U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

McCrory DC, Brown C, Gray RN, et al. Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2001 Mar. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 19.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Management of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Show details

References

  1. Ahmed A H, Fenwick L, Angus R M. et al. Nasal ventilation vs doxapram in the treatment of type II respiratory failure complicating chronic airflow obstruction [abstract] Thorax. 1992;1:858.
  2. Albert R K, Martin T R, Lewis S W. Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:753–8. [PubMed: 6770731]
  3. Allegra L, Grassi C, Grossi E. et al. Ruolo degli antibiotici nel trattamento delle riacutizza della bronchite cronica. Ital J Chest Dis. 1991;45:138–48.
  4. Ambrosino N, Foglio K, Rubini F. et al. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlates for success. Thorax. 1995;50(7):755–7. [PMC free article: PMC474648] [PubMed: 7570410]
  5. American Thoracic Society. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144(5):1202–18. [PubMed: 1952453]
  6. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(5 Pt 2):S77–121. [PubMed: 7582322]
  7. Angus RM, Ahmed AA, Fenwick LJ, et al. Comparison of the acute effects on gas exchange of nasal ventilation and doxapram in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [published erratum appears in Thorax 1997 Feb;52(2):204]. Thorax 1996;51(10):1048–50. [PMC free article: PMC472663] [PubMed: 8977608]
  8. Anthonisen N R, Manfreda J, Warren C P. et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(2):196–204. [PubMed: 3492164]
  9. Anthonisen N R, Wright E C, Hodgkin J E. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133(1):14–20. [PubMed: 3510578]
  10. Anthonisen P, Riis P, Søgaard Andersen T. The value of lung physiotherapy in the treatment of acute exacerbations in chronic bronchitis. Acta Med Scand. 1964;175:715–9. [PubMed: 14171977]
  11. Antonelli Incalzi R, Fuso L, De Rosa M. et al. Co-morbidity contributes to predict mortality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(12):2794–800. [PubMed: 9493663]
  12. Aronson S, Gennis P, Kelly D. et al. The value of routine admission chest radiographs in adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18(11):1206–8. [PubMed: 2817563]
  13. Aylward M. A between-patient, double-blind comparison of S-carboxymethylcysteine and bromhexine in chronic obstructive bronchitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1973;1(4):219–27. [PubMed: 4589629]
  14. Bach J R. A historical perspective on the use of noninvasive ventilatory support alternatives. Respir Care Clin N Am. 1996;2(2):161–81. [PubMed: 9390877]
  15. Backman R, Hellström P. Fenoterol and ipratropium bromide for treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis. Curr Ther Res. 1985;38:135–40.
  16. Ball C, Sackett DL, Phillips B, et al. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations [nonprint data]. From Internet website: http://cebm.jr2.ox.ac.uk/docs/levels.html. September 18, 1998.
  17. Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations. Chest. 1995;108(2 Suppl):43S–52S. [PMC free article: PMC7173290] [PubMed: 7634925]
  18. Ball P, Harris J M, Lowson D. et al. Acute infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. QJM. 1995;88(1):61–8. [PubMed: 7894990]
  19. Balter M S, Hyland R H, Low D E. et al. Recommendations on the management of chronic bronchitis: a practical guide for Canadian physicians. Can Med Assoc J. 1994;151(10 Suppl):5–20.
  20. Barbé F, Togores B, Rubí M. et al. Noninvasive ventilatory support does not facilitate recovery from acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1996;9(6):1240–5. [PubMed: 8804944]
  21. Benhamou D, Girault C, Faure C. et al. Nasal mask ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Experience in elderly patients. Chest. 1992;102(3):912–7. [PubMed: 1516421]
  22. Berry D G, Fry J, Hindley C P. et al. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: treatment with oxytetracycline. Lancet. 1960;1:137–9. [PubMed: 13799872]
  23. Bigi R, Camerone G, Corradetti C. et al. Effect of combined use of intravenous salbutamol and aminophylline on cardiac rhythm in chronic obstructive lung disease. Respiration. 1987;51(2):119–26. [PubMed: 3589176]
  24. Bodenhamer J, Bergstrom R, Brown D. et al. Frequently nebulized beta-agonists for asthma: effects on serum electrolytes. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21(11):1337–42. [PubMed: 1416329]
  25. Boix J H, Tejeda M, Álvarez F. et al. Comparison of nasal positive-pressure ventilation to external high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in severe COPD. Respir Care. 1996;41(3):187–90.
  26. Bone R C, Pierce A K, Johnson R L Jr. Controlled oxygen administration in acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a reappraisal. Am J Med. 1978;65(6):896–902. [PubMed: 742628]
  27. Bott J, Carroll M P, Conway J H. et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet. 1993;341(8860):1555–7. [PubMed: 8099639]
  28. Boye N P, Gaustad P. Double-blind comparative study of ofloxacin (Hoe 280) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease. Infection. 1991;19 Suppl 7:S388–90. [PubMed: 1804789]
  29. Braunwald E, editor. Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992.
  30. Brochard L, Isabey D, Piquet J. et al. Reversal of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease by inspiratory assistance with a face mask. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(22):1523–30. [PubMed: 2122253]
  31. Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M. et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(13):817–22. [PubMed: 7651472]
  32. Bullard M J, Liaw S J, Tsai Y H. et al. Early corticosteroid use in acute exacerbations of chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:139–43. [PubMed: 8924134]
  33. Burk R H, George R B. Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immediate and long-term prognosis. Arch Intern Med. 1973;132(6):865–8. [PubMed: 4757258]
  34. Campbell A H, O'Connell J M, Wilson F. The effect of chest physiotherapy upon the FEV1 in chronic bronchitis. Med J Aust. 1975;1(2):33–5. [PubMed: 1128356]
  35. Carlone S, Angelici E, Palange P. et al. Effects of fenoterol on oxygen transport in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest. 1988;93(4):790–4. [PubMed: 3349836]
  36. Cazzola M, Imperatore F, Salzillo A. et al. Cardiac effects of formoterol and salmeterol in patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia. Chest. 1998;114(2):411–5. [PubMed: 9726723]
  37. Chevrolet J C, Jolliet P, Abajo B. et al. Nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Difficult and time-consuming procedure for nurses. Chest. 1991;100(3):775–82. [PubMed: 1889272]
  38. Cochrane Controlled Trials Register [database on CDROM]. 1998 Issue 4. In: The Cochrane Library. London: BMJ Publishing Group; updated quarterly. Available from: BMJ Publishing Group, London, United Kingdom.
  39. Confalonieri M, Aiolfi S, Parigi P. et al. Added BIPAP versus conventional therapy in acute respiratory failure due to exacerbation of COPD [abstract] Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:A838.
  40. Confalonieri M, Parigi P, Scartabellati A. et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation improves the immediate and long-term outcome of COPD patients with acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 1996;9(3):422–30. [PubMed: 8729999]
  41. Connors A F Jr, Dawson N V, Thomas C. et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(4 Pt 1):959–67. [PubMed: 8887592]
  42. Coon W W. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Ann Surg. 1977;186(2):149–64. [PMC free article: PMC1396699] [PubMed: 329779]
  43. Corbetta L, Ballerin L, Putinati S. et al. Efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation by facial and nasal mask in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure: experience in a respiratory ward under usual care. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1997;52(5):421–8. [PubMed: 9510659]
  44. Cydulka R K, Emerman C L. Effects of combined treatment with glycopyrrolate and albuterol in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25(4):470–3. [PubMed: 7710150]
  45. Cydulka R K, McFadden E R Jr, Emerman C L. et al. Patterns of hospitalization in elderly patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(6):1807–12. [PubMed: 9412559]
  46. Dardes N, Campo S, Chiappini M G. et al. Prognosis of COPD patients after an episode of acute respiratory failure. Eur J Respir Dis. 1986;146(Suppl):377–81. [PubMed: 3465565]
  47. Davies L, Angus R M, Calverley P M A. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;354:456–60. [PubMed: 10465169]
  48. Dickens G R, McCoy R A, West R. et al. Effect of nebulized albuterol on serum potassium and cardiac rhythm in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1994;14(6):729–33. [PubMed: 7885977]
  49. Dolcetti A, Osella D, De Filippis G. et al. Comparison of intravenously administered doxofylline and placebo for the treatment of severe acute airways obstruction. J Int Med Res. 1988;16:264–9. [PubMed: 3169372]
  50. Elenbaas R M, Payne V W. Prediction of serum theophylline levels. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13(2):92–6. [PubMed: 6691624]
  51. Eller J, Ede A, Schaberg T. et al. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest. 1998;113(6):1542–8. [PubMed: 9631791]
  52. Elliott M W, Steven M H, Phillips G D. et al. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. BMJ. 1990;300(6721):358–60. [PMC free article: PMC1662116] [PubMed: 2106984]
  53. Elmes P C, Fletcher C M, Dutton A A. Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1957;2:1272–5. [PMC free article: PMC1963159] [PubMed: 13479695]
  54. Elmes PC, King TK, Langlands JH, et al. Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1965;(5467):904–8. [PMC free article: PMC1846431] [PubMed: 5318963]
  55. EMBASE [database online]. New York (NY): Elsevier Science Secondary Publishing Division; 1974-1999. Updated weekly. Available from: Elsevier Science Secondary Publishing Division, New York, NY; DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.
  56. Emerman C L, Connors A F, Lukens T W. et al. Relationship between arterial blood gases and spirometry in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1989a;18(5):523–7. [PubMed: 2497664]
  57. Emerman C L, Connors A F, Lukens T W. et al. A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 1989b;95(3):563–7. [PubMed: 2920584]
  58. Emerman C L, Connors A F, Lukens T W. et al. Theophylline concentrations in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Am J Emerg Med. 1990;8(4):289–92. [PubMed: 2363749]
  59. Emerman C L, Cydulka R K. Evaluation of high-yield criteria for chest radiography in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(4):680–4. [PubMed: 8457095]
  60. Emerman C L, Cydulka R K. Use of peak expiratory flow rate in emergency department evaluation of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27(2):159–63. [PubMed: 8629745]
  61. Emerman C L, Cydulka R K. Effect of different albuterol dosing regimens in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29(4):474–8. [PubMed: 9095007]
  62. Emerman C L, Devlin C, Connors A F. Risk of toxicity in patients with elevated theophylline levels. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(6):643–8. [PubMed: 2344081]
  63. Emerman C L, Effron D, Lukens T W. Spirometric criteria for hospital admission of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 1991;99(3):595–9. [PubMed: 1995214]
  64. Emerman C L, Lukens T W, Effron D. Physician estimation of FEV1 in acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 1994;105(6):1709–12. [PubMed: 7911418]
  65. Fear E C, Edwards G. Antibiotic regimes in chronic bronchitis. Br J Dis Chest. 1962;56:153–62. [PubMed: 13944632]
  66. Fedullo A J, Swinburne A J, McGuire-Dunn C. Complaints of breathlessness in the emergency department. The experience at a community hospital. NY State J Med. 1986;86(1):4–6. [PubMed: 3456515]
  67. Fernandez R, Blanch L, Valles J. et al. Pressure support ventilation via face mask in acute respiratory failure in hypercapnic COPD patients. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(8):456–61. [PubMed: 8294628]
  68. Finiguerra M, Conti P, Figura I. et al. Clinical study on the effects of an antibiotic and mucolytic association (amoxicillin and domiodol) in hypersecretory chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. Curr Ther Res. 1982;31(Jun Sec 1):895–905.
  69. Foglio C, Vitacca M, Quadri A. et al. Acute exacerbations in severe COLD patients. Treatment using positive pressure ventilation by nasal mask. Chest. 1992;101(6):1533–8. [PubMed: 1600770]
  70. Fumagalli G, Balzarotti C, Banfi P. et al. Erdosteine: a new molecule with mucolytic activity. Clinical and instrumental evaluation in patients with acute and exacerbated chronic bronchitis. Ital J Chest Dis. 1988;42:299–308.
  71. Fuso L, Antonelli Incalzi R, Pistelli R. et al. Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1995;98(3):272–7. [PubMed: 7872344]
  72. Girault C, Chevron V, Richard J C. et al. Physiological effects and optimisation of nasal assist-control ventilation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in respiratory failure. Thorax. 1997;52:690–6. [PMC free article: PMC1758630] [PubMed: 9337827]
  73. Gottlieb L S, Balchum O J. Course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following first onset of respiratory failure. Chest. 1973;63(1):5–8. [PubMed: 4684116]
  74. Grossman R, Mukherjee J, Vaughan D. et al. A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group. Chest. 1998;113(1):131–41. [PubMed: 9440580]
  75. Grossman R F. Guidelines for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest. 1997;112(6 Suppl):310S–3S. [PubMed: 9400894]
  76. Hall I P, Woodhead M A, Johnston I D. Effect of high-dose salbutamol on cardiac rhythm in severe chronic airflow obstruction: a controlled study. Respiration. 1994;61(4):214–8. [PubMed: 7973107]
  77. Hasselblad V, Eddy DM. FAST*PRO: Software for meta-analysis by the confidence profile method [computer program]. Version 1.8. Boston: Academic Press, Inc.; 1992.
  78. 1 computer disk: 3.5 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. System Requirements: IBM PC, or compatible; 640 K RAM; graphics card (CGA, EGA, VGA, or Hercules); DOS.
  79. Heffner J E, Feinstein D, Barbieri C. Methodologic standards for diagnostic test research in pulmonary medicine. Chest. 1998;114(3):877–85. [PubMed: 9743180]
  80. Heuser M D, Case L D, Ettinger W H. Mortality in intensive care patients with respiratory disease. Is age important? Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(8):1683–8. [PubMed: 1497402]
  81. Hilbert G, Gruson D, Gbikpi-Benissan G. et al. Sequential use of noninvasive pressure support ventilation for acute exacerbations of COPD. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(9):955–61. [PubMed: 9347367]
  82. Hillberg R E, Johnson D C. Noninvasive ventilation. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(24):1746–52. [PubMed: 9392701]
  83. Hodson M E, Madden B P, Steven M H. et al. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation for cystic fibrosis patients—a potential bridge to transplantation. Eur Respir J. 1991;4(5):524–7. [PubMed: 1936222]
  84. Hudson L D. Survival data in patients with acute and chronic lung disease requiring mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140(2 II Suppl):S19–S24. [PubMed: 2669584]
  85. Jadad A R, Moore R A, Carroll D. et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12. [PubMed: 8721797]
  86. Jager E G. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of guaimesal in outpatients. Clin Ther. 1989;11:341–62. [PubMed: 2663163]
  87. Jeffrey A A, Warren P M, Flenley D C. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease: risk factors and use of guidelines for management. Thorax. 1992;47(1):34–40. [PMC free article: PMC463551] [PubMed: 1539142]
  88. Jørgensen A F, Coolidge J, Pedersen P A. et al. Amoxicillin in treatment of acute uncomplicated exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1992;10(1):7–11. [PubMed: 1589668]
  89. Karpel J P, Pesin J, Greenberg D. et al. A comparison of the effects of ipratropium bromide and metaproterenol sulfate in acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 1990;98(4):835–9. [PubMed: 2145136]
  90. Keenan S P, Kernerman P D, Cook D J. et al. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(10):1685–92. [PubMed: 9377883]
  91. Kirsten D K, Taube C, Lehnigk B. et al. Exercise training improves recovery in patients with COPD after an acute exacerbation. Respir Med. 1998;92(10):1191–8. [PubMed: 9926148]
  92. Kisch G L, Paloucek F P. Metered-dose inhalers and nebulizers in the acute setting. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26(1):92–5. [PubMed: 1351411]
  93. Kramer N, Meyer T J, Meharg J. et al. Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(6):1799–806. [PubMed: 7767523]
  94. Langlands J H. Double-blind clinical trial of bromhexine as a mucolytic drug in chronic bronchitis. Lancet. 1970;1(7644):448–50. [PubMed: 4189753]
  95. Lichtenstein D, Mezière G. A lung ultrasound sign allowing bedside distinction between pulmonary edema and COPD: the comet-tail artifact. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(12):1331–4. [PubMed: 9885889]
  96. Lloberes P, Ramis L, Montserrat J M. et al. Effect of three different bronchodilators during an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1988;1:536–9. [PubMed: 2971565]
  97. Loukides S, Polyzogopoulos D. The effect of diabetes mellitus on the outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbated due to respiratory infections. Respiration. 1996;63(3):170–3. [PubMed: 8739488]
  98. Maloney F P, Fernandez E, Hudgel D W. Postural drainage effect after bronchodilator inhalation in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981;62(9):452–5. [PubMed: 7283688]
  99. Manresa F, Blavia R, Martin R. et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [letter] Lancet. 1987;2:394–5. [PubMed: 2886848]
  100. Marino W. Intermittent volume cycled mechanical ventilation via nasal mask in patients with respiratory failure due to COPD. Chest. 1991;99(3):681–4. [PubMed: 1899822]
  101. McCaig L F. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1992 emergency department summary. Advance Data. 1994;245:1–12. [PubMed: 10132568]
  102. MEDLINE [database online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1985-. Updated weekly. Available from: National Library of Medicine; BRS Information Technologies, McLean VA; DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, CA; Ovid Technologies, Inc., New York, NY.
  103. Meduri G U. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Clin Chest Med. 1996;17(3):513–53. [PubMed: 8875010]
  104. Meduri G U, Abou-Shala N, Fox R C. et al. Noninvasive face mask mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest. 1991;100(2):445–54. [PubMed: 1864119]
  105. Meduri G U, Conoscenti C C, Menashe P. et al. Noninvasive face mask ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest. 1989;95(4):865–70. [PubMed: 2924616]
  106. Meduri G U, Fox R C, Abou-Shala N. et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation via face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure who refused endotracheal intubation. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(10):1584–90. [PubMed: 7924369]
  107. Meduri G U, Turner R E, Abou-Shala N. et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via face mask. First-line intervention in patients with acute hypercapnic and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest. 1996;109(1):179–93. [PubMed: 8549183]
  108. Meecham Jones D J, Paul E A, Grahame-Clarke C. et al. Nasal ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of ventilator mode on arterial blood gas tensions. Thorax. 1994;49(12):1222–4. [PMC free article: PMC475327] [PubMed: 7878556]
  109. Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Fernandez-Laso E. et al. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 1999;116:40–6. [PubMed: 10424501]
  110. Moayyedi P, Congleton J, Page R L. et al. Comparison of nebulised salbutamol and ipratropium bromide with salbutamol alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1995;50(8):834–7. [PMC free article: PMC474895] [PubMed: 7570433]
  111. Moran J L, Green J V, Homan S D. et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanical ventilation: a reevaluation. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(1):71–8. [PubMed: 9428546]
  112. Murata G H, Gorby M S, Chick T W. et al. Use of emergency medical services by patients with decompensated obstructive lung disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18(5):501–6. [PubMed: 2719362]
  113. Murata G H, Gorby M S, Chick T W. et al. Treatment of decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the emergency department—correlation between clinical features and prognosis. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20(2):125–9. [PubMed: 1996791]
  114. Murata G H, Gorby M S, Kapsner C O. et al. A multivariate model for predicting hospital admissions for patients with decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992a;152(1):82–6. [PubMed: 1728933]
  115. Murata G H, Gorby M S, Kapsner C O. et al. A multivariate model for the prediction of relapse after outpatient treatment of decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992b;152(1):73–7. [PubMed: 1728932]
  116. Murphy D J, Cluff L E. SUPPORT: study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments—study design. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(Suppl.):1S–123S. [PubMed: 2254785]
  117. Murphy T F, Sethi S. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146(4):1067–83. [PubMed: 1416398]
  118. Mushlin A I, Black E R, Connolly C A. et al. The necessary length of hospital stay for chronic pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1991;266(1):80–3. [PubMed: 1904506]
  119. Newton D A, Bevans H G. Physiotherapy and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1978;2:1525–8. [PMC free article: PMC1608821] [PubMed: 365289]
  120. Nicotra M B, Rivera M, Awe R J. Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. A controlled study using tetracycline. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(1):18–21. [PubMed: 7092002]
  121. Niewoehner D E, Erbland M L, Deupree R H. et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl J Med. 1999;340(25):1941–7. [PubMed: 10379017]
  122. O'Driscoll B R, Taylor R J, Horsley M G. et al. Nebulised salbutamol with and without ipratropium bromide in acute airflow obstruction. Lancet. 1989;1:1418–20. [PubMed: 2567431]
  123. Oneglia C, Lombardi G, Polotti R. et al. The risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients with exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: is heparin prophylaxis indicated? J Cardiovasc Diagn Proc. 1998;15(3):205–8.
  124. Parshall M B. Adult emergency visits for chronic cardiorespiratory disease: does dyspnea matter? Nurs Res. 1999;48(2):62–70. [PubMed: 10190832]
  125. Patrick D M, Dales R E, Stark R M. et al. Severe exacerbations of COPD and asthma. Incremental benefit of adding ipratropium to usual therapy. Chest. 1990;98(2):295–7. [PubMed: 2142915]
  126. Peach H, Pathy M S. Follow-up study of disability among elderly patients discharged from hospital with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 1981;36(8):585–9. [PMC free article: PMC471635] [PubMed: 7314032]
  127. Pennock B E, Crawshaw L, Kaplan P D. Noninvasive nasal mask ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Institution of a new therapeutic technology for routine use. Chest. 1994;105(2):441–4. [PubMed: 8306743]
  128. Pennock B E, Kaplan P D, Carlin B W. et al. Pressure support ventilation with a simplified ventilatory support system administered with a nasal mask in patients with respiratory failure. Chest. 1991;100(5):1371–6. [PubMed: 1935296]
  129. Peralta J, Poderoso J J, Corazza C. et al. Ambroxol plus amoxicillin in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Arzneimittelforschung. 1987;37:969–71. [PubMed: 3675696]
  130. Perri G, Giovannini M, Spada E. Salbutamol plus beclomethasone dipropionate (Ventolin Flogo) vs fenoterol (Dosberotec) in chronic obstructive lung disease therapeutic strategy: a 4-week clinical trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985;23(5):274–8. [PubMed: 3891642]
  131. Petersen E S, Esmann V, Høncke P. et al. A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis. An evaluation using pulmonary function tests. Acta Med Scand. 1967;182(3):293–305. [PubMed: 6069924]
  132. Petty T L, Weinmann G G. Building a national strategy for the prevention and management of and research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Summary. Bethesda, Maryland, August 29–31, 1995. JAMA. 1997;277(3):246–53. [PubMed: 9005275]
  133. Pines A, Raafat H, Greenfield J S. et al. Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br J Dis Chest. 1972;66(2):107–15. [PubMed: 4556292]
  134. Pines A, Raafat H, Plucinski K. et al. Antibiotic regimens in severe and acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br Med J. 1968;2:735–8. [PMC free article: PMC1991661] [PubMed: 4872151]
  135. Pollack C V Jr, Fleisch K B, Dowsey K. Treatment of acute bronchospasm with beta-adrenergic agonist aerosols delivered by a nasal bilevel positive airway pressure circuit. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26(5):552–7. [PubMed: 7486361]
  136. Portier F, Defouilloy C, Muir J F. Determinants of immediate survival among chronic respiratory insufficiency patients admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. A prospective multicenter study. The French Task Group for Acute Respiratory Failure in Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency. Chest. 1992;101(1):204–10. [PubMed: 1729072]
  137. Prescott S M, Richards K L, Tikoff G. et al. Venous thromboembolism in decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123(1):32–6. [PubMed: 7458085]
  138. Rebuck A S, Chapman K R, Abboud R. et al. Nebulized anticholinergic and sympathomimetic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease in the emergency room. Am J Med. 1987;82(1):59–64. [PubMed: 2879458]
  139. Rice K L, Leatherman J W, Duane P G. et al. Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:305–9. [PubMed: 3619219]
  140. Riddington C J, Shipman A J. The use of sustained-release theophylline (‘Theo-dur’) for the treatment of chronic reversible obstructive lung disease in hospital practice. Br J Clin Pract. 1985;39(4):148–53. [PubMed: 3893504]
  141. Ruzkowski C J, Sanowski R A, Austin J. et al. The effects of inhaled albuterol and oral theophylline on gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(4):783–5. [PubMed: 1558436]
  142. Sacchetti A D, Harris R H, Paston C. et al. Bi-level positive airway pressure support system use in acute congestive heart failure: preliminary case series. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(8):714–8. [PubMed: 7584750]
  143. Sachs A P, Koëter G H, Groenier K H. et al. Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice. Thorax. 1995;50(7):758–63. [PMC free article: PMC474649] [PubMed: 7570411]
  144. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugwell P. Clinical epidemiology: a basic science for clinical medicine. Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown and Company; 1985.
  145. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E. et al. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;273(12):957–60. [PubMed: 7884956]
  146. Schönhofer B, Köhler D. Prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis of the leg in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 1998;65(3):173–7. [PubMed: 9670296]
  147. Seemungal T A, Donaldson G C, Paul E A. et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418–22. [PubMed: 9603117]
  148. Seidenfeld J J, Jones W N, Moss R E. et al. Intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of acute bronchospastic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:248–52. [PubMed: 6367554]
  149. Seneff M G, Wagner D P, Wagner R P. et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995;274(23):1852–7. [PubMed: 7500534]
  150. Servera E, Peréz M, Marín J. et al. Noninvasive nasal mask ventilation beyond the ICU for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory insufficiency. Chest. 1995;108(6):1572–6. [PubMed: 7497763]
  151. Sherman S, Skoney J A, Ravikrishnan K P. Routine chest radiographs in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagnostic value. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(11):2493–6. [PubMed: 2818109]
  152. Shrestha M, O'Brien T, Haddox R. et al. Decreased duration of emergency department treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the addition of ipratropium bromide to beta-agonist therapy. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20(11):1206–9. [PubMed: 1835324]
  153. Siafakas N M, Vermeire P, Pride N B. et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Eur Respir J. 1995;8(8):1398–420. [PubMed: 7489808]
  154. Soo Hoo G W, Santiago S, Williams A J. Nasal mechanical ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: determinants of success and failure. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(8):1253–61. [PubMed: 8045145]
  155. The COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the BTS. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997;52(Suppl 5):S1–28. [PMC free article: PMC1765890] [PubMed: 9474238]
  156. The National Lung Health Education Program (NLHEP). Strategies in preserving lung health and preventing COPD and associated diseases. Chest. 1998;113(2 Suppl):123S–63S. [PubMed: 9484245]
  157. Thompson W H, Nielson C P, Carvalho P. et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(2 Pt 1):407–12. [PubMed: 8756814]
  158. Tiep B L. Disease management of COPD with pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest. 1997;112(6):1630–56. [PubMed: 9404764]
  159. Tognet E, Mercatello A, Polo P. et al. Treatment of acute respiratory failure with noninvasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in hematological patients. Clin Intens Care. 1994;5:282–8. [PubMed: 10150555]
  160. Tsai T W, Gallagher E J, Lombardi G. et al. Guidelines for the selective ordering of admission chest radiography in adult obstructive airway disease. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22(12):1854–8. [PubMed: 8239107]
  161. Turner M O, Patel A, Ginsburg S. et al. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1736–44. [PubMed: 9250235]
  162. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1997. Washington (DC): Department of Commerce; 1997.
  163. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health consequences of involuntary smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington (DC): U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 87-8392.
  164. van Hengstum M, Festen J, Beurskens C. et al. No effect of oral high frequency oscillation combined with forced expiration manoeuvres on tracheobronchial clearance in chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J. 1990;3(1):14–8. [PubMed: 2311725]
  165. van Hengstum M, Festen J, Beurskens C. et al. Effect of positive expiratory pressure mask physiotherapy (PEP) versus forced expiration technique (FET/PD) on regional lung clearance in chronic bronchitics. Eur Respir J. 1991;4(6):651–4. [PubMed: 1653711]
  166. Vitacca M, Clini E, Porta R. et al. Acute exacerbations in patients with COPD: predictors of need for mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 1996;9(7):1487–93. [PubMed: 8836664]
  167. Vitacca M, Clini E, Rubini F. et al. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in severe chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure: short- and long-term prognosis. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(2):94–100. [PubMed: 8857115]
  168. Vitacca M, Rubini F, Foglio K. et al. Non-invasive modalities of positive pressure ventilation improve the outcome of acute exacerbations in COLD patients. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(8):450–5. [PubMed: 8294627]
  169. Warren P M, Flenley D C, Millar J S. et al. Respiratory failure revisited: acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis between 1961-68 and 1970-76. Lancet. 1980;1(8166):467–70. [PubMed: 6102193]
  170. Whittemore A S, Perlin S A, DiCiccio Y. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in lifelong nonsmokers: results from NHANES. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(5):702–6. [PMC free article: PMC1615439] [PubMed: 7733432]
  171. Winter J H, Buckler P W, Bautista A P. et al. Frequency of venous thrombosis in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax. 1983;38(8):605–8. [PMC free article: PMC459620] [PubMed: 6612652]
  172. Wollmer P, Ursing K, Midgren B. et al. Inefficiency of chest percussion in the physical therapy of chronic bronchitis. Eur J Respir Dis. 1985;66(4):233–9. [PubMed: 4018176]
  173. Wrenn K, Slovis C M, Murphy F. et al. Aminophylline therapy for acute bronchospastic disease in the emergency room. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(4):241–7. [PubMed: 1854108]
  174. Wu A W, Damiano A M, Lynn J. et al. Predicting future functional status for seriously ill hospitalized adults. The SUPPORT prognostic model. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(5):342–50. [PubMed: 7847645]
  175. Wysocki M, Tric L, Wolff M A. et al. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest. 1993;103(3):907–13. [PubMed: 8449090]
  176. Wysocki M, Tric L, Wolff M A. et al. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. A randomized comparison with conventional therapy. Chest. 1995;107(3):761–8. [PubMed: 7874950]
  177. Zehner W J Jr, Scott J M, Iannolo P M. et al. Terbutaline vs albuterol for out-of-hospital respiratory distress: randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(8):686–91. [PubMed: 7584746]

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Other titles in these collections

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...