(1):68–72. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 10630442]
  • Simark-Mattsson C, Emilson CG, et al. Lactobacillus-mediated interference of mutans streptococci in caries-free vs. caries-active subjects. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115(4):308–314. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 17697171]
  • Simren M, Syrous A, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum 299V on symptoms and rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a randomized double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(Suppl 2):A600. Exclude-Rec NoAE.
  • Singh T. Yoghurt feeding during acute diarrhea. Indian Pediatr. 1987;24(6):530. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3679516]
  • Sistek D, Kelly R, et al. Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(5):629–633. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16650048]
  • Slonim AE, Grovit M, et al. Effect of exclusion diet with nutraceutical therapy in juvenile Crohn’s disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009;28(3):277–285. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20150601]
  • Smith D, Metzgar D, et al. Fatal Saccharomyces cerevisiae aortic graft infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(7):2691–2692. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC120603] [PubMed: 12089311]
  • Sobel JD, Vazquez J, et al. Vaginitis due to Saccharomyces cerevisiae: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;16(1):93–99. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8448324]
  • Socha J, Stolarczyk A, et al. Role of bifidobacteria in prophylaxis and treatment of selected diseases in children. 2002;4(1):47–47. Exclude-Design (Polish)
  • Soh SE, Aw M, et al. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants--effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(4):571–578. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19134020]
  • Soh SE, Aw M, et al. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants - Effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2009;39(4):571–578. Exclude-Duplicate 5858. [PubMed: 19134020]
  • Soh SE, Ong DQ, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life on specific antibody responses to infant Hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 2010;28(14):2577–2579. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20105426]
  • Sokic-Milutinovic A. Therapeutic role of probiotics in gastroenterology. Arhiv za Farmaciju. 2009;59(2–3):182–197. Exclude-Design.
  • Soleman N, Laferl H, et al. How safe is safe?--a case of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei endocarditis and discussion of the safety of lactic acid bacteria. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35(10):759–762. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 14606618]
  • Sorokulova I, Pinchuk I, et al. The safety of two Bacillus probiotic strains for human use. 2008 Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17934835]
  • Sorokulova IB. The safety and reactogenicity of the new probiotic subalin for volunteers. Mikrobiol Z. 1998;60(1):43–46. Exclude-Rec Intervention (Russian) [PubMed: 9621688]
  • Spindler-Vesel A, Bengmark S, et al. Synbiotics, prebiotics, glutamine, or peptide in early enteral nutrition: a randomized study in trauma patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31(2):119–126. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17308252]
  • Spinosa MR, Braccini T, et al. On the fate of ingested Bacillus spores. Res Microbiol. 2000;151(5):361–368. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10919516]
  • Sramek V, Dadka L, et al. Impact of addition of synbiotics (Synbiotic 2000 Forte) to enteral nutrition on the course of MODS, occurrence of sepsis, immune status and gut function in long-term critically ill patients. Anestesiologie a Intenzivni Medicina. 2007;18(3):157–163. Exclude-NoAE (Foreign Language)
  • Srinivasjois R, Rao S, et al. Prebiotic supplementation of formula in preterm neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2009 Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19359074]
  • Sriskandan S, Lacey S, et al. Isolation of vancomycin-resistant lactobacilli from three neutropenic patients with pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993;12(8):649–650. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8223672]
  • Staab B, Eick S, et al. The influence of a probiotic milk drink on the development of gingivitis: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(10):850–856. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19682173]
  • Stein GY, Nanim R, et al. Probiotics as prophylactic agents against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Harefuah. 2007;146(7):520–522. 575. Exclude-NoAE (Hebrew) [PubMed: 17803164]
  • Stein PD, Folkens AT, et al. Saccharomyces fungemia. Chest. 1970;58(2):173–175. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 5455300]
  • Stewart-Tuli D. The immunological activities of bacterial peptidoglycans. Annual Review of Microbiology. 1980;34:311–340. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7002027]
  • Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Warfving H, et al. Persistence of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 on human tonsillar surface after oral administration in fermented oatmeal gruel. A pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2000;543:215–219. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10909023]
  • St-Onge MP, Farnworth ER, et al. Kefir consumption does not alter plasma lipid levels or cholesterol fractional synthesis rates relative to milk in hyperlipidemic men: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN10820810. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2002;2:1. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC65674] [PubMed: 11825344]
  • Strus M. The significance of lactic acid bacteria in treatment and prophylaxis of digestive tract disorders. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 1997;51(6):605–619. Exclude-Rec Design. [PubMed: 9481894]
  • Sudarmo SM, Ranuh RG, et al. Management of infant diarrhea with high-lactose probiotic-containing formula. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34(4):845–848. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15115098]
  • Sullivan A, Nord CE, et al. Effect of supplement with lactic-acid producing bacteria on fatigue and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutr J. 2009;8:4. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2642862] [PubMed: 19171024]
  • Sumner SS, Speckhard MW, et al. Isolation of histamine-producing Lactobacillus buchneri from Swiss cheese implicated in a food poisoning outbreak. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985;50(4):1094–1096. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC291798] [PubMed: 4083875]
  • Sun S, Yang K, et al. Probiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394(1):171–177. Exclude-Duplicate 15430. [PubMed: 18633636]
  • Surakka A, Kajander K, et al. Yoghurt containing galactooligosaccharides facilitates defecation among elderly subjects and selectively increases the number of bifidobacteria. Int J of Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2009;4(1):65–74. Exclude-Genus.
  • Surawicz CM. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;1(1):32–38. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16265042]
  • Sussman JI, Baron EJ, et al. Clinical manifestations and therapy of Lactobacillus endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8(5):771–776. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3097786]
  • Sutas Y, Hurme M, et al. Down-regulation of anti-CD3 antibody-induced IL-4 production by bovine caseins hydrolysed with Lactobacillus GG-derived enzymes. Scand J Immunol. 1996;43(6):687–689. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8658059]
  • Suzuki A, Mitsuyama K, et al. Bifidogenic growth stimulator for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Nutrition. 2006;22(1):76–81. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16226014]
  • Swenson JM, Facklam RR, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):543–549. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC171641] [PubMed: 2344161]
  • Szajewska H, Albrecht P, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: effect of lactobacillus GG supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(4):431–436. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19330931]
  • Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. Analysis of evidence for clinical efficacy of probiotic products registered in Poland in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and young children. Pediatira Polska. 2002;6:495–500. Exclude-Design (Polish)
  • Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2003;142(1):85. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12569905]
  • Tabbers M. Effect of the consumption of a fermented dairy product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 on constipation in childhood: A multicentre randomised controlled trial (NTRTC: 1571). BMC Pediatrics. 2009 Exclude-Design. [PMC free article: PMC2662858] [PubMed: 19296845]
  • Tae CH, Jung SA, et al. The first case of antibiotic-associated colitis by Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(3):520–524. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC2698204] [PubMed: 19543521]
  • Tailor SA, Bailey EM, et al. Enterococcus, an emerging pathogen. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27(10):1231–1242. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8251694]
  • Takacs G. Klinikai tapasztalatok GENIA-92 huvelykuppal. Magy Noorv L. 1994;57:185–187. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Takahashi O, Noguchi Y, et al. Probiotics in the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea: meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41(3):336–337. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17426480]
  • Takayama F, Taki K, et al. Bifidobacterium in gastro-resistant seamless capsule reduces serum levels of indoxyl sulfate in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(3 Suppl 1):S142–145. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12612972]
  • Tambot HG, Yu I, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri: A rare and fatal case of Fournier gangrene in a diabetic woman. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 2010;18(2):132–134. Exclude-Duplicate.
  • Tanaka R. The effects of the ingestion of fermented mile with Lactobacillus casi Shirota on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology in health volunteers. Gut Flora and Health-Past, Present and Future. 1996;219:37–45. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Tanaka R, Takayama H, et al. Effects of administration of TOS and Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on the human fecal flora. Bifidobacteria Microflora. 1983;2:17–24. Exclude-Participants.
  • Taniuchi S, Hattori K, et al. Administration of Bifidobacterium to infants with atopic dermatitis: changes in fecal microflora and clinical symptoms. Journal of Applied Research. 2005;5(2):387–396. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Tankanow RM, Ross MB, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea. DICP. 1990;24(4):382–384. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 2109432]
  • Tannock GW, Munro K, et al. Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66(6):2578–2588. Exclude-NoAE. [PMC free article: PMC110584] [PubMed: 10831441]
  • Tawfik OW, Papasian CJ, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae pneumonia in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27(7):1689–1691. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC267645] [PubMed: 2671026]
  • Taylor A, Hale J, et al. Evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation from the neonatal period on innate immune development in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(10):1218–1226. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17014428]
  • Taylor AL, Hale J, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life on allergen- and vaccine-specific immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(10):1227–1235. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17014429]
  • Taylor GD, Buchanan-Chell M, et al. Trends and sources of nosocomial fungaemia. Mycoses. 1994;37(5–6):187–190. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7898515]
  • Tel’nykh R. Use of biologically active preparations in prevention of complication in patients with open traumatic mandible fractures. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2008;87(4):56–58. Exclude-Genus (Russian) [PubMed: 18833140]
  • Tempe JD, Steidel AL, et al. Prevention of diarrhea administering Saccharomyces boulardii during continuous enteral feeding. Sem Hop. 1983;59(18):1409–1412. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 6306827]
  • Teran CG, Teran-Escalera CN, et al. Nitazoxanide vs. probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(4):518–523. Exclude-Duplicate 5482. [PubMed: 19070525]
  • Teughels W, Kinder Haake S, et al. Bacteria interfere with A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization. J Dent Res. 2007;86(7):611–617. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17586706]
  • Teughels W, Newman MG, et al. Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: a proof of concept. J Dent Res. 2007;86(11):1078–1082. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17959900]
  • Theunissen J, Britz TJ, et al. Identification of probiotic microorganisms in South African products using PCR-based DGGE analysis. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;98(1):11–21. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15617797]
  • Thibault H, Aubert-Jacquin C, et al. Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;39(2):147–152. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 15269618]
  • Thompson C, McCarter YS, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a neonate. J Perinatol. 2001;21(4):258–260. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11533845]
  • Thompson WG. Probiotics for irritable bowel syndrome: a light in the darkness? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(10):1135–1136. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 11711765]
  • Thompson-Chagoyan OC, Vieites JM, et al. Changes in faecal microbiota of infants with cow’s milk protein allergy - A Spanish prospective case-control 6-month follow-up study. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2010;21(2 PART 2):e394–e400. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19889194]
  • Thulkar J, Kriplani A, et al. Probiotic and metronidazole treatment for recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;108(3):251–252. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19939382]
  • Tiballi RN, Spiegel JE, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae infections and antifungal susceptibility studies by colorimetric and broth macrodilution methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;23(4):135–140. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 9407218]
  • Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, et al. Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics--A comparison of functionality and efficacy. Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;96(3):219–233. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15454313]
  • Tiollier E, Chennaoui M, et al. Effect of a probiotics supplementation on respiratory infections and immune and hormonal parameters during intense military training. Mil Med. 2007;172(9):1006–1011. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17937368]
  • Tleyjeh IM, Routh J, et al. Lactobacillus gasseri causing Fournier’s gangrene. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(6–7):501–503. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15307582]
  • Tojyo M, Oikawa T, et al. The effects of Bifido-bacterium breve administration on Campylobacter enteritis. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1987;29:160–167. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 3144842]
  • Tompkins TA, Hagen KE, et al. Safety evaluation of two bacterial strains used in Asian probiotic products. Can J Microbiol. 2008;54(5):391–400. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18449224]
  • Tong JL, Ran ZH, et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(2):155–168. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17229240]
  • Torii A, Torii S, et al. Lactobacillus Acidophilus strain L-92 regulates the production of Th1 cytokine as well as Th2 cytokines. Allergol Int. 2007;56(3):293–301. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17646735]
  • Touhami M, Boudraa G, et al. Clinical consequences of replacing milk with yogurt in persistent infantile diarrhea. Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1992;39(2):79–86. Exclude-Rec Genus (French) [PubMed: 1580532]
  • Tournut J. Bacterial neonatal gastroenteritis probiotics efficiency in prophylaxis. Microbiologie Aliments Nutrition. 1986;4(2):101–106. Exclude-Participants.
  • Trapp C, Chang C, et al. The influence of chronic yogurt consumption on populations of yound and elderly adults. Int J Immunotherapy. 1993;9:53–64. Exclude-Rec Genus.
  • Trois L, Cardoso EM, et al. Use of probiotics in HIV-infected children: a randomized double-blind controlled study. J Trop Pediatr. 2008;54(1):19–24. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17878180]
  • Tsangalis D, Wilcox G, et al. Urinary excretion of equol by postmenopausal women consuming soymilk fermented by probiotic bifidobacteria. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(3):438–441. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17021598]
  • Tsangalis D, Wilcox G, et al. Bioavailability of isoflavone phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women consuming soya milk fermented with probiotic bifidobacteria. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(6):867–877. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16022756]
  • Tsubura S, Mizunuma H, et al. The effect of Bacillus subtilis mouth rinsing in patients with periodontitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28(11):1353–1356. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19649665]
  • Tsuda Y, Yoshimatsu Y, et al. Clinical effectiveness of probiotics therapy (BIO-THREE) in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(11):1306–1311. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17852859]
  • Tsvetkov K, Vasileva P, et al. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis relapses. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2007;46(Suppl 2):41–44. Exclude-NoAE (Ukranian) [PubMed: 18173006]
  • Tuazon CU, Murray HW, et al. Serious infections from Bacillus sp. JAMA. 1979;241(11):1137–1140. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 105158]
  • Tuohy KM, Pinart-Gilberga M, et al. Survivability of a probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy human volunteers and its impact on the faecal microflora. J Appl Microbiol. 2007;102(4):1026–1032. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17381746]
  • Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, et al. Effect of ingesting sour milk fermented using Lactobacillus helveticus bacteria producing tripeptides on blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2004;18(11):795–802. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15175633]
  • Tursi A, Brandimarte G, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on the effectiveness and tolerability of a new second-line 10-day quadruple therapy after failure of a first attempt to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10(12):CR662–666. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15567983]
  • Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients. Lancet. 1989;1(8648):1156–1160. Exclude-Genus. [PubMed: 2566734]
  • Tynkkynen S, Singh KV, et al. Vancomycin resistance factor of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in relation to enterococcal vancomycin resistance (van) genes. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;41(3):195–204. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 9706787]
  • Ubeda P, Viudes A, et al. Endocarditis por Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre valvula protesica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2000;18:142. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 10905018]
  • Ubeda P, Viudes A, et al. Endocarditis infecciosa por levaduras. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2001;19:500–502. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 11844458]
  • Uchida H, Yamamoto H, et al. D-lactic acidosis in short-bowel syndrome managed with antibiotics and probiotics. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(4):634–636. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15065046]
  • Uchida K, Takahashi T, et al. Immunonutritional effects during synbiotics therapy in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int. 2007;23(3):243–248. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17205292]
  • Uhlemann M, Heine W, et al. Effects of oral administration of bifidobacteria on intestinal microflora in premature and newborn infants. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 1999;203(5):213–217. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 10596415]
  • Urbancsek H, Kazar T, et al. Results of a double-blind, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Antibiophilus(R) in patients with radiation-induced diarrhoea. 2001 Exclude-Duplicate 1367. [PubMed: 11338068]
  • Ussher J, Dewberry C, et al. The relationship between health related quality of life and dietary supplementation in British middle managers: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Psychol Health. 1995;(10):97–111. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Utemuradova GE. Etiology of acute enteric infection in children with arid zone and effect of probiotics. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2009;(3):98–100. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19623719]
  • Valerio F, Russo F, et al. Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei-enriched Artichokes on Constipated Patients: A Pilot Study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20495470]
  • Van de Water J, Keen CL, et al. The influence of chronic yogurt consumption on immunity. J Nutr. 1999;129(7 Suppl):1492S–1495S. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 10395628]
  • van der Aa LB, Sprikkelman AB, et al. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(10):1698. author reply 1698–1699. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18721254]
  • van der Aa LB, van Aalderen WM, et al. Synbiotics prevent asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20560907]
  • van Elburg RM, Fetter WP, et al. Intestinal permeability in relation to birth weight and gestational and postnatal age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(1):F52–55. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC1755997] [PubMed: 12496227]
  • van Elburg RM, Uil JJ, et al. Repeatability of the sugar-absorption test, using lactulose and mannitol, for measuring intestinal permeability for sugars. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;20(2):184–188. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7714684]
  • van Goor H, Rosman C, et al. Translocation of bacteria and endotoxin in organ donors. Arch Surg. 1994;129(10):1063–1066. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 7944936]
  • van Hoffen E, Ruiter B, et al. A specific mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides induces a beneficial immunoglobulin profile in infants at high risk for allergy. Allergy. 2009;64(3):484–487. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 18507650]
  • Van Nood E. Probiotics are possibly effective in the prevention of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 2007;151(50):2806–2807. Exclude-Rec Design (Dutch)
  • van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Probiotics in surgery. Surgery. 2008;143(1):1–7. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18154927]
  • van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Potential role for probiotics in the prevention of infectious complications during acute pancreatitis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006;150(10):535–540. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Dutch) [PubMed: 16566415]
  • Vandenbergh P. Lactic acid bacteria, their metabolic products and interference with microbial growth. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1993;12:221–238. Exclude-Intervention.
  • Vanderhoof JA. Probiotics in allergy management. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47(Suppl 2):S38–40. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18931598]
  • Vankerckhoven V, Huys G, et al. Biosafety assessment of probiotics used for human consumption: recommendations from the EU-PROSAFE project. Trends in food science & technology. 2008;19(2):102–114. Exclude-Design.
  • van’t Veer P, Dekker JM, et al. Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: a case-control study in The Netherlands. Cancer Res. 1989;49(14):4020–4023. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 2736542]
  • Vardinon N, Handsher R, et al. Poliovirus vaccination responses in HIV-infected patients: correlation with T4 cell counts. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(1):238–241. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1972382]
  • Varela-Moreiras G, Antoine JM, et al. Effects of yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk on lactose absorption in an institutionalized elderly group. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(2):168–171. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1578093]
  • Vazquez L, Rivera H. Clinical evaluation of lactovagil. Presna Med MEx. 1976;41:428–431. Exclude-NoAE (Spanish) [PubMed: 829157]
  • Velasco E, Martins CA, et al. “Bacillus subtilis” infection in a patient submitted to a bone marrow transplantation. Rev Paul Med. 1992;110(3):116–117. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 1340996]
  • Verdu EF. Probiotics effects on gastrointestinal function: beyond the gut? Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(5):477–480. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 19432946]
  • Vergis EN, Hayden MK, et al. Determinants of vancomycin resistance and mortality rates in enterococcal bacteremia. a prospective multicenter study. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(7):484–492. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 11578151]
  • Vesa TH, Marteau P, et al. Digestion and tolerance of lactose from yoghurt and different semi-solid fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in lactose maldigesters-is bacterial lactase important? Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(11):730–733. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8933119]
  • Viadel B, Nova E, et al. Effects of a synbiotic on intestinal and immune functions of healthy adults <ISSUE> Ist International Immunonutrition Workshop. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2008;67:E76. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Vilaichone RK, Mahachai V, et al. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer patients: in vitro study. J Med Assoc Thai. 2002;85(Suppl 1):S79–84. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 12188456]
  • Viljanen M, Savilahti E, et al. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy. 2005;60(4):494–500. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15727582]
  • Villarruel G, Rubio DM, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii in acute childhood diarrhoea: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(4):538–541. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17306006]
  • Vitali B, Ndagijimana M, et al. Impact of a synbiotic food on the gut microbial ecology and metabolic profiles. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:4. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC2806344] [PubMed: 20055983]
  • Vliagoftis H, Kouranos VD, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101(6):570–579. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19119700]
  • Vogel G. Clinical trials. Deaths prompt a review of experimental probiotic therapy. Science. 2008;319(5863):557. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 18239097]
  • Volozhin AI, Il’in VK, et al. Development and use of periodontal dressing of collagen and Lactobacillus casei 37 cell suspension in combined treatment of periodontal disease of inflammatory origin (a microbiological study). Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2004;83(6):6–8. Exclude-NoAE (Russian) [PubMed: 15602477]
  • Vorberg G. Gefahrlose effiziente Therapie von Durchfallerkrankungen. Arztl. Prax. 1974;26:709–710. Exclude-NoAE (German)
  • Voudouris A, Kazamias P, et al. Benefits of symbiotic 2000 forte in clinically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Critical Care. 2005;S1:S152. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Vouloumanou EK, Makris GC, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review (Structured abstract). International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2009;(3):197.e191–e110. Exclude-Duplicates 5894. [PubMed: 19179052]
  • Wagner RD, Pierson C, et al. Probiotic effects of feeding heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei to Candida albicans-colonized immunodeficient mice. J Food Prot. 2000;63(5):638–644. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10826722]
  • Wagner RD, Warner T, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of Bifidobacterium spp. on orogastric and systemic candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Rev Iberoam Micol. 1998;15(4):265–270. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18473515]
  • Wagner RD, Warner T, et al. Colonization of congenitally immunodeficient mice with probiotic bacteria. Infect Immun. 1997;65(8):3345–3351. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC175473] [PubMed: 9234796]
  • Waligora-Dupriet AJ, Campeotto F, et al. Effect of oligofructose supplementation on gut microflora and well-being in young children attending a day care centre. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;113(1):108–113. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16996154]
  • Wallet F, Crunelle V, et al. Bacillus subtilis as a cause of cholangitis in polycystic kidney and liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(7):1477–1478. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 8678036]
  • Walsh H, Ross J, et al. Physico-chemical properties, probiotic survivability, microstructure, and acceptability of a yogurt-like symbiotic oats-based product using pre-polymerized whey protein as a gelation agent. J Food Sci. 2010;75(5):M327–337. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20629892]
  • Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986;33(1):179–201. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC7131118] [PubMed: 3081865]
  • Walsh MC, Kliegman RM, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis: a practitioner’s perspective. Pediatr Rev. 1988;9(7):219–226. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 3141910]
  • Wang KY, Li SN, et al. Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(3):737–741. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15321816]
  • Wang P, Tang X, et al. Probiotic agents for the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(2) Exclude-Duplicate 6745.
  • Wang X, Andersson R, et al. Gut origin sepsis, macrophage function, and oxygen extraction associated with acute pancreatitis in the rat. World J Surg. 1996;20(3):299–307. discussion 307–298. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 8661835]
  • Wassenaar TM, Klein G. Safety aspects and implications of regulation of probiotic bacteria in food and food supplements. J Food Prot. 2008;71(8):1734–1741. Exclude-Rec Participants. [PubMed: 18724773]
  • Watanabe T, Nishio H, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury: involvement of lactic acid. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(3):G506–513. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19589943]
  • Weale R, Edwards A. Letter 1: Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis (Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1103–1107). Br J Surg. 2003;90(1):122–123. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 12520591]
  • Weichselbaum E. Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence. Nutrition Bulletin. 2009;34(4):340–373. Exclude-Design.
  • Weizman Z. Probiotics therapy in acute childhood diarrhoea. Lancet. 2010;376(9737):233. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20656124]
  • Wenus C, Goll R, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea by a fermented probiotic milk drink. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(2):299–301. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17356555]
  • Werfel T, Breuer K. Role of food allergy in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;4(5):379–385. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 15349037]
  • West CE, Gothefors L, et al. Effects of feeding probiotics during weaning on infections and antibody responses to diphtheria, tetanus and Hib vaccines. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(1):53–60. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18086218]
  • West CE, Hammarstrom ML, et al. Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 19298231]
  • Westerbeek EA, van den Berg A, et al. The intestinal bacterial colonisation in preterm infants: a review of the literature. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(3):361–368. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 16677741]
  • Westerbeek EA, van Elburg RM, et al. Design of a randomised controlled trial on immune effects of acidic and neutral oligosaccharides in the nutrition of preterm infants: carrot study. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:46. Exclude-Intervention. [PMC free article: PMC2579424] [PubMed: 18947426]
  • Westerbeek EAM, van Elburg RM, et al. Design of a randomized controlled trial on immune effects of acidic and neutral oligosaccharides in the nutrition of preterm infants: carrot study. Neonatal Intensive Care. 2009;22(2):26–30. Exclude-Duplicate 5557. [PMC free article: PMC2579424] [PubMed: 18947426]
  • Wheeler JG, Bogle ML, et al. Impact of dietary yogurt on immune function. Am J Med Sci. 1997;313(2):120–123. Exclude-Rec Genus. [PubMed: 9030681]
  • Whelan K, Efthymiou L, et al. Appetite during consumption of enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition: the effect of supplementing pea-fibre and fructo-oligosaccharides. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(2):350–356. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 16923230]
  • Wickens K, Black PN, et al. A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(4):788–794. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 18762327]
  • Williams AB, Yu C, et al. Evaluation of two self-care treatments for prevention of vaginal candidiasis in women with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2001;12(4):51–57. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 11486720]
  • Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2009;22(1):72–76. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 19532083]
  • Williams HC. Pre- and postnatal administration of Lactobacillus GG reduced the occurrence of atopic disease in offspring. ACP Journal Club. 2001;135(3):106. Exclude-Duplicate 7738.
  • Williams J Jr, Stewart C. Factoring safety into functional foods. Foodsafety magazine. 14(6):42, 44–46. 2008 Dec-2009 Jan. Exclude-Design.
  • Willis AT, Bullen CL, et al. Breast milk substitute: a bacteriological study. Br Med J. 1973;4(5884):67–72. Exclude-Genus. [PMC free article: PMC1587234] [PubMed: 4583181]
  • Witsell DL, Garrett CG, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal morbidity: a prospective randomized trial. J Otolaryngol. 1995;24(4):230–233. Exclude-Rec NoAE. [PubMed: 8551535]
  • Woo K. A probiotic drink prevented diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in older patients taking antibiotics. Evid Based Nurs. 2008;11(2):57. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 18364427]
  • Woo SI, Kim JY, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus sakei supplementation in children with atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104(4):343–348. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20408346]
  • Wood GC, Boucher BA, et al. Lactobacillus species as a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a critically ill trauma patient. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(9):1180–1182. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 12222555]
  • World Health Organization Expert Committee on Rabies: Eighth Report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1992;(824):Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 1279901]
  • Wutzke KD, Lotz M, et al. The effect of pre- and probiotics on the colonic ammonia metabolism in humans as measured by lactose-[(15)N(2)]ureide. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 20683456]
  • Wytock DH, DiPalma JA. All yogurts are not created equal. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;47(3):454–457. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 3348155]
  • Xiao JZ, Kondo S, et al. Clinical efficacy of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum for the treatment of symptoms of Japanese cedar pollen allergy in subjects evaluated in an environmental exposure unit. Allergol Int. 2007;56(1):67–75. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17259812]
  • Xiao JZ, Kondo S, et al. Effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum BB536 [corrected] in relieving clinical symptoms and modulating plasma cytokine levels of Japanese cedar pollinosis during the pollen season. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):86–93. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16689181]
  • Xu J, Yan W, et al. Safety assessment of starters culture bacteria in fermented milk in China. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008;37(2):193–195. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 18589606]
  • Yagi S, Akaike M, et al. Infective endocarditis caused by lactobacillus. Intern Med. 2008;47(12):1113–1116. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 18552468]
  • Yakabe T, Moore EL, et al. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus brevis KB290 as a probiotic strain. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(10):2450–2453. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 19583990]
  • Yamada T, Nagata S, et al. Effect of continuous probiotic fermented milk intake containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on fever in mass infectious gastroenteritis rest home outbreak. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2009;83(1):31–35. Exclude-Rec NoAE (Japanese) [PubMed: 19227222]
  • Yamano T, Iino H, et al. Improvement of the human intestinal flora by ingestion of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii La1. Br J Nutr. 2006;95(2):303–312. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 16469146]
  • Yang XF, Huang Q, et al. Application of flow cytometry on functional assessment of health food. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005;39(5):335–341. Exclude-NoAE (Chinese) [PubMed: 16266546]
  • Yazid AM, Ali AM, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bifidobacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2000;31(1):57–62. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10886616]
  • Yeo SK, Liong MT. Effect of prebiotics on viability and growth characteristics of probiotics in soymilk. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90(2):267–275. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 20355041]
  • Yesovitch R, Cohen A, et al. Failure to improve parameters of lactose maldigestion using the multiprobiotic product VSL3 in lactose maldigesters: a pilot study. Can J Gastroenterol. 2004;18(2):83–86. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 14997218]
  • Yoon MY, Kim YJ, et al. Properties and safety aspects of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from Chungkukjang, a fermented soy product. Food science and technology. 2008;41(5):925–933. Exclude-Participants.
  • Yoshida M, Obayashi T, et al. Detection of plasma (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan in patients with Fusarium, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces and Acremonium fungaemias. J Med Vet Mycol. 1997;35(5):371–374. Exclude-Design. [PubMed: 9402532]
  • Yoshida Y, Seki T, et al. Clinical effects of probiotic bifidobacterium breve supplementation in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Yonago Acta Medica. 2010;53(2):37–45. Exclude-NoAE.
  • Zerva L, Hollis RJ, et al. In vitro susceptibility testing and DNA typing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(12):3031–3034. Exclude-Participants. [PMC free article: PMC229454] [PubMed: 8940443]
  • Ze-Ze L, Tenreiro R, et al. Case of aortic endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus casei. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53(Pt 5):451–453. Exclude-Rec Intervention. [PubMed: 15096557]
  • Z’Graggen WJ, Fankhauser H, et al. Pancreatic necrosis infection due to Lactobacillus paracasei in an immunocompetent patient. Pancreatology. 2005;5(1):108–109. Exclude-Intervention. [PubMed: 15802941]
  • Zhao HY, Wang HJ, et al. Intestinal microflora in patients with liver cirrhosis. Chin J Dig Dis. 2004;5(2):64–67. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 15612659]
  • Zhong Y, Huang CY, et al. Effect of probiotics and yogurt on colonic microflora in subjects with lactose intolerance. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(5):587–591. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17086711]
  • Zhou JS, Pillidge CJ, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of new probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;98(2):211–217. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 15681048]
  • Zhou JS, Shu Q, et al. Acute oral toxicity and bacterial translocation studies on potentially probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38(2–3):153–161. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 10717355]
  • Ziegler E, Vanderhoof JA, et al. Term infants fed formula supplemented with selected blends of prebiotics grow normally and have soft stools similar to those reported for breast-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44(3):359–364. Exclude-Participants. [PubMed: 17325558]
  • Ziemniak W. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication taking into account its resistance to antibiotics. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57(Suppl 3):123–141. Exclude-NoAE. [PubMed: 17033111]
  • Zubadalashvili NG, Makhviladze MA, et al. The comparative study of Linex and Lacto-G in treatment of adult patients with disbacteriosis. Georgian Med News. 2009;(170):38–42. Exclude-NoA. [PubMed: 19556637]

Background Papers

  • 6.2 Enteral Nutrition (Other): Prebiotics/Probiotics/Synbiotics. 2007
  • (NCCAM), N. C. f. C. a. A. M. An Introduction to Probiotics. 2008
  • Abad CL, Safdar N. The role of Lactobacillus probiotics in the treatment or prevention of urogenital infections: a systematic review (Provisional abstract). Journal of Chemotherapy. 2009;(3):243–252. [PubMed: 19567343]
  • Abernethy AP. Probiotics to prevent antibiotic-related diarrhea. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2008;22(1):29–30. [PubMed: 28792805]
  • Adams MR. Safety of industrial lactic acid bacteria. J Biotechnol. 1999;68(2–3):171–178. [PubMed: 10194855]
  • Alander M, Matto J, et al. Effect of galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation on human faecal microflora and on survival and persistence of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 in the gastrointestinal tract. J Dairy Sci. In press.
  • Alfaleh K, Anabrees J, et al. Probiotics reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Neonatology. 2010;97(2):93–99. [PubMed: 19707025]
  • Alfaleh K, Bassler D. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD005496. [PubMed: 18254081]
  • Allen SJ, Okoko B, et al. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;4:4. [PubMed: 15106189]
  • Alsheikh A, Weizman Z. Safety of infant formula supplemented with two strains of probiotics in early infancy [abstract. Pediatr Res. 2003;53:174A.
  • Andersson RG. Probiotics in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2008;95(8):941–942. [PubMed: 18618863]
  • Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, et al. Prevention, detection, and management of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11(2):104–110. [PubMed: 19281697]
  • Barclay AR, Stenson B, et al. Probiotics for necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(5):569–576. [PubMed: 18030235]
  • Bee P. Probiotics, not so friendly after all? TIMESONLINE. 2008
  • Beerepoot MA, Stobberingh EE, et al. A study of non-antibiotic versus antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary-tract infections in women (the NAPRUTI study). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006;150(10):574–575. [PubMed: 16566424]
  • Bengmark S. Synbiotics to strengthen gut barrier function and reduce morbidity in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(4):441–445. [PubMed: 15297078]
  • Berger RE. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. J Urol. 2005;174(5):1843. [PubMed: 16217308]
  • Berman S, Spicer D. Safety and Reliability of Lactobacillus Supplements in Seattle, Washington (A Pilot Study). The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine. 2003;1(2)
  • Bernardeau M, Guguen M, et al. Beneficial lactobacilli in food and feed: long-term use, biodiversity and proposals for specific and realistic safety assessments. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006;30(4):487–513. [PubMed: 16774584]
  • Bernardeau M, Vernoux JP, et al. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: the Lactobacillus genus. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;126(3):278–285. [PubMed: 17889388]
  • Besselink MG, Timmerman HM, et al. Lactobacilli in necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2005;5(6):594. [PubMed: 16110258]
  • Besselink MG, Timmerman HM, et al. Prevention of infectious complications in surgical patients: potential role of probiotics. Dig Surg. 2005;22(4):234–244. [PubMed: 16174980]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis: prudence required. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(3):E3–6. [PubMed: 19259104]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. New randomized trial of probiotics in pancreatitis needed? Caution advised. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394(1):191–192. author reply 193–194. [PubMed: 18841384]
  • Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, et al. Management of severe acute pancreatitis: it’s all about timing. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(2):200–206. [PubMed: 17327743]
  • Bittner AC, Croffut RM, et al. Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: an open-label, partially controlled, 1-year extension of a previously published controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther. 2007;29(6):1153–1160. [PubMed: 17692729]
  • Borchers AT, Selmi C, et al. Probiotics and immunity. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(1):26–46. [PubMed: 19159071]
  • Borody TJ, Warren EF, et al. Bacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6):475–483. [PubMed: 15220681]
  • Borowiec AM, Fedorak RN. The role of probiotics in management of irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(5):393–400. [PubMed: 17991340]
  • Borriello SP, Hammes WP, et al. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(6):775–780. [PubMed: 12627362]
  • Bousvarous K. The L. GG Study Group: A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Lactobacillus GG in addition to standard maintenance medication therapy in children with Crohn’s disease. J Ped Gastroenerol Nutr. 2002;35:A7.
  • Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, et al. Probiotics for treating eczema [Intervention Review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006135. [PubMed: 18843705]
  • Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(8):1117–1127. [PubMed: 19573037]
  • Boyle RJ, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(1):266–267. author reply 267. [PubMed: 18804270]
  • Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, et al. Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(6):1256–1264. quiz 1446–1257. [PubMed: 16762934]
  • Boyle RJ, Tang ML. The role of probiotics in the management of allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(5):568–576. [PubMed: 16650040]
  • Brenner DM, Chey WD. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624: A Novel Probiotic for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2009;9(1):7–15. [PubMed: 19367213]
  • Brenner DM, Moeller MJ, et al. The utility of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(4):1033–1049. quiz 1050. [PubMed: 19277023]
  • Brown D. Oral probiotic combination for bacterial vaginosis. Alternative Therapies in Women’s Health. 2006;8(8):62–63.
  • Buts JP, Bernasconi P. Saccharomyces boulardii: basic science and clinical applications in gastroenterology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2005;34(3):515–532. x. [PubMed: 16084311]
  • Butterworth AD, Thomas AG, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD006634. [PMC free article: PMC6544811] [PubMed: 18646162]
  • Cabana MD, Shane AL, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006;45(5):405–410. [PubMed: 16891272]
  • Cannon JP, Lee TA, et al. Pathogenic relevance of Lactobacillus: a retrospective review of over 200 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(1):31–40. [PubMed: 15599646]
  • Caplan MS. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol. 2009;29(Suppl 2):S2–6. [PubMed: 19399005]
  • Caplan MS, Jilling T. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: possible role of probiotic supplementation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(Suppl 2):S18–22. [PubMed: 10749397]
  • Capurso G, Marignani M, et al. Probiotics and severe acute pancreatitis. Addendum. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(Suppl 3 Pt 1):S152–153. [PubMed: 19048651]
  • Carlet J. Anti-, pre-, or . . . probiotics to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit? Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):1009–1010. [PubMed: 20168172]
  • Cassone M, Serra P, et al. Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(11):5340–5343. [PMC free article: PMC262466] [PubMed: 14605200]
  • Chande N, MacDonald JK, et al. Interventions for treating microscopic colitis: a Cochrane Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Review Group systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):235–241. quiz 234, 242. [PubMed: 19098875]
  • Chande N, McDonald JW, et al. Interventions for treating collagenous colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD003575. [PubMed: 18425892]
  • Chmielewska A, Ruszczynksi M, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri strain ATCC 55730 for the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatria Wspolczesna. 2008;10(1):32–36.
  • Chmielewska A, Szajewska H. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: probiotics for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(1):69–75. [PMC free article: PMC2799919] [PubMed: 20039451]
  • Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J. 2001;15(8):1398–1403. [PubMed: 11387237]
  • Clements ML, Levine MM, et al. Lactobacillus prophylaxis for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981;20(1):104–108. [PMC free article: PMC181640] [PubMed: 6792978]
  • Clinical trials prove the safety and efficacy of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium Bb12 in follow-up formula and growing-up milks. 1998
  • Consultation FWE. Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. 2001
  • Cots J. Consumption of probiotics can reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. FMC Formacion Medica Continuada en Atencion Primaria. 2008;15(3):201.
  • Coulthard MG, Mellis CM. Does probiotic milk prevent infections in children attending daycare centres? Med J Aust. 2004;181(10):556–557. [PubMed: 15540969]
  • Crittenden R. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei F19: Survival, ecology and safety in the human intestinal tract - A survey of feeding studies within the PROBDEMO project. 2002
  • Czerucka D, Piche T. Review article: Yeast as probiotics - Saccharomyces boulardii. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(6):767–778. [PubMed: 17767461]
  • Daniel-Johnson J, Leitman S, et al. Probiotic-associated high-titer anti-B in a group A platelet donor as a cause of severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. Transfusion. 2009;49(9):1845–1849. [PMC free article: PMC3421026] [PubMed: 19453987]
  • de Boer WA, Thys JC, et al. Proposal for use of a standard side effect scoring system in studies exploring Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8(7):641–643. [PubMed: 8853251]
  • De Preter V, Vanhoutte T, et al. Effect of lactulose and Saccharomyces boulardii administration on the colonic urea-nitrogen metabolism and the bifidobacteria concentration in healthy human subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(7):963–974. [PubMed: 16573799]
  • de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2008;111:1–66. [PubMed: 18461293]
  • Del P, Morelli L, et al. Probiotics: from research to consumer. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(Supp 2):S248–255. [PubMed: 17259085]
  • DeLorenzo T. The benefits and safety of probiotics in infants. Support Line. 2007;29(5):3–6.
  • Delorme C. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: Streptococcus thermophilus. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2008;126(3):274–277. [PubMed: 17822794]
  • Delzenne N, Reid G. No causal link between obesity and probiotics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(12):901. author reply 901. [PubMed: 19915580]
  • Dendukuri N, Costa V, et al. Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2005;173(2):167–170. [PMC free article: PMC1174857] [PubMed: 16027434]
  • Deshpande G, Rao S, et al. Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2007;369(9573):1614–1620. [PubMed: 17499603]
  • Deshpande G, Rao S, et al. Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):921–930. [PubMed: 20403939]
  • Doherty G, Bennett G, et al. Interventions for prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD006873. [PubMed: 19821389]
  • Donohue D, Salminen S, et al. Safety of probiotic bacteria. Lactic acid Bacteria. 1998:369–384.
  • Donohue DC. Safety of probiotics. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(4):563–569. [PubMed: 17077077]
  • Doron S, Gorbach SL. Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4(2):261–275. [PubMed: 16597207]
  • Doron SI, Hibberd PL, et al. Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(Suppl 2):S58–63. [PubMed: 18542041]
  • The double-edged sword of probiotics. Gastrointestinal Nursing. 2008;6(1):4.
  • D’Souza AL, Rajkumar C, et al. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2002;324(7350):1361. [PMC free article: PMC115209] [PubMed: 12052801]
  • Dugoua JJ, Machado M, et al. Probiotic safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces spp (Provisional abstract). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009;(6):542–552. [PubMed: 19646321]
  • Elmer GW. Probiotics: “living drugs” Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(12):1101–1109. [PubMed: 11449853]
  • Elmer GW, McFarland LV, et al. Biotherapeutic agents and infectious diseases. Humana Press. 1999
  • Elmer GW, Surawicz CM, et al. Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections. JAMA. 1996;275(11):870–876. [PubMed: 8596226]
  • Embleton ND, Yates R. Probiotics and other preventative strategies for necrotising enterocolitis. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008;13(1):35–43. [PubMed: 17974513]
  • Enache-Angoulvant A, Hennequin C. Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(11):1559–1568. [PubMed: 16267727]
  • Endres W. Probiotics in the prevention of intestinal diseases in infancy. 2003;(151):S24–26.
  • Ezendam J, van Loveren H. Probiotics: immunomodulation and evaluation of safety and efficacy. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(1):1–14. [PubMed: 16491665]
  • Falagas ME, Betsi GI, et al. Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(7):657–664. [PubMed: 17633390]
  • Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20(2):146–155. [PubMed: 15703637]
  • Floch MH. Probiotic therapy for ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(4):237–238. [PubMed: 20087200]
  • Food and Agriculture Organization, W. H. O. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food 2002, FAO/WHO Report No. 4-30-2002. 2008.
  • Franz CM, Holzapfel WH, et al. Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety? Int J Food Microbiol. 1999;47(1–2):1–24. [PubMed: 10357269]
  • Franz CM, Stiles ME, et al. Enterococci in foods--a conundrum for food safety. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;88(2–3):105–122. [PubMed: 14596984]
  • Fuccio L, Guido A, et al. Effects of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(6):506–513. [PubMed: 19398930]
  • Furrie E. Probiotics and allergy. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64(4):465–469. [PubMed: 16313688]
  • Gawronska A, Szabunko M, et al. Probiotic therapy for functional abdominal pain. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Pediatria Wspolczesna. 2005;7(4):303–309.
  • Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Bengmark S, et al. Pro- and synbiotics to control inflammation and infection in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 2009;67(4):815–821. [PubMed: 19820590]
  • Giard RW. A probiotics trial on trial: the problem of timely detection of adverse advents in therapeutic trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(4):347–349. [PubMed: 19762211]
  • Gionchetti P, Amadini C, et al. Probiotics--role in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2002;34(Suppl 2):S58–62. [PubMed: 12408442]
  • Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, et al. Maintenance treatment of chronic pouchitis: a randomised placebo-controlled, double-blind trial with a new probiotic preparation. Gastroenterology. 1998;(114):A985.
  • Goldin BR. Health benefits of probiotics. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(4):S203–207. [PubMed: 9924285]
  • Gommersall. Dous routine administration of probiotics improve outcome of critically ill patients? ANZCA. 2006
  • Gosar J. Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of pseudomembranous colitis. J Pharm Technol. 2002;18:3–8.
  • Graf C, Sarasin FP. Efficacy and safety of probiotics. Rev Med Suisse. 2007;3(129):2350–2354. [PubMed: 18018827]
  • Group FWW. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. 2002
  • Guarner F, Khan AG, et al. Probiotics and prebiotics - World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guidelines. 2008
  • Gueimonde M, Ouwehand AC, et al. Safety of probiotics. Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition. 2004;48(1):42–48.
  • Gurusamy KS, Kumar Y, et al. Methods of preventing bacterial sepsis and wound complications for liver transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006660. [PubMed: 18843724]
  • Guthmann F, Kluthe C, et al. Probiotics for Prevention of Necrotising Enterocolitis: An Updated Meta-analysis. Klin Padiatr. 2010 [PubMed: 20645240]
  • Haller D, Antoine JM, et al. Guidance for Substantiating the Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Probiotics: Probiotics in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Functional Disorder Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):690S–697S. [PubMed: 20107148]
  • Hamilton-Miller JM. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;22(4):360–366. [PubMed: 14522098]
  • Hamilton-Miller JM, Shah S, et al. “Probiotic” remedies are not what they seem. BMJ. 1996;312(7022):55–56. [PMC free article: PMC2349711] [PubMed: 8555882]
  • Hamilton-Miller JM, Shah S, et al. Public health issues arising from microbiological and labelling quality of foods and supplements containing probiotic microorganisms. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(2):223–229. [PubMed: 10447251]
  • Hammerman C, Bin-Nun A, et al. Safety of probiotics: comparison of two popular strains. BMJ. 2006;333(7576):1006–1008. [PMC free article: PMC1635619] [PubMed: 17095783]
  • Hammerman C, Kaplan M. Probiotics and neonatal intestinal infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19(3):277–282. [PubMed: 16645490]
  • Hart AL, Stagg AJ, et al. Use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(2):111–119. [PubMed: 12544192]
  • Hatakka K, Saxelin M. Probiotics in intestinal and non-intestinal infectious diseases--clinical evidence. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(14):1351–1367. [PubMed: 18537658]
  • Henriksson A, Borody T, et al. Probiotics under the regulatory microscope. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005;4(6):1135–1143. [PubMed: 16255670]
  • Herbrecht R, Nivoix Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1635–1637. [PubMed: 15889361]
  • Hoekstra JH. Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and informed consent procedure. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008;152(28):1591–1592. author reply 1593–1594. [PubMed: 18714463]
  • Hoffman FA, Heimbach JT, et al. Executive summary: scientific and regulatory challenges of development of probiotics as foods and drugs. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 2):S53–57. [PubMed: 18181723]
  • Holubar SD, Cima RR, et al. Treatment and prevention of pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;6:CD001176. [PubMed: 20556748]
  • Hove H, Norgaard H, et al. Lactic acid bacteria and the human gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(5):339–350. [PubMed: 10369488]
  • Hoveyda N, Heneghan C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009;9:15. [PMC free article: PMC2656520] [PubMed: 19220890]
  • Hudson T. Lactobacillus and postantibiotic yeast vaginitis. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2005;11(1):37.
  • Ishibashi N, Yamazaki S. Probiotics and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2 Suppl):465S–470S. [PubMed: 11157359]
  • Invasive infections due to Saccharomyces boulardii (Ultra-levure(deg)). Prescrire International. 2007;16(89):110. [PubMed: 17582930]
  • Isolauri E, Kirjavainen PV, et al. Probiotics: a role in the treatment of intestinal infection and inflammation? Gut. 2002;50(Suppl 3):III54–59. [PMC free article: PMC1867676] [PubMed: 11953334]
  • Jack L, Coyer F, et al. Probiotics and diarrhoea management in enterally tube fed critically ill patients-What is the evidence? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2010 [PubMed: 20692838]
  • Jain PK, McNaught CE, et al. Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(4):467–475. [PubMed: 15297081]
  • Johannsen H, Prescott SL. Practical prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics for allergists: how useful are they? Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(12):1801–1814. [PubMed: 20085596]
  • Johnston B, Cramer K, et al. Does Lactobacillus GG prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children? Part A: Evidence-based answer and summary. Pediatrics and Child Health. 2005;10(3):169–171. [PMC free article: PMC2722518] [PubMed: 19675830]
  • Johnston BC, Supina AL, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD004827. [PubMed: 17443557]
  • Johnston BC, Supina AL, et al. Probiotics for pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. CMAJ. 2006;175(4):377–383. [PMC free article: PMC1534112] [PubMed: 16908901]
  • Kahn Ch M, Fuentes DF, et al. Probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea. Revista Chilena de Pediatria. 2009;80(2):129–136.
  • Kale-Pradhan PB, Jassal HK, et al. Role of Lactobacillus in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(2):119–126. [PubMed: 20099986]
  • Kalliomaki M, Antoine JM, et al. Guidance for Substantiating the Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Probiotics: Prevention and Management of Allergic Diseases by Probiotics. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):713S–721S. [PubMed: 20130079]
  • Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, et al. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1076–1079. [PubMed: 11297958]
  • Kataria J, Li N, et al. Probiotic microbes: do they need to be alive to be beneficial? Nutr Rev. 2009;67(9):546–550. [PubMed: 19703261]
  • Katz JA. Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(3):249–255. [PubMed: 16633131]
  • Kayser FH. Safety aspects of enterococci from the medical point of view. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;88(2–3):255–262. [PubMed: 14596998]
  • Kinross J, Warren O, et al. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent postoperative infectious complications in biliary cancer surgery: a randomized control trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):1000. [PMC free article: PMC1876952] [PubMed: 17522529]
  • Klein K, Stevens R. The clinical use of probiotics for young children. J Fam Health Care. 2008;18(2):66–68. [PubMed: 18512639]
  • Kliegman RM, Willoughby RE. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis with probiotics. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):171–172. [PubMed: 15629995]
  • Kligler B, Hanaway P, et al. Probiotics in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2007;54(6):949–967. xi. [PubMed: 18061785]
  • Kopp MV, Salfeld P. Probiotics and prevention of allergic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(3):298–303. [PubMed: 19318939]
  • Kopp-Hoolihan L. Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of probiotics: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(2):229–238. quiz 239–241. [PubMed: 11271697]
  • Krome S. Recurrent otitis media in children: Disappointing probiotics. Aktuelle Ernahrungsmedizin. 2007;32(6):288.
  • Kukkonen K, Kuitunen M, et al. Routine supplement of prebiotics and probiotics to newborn infants is not recommended: In reply. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e544. [PubMed: 19254990]
  • Kukkonen K, Nieminen T, et al. Effect of probiotics on vaccine antibody responses in infancy--a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17(6):416–421. [PubMed: 16925686]
  • Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(1):192–198. [PubMed: 17208601]
  • Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, et al. Long-term safety and impact on infection rates of postnatal probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotic) treatment: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):8–12. [PubMed: 18595980]
  • Kullen MJ, Bettler J. The delivery of probiotics and prebiotics to infants. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(1):55–74. [PubMed: 15638752]
  • Kunz AN, Fairchok MP, et al. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):517. author reply 517–518. [PubMed: 16061615]
  • Kurzer MS. Soy, Probiotics, and Breast Cancer Prevention. Govt Reports Announcements & Index. 2000;(14):6.
  • Kurzer MS. Soy, Probiotics, and Breast Cancer Prevention. Govt Reports Announcements & Index. 2001;(23):6.
  • Lactobacillus GG for infectious enteritis (InfectoDiarrstop GG). 2001:367–370.
  • Laski LC. The use of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii for diarrhea management. Topics in Clinical Nutrition. 2008;23(1):71–75.
  • Lewis SJ, Freedman AR. Review article: the use of biotherapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12(9):807–822. [PubMed: 9768523]
  • Lin HC, Su BH, et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 2006;148(6):849. author reply 850. [PubMed: 16769410]
  • Lionetti E, Indrio F, et al. Role of probiotics in pediatric patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: a comprehensive review of the literature. Helicobacter. 2010;15(2):79–87. [PubMed: 20402810]
  • Liong MT. Safety of probiotics: translocation and infection. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(4):192–202. [PubMed: 18366533]
  • Lirussi F, Mastropasqua E, et al. Probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD005165. [PMC free article: PMC8865955] [PubMed: 17253543]
  • Lomangino K. Gut check: how safe are probiotics? Nutrition & the M D. 2006;32(7):8.
  • Lombardo L. New insights into Lactobacillus and functional intestinal disorders. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2008;54(3):287–293. [PubMed: 18614977]
  • Ma J-C. Efficacy of probiotic agents in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis: A meta analysis. 2008;12(28):4123–4127.
  • Madsen KL. The use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2001;15(12):817–822. [PubMed: 11773948]
  • Maggi L, Mastromarino P, et al. Technological and biological evaluation of tablets containing different strains of lactobacilli for vaginal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;50(3):389–395. [PubMed: 11072196]
  • Mallon P, McKay D, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005573. [PubMed: 17943867]
  • Manzoni P, Gallo E, et al. Probiotics for the neonate. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(Suppl 3):27–30. [PubMed: 19925360]
  • Marchand J, Vandenplas Y. Micro-organisms administered in the benefit of the host: myths and facts. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(10):1077–1088. [PubMed: 11057452]
  • Marlicz WM, Wunsch E, et al. The evaluation of multispecies probiotics in portal hypertension - Cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of hepato-renal syndrome are not manipulated. Journal of Hepatology. 2010;52:S330–S331.
  • Marshall JC. Daily use of a Lactobacilli probiotic prevented antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. ACP J Club. 2008;149(1):10. [PubMed: 18624378]
  • Marteau P. Safety aspects of probiotic products. Scand J Nutr. 2001;45:22–24.
  • Marteau P. Living drugs for gastrointestinal diseases: the case for probiotics. Dig Dis. 2006;24(1–2):137–147. [PubMed: 16699272]
  • Marteau P, Seksik P. Tolerance of probiotics and prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S67–69. [PubMed: 15220662]
  • Marteau P, Shanahan F. Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: an overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17(5):725–740. [PubMed: 14507584]
  • Mattila-Sandholm T, Matto J, et al. Lactic acid bacteria with health claims--interactions and interference with gastrointestinal flora. International dairy journal. 9(1):25–35.
  • McClave SA, Heyland DK, et al. Comment on: probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(4):444–446. [PubMed: 19417178]
  • McClave SA, Heyland DK, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2009;33(4):444–446. [PubMed: 19417178]
  • McFarland LV. Beneficial microbes: health or hazard? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(10):1069–1071. [PubMed: 11057450]
  • McFarland LV. Can Saccharomyces boulardii prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children? Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2005;2(6):262–263. [PubMed: 16265228]
  • McFarland LV. Do probiotics have a role in the treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections? Australian Infection Control. 2005;10(1):12–14. 16–22.
  • McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(4):812–822. [PubMed: 16635227]
  • McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2007;5(2):97–105. [PubMed: 17298915]
  • McFarland LV. Evidence-based review of probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections. Anaerobe. 2009;15(6):274–280. [PubMed: 19825425]
  • McFarland LV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(18):2202–2222. [PMC free article: PMC2868213] [PubMed: 20458757]
  • McFarland LV, Dublin S. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(17):2650–2661. [PMC free article: PMC2709042] [PubMed: 18461650]
  • McGroarty JA. Probiotic use of lactobacilli in the human female urogenital tract. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1993;6(4):251–264. [PubMed: 8499891]
  • Meile L, Le Blay G, et al. Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: Propionibacterium and Bifidobacterium. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;126(3):316–320. [PubMed: 17889391]
  • Michail S, Sylvester F, et al. Clinical efficacy of probiotics: review of the evidence with focus on children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43(4):550–557. [PubMed: 17033538]
  • Millar M, Wilks M, et al. Probiotics for preterm infants? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(5):F354–358. [PMC free article: PMC1721619] [PubMed: 12937036]
  • Miller M. The fascination with probiotics for Clostridium difficile infection: lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy. Anaerobe. 2009;15(6):281–284. [PubMed: 19699309]
  • Mimura. Maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis by single administration of high dose probiotic therapy (VSL3). Hepato-Gastro. 2004;11(4):317–318. [PMC free article: PMC1773918] [PubMed: 14684584]
  • Moayyedi P, Ford AC, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the therapy of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut. 2008 [PubMed: 19091823]
  • Morais MB, Jacob CM. The role of probiotics and prebiotics in pediatric practice. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82(5 Suppl):S189–197. [PubMed: 17136295]
  • Muder R. Abstract & commentary Weigh the cons against probiotics: effort to fight C diff leads to fungemia. Hospital Infection Control. 2006;33(1):8–9.
  • Naidu AS, Bidlack WR, et al. Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1999;39(1):13–126. [PubMed: 10028126]
  • World Gastroenterology Organisation practice guideline: Probiotics and prebiotics. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009;10(1):33–42. No author. [PubMed: 24842134]
  • O’Brien J, Crittenden R, et al. Safety evaluation of probiotics. Trends in food science & technology. Dec;10(12):418–424.
  • Olah A, Belagyi T, et al. Synbiotic control of inflammation and infection in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, double blind study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(74):590–594. [PubMed: 17523328]
  • Oldfield IEC. Probiotics for the prevention of diarrhea associated with antibiotics. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2008;8(3):221–222. [PubMed: 18957931]
  • Ooi LG, Liong MT. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(6):2499–2522. [PMC free article: PMC2904929] [PubMed: 20640165]
  • Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD006475. [PubMed: 17943912]
  • Ouwehand A, Salminen S. Safety Evaluation of Probiotics. 2003:316–336.
  • Pan SJ, Kuo CH, et al. Probiotics and allergy in children--an update review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(4 Pt 2):e659–666. [PubMed: 20659267]
  • Panknin H, Trautmann M. Probiotic therapy with Saccharomyces boulardii: High risk of fungemia in patients with central venous catheter. Krankenhauspharmazie. 2008;29(3):108–110.
  • Panknin H, Trautmann M. Risk of fungemia by administration of S. boulardii in intensive care patients? Arzneimitteltherapie. 2008;26(2):68–70.
  • Parkes GC, Sanderson JD, et al. The mechanisms and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(4):237–244. [PubMed: 19324296]
  • Petrov MS, Loveday BP, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteral nutrition formulations in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96(11):1243–1252. [PubMed: 19847860]
  • Petschow B, Figueros R, et al. Comparison of intestinal colonization and tolerance following oral administration of different levels of lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) in healthy term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:566.
  • Pillai A, Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004611. [PubMed: 18254055]
  • Pineiro M, Stanton C. Probiotic bacteria: legislative framework-- requirements to evidence basis. J Nutr. 2007;137(3 Suppl 2):850S–853S. [PubMed: 17311986]
  • Pitsouni E, Alexiou V, et al. Does the use of probiotics/synbiotics prevent postoperative infections in patients undergoing abdominal surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 [PubMed: 19326107]
  • Prantera C, Scribano ML. Probiotics and Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2002;34(Suppl 2):S66–67. [PubMed: 12408444]
  • Probiotic protection against atopic eczema continues to age four years. Lancet. 2003;361:1869.
  • Probiotics may pose risk in children with cow’s milk allergy. Child Health Alert. 2007;25:2–3. [PubMed: 17595689]
  • Rabot S, Rafter J, et al. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: impact of probiotics on digestive system metabolism. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):677S–689S. [PubMed: 20107147]
  • Rahimi R, Nikfar S, et al. A meta-analysis of the benefit of probiotics in maintaining remission of human ulcerative colitis: Evidence for prevention of disease relapse and maintenance of remission. Archives of Medical Science. 2008;4(2):185–190.
  • Rayes N, Seehofer D, et al. Influence of probiotics and fibre on the incidence of bacterial infections following major abdominal surgery - results of a prospective trial. Z Gastroenterol. 2002;40(10):869–876. [PubMed: 12436353]
  • Rayes N, Seehofer D, et al. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics in surgery--are they only trendy, truly effective or even dangerous? Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394(3):547–555. [PubMed: 19084991]
  • Reid G. Safety of lactobacillus strains as probiotic agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(3):349–350. [PubMed: 12115112]
  • Reid G. Safe and efficacious probiotics: what are they? Trends Microbiol. 2006;14(8):348–352. [PubMed: 16809039]
  • Reid G, Bocking A. The potential for probiotics to prevent bacterial vaginosis and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(4):1202–1208. [PubMed: 14586379]
  • Rijkers GT, Bengmark S, et al. Guidance for Substantiating the Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Probiotics: Current Status and Recommendations for Future Research. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):671S–676S. [PubMed: 20130080]
  • Rohde CL, Bartolini V, et al. The use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with special interest in Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(1):33–40. [PubMed: 19244146]
  • Rolfe VE, Fortun PJ, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD004826. [PubMed: 17054217]
  • Roman BA. Use of probiotics in the management of diarrhea in pediatric patients. Clinical nutrition insight. 2009;35(10):1–4.
  • Ruszczynski M, Szajewska H. Probiotics for the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatria Wspolczensna. 2008;10(2):96–104.
  • Saarela M. Safety aspects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species originating from human oro-gastrointestinal tract or from probiotic products. 2002
  • Saarela M, Mogensen G, et al. Probiotic bacteria: safety, functional and technological properties. J Biotechnol. 2000;84(3):197–215. [PubMed: 11164262]
  • Saavedra JM. Use of probiotics in pediatrics: rationale, mechanisms of action, and practical aspects. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(3):351–365. [PubMed: 17507735]
  • Sachdeva A, Nagpal J. Effect of fermented milk-based probiotic preparations on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(1):45–53. [PubMed: 19060631]
  • Salminen E. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103). Nutrition Today. 1996;(31):32S–34S.
  • Salminen MK, Tynkkynen S, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(10):1155–1160. [PubMed: 12410474]
  • Salminen S, Ouwehand A, et al. Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in Food Science and Technology. 1999;10(3):107–110.
  • Salminen S, von Wright A. Current probiotics - safety assured? Microb Ecol Health Dis. 1998;10:68–77.
  • Salminen S, von Wright A, et al. Demonstration of safety of probiotics -- a review. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;44(1–2):93–106. [PubMed: 9849787]
  • Sand J, Nordback I. Probiotics in severe acute pancreatitis. Lancet. 2008;371(9613):634–635. [PubMed: 18295012]
  • Sanders M, Gibson G, et al. CAST Issue Paper: Probiotics-Their Potenial to Impact Human Health. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 2007;(36)
  • Sanders ME, Akkermans LMA, et al. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(3):1–22. [PMC free article: PMC3023597] [PubMed: 21327023]
  • Sanders ME, Hamilton J, et al. A nonviable preparation of Lactobacillus acidophilus is not a probiotic. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(6):886. [PubMed: 17304467]
  • Schindler B. Safety of probiotics: Do not use probiotics on patients with acute pancreatitis. 2008;29(12):554.
  • Scranton SE, Davis KL. Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics. 2009;124(SUPPL 2):S112–S113. [PubMed: 18477013]
  • Segarra-Newnham M. Probiotics for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: focus on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(7):1212–1221. [PubMed: 17595306]
  • Sethi S, Singh G, et al. Lactobacilli as probiotics against genital infections. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(6):628–630. [PubMed: 19692740]
  • Shafai T. Routine supplement of prebiotics and probiotics to newborn infants is not recommended. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e543–544. author reply e544. [PubMed: 19254990]
  • Sharp RR, Achkar JP, et al. Helping patients make informed choices about probiotics: a need for research. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(4):809–813. [PMC free article: PMC2746707] [PubMed: 19343022]
  • Shen J. Meta-analysis: The effect and adverse events of Lactobacilli versus placebo in maintenance therapy for Crohn disease. Internal Medicine Journal. 2009;2:103–109. [PubMed: 19220543]
  • Siempos, Ntaidou TK, et al. Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):954–962. [PubMed: 20016381]
  • Silvestri L, van Saene HK, et al. Probiotics to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: no robust evidence from randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(7):1616–1617. author reply 1617. [PubMed: 20562560]
  • Singhi S. Probiotics in the critically ill: handle with care! Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8(5):499–501. [PubMed: 17873787]
  • Singhi SC, Baranwal A. Probiotic use in the critically ill. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75(6):621–627. [PubMed: 18759092]
  • Sipsas NV, Zonios DI, et al. Safety of Lactobacillus strains used as probiotic agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(9):1283–1284. author reply 1284–1285. [PubMed: 11941562]
  • Smith DL. Brewer’s yeast as a cause of infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(1):201. [PubMed: 8825014]
  • Snydman DR. The safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 2):S104–111. discussion S144–151. [PubMed: 18181712]
  • Sobel J. Editorial comment: The good and bad of Lactobacillus. Infections in Medicine. 2004;21(2):80.
  • Soll RF. Probiotics: are we ready for routine use? Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):1071–1072. [PubMed: 20421256]
  • Spinosa MR, Wallet F, et al. The trouble in tracing opportunistic pathogens: cholangitis due to Bacillus in a French hospital caused by a strain related to an Italian probiotic? Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2000;12:99–101.
  • Stamatova I, Meurman JH. Probiotics and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2009;51:141–151. [PubMed: 19878473]
  • Stapleton JR, McClave SA. Controversial results with use of probiotics in critical illness: early single-center positive results. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11(4):255–256. [PubMed: 19615298]
  • Steenhout PG, Rochat F, et al. The effect of Bifidobacterium lactis on the growth of infants: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled studies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;55(4):334–340. [PubMed: 19844090]
  • Stricker T, Braegger CP. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(4):446–447. [PubMed: 16641587]
  • Sullivan A, Nord CE. Probiotic lactobacilli and bacteraemia in Stockholm. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(5):327–331. [PubMed: 16709533]
  • Sun S, Yang K, et al. Probiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis (Structured abstract). Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery. 2009;(1):171–177. [PubMed: 18633636]
  • Surawicz CM, McFarland LV. Risks of biotherapeutic agents. In: Elmer GW, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, editors. Biotherapeutic agents and infectious diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1999. pp. 263–268.
  • Szachta P, Pazgrat M, et al. Probiotic strains - Perspectives and safety. Gastroenterologia Polska. 2009;16(1):37–41.
  • Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics in preterm infants: Where are we? Where are we going? Early Hum Dev. 2010 [PubMed: 20097493]
  • Szajewska H, Mrukowicz J. Meta-analysis: non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(5):365–372. [PubMed: 16128673]
  • Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(Suppl 2):S17–25. [PubMed: 11698781]
  • Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, et al. Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr. 2006;149(3):367–372. [PubMed: 16939749]
  • Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, et al. The effects of probiotics in preterm and low-birth weight infants: A systematic review. Pediatria Polska. 2004;79(7):543–550.
  • Szajewska H, Skorka A. Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children: updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30(9):960–961. [PubMed: 19807726]
  • Szajewska H, Skorka A, et al. Meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(3):257–264. [PubMed: 17269987]
  • Szajewska H, Skorka A, et al. Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhea in children: Updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Peditria Polska. 2008;83(4):330–336.
  • Szajewska H, Skorka A, et al. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(8):871–881. [PubMed: 17402990]
  • Takahashi O, Noguchi Y, et al. Prevention of traveler’s diarrhea with probiotics. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009;43(2):198–199. [PubMed: 18648316]
  • Tamboli CP, Caucheteux C, et al. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a critical review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17(5):805–820. [PubMed: 14507590]
  • Tarnow-Mordi WO, Wilkinson D, et al. Probiotics reduce all-cause mortality and necrotizing enterocolitis: it is time to change practice. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):1068–1070. [PubMed: 20403934]
  • Torrens JK, McWhinney PH. Probiotics and life-threatening infection. J Infect. 1999;39(3):246. [PubMed: 10714808]
  • Tung JM, Dolovich LR, et al. Prevention of Clostridium difficile infection with Saccharomyces boulardii: a systematic review. Can J Gastroenterol. 2009;23(12):817–821. [PMC free article: PMC2805518] [PubMed: 20011734]
  • Tursi A, Brandimarte G, et al. Mesalazine and/or Lactobacillus casei in preventing recurrence of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon: a prospective, randomized, open-label study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(4):312–316. [PubMed: 16633103]
  • Uhari M. Review: Lactobacillus is safe and effective for treating children with acute infectious diarrhea. ACP Journal Club. 2002;137(3):96. [PubMed: 12418836]
  • Van Gossum A, Dewit O, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (L. johnsonii La1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn’s disease (CD) after ileocaecal resection. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:A17. [PubMed: 17206696]
  • Van Loo J, Clune Y, et al. The SYNCAN project: goals, set-up, first results and settings of the human intervention study. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(Suppl 1):S91–98. [PubMed: 15877901]
  • Van Niel CW, Feudtner C, et al. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2002;109(4):678–684. [PubMed: 11927715]
  • van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in predicted severe acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2009;250(1):68–75. [PubMed: 19561460]
  • Vandenplas Y, Benninga M. Probiotics and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(Suppl 2):S107–109. [PubMed: 19300120]
  • Vandenplas Y, Brunser O, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii in childhood. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(3):253–265. [PubMed: 19096876]
  • Vanderhoof J, Mack D. Safety issues of probiotic ingestion. 2005
  • Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Use of probiotics in childhood gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27(3):323–332. [PubMed: 9740206]
  • Vanderpool C, Yan F, et al. Mechanisms of probiotic action: Implications for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(11):1585–1596. [PubMed: 18623173]
  • Vesterlund S, Vankerckhoven V, et al. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus strains: presence of putative risk factors in faecal, blood and probiotic isolates. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;116(3):325–331. [PubMed: 17391794]
  • von Wright A. Regulating the safety of probiotics--the European approach. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(1):17–23. [PubMed: 15638749]
  • Vouloumanou EK, Makris GC, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 [PubMed: 19179052]
  • Vrese Md. Microbiology, effects, and safety of probiotics. 2008;156:1063–1069.
  • Wagner RD, Balish E. Potential hazards of probiotic bacteria for immunodeficient patients. Bull Inst Pasteur. 1998;96:165–170.
  • Wallace B. Clinical use of probiotics in the pediatric population. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(1):50–59. [PubMed: 19244149]
  • Wallace B. Invited review: Clinical use of probiotics in the pediatric population. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2009;24(1):50–59. [PubMed: 19244149]
  • Wang P, Wu T, et al. Probiotic agents for the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome [Protocol] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;2009(1)
  • Watkinson PJ, Barber VS, et al. The use of pre- pro- and synbiotics in adult intensive care unit patients: systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(2):182–192. [PubMed: 17011083]
  • Whelan K, Gibson GR, et al. The role of probiotics and prebiotics in the management of diarrhoea associated with enteral tube feeding. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001;14(6):423–433. [PubMed: 11906584]
  • Whelan K, Myers CE. Safety of probiotics in patients receiving nutritional support: a systematic review of case reports, randomized controlled trials, and nonrandomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;94:687–703. [PubMed: 20089732]
  • Wilcox M, SJA Results of study of probiotic yoghurt drink to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are not widely applicable. 2009
  • Wilhelm SM, Brubaker CM, et al. Effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(4):496–505. [PubMed: 18363533]
  • Williams NT. Probiotics. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(6):449–458. [PubMed: 20208051]
  • Wolvers D, Antoine JM, et al. Guidance for Substantiating the Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Probiotics: Prevention and Management of Infections by Probiotics. J Nutr. 2010;140(3):698S–712S. [PubMed: 20107143]
  • Wu QR, ZJ, et al. Probiotic agents for ulcerative colitis: A systematic review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2008;8(5):315–321.
  • Yazdankhah S, Narvhus J, et al. Should long-term prophylactic use of probiotics for infants and young children give cause for concern? Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2008;20(4):171–176.
  • Young R, Whitney D, et al. Prevention of antibiotic-asscoiated diarrhea utilizing Lactobacillus GG. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:A435.
  • Zhang Z, Liu C, et al. Safety of probiotics--a review. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2008;48(2):257–261. [PubMed: 18438012]
  • Zigra PI, Maipa VE, et al. Probiotics and remission of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Neth J Med. 2007;65(11):411–418. [PubMed: 18079563]
  • Zocco MA, dal Verme LZ, et al. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(11):1567–1574. [PubMed: 16696804]
  • Zoppi G. Probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of infections due to vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis and of imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis). Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(10):1148–1150. [PubMed: 9350905]
  • Zou J, Dong J, et al. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus containing quadruple therapy versus standard triple first-line therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter. 2009;14(5):97–107. [PubMed: 19751434]
  • Zullo A, Lorenzetti R, et al. A quintuple therapy for H. pylori eradication. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2601. author reply 2601–2602. [PubMed: 17958765]

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page
  • PDF version of this title (8.2M)

In this Page

Other titles in these collections

Recent Activity