Abbey SE. Mindfulness based stress reduction for oncology patients. Psychooncology. 1999;8(6 Suppl):53.

Abbot NC. Yoga-based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 1999;4(2):81–2.

Abdullah S. Use of biofeedback in meditation technique: innovative combination in psychotherapy. J Contemp Psychother. 1973;5(2):101–6.

Abdullah S, Schucman H. Cerebral lateralization, bimodal consciousness, and related developments in psychiatry. Res Commun Psychol Psychiatr Behav. 1976;1(56):671–9.

Achterberg J, Kenner C, Lawlis GF. Severe burn injury: a comparison of relaxation, imagery and biofeedback for pain management. J Ment Imagery. 1988;12(1):71–87.

Adair L, Jean F. Structural integration and change in body experience [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1981;41(7B):2741.

Ader R. Much ado about nothing. Adv Mind Body Med. 2001;17(4):293–5. [PubMed: 11931053]

Ades PA, Wu G. Benefits of tai chi in chronic heart failure: body or mind? Am J Med. 2004;117(8):611–2. [PubMed: 15465511]

Adler SS. Seeking stillness in motion: an introduction to tai chi for seniors. Activ Adapt Aging. 1983;3(4):1–14.

Aerthayil J. Jesus prayer and stillness of heart. J Dharma. 2003;28(4):529–42.

Ai AL. Assessing mental health in clinical study on qigong: between scientific investigation and holistic perspectives. Semin Integrative Med. 2003;1(2):112–21.

Ai AL, Bolling SF, Peterson C. The use of prayer by coronary artery bypass patients. Int J Psychol Relig. 2000;10(4):205–20.

Ai AL, Dunkle RE, Peterson C. et al. The role of private prayer in psychological recovery among midlife and aged patients following cardiac surgery. Gerontologist. 1998;38(5):591–601. [PubMed: 9803647]

Ai AL, Dunkle RE, Peterson C, et al. Spiritual well-being, private prayer, and adjustment of older cardiac patients. In: Thorson JA, ed. Perspectives on spiritual well-being and aging. Springfield (IL): Thomas; 2000. p. 98–119.

Ai AL, Peterson C, Bolling SF. Psychological recovery from coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the use of complementary therapies. J Altern Complement Med. 1997;3(4):343–53. [PubMed: 9449056]

Ai AL, Peterson C, Gillespie B. et al. Designing clinical trials on energy healing: ancient art encounters medical science. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(4):83–90. [PubMed: 11452571]

Alexander CN, Alexander VK, Boyer RW, et al. The subjective experience of higher states of consciousness and the Maharashi technology of the unified field: personality, cognitive, perceptual, and physiological correlates of growth to enlightenment. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol. 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2423–42.

Alexander CN, Heaton DP, Chandler HM. Advanced human development in the vedic psychology of Maharishi mahesh yogi: theory and research. In: Miller M, Cook-Greuter S, eds. Transcendence and mature thought in adulthood. Lanham (MD): Rowman and Littlefield; 1994. p. 39–70.

Alexander CN, Rainforth MV, Gelderloos P. Transcendental meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: a conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. J Soc Behav Pers. 1991;6(5):189–248.

Alexander CN, Robinson P, Orme-Johnson DW, et al. The effects of transcendental meditation compared to other methods of relaxation and meditation in reducing risk factors, morbidity, and mortality. Homeost Health Dis 1994;35(4–5):243–63. Erratum in: Homeost Health Dis 1995;36(4):240.

Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: a review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcohol Treat Q 1994;11(1–2):13–87. Erratum in: Alcohol Treat Q 1995;13(4):97.

Alpher VS, Blanton RL. Motivational processes and behavioral inhibition in breath holding. J Psychol. 1991;125(1):71–81. [PubMed: 2033561]

Amarosa TB, Tapp JT, Carida RV. Stress management through relaxation and imagery in the treatment of angina pectoris. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1989;9(9):348–55.

Amodei N, Nelson RO, Jarrett RB. et al. Psychological treatments of dysmenorrhea: differential effectiveness for spasmodics and congestives. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1987;18(2):95–103. [PubMed: 3301905]

Anderson EZ. Energy therapies for physical and occupational therapists working with older adults. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2001;18(4):35–49.

Andersson G, Melin L, Hagnebo C. et al. A review of psychological treatment approaches for patients suffering from tinnitus. Ann Behav Med. 1995;17(4):357–66. [PubMed: 24203603]

Andresen J. Meditation meets behavioural medicine: the story of experimental research on meditation. J Consciousness Stud. 2000;7(1112):17–73.

Ang DC, Ibrahim SA, Burant CJ. et al. Ethnic differences in the perception of prayer and consideration of joint arthroplasty. Med Care. 2002;40(6):471–6. [PubMed: 12021673]

Anklesaria FK, King MS. A community based sentencing program for probationers: the enlightened sentencing project: a judicial innovation. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):35–46.

Anklesaria FK, King MS. Section IV: Transcendental meditation in prisons and prison systems the transcendental meditation program in the Senegalese penitentiary system. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):303–18.

Antoni MH. Session 3: automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions. In: Antoni MH, ed. Stress management intervention for women with breast cancer: participant's workbook. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2003. p. 21–31.

Antoni MH. Stress management and psychoneuroimmunology in HIV infection. CNS Spectr. 2003;8(1):40–51. [PubMed: 12627048]

Aron A, Aron EN. The transcendental meditation program's effect on addictive behavior. Addict Behav. 1980;5(1):3–12. [PubMed: 6994433]

Aron EN, Aron A. The transcendental meditation program for the reduction of stress related conditions. J Chronic Dis Ther Res. 1979;3(9):11–21.

Arpita HJ. Physiological and psychological effects of hatha-yoga: a review of the literature. Int J Yoga Ther. 1990;1:1–28.

Arora SS. Personal experience of an ex-patient of asthma. In: Sharma SK, Rai L, eds. Yoga therapy in bronchial asthma: proceedings of the first national conference on yoga therapy for asthma and other respiratory diseases; 1993 March 17–19; New Delhi, India. Central Research Institute for Yoga; 1993. p. 152–3.

Ashby JS, Lenhart RS. Prayer as a coping strategy for chronic pain patients. Rehabil Psychol. 1994;39(3):205–9.

Ashok KM. Yoga and healing: scientific connection. Science and Religion: Global Perspectives. Philadelphia: Metanexus Institute; 2005.

Astin JA. Mind-body therapies for the management of pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(1):27–32. [PubMed: 14668653]

Astin JA, Beyerstein BL, Frenkel M. et al. Complementary and alternative medicine and the need for evidence-based criticism. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):864–75.

Astin JA, Forys KL. Psychosocial determinants of health and illness: integrating mind, body, and spirit. Adv Mind Body Med. 2004;20(4):14–21. [PubMed: 15689022]

Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM. et al. Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice. J Am Board Fam Med. 2003;16(2):131–47. [PubMed: 12665179]

Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Schwartz GE. Meditation: Applications in medicine and health care. In: Novey D, ed. A clinician's rapid access guide to complementary and alternative medicine. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 2000.

Atkinson RP, Earl H. Enhanced vigilance in guided meditation: implications of altered consciousness. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1998.

Aung SKH. A brief introduction to the theory and practice of qigong. Am J Acupunct. 1994;22(4):335–48.

Austin TK. Stress management. J Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 1982;11(3):193–7.

Bachman JE. The effects of relaxation plus imaginal flooding versus relaxation only on panic attacks in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1992;52(11B):6074–5.

Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125–43.

Bahrke MS. Exercise, meditation and anxiety reduction: a review. Am Correct Ther J. 1979;33(2):41–4. [PubMed: 375705]

Baker DH. Lectio divina: toward a psychology of contemplation [dissertation]. Carpinteria, CA: Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2002.

Ballou SF. An existential-phenomenological historical inquiry into the awareness of silence as a transpersonal paradigm [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institute and University; 1996.

Balodhi JP. Perspective of Rajayoga in its application to mental health. NIMHANS Journal. 1986;4(2):133–8.

Balodhi JP, Mishra H. Patanjala yoga and behavior therapy. Behav Therapist. 1983;6(10):196–7.

Bankart CP. A Western psychologist's inquiry into the nature of right effort. Constructivism Hum Sci. 2003;8(2):63–72.

Bankart CP, Koshikawa F, Nedate K. et al. When West meets East: contributions of Eastern traditions to the future of psychotherapy. Psychother: Theory Res Pract Training. 1992;29(1):141–9.

Barbieri P. Confronting stress: integrating control theory and mindfulness to cultivate our inner resources through mind/body health methods. J Reality Ther. 1996;15(2):3–13.

Barclay A. Studying the efficacy of prayer. Med Today. 2002;3(11):89–9.

Barker P. Zen and the art of losing your self. Nurs Times. 2000;96(26):23. [PubMed: 11962915]

Barnes VA. EEG, hypometabolism, and ketosis during transcendental meditation indicate it does not increase epilepsy risk. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(1):202–3. [PubMed: 15893151]

Barnes VA, Schneider RH, Alexander CN. et al. Stress, stress reduction, and hypertension in African Americans: an updated review. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997;89(7):464–76. [PMC free article: PMC2568086] [PubMed: 9220696]

Barrett S. Psychoneuroimmunology: the bridge between science and spirit. In: Kane B, Millay J, Brown D, eds. Silver threads: 25 years of parapsychology research. Westport (CT): Praeger; 1993. Chapter 12.

Baxter ES. The growth process inventory: a validation study. Eugene: University of Oregon; 1982.

Bell JA, Saltikov JB. Mitchell's relaxation technique: is it effective? Physiotherapy. 2000;86(9):473–8.

Bellarosa C, Chen PY. The effectiveness and practicality of occupational stress management interventions: a survey of subject matter expert opinions. J Occup Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):247–62. [PubMed: 9552295]

Bench SA. The therapeutic impact of therapist enthusiasm and scientific credibility on the relaxation response [dissertation]. Hempstead, NY: Hofstra University; 2000.

Benson H. The relaxation response and norepinephrine: a new study illuminates mechanisms. Integr Psychiatry. 1983;1(1):15–8.

Benson H. The relaxation response: its subjective and objective historical precedents and physiology. Trends Neurosci. 1983;6(7):281–4.

Benson H. Systemic hypertension and the relaxation response. N Engl J Med. 1977;296(20):1152–6. [PubMed: 323702]

Benson H, Greenwood MM, Klemchuk HM. The relaxation response: psychophysiologic aspects and clinical applications. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1975;6(12):87–98. [PubMed: 773864]

Benson H, Kotch JB, Crassweller KD. et al. Historical and clinical considerations of the relaxation response. Am Sci. 1977;65(4):441–5. [PubMed: 329725]

Berry GC. Discriminating groups of hypnotized and meditating subjects from normal subjects with the altered states of consciousness inventory (ASCI) [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1982;43(5B):1594.

Bi Y, Cao Z. Treatment of upper respiratory tract infection by qigong. J Tradit Chin Med. 1990;10(3):235–9.

Birnbaum L, Birnbaum A. In search of inner wisdom: guided mindfulness meditation in the context of suicide. ScientificWorldJournal. 2004;4:216–27. [PMC free article: PMC5956438] [PubMed: 15105961]

Bishop RJ. Bodywork as mediation: using structural integration as a pathway. Massage Bodywork. 2005;20(4):52–63.

Bishop SR. What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosom Med 2002;64(1):71–83. Erratum in: Psychosom Med 2002;64(3):449. [PubMed: 11818588]

Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S. et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):230–41.

Bitner R, Hillman L, Victor B. et al. Subjective effects of antidepressants: a pilot study of the varieties of antidepressant-induced experiences in meditators. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003;191(10):660–7. [PubMed: 14555868]

Blanchard EB, Appelbaum KA, Radnitz CL. et al. Placebo-controlled evaluation of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation and of relaxation combined with cognitive therapy in the treatment of tension headache. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(2):210–5. [PubMed: 2186066]

Blanchard EB, Appelbaum KA, Radnitz CL. et al. A controlled evaluation of thermal biofeedback and thermal biofeedback combined with cognitive therapy in the treatment of vascular headache. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(2):216–24. [PubMed: 2186067]

Blanchard EB, Young LD. Self-control of cardiac functioning: a promise as yet unfulfilled. Psychol Bull. 1973;79(3):145–63. [PubMed: 4570400]

Blanton PG. The use of Christian meditation with religious couples: a collaborative language systems perspective. J Fam Psychother. 2002;13(34):291–307.

Blows MW. Yoga meditation: history and philosophy of the wisdom traditions and practical contemporary clinical applications. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 35–48.

Boals GF. Toward a cognitive reconceptualization of meditation. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1978;10(2):143–82.

Body temperature changes during the practice of g tum-mo yoga. Nature 1982;298(5872):402. [PubMed: 7088184]

Boerstler RW, Kornfeld HS. Meditation as a clinical intervention. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1987;25(6):29–32. [PubMed: 3302230]

Bogart G. The use of meditation in psychotherapy: a review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;45(3):383–412. [PubMed: 1951788]

Bolen JS. Meditation and psychotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Psychic. 1973;4(6):19–22.

Bonadonna R. Meditation's impact on chronic illness. Holist Nurs Pract. 2003;17(6):309–19. [PubMed: 14650573]

Borrie RA. The use of restricted environmental stimulation therapy in treating addictive behaviors. Int J Addict. 1990-1991;25(7A8A):995–1015. [PubMed: 2131327]

Bourne A. Colour breathing for healing: the integration of colours and breathing for meditation, relaxation and healing. Positive Health 2002;(73):9–11.

Bower JE, Woolery A, Sternlieb B. et al. Yoga for cancer patients and survivors. Cancer Control. 2005;12(3):165–71. [PubMed: 16062164]

Braud WG. Meditation and psychokinesis. Parapsychology Rev. 1990;21(1):9–11.

Breslin FC, Zack M, McMain S. An information-processing analysis of mindfulness: implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clin Psych: Sci Pract. 2002;9(3):275–99.

Broderick MA. A certain doubleness: reflexive thought and mindful experience as tools for transformative learning in the stress reduction clinic [dissertation]. Boston: Harvard University; 1996.

Broota A, Dhir R. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in depression. J Pers Clin Stud. 1990;6(1):83–90.

Broota A, Sanghvi VC. Efficacy of two relaxation techniques in examination anxiety. J Pers Clin Stud. 1994;10(12):29–35.

Brown D. The path of meditation: affective development and psychological well-being. In: Ablon SL, Brown D, Khantzian EJ, et al., eds. Human Feelings: explorations in affect development and meaning. Hillsdale (NJ): Analytic Press, Inc; 1993. p. 373–402.

Brown DP, Engler J. The stages of mindfulness meditation: a validation study. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1980;12(2):143–92.

Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822–48. [PubMed: 12703651]

Brown KW, Ryan RM. Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: observations from experience. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):242–8.

Brown M. Higher education for higher consciousness: a study of students at Maharishi International University. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol. 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 985–1000.

Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I: neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11(1):189–201. Erratum in: J Altern Complement Med 2005;11(2):383–4. [PubMed: 15750381]

Brown-Saltzman K. Replenishing the spirit by meditative prayer and guided imagery. Semin Oncol Nurs. 1997;13(4):255–9. [PubMed: 9392033]

Bruner RL. The reduction of anxiety and tension states through learning the relaxation response: a theoretical study with clinical applications [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1978;39(1B):370–1.

Bruton A, Lewith GT. The Buteyko breathing technique for asthma: a review. Complement Ther Med. 2005;13(1):41–6. [PubMed: 15907677]

Burnard P. Meditation: uses and methods in psychiatric nurse education. Nurse Educ Today. 1987;7(4):187–91. [PubMed: 3306329]

Butler MH, Stout JA, Gardner BC. Prayer as a conflict resolution ritual: clinical implications of religious couples' report of relationship softening, healing perspective, and change responsibility. Am J Fam Ther. 2002;30(1):19–37.

Calajoe A. Yoga as a therapeutic component in treating chemical dependency. Alcohol Treat Q. 1986;3(4):33–46.

Cambach W, Chadwick-Straver RV, Wagenaar RC. et al. The effects of a community-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on exercise tolerance and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(1):104–13. [PubMed: 9032501]

Candelent T, Candelent G. Teaching transcendental meditation in a psychiatric setting. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1975;26(3):156–9. [PubMed: 1140761]

Canter PH. The therapeutic effects of meditation. BMJ. 2003;326(7398):1049–50. [PMC free article: PMC1125975] [PubMed: 12750183]

Canter PH, Ernst E. The cumulative effects of transcendental meditation on cognitive function—a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2003;115(2122):758–66. [PubMed: 14743579]

Canter PH, Ernst E. Insufficient evidence to conclude whether or not transcendental meditation decreases blood pressure: results of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Hypertens. 2004;22(11):2049–54. [PubMed: 15480084]

Cardoso R, De Souza E, Camano L. et al. Meditation in health: an operational definition. Brain Res Protoc. 2004;14(1):58–60. [PubMed: 15519952]

Carey MP. Providing relaxation training to cancer chemotherapy patients: a comparison of three delivery strategies [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;47(4B):1714.

Carlson LE, Brown KW. Validation of the mindful attention awareness scale in a cancer population. J Psychosom Res. 2005;58(1):29–33. [PubMed: 15771867]

Carmen JE. Yoga and singing: natural partners. J Singing. 2004;60(5):433–41.

Carmody JF, Hebert J. Mindfulness meditation as a support in dietary change. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. Symposium #11A.

Carrington P. Freedom in meditation. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday; 1997.

Carruthers ME. Voluntary control of the involuntary nervous system: comparison of autogenic training and siddha meditation. Exp Clin Psychiatry. 1981;6:171–81.

Carter J. Yoga adjunct to psychiatric treatment and preventive intervention. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(6):A5.

Casler L. A simple verbal procedure for reducing the rates of psychosomatic enfeeblement and death in an aged population. Death Stud. 1985;9(34):295–307.

Caspi O, Burleson KO. Methodological challenges in meditation research. Adv Mind Body Med. 2005;21(1):4–11. [PubMed: 15973854]

Cassel RN. Basic fundamentals of mind control and transcendental meditation. Psychology: J Hum Behav. 1974;11(2):26–33.

Cassel RN. Fostering transcendental meditation using bio-feedback eliminates hoax and restores creditability to art. Psychology: J Hum Behav. 1976;13(2):58–64.

Cassel RN. Fundamentals involved in the scientific process of transcendental meditation. J Instructional Psychol. 1976;3(3):2–11.

Caudill MA, Friedman R, Benson H. Relaxation therapy in the control of blood pressure. Bibl Cardiol. 1987;41:106–19. [PubMed: 3555456]

Chalif RP. An exploration of the interface between countertransference phenomena and the practice of vipassana meditation [dissertation]. Boston: Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology; 2001.

Chalmers RA. Transcendental meditation does not predispose to epilepsy. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):624–5. [PubMed: 15913905]

Chan DW. Introducing the chinese hexiangzhuang (flying crane) qigong therapy. Int J Psychosom. 1987;34(4):28–34. [PubMed: 3319929]

Chan TH. The use of prayer as a coping strategy in dealing with state-trait anxiety [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1995;55(12B):5562.

Chan WW, Bartlett DJ. Effectiveness of tai chi as a therapeutic exercise in improving balance and postural control. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2000;17(3):1–22.

Chandra FA. Respiratory practices in yoga. In: Timmons B, Ley R, eds. Behavioral and psychological approaches to breathing disorders. New York: Plenum Press; 1994. p. 221–32.

Chen K, He B, Rihacek G. et al. A pilot trial of external qigong therapy for arthritis pain. J Clin Rheumatol. 2003;9(5):332–5. [PubMed: 17041488]

Chen K, Yeung R. Exploratory studies of qigong therapy for cancer in China. Integr Cancer Ther. 2002;1(4):345–70. [PubMed: 14664729]

Chen KM, Snyder M. A research-based use of tai chi/movement therapy as a nursing intervention. J Holist Nurs. 1999;17(3):267–79. [PubMed: 10690069]

Chen KM, Snyder M, Krichbaum K. Clinical use of tai chi in elderly populations. Geriatr Nurs. 2001;22(4):198–200. [PubMed: 11505246]

Chen KM, Snyder M, Krichbaum K. Facilitators and barriers to elders' practice of t'ai chi: a mind-body, low-intensity exercise. J Holist Nurs. 2001;19(3):238–55. [PubMed: 11847870]

Chen KW. An analytic review of studies on measuring effects of external qi in China. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(4):38–50. [PubMed: 15285273]

Chen KW, Liu T. Effects of qigong therapy on arthritis: a review and report of a pilot trial. Med Paradigm. 2004;1(1):36–48.

Cheng J. Tai chi chuan: a slow dance for health. Phys Sportsmed. 1999;27(6):109–10. [PubMed: 20086728]

Cheshire CA. Spirituality and religiousness scales: their relationship to locus of control [dissertation]. Nashville: Tennessee State University; 2003.

Clark BJ. Group interventions for memory complaints, memory impairment, and depression in the able elderly [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1995;56(3B):1694.

Clemens JG. Tae kwon do as a treatment for adult depression: a program design [dissertation]. Keene (NH): Antioch New England Graduate School; 2005.

Clements G, Krenner L, Molk W. The use of the transcendental meditation programme in the prevention of drug abuse and in the treatment of drug-addicted persons. Bull Narc. 1988;40(1):51–6. [PubMed: 3064844]

Cohen K. Ken Cohen, MA, MSTh healing through ancient traditions: qigong and Native American medicine interview by Bonnie Horrigan. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(3):82–91. [PubMed: 12776479]

Cohen-Katz J, Wiley SD, Capuano T. et al. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on nurse stress and burnout: a quantitative and qualitative study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2004;18(6):302–8. [PubMed: 15624277]

Cohen MH. Regulation, religious experience, and epilepsy: a lens on complementary therapies. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(6):602–6. [PubMed: 14698692]

Coker KH. Meditation and prostate cancer: integrating a mind/body intervention with traditional therapies. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999;17(2):111–8. [PubMed: 10332925]

Collings GH. Stress containment through meditation. Prev Hum Serv. 1989;6(2):141–50.

Collins C. Yoga: intuition, preventive medicine, and treatment. JOGN Nurs. 1998;27(5):563–8. [PubMed: 9773368]

Collins FC. The use of prayer and the self-reported anxiety and depression of retired adults [dissertation]. Minneapolis: Walden University; 2003.

Collipp PJ. The efficacy of prayer: a triple-blind study. Med Times. 1969;97(5):201–4. [PubMed: 5786487]

Compton WC. On the validity of the East-West questionnaire. Psychol Rep. 1983;52(1):117–8.

Cooper SE, Oborne J, Newton S. et al. Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2003;58(8):674–9. [PMC free article: PMC1746772] [PubMed: 12885982]

Cooper SE, Oborne J, Newton S, et al. The effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) on the ability to reduce inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Program and abstracts of the American Thoracic Society 99th International Conference; 2003 May 16–21; Seattle, WA: B023 Poster 924.

Corliss R. The power of yoga. Time. 2001;157(16):54–63. [PubMed: 11330024]

Craven JL. Meditation and psychotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 1989;34(7):648–53. [PubMed: 2680046]

Crook J. Zen: the challenge to dependency. In: Watson G, Batchelor S, Claxton G, eds. The psychology of awakening. London: Rider; 1999. p. 197–214.

D'Souza RF, Rodrigo A. Spiritually augmented cognitive behavioural therapy. Australas Psychiatry. 2004;12(2):148–52. [PubMed: 15715760]

Dalal AS, Barber TX. Yoga, “yoga feats,” and hypnosis in the light of empirical research. Am J Clin Hypn. 1969;11(3):155–66. [PubMed: 5764616]

Danusantoso H, Heijnen L. Tai chi chuan for people with haemophilia. Haemophilia. 2001;7(4):437–9. [PubMed: 11442652]

Davidson JM. The physiology of meditation and mystical states of consciousness. Perspect Biol Med. 1976;19(3):345–79. [PubMed: 958856]

Davison GC, Williams ME, Nezami E. et al. Relaxation, reduction in angry articulated thoughts, and improvements in borderline hypertension and heart rate. J Behav Med. 1991;14(5):453–68. [PubMed: 1744909]

Day P, O'Haver H, Deutsch S. Using mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions in psychiatric nursing practice-part I: description and empirical support for mindfulness-based interventions. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2004;18(5):164–9. [PubMed: 15529281]

Day P, O'Haver H, Deutsch S. Using mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions in psychiatric nursing practice part II: mindfulness-based approaches for all phases of psychotherapy-clinical case study. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2004;18(5):170–7. [PubMed: 15529282]

De Felice MG. Mindfulness meditation: a new tool for understanding and regulating musical performance anxiety an affective neuroscientific perspective [dissertation]. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami; 2004.

De Silva P. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(5):629–30.

De Silva P. Early Buddhist meditation and mental health. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 25–34.

DeBerry S. The effects of meditation-relaxation on anxiety and depression in a geriatric population. Psychother: Theory Res Pract. 1982;19(4):512–21.

DeBerry S, Davis S, Reinhard KE. A comparison of meditationelaxation and cognitive/behavioral techniques for reducing anxiety and depression in a geriatric population. J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1989;22(2):231–47. [PubMed: 2701175]

Decker TW, Cline EJ, Gallagher M. Relaxation therapy as an adjunct in radiation oncology. J Clin Psychol. 1992;48(3):388–93. [PubMed: 1602030]

Dedert EA, Studts JL, Weissbecker I, et al. Religiosity may help preserve the cortisol rhythm in women with stress-related illness. Int J Psychiatry Med 2004;34(1):61–77 Erratum in: Int J Psychiatry Med 2004;34(3):287. [PubMed: 15242142]

Deepak KK. Neurophysiological mechanisms of induction of meditation: a hypothetico-deductive approach. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46(2):136–58. [PubMed: 12500489]

Deikman AJ. A functional approach to mysticism. J Consciousness Stud. 2000;7(1112):75–91.

Delmonte MM. Biochemical indices associated with meditation practice: a literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1985;9(4):557–61. [PubMed: 2867509]

Delmonte MM. The effects of meditation on drug usage: a literature review. Gedrag: Tijdschrift Voor Psychologie. 1985;13(2):36–48.

Delmonte MM. Electrocortical activity and related phenomena associated with meditation practice: a literature review. Int J Neurosci. 1984;24(34):217–31. [PubMed: 6392127]

Delmonte MM. Mantras and meditation: a literature review. Percept Mot Skills. 1983;57(1):64–6.

Delmonte MM. Meditation and anxiety reduction: a literature review. Clin Psychol Rev. 1985;5(2):91–102.

Delmonte MM. Meditation and change: mindfulness versus repression. Aust J Clin Hypnotherapy Hypn. 1990;11(2):57–63.

Delmonte MM. Meditation as a clinical intervention strategy: a brief review. Int J Psychosom. 1986;33(3):9–12. [PubMed: 3539846]

Delmonte MM. Meditation in the Christian tradition. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 121–30.

Delmonte MM. Meditation practice as related to occupational stress, health, and productivity. Percept Mot Skills. 1984;59(2):581–2. [PubMed: 6393035]

Delmonte MM. Meditation, the unconscious, and psychosomatic disorders. Int J Psychosom. 1989;36(14):45–52. [PubMed: 2689373]

Delmonte MM. Personality and meditation. In: West MA, ed. The psychology of meditation. Oxford, UK: Clarendon; 1987. p. 118–32.

Delmonte MM. Personality characteristics and regularity of meditation. Psychol Rep. 1980;46(3 Pt 1):703–12.

Delmonte MM. Personality correlates of meditation practice frequency and dropout in an outpatient population. J Behav Med. 1988;11(6):593–7. [PubMed: 3075240]

Delmonte MM. Physiological concomitants of meditation practice. Int J Psychosom. 1984;31(4):23–36. [PubMed: 6397456]

Delmonte MM. Psychometric scores and meditation practice: a literature review. Pers Individ Dif. 1984;5(5):559–63.

Delmonte MM. The relevance of meditation to clinical practice: an overview. Appl Psychol: Int Rev. 1990;39(3):331–54.

Delmonte MM. Response to meditation in terms of physiological, behavioural and self-report measures: a brief summary. Psychol Rep. 1985;56(1):9–10. [PubMed: 3885286]

Delmonte MM. Silence and emptiness in the service of healing: lessons from meditation. Br J Psychother. 1995;11(3):368–78.

Delmonte MM. Some cognitive aspects of meditation practice. Percept Mot Skills. 1983;57(3 Pt 2):1160–2. [PubMed: 6364034]

Delmonte MM. Therapeutic aspects of meditation. Int J Psychol. 1992;27(34):446.

Delmonte MM, Kenny V. Conceptual models and functions of meditation in psychotherapy. J Contemp Psychother. 1987;17(1):38–59.

Delmonte MM, Kenny V. An overview of the therapeutic effects of meditation. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1985;28(4):189–202.

Devaki P. Yoga as neuropsychological modifier. Int J Psychol. 2004;39(56 Suppl):297–8.

Dikshit CS. Anatomical basis of yogic asanas. Clinician. 1978;42(1):18–21.

Dillbeck MC. The application of the transcendental meditation program to corrections. Int J Comp Appl Criminal Justice. 1987;1(11):111–32.

Dillbeck MC. Testing the vedic psychology of the bhagavad-gita. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1983;26(4):232–40.

Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW. Physiological differences between transcendental meditation and rest. Am Psychol. 1987;42(9):879–81.

Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW. The use of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program in rehabilitation and crime-prevention. Bull Br Psychol Soc. 1982;35:A94.

Dillbeck MC, Raimondi D, Assimakis PD, et al. The longitudinal effects of the MIU curriculum on intelligence and field independence. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol. 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2385–6.

Dimidjian S, Linehan MM. Defining an agenda for future research on the clinical application of mindfulness practice. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):166–71.

DiPietro L, Seeman TE, Stachenfeld NS. et al. Moderate-intensity aerobic training improves glucose tolerance in aging independent of abdominal adiposity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46(7):875–9. [PubMed: 9670875]

Dixit SP, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Management of essential hypertension by using biofeedback technique. Pharmacopsychoecologia. 1994;7(1):17–9.

Domar AD. The use of the relaxation response with skin cancer patients [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;47(11B):4681.

Dorcas A. Chinese qigong research: an overview. In: Kao HSR, Sinha D, eds. Asian perspectives on psychology. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1997. p. 309–32.

Dorcas A, Yung P. Qigong: harmonising the breath, the body and the mind. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2003;9(4):198–202. [PubMed: 14556769]

Dosh SA. The treatment of adults with essential hypertension. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(1):74–80. [PubMed: 11927069]

Dostalek C. Physiological bases of yoga techniques in the prevention of diseases. Homeost Health Dis. 1994;35(45):205–8.

Dostalek C. Psychophysiology of hatha-yoga and its use in prevention therapy of life-style related diseases. Int J Psychophysiol. 1989;7(24):185–6.

Dougherty AM, Deck MD. Helping teachers to help children cope with stress. J Hum Counc Educ Dev. 1984;23(1):36–44.

Downey N. Mindfulness training: the effect of process and outcome instructions on the experience of control and the level of mindfulness among older women. Educ Gerontol. 1991;17(2):97–109.

Dreher H. Cancer and the mind: current concepts in psycho-oncology. Advances. 1987;4(3):27–43.

Drettner B. Patophysiological relationship between the upper and lower airways. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1970;79(3):499–505. [PubMed: 5426882]

Driskill JD. Meditation as a therapeutic technique. Pastoral Psychol. 1989;38(2):83–103.

Dua JK. A technique of meditation based on yoga philosophy and cognitive-behavioural theory. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 185–204.

Dubin W. The use of meditative techniques in psychotherapy supervision. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1991;23(1):65–80.

Dubs G. Psycho-spiritual development in Zen Buddhism: a study of resistance in meditation. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1987;19(1):19–86.

Dusek JA, Astin JA, Hibberd PL. et al. Healing prayer outcomes studies: consensus recommendations. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(3 Suppl):A44–53. [PubMed: 12776464]

Dwivedi KN. Freedom from the self sufism, meditation and psychotherapy. Group Analysis. 1989;22(4):434–6.

Earle JB. Cerebral laterality and meditation: a review of the literature. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1981;13(2):155–73.

Echenhofer FG, Coombs MM. A brief review of research and controversies in EEG biofeedback and meditation. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1987;19(2):161–71.

Edwards DL. A meta-analysis of the effects of meditation and hypnosis on measures of anxiety [dissertation]. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University; 1990.

Edwards L. Meditation as medicine. Benefits go beyond relaxation. Adv Nurse Pract. 2003;11(5):49–52. [PubMed: 12754983]

Edwards LA. Use of hypnosis and non-ordinary states of consciousness in facilitating significant psychotherapeutic change. Aust J Clin Hypnotherapy Hypn. 1999;20(2):86–107.

Eifert GH, Heffner M. The effects of acceptance versus control contexts on avoidance of panic-related symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2003;34(34):293–312. [PubMed: 14972675]

Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Vanlanduyt LM. et al. Walking in (affective) circles: can short walks enhance affect? J Behav Med. 2000;23(3):245–75. [PubMed: 10863677]

Elder C. Ayurveda for diabetes mellitus: a review of the biomedical literature. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(1):44–50. [PubMed: 14727499]

Elias AN, Guich S, Wilson AF. Ketosis with enhanced gabaergic tone promotes physiological changes in transcendental meditation. Med Hypotheses. 2000;54(4):660–2. [PubMed: 10859661]

Elias AN, Wilson AF. Serum hormonal concentrations following transcendental-meditation: potential role of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Med Hypotheses. 1995;44(4):287–91. [PubMed: 7666830]

Elkins D, Anchor KN, Sandler HM. Physiological effects of relaxation training. Am J Clin Biofeedback. 1978;1(1):30.

Elkins D, Anchor KN, Sandler HM. Relaxation training and prayer behavior as tension reduction techniques. Behav Eng. 1979;5(3):81–7.

Ellis GA, Corum P. Removing the motivator: a holistic solution to substance abuse. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(34):271–96.

Elzayat SG. Microsurgical lumbar-disk removal (elzayat approach) with Islamic prayer therapy. Sao Paulo Med J. 1989;10(3):221–2.

Eppley K, Rice D. Double-blind comparison of raimondi technique and relaxation in prophylaxis of migraine headache. Headache Q Curr Treatment Res. 1996;7(1):54–7.

Eppley KR, Abrams AI, Shear J. Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 1989;45(6):957–74. [PubMed: 2693491]

Epstein RM. Mindful practice. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;282(9):833–9. [PubMed: 10478689]

Ernst E. Breathing techniques: adjunctive treatment modalities for asthma? A systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(5):969–72. [PubMed: 10853868]

Ernst E. A primer of complementary and alternative medicine commonly used by cancer patients. Aust Med Rec J. 2001;174(2):88–92. [PubMed: 11245510]

Ernst E. A systematic review of tai chi studies. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 2004;9(4):307–8.

Esch T, Fricchione GL, Stefano GB. The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases. Med Sci Monit 2003;9:RA23–34. [PubMed: 12601303]

Ethan S. Spirituality vs. psychoanalysis: the example of Zen Buddhism. Issues Psychoanalytic Psychol. 1999;21(12):33–44.

Evans RP. Vividness of imagery as a factor in pain management [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1990;51(2B):982.

Everly GS Jr, Benson H. Disorders of arousal and the relaxation response: speculations on the nature and treatment of stress-related diseases. Int J Psychosom. 1989;36(14):15–21. [PubMed: 2689371]

Everly GS Jr, Lating JM. Neurologic desensitization in the treatment of posttraumatic stress. In: Everly GSJr, Lating JM, eds. Personality-guided therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004. p. 161–76.

Fasko D Jr, Grueninger RW. T'ai chi ch'uan and physical and psychological health: a review. Clin Kinesiology: J Am Kinesiotherapy Assoc. 2001;55(1):4–12.

Ferguson PC. An integrative meta-analysis of psychological studies investigating the treatment outcomes of meditation techniques [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1981;42(4A):1547.

Ferguson PC. The psychobiology of transcendental meditation: a review. J Altered States Consciousness. 1975;2(1):15–36.

Ferguson PC. Transcendental meditation and its potential application in the field of special education. J Spec Educ. 1976;10(2):211–20.

Ferrari M. Influence of expertise on the intentional transfer of motor skill. J Mot Behav. 1999;31(1):79–85. [PubMed: 11177621]

Fey SG, Lindholm E. Biofeedback and progressive relaxation: effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Psychophysiology. 1978;15(3):239–47. [PubMed: 351660]

Finney JR, Malony HN. Contemplative prayer and its use in psychotherapy: a theoretical model. J Psychol Theol. 1985;13(3):172–81.

Fontana D. Mind, senses and self. In: Claxton G, ed. Beyond therapy: the impact of Eastern religions on psychological theory and practices. London: Wisdom; 1996. p. 33–48.

Fox DA. Meditation and reality: a critical review. Atlanta (GA): John Knox Press; 1986.

Frank ED. Breathing training as a self-regulatory stress reduction method for asthma prone individuals [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;47(11A):3980.

Frederick AN, Barber TX. Yoga, hypnosis, and self-control of cardiovascular functions. Proc Annu Convention Am Psychol Assoc 1972;(7 Pt 2):859–60.

Fredrickson WC. A program of teaching the practice of Christian meditation/contemplative prayer to HIV positive clients [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;53(12A):4367.

Freed S. Induced specific immunological unresponsiveness and conditioned behavioral reflexes, in functional isomorphism-meditation and conditioned specific unresponsiveness. Int J Neurosci. 1989;44(34):275–81. [PubMed: 2656566]

Freeman MT. Enlivening veda in consciousness and physiology by reading the vedic literature in conjunction with the experience of the transcendental meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1997.

Friedman H, Taub HA. Brief psychological training procedures in migraine treatment. Am J Clin Hypn. 1984;26(3):187–200. [PubMed: 6435442]

Friedman EH, Coats AJS. Neurobiology of exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two meditative techniques. Int J Cardiol. 2000;73(2):199. [PubMed: 10905879]

Friedman R, Steinman M, Benson H. The relaxation response: physiological effects and medical applications. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 205–12.

Fromm E. Primary and secondary process in waking and in altered states of consciousness. Acad Psychol Bull. 1981;3(1):29–45.

Fromm GH. Neurophysiological speculations on Zen enlightenment. J Mind Behav. 1992;13(2):163–9.

Frumkin K, Nathan RJ, Prout MF. et al. Nonpharmacologic control of essential hypertension in man: a critical review of the experimental literature. Psychosom Med. 1978;40(4):294–320. [PubMed: 356079]

Funderburk J. Science studies yoga: a review of physiological data. Oxford, England: Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy; 1977.

Furian TC, Wanger D, Ritthaler F. Influence of tai chi training device on physical performance, ventilatory parameters and balance. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20:S58–9.

Furlow L, O'Quinn JL. Does prayer really help? J Christ Nurs. 2002;19(2):31–4. [PubMed: 11908050]

Gaik FV. Merging east and west: a preliminary study applying spring forest qigong to depression as an alternative and complementary treatment [dissertation]. Chicago (IL): Alder School of Professional Psychology; 2003.

Galantino MLA. Influence of yoga, walking, and mindfulness meditation on fatigue and body mass index in women living with breast cancer. Semin Integrative Med. 2003;1(3):151–7.

Garfield E. Meditation, learning, and creativity part 1. The practice and physiologic effects of meditation. Curr Contents Clin Med 1985;(29):3–11.

Garfinkel MS, Schumacher HR Jr. Yoga. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000;26(1):125–32. [PubMed: 10680200]

Garrison J, Scott PA. A group self-care approach to stress management. J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1979;17(6):9–14. [PubMed: 221656]

Garssen B, de Ruiter C, Van Dyck R. Breathing retraining: a rational placebo? Clin Psychol Rev. 1992;12(2):141–53.

Gawler I. Imagery and meditation: how to balance active and passive forms of meditation. First Annual International Conference: Mind, Immunity and Health; 1995; Lorne, Australia. Yarra Junction, Australia: Gawler Foundation; 1995. p. 89–100.

Gazella KA. David Simon, MD practicing mind-body-soul medicine. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(6):63–8. [PubMed: 15624351]

Gelderloos P, Ahlstrom HH, Orme-Johnson DW. et al. Influence of a Maharishi ayur-vedic herbal preparation on age-related visual discrimination. Int J Psychosom. 1990;37(14):25–9. [PubMed: 2246098]

Gelderloos P, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW. et al. Effectiveness of the transcendental meditation program in preventing and treating substance misuse: a review. Int J Addict. 1991;26(3):293–325. [PubMed: 1889927]

Geller SM. Becoming whole: a collaboration between experiential psychotherapies and mindfulness meditation. Pers Cent Experiential Psychother. 2003;2(4):258–73.

Germer CK. Mindfulness: what is it? What does it matter? In: Germer CK, Siegel RD, Fulton PR, eds. Mindfulness and Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Publications; 2005. p. 3–27.

Gerrity ET, Solomon SD. The treatment of PTSD and related stress disorders: current research and clinical knowledge. In: Marsella AJ, Friedman MJ, Gerrity ET, et al., eds. Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: issues, research and clinical applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books; 2001. Chapter 3.

Giardini F. The conscious and unconscious mind in prayer. J Psychol Christianity. 1987;6(1):5–20.

Gilbert C. Yoga and breathing. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 1999;3(1):44–54.

Gimbel MA. Yoga, meditation, and imagery: clinical applications. Nurse Pract Forum. 1998;9(4):243–55. [PubMed: 10214227]

Glueck BC, Stroebel CF. Biofeedback and meditation in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Compr Psychiatry. 1975;16(4):303–21. [PubMed: 1157476]

Goldberg B. Slowing down the aging process through the use of altered states of consciousness: a review of the medical literature. Psychology: J Hum Behav. 1995;32(2):19–21.

Goldberg RJ. Anxiety reduction by self-regulation: theory, practice, and evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(4):483–7. [PubMed: 7039446]

Goleman DJ. Meditation and consciousness: an Asian approach to mental health. Am J Psychiatry. 1976;30(1):41–54. [PubMed: 1259055]

Gong LS, Wang CX, Qian JA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of taijiquan and qigong exercises. New Horizons Prev Cardiovasc Dis 1989;163–7.

Goodman N. The application of Kundalini yoga practices in the clinical-psychology context. Int J Psychol. 1992;27(34):474.

Goodman RS, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW, et al. Introduction and overview: the transcendental meditation program: a consciousness-based developmental. In: Alexander CN, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW, et al., eds. Transcendental Meditation in Criminal Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press Inc; 2003. p. 1–33.

Goyeche JRM. Yoga as therapy in psychosomatic medicine. Psychother Psychosom. 1979;31(14):373–81. [PubMed: 482559]

Goyeche JRM, Abo Y, Ikemi Y. Asthma: the yoga perspective part II: yoga therapy in the treatment of asthma. J Asthma. 1982;19(3):189–201. [PubMed: 7118825]

Grant JA, Rainville P. Hypnosis and meditation: similar experiential changes and shared brain mechanisms. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):625–6. [PubMed: 15982830]

Graves LA. A theoretical framework for the use of mindfulness meditation in the practice of pastoral counseling from the perspectives of transpersonal psychology and process theology [dissertation]. Claremont, CA: Claremont School of Theology; 1999.

Graves N, Krepcho M, Mayo HG. Does yoga speed healing for patients with low back pain? J Fam Pract. 2004;53(8):661–2. [PubMed: 15298844]

Greene KB, Berger J, Reeves C. et al. Most frequently used alternative and complementary therapies and activities by participants in the AMCOA study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1999;10(3):60–73. [PubMed: 10707696]

Greenspan M, Schneider S. Therapeutic touch and healing meditation: a threesome with education. Int J Adolesc Youth. 1994;5(12):115–25.

Greenspan MR. Helping meditation: creative growth in education. Early Child Dev Care. 1995;110:113–22.

Greenwood MM, Benson H. The efficacy of progressive relaxation in systematic desensitization and a proposal for an alternative competitive response: the relaxation response. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15(4):337–43. [PubMed: 20875]

Greyson B. Some neuropsychological correlates of the physio-kundalini syndrome. J Transpersonal Psychol. 2000;32(2):123–34.

Griegel LE. Breathing retraining in panic disorder: physiological mechanisms or perceived controllability [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1995;55(9B):4120.

Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. In: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2003 March 13–16; Phoenix (AR) [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/search2006/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1. Abstract 1436.

Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S. et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57(1):35–43. [PubMed: 15256293]

Gruber BL, Hall NR, Hersh SP. et al. Immune-system changes in breast-cancer patients given relaxation, guided imagery, and biofeedback training. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1989;14(2):142–3.

Gruber RG. The comparative effectiveness of similarly, dissimilarly, self and non-modeled covert imagery with and without relaxation with snake phobic females [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;44(12B):3933.

Guo HZ, Zhang SX, Jing BS. et al. A preliminary report on a new anti-g maneuver. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988;59(10):968–72. [PubMed: 3190625]

Gura TS. Yoga for stress reduction and injury prevention at work. Work. 2002;19(1):3–7. [PubMed: 12454346]

Haartman K. Watching and praying: a psychoanalytic view of personality change in 18th-century British methodism [dissertation]. Toronto: University of Toronto; 2000.

Haber D. A health promotion program in ten nursing homes. Activ Adapt Aging. 1988;11(1):75–84.

Hackett G, Horan JJ. Stress inoculation for pain: what's really going on? J Couns Psychol. 1980;27(2):107–16.

Hainsworth T. The role of exercise in falls prevention for older patients. Nurs Times. 2004;100(18):28–9. [PubMed: 15151003]

Haley KC, Koenig HG, Bruchett BM. Relationship between private religious activity and physical functioning in older adults. J Relig Health. 2001;40(2):305–12.

Hall H, Papas A, Tosi M. et al. Directional changes in neutrophil adherence following passive resting versus active imagery. Int J Neurosci. 1996;85(34):185–94. [PubMed: 8734558]

Hall NRS, O'Grady MP. Psychosocial interventions and immune function. 2nd ed. Boston: Academic Press; 1991. p. 1067–79.

Han A, Robinson V, Judd M, et al. Tai chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD004849. [PubMed: 15266544]

Hankey DA. The awakening of full human potential through Maharishi mahesh yogi's vedic science: research on the experience of reading the vedic literature [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 2000.

Hanna PB, Berry ZM, Bennett T. et al. Stress as a diagnostic challenge for postconcussive symptoms: sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury or physiological stress response. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn Section D Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;15(3):289–304. [PubMed: 11778766]

Hanna T. The project of somatology. J Hum Psychol. 1973;13(3):3–14.

Harari SS. What's the matter: your energy or your matter? an exploratory study examining body-mind-spirit correlates of Tibetans and Caucasian Americans for multicultural holistic health practice intake [dissertation]. Chicago: Chicago School of Professional Psychology; 2002.

Haridas NV. Physiological and philosophical aspects of yoga. In: Murali TS, editor. Sixth World Congress on Holistic Life and Medicine; 1996 Jan; Calicut, India. Kottakkal: Arya Vaidya Sala; 1998. p. 141–4.

Harmon RL, Myers MA. Prayer and meditation as medical therapies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1999;10(3):651–62. [PubMed: 10516983]

Harris AH, Thoresen CE, McCullough ME. et al. Spiritually and religiously oriented health interventions. J Health Psychol. 1999;4(3):413–33. [PubMed: 22021607]

Haruki Y, Ishii I, Suzuli M. Some aspects of meditation. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the Third Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 3–12.

Hassan-Schwarz Galle S. Hypnosis, yoga, and psychotherapy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999.

Hassed CS. To be or not to be. Evidence in support of contemplative practices: part 1. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29(9):883–4. [PubMed: 11008396]

Hassed CS. To be or not to be. The practical aspects of contemplative practices: part 2. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29(10):985–7. [PubMed: 11059091]

Hauser W, Biewer W. Pain management in patients with chronic rheumatic pain: a model for primary medical care. Schmerz. 1997;11(2):116–9. [PubMed: 12799829]

Hawkins MA. Effectiveness of the transcendental meditation program in criminal rehabilitation. In: Alexander CN, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW, et al., eds. Transcendental Meditation in Criminal Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press Inc; 2003. p. 47–65.

Hawkins MA. Section I: Theory and review effectiveness of the transcendental meditation program in criminal rehabilitation and substance abuse recovery: a review of the research. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):47–65.

Hawks SR, Hull ML, Thalman RL. et al. Review of spiritual health: definition, role, and intervention strategies in health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1995;9(5):371–8. [PubMed: 10150769]

Hayashi K. Integrated body control method with image, breath, intention, consciousness, cognition, qi and healing to make oneself healthy. J Int Soc Life Inf Sci. 2005;23(1):16–23.

Hayes AM, Feldman G. Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):255–62.

Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: mindfulness, acceptance, and relationship. In: Hayes SCE, Follette VME, Linehan MME. Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. p. 1–29.

Hayes SC, Shenk C. Operationalizing mindfulness without unnecessary attachments. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2004;11(3):249–54.

Hayes SC, Wilson KG. Mindfulness: method and process. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):161–5.

Hayward J. A rDzogs-chen Buddhist interpretation of the sense of self. J Consciousness Stud. 1998;5(56):611–26.

He D. Qigong: special psychotherapy. Int J Psychol. 1996;31(34):354–65.

Heaman D. The quieting response (QR): a modality for reduction of psychophysiologic stress in nursing students. J Nurs Educ. 1995;34(1):5–10. [PubMed: 7876913]

Heilbronn FS. The use of hatha yoga as a strategy for coping with stress in management development. Manage Educ Dev. 1992;23(2):131–9.

Helm-Estabrooks N. The times they are a-changin': nontraditional treatment approaches to communications disorders. Semin Speech Lang. 2004;25(2):117–8. [PubMed: 15118938]

Helm HM, Hays JC, Flint EP. et al. Does private religious activity prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,851 older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(7):400–5. [PubMed: 10898257]

Helminiak DA. Meditation: psychologically and theologically considered. Pastoral Psychol. 1981;30(1):6–20.

Hendlin SJ. T'ai chi chaun and gestalt therapy. J Contemp Psychother. 1978;10(1):25–31.

Henry JP. Relaxation methods and the control of blood pressure. Psychosom Med. 1978;40(4):273–5. [PubMed: 356077]

Henry JR. The effects of brief ruminating, distracting, and mindfulness interventions on public speaking anxiety [dissertation]. Greensboro: University of North Carolina; 2003.

Hernandez NE, Kolb S. Effects of relaxation on anxiety in primary caregivers of chronically ill children. Pediatr Nurs. 1998;24(1):51–6. [PubMed: 9555445]

Herriott EM. Elements of entrepreneurial success: the links among inner competencies, inner development and success [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 2000.

Herron WJ. A questionnaire study comparing mystical experience among Zen, yoga, Christian, and non-spiritual groups [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;54(4B):2179.

Heslet L. Effects of relaxation and diaphragmatic breathing on respiratory sinus arrhythmia: implications for cardiovascular disease [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1996;56(10B):5754.

Hill RD, Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Pretraining enhances mnemonic training in elderly adults. Exp Aging Res. 1989;14(4):207–11. [PubMed: 3075181]

Hirota A, Hirai H. Effects of relaxation-response- or arousal-response-oriented training on psychophysiological responses during fear imagery. Jpn Psychol Res. 1990;32(1):26–35.

Hohn T. Christian meditation paths? Development of a questionnaire for Christian contemplation based on descriptions of Master Eckhart and Teresa of Avila. J Medit Medit Res. 2003;3:7–20.

Holl RM. What is prayer? Alernat Health Pract. 1998;4(2):109–14.

Holland D. Integrating mindfulness meditation and somatic awareness into a public educational setting. J Hum Psychol. 2004;44(4):468–84.

Holmes DS. The influence of meditation versus rest on physiological arousal: a second examination. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1987. p. 81–103.

Holmes DS. Meditation and somatic arousal reduction: a review of the experimental evidence. Am Psychol. 1984;39(1):1–10. [PubMed: 6142668]

Holmes DS. Self-control of somatic arousal: an examination of the effects of meditation and biofeedback. Am Behav Sci. 1985;28(4):486–96.

Holmes DS, McCaul KD, Solomon S. Control of respiration as a means of controlling responses to threat. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1978;36(2):198–204. [PubMed: 624986]

Holroyd J. The science of meditation and the state of hypnosis. Am J Clin Hypn. 2003;46(2):109–28. [PubMed: 14609297]

Hopper C, Kolt GS, McConville JC. Feldenkrais awareness through movement on hamstring length, flexibility, and perceived exertion. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 1999;3(4):238–47.

Horrigan B. Pamela Miles reiki vibrational healing. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;9(4):75–83. [PubMed: 12868256]

Hosaka T, Sugiyama Y, Tokuda Y. et al. Persistent effects of a structured psychiatric intervention on breast cancer patients' emotions. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;54(5):559–63. [PubMed: 11043806]

Hoshmand LT, Helmes E, Kazarian S. et al. Evaluation of two relaxation training programs under medication and no-medication conditions. J Clin Psychol. 1985;41(1):22–9. [PubMed: 2857732]

Huang BH. Exploring oriental wisdom: self-transcendence and psychological well-being of adulthood in Taiwan [dissertation]. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1999.

Huber HP, Gramer M. Psychophysiological response patterns in relaxation processes. German J Psychol. 1990;14(2):98–106.

Hunt HT, Gervais A, Shearing-Johns S. et al. Transpersonal experiences in childhood: an exploratory empirical study of selected adult groups. Percept Mot Skills. 1992;75(3 Pt 2):1135–53. [PubMed: 1484777]

Ikemi Y, Ishikawa H, Goyeche JRM. et al. Positive and negative aspects of the altered states of consciousness induced by autogenic training, Zen and yoga. Psychosom Med. 1978;30(34):170–8. [PubMed: 368849]

Irvin JHA. The effects of relaxation response training on the frequency and intensity of menopausal hot flash symptoms [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1994;55(6B):2391.

Irwin MR, Pike JL, Oxman MN. Shingles immunity and health functioning in the elderly: tai chi chih as a behavioral treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004;1(3):223–32. [PMC free article: PMC538519] [PubMed: 15841255]

Ishikawa H. Scientific evaluation of oriental approaches from the viewpoint of cybernetics. Indian J Psychol. 1981;3(2):37–40.

Jacka J. Meditation: the most natural therapy. Melbourne, Australia: Lothian; 1990.

Jacobs GD. Clinical applications of the relaxation response and mind-body interventions. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7(1 Suppl):S93–101. [PubMed: 11822640]

Jacobs GD. A controlled, longitudinal analysis of the effects of autogenic training and the relaxation response on central nervous system activity using computerized spectral analysis of EEG activity [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1988;48(11B):3445–6.

Jacobs GD, Benson H, Friedman R. Home-based central nervous system assessment of a multifactor behavioral intervention for chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Behav Ther. 1993;24(1):159–74.

Jacobs GD, Heilbronner RL, Stanley JM. The effects of short term flotation REST on relaxation: a controlled study. Health Psychol. 1984;3(2):99–112. [PubMed: 6399246]

Jacobs GD, Rosenberg PA, Friedman R. et al. Multifactor behavioral treatment of chronic sleep-onset insomnia using stimulus control and the relaxation response: a preliminary study. Behav Modif. 1993;17(4):498–509. [PubMed: 8216184]

Jain S, Janssen K, DeCelle S. Alexander technique and feldenkrais method: a critical overview. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2004;15(4):811–25. [PubMed: 15458754]

Jakubczak M. The philosophical foundations of yoga therapy. In: Tymieniecka AT, Zalewski Z, eds. Life: the human being between life and death. Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2000. p. 145–51.

James M, Kolt GS, McConville JC. et al. The effects of a Feldenkrais program and relaxation procedures on hamstring length. Aust J Physiother. 1998;44(1):49–54. [PubMed: 11676714]

Jancewicz A. Tai chi chuan's role in maintaining independence in ageing people with chronic disease. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2001;5(1):70–7.

Jang HS, Lee MS. Effects of qi therapy (external qigong) on premenstrual syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(3):456–62. [PubMed: 15253849]

Jang HS, Lee MS, Kim MJ. et al. Effects of qi therapy on premenstrual syndrome. Int J Neurosci. 2004;114(8):909–21. [PubMed: 15527198]

Janisse M. The therapeutic use of yoga. Orthop Phys Ther Pract. 2002;14(1):7–12.

Jaseja H. Meditation may predispose to epilepsy: an insight into the alteration in brain environment induced by meditation. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):464–7. [PubMed: 15617849]

Jayasinghe SR. Yoga in cardiac health. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004;11(5):369–75. [PubMed: 15616408]

Jedrczak A, Miller D, Antoniou M. Transcendental meditation and health: an overview of experimental research and clinical experience. Health Promot. 1987;2(4):369–76.

Jeon J. Death anxiety and religious affiliation: a comparative study of military personnel [dissertation]. Tulsa (OK): School of Theology and Missions Oral Roberts University; 1996.

Jevning RA, Wallace RK, Beidebach M. The physiology of meditation: a review: a wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992;16(3):415–24. [PubMed: 1528528]

Jin P. Theoretical perspectives on a form of physical and cognitive exercise tai chi. Carlton, Victoria: Australian Psychological Society Ltd; 1994. p. 135–53.

Jonas WB, Chez RA. Recommendations regarding definitions and standards in healing research. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(1):171–81. [PubMed: 15025892]

Jonte PD. The swami and the Rorschach: spiritual practice, religious experience, and perception. Amsterdam: New York: Rodapi; 2003.

Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM. et al. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Aust Med Rec J. 2004;181(7 Suppl):S29–46. [PubMed: 15462640]

Juhan A. Open floor: dance, therapy, and transformation through the 5 rhythms [dissertation]. Cincinnati, OH: Union Institute and University; 2004.

Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):144–56.

Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Constructivism Hum Sci. 2003;8(2):73–107.

Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness meditation what it is, what it isn't, and its role in health care and medicine. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 161–70.

Kabat-Zinn J, Hosmer D. Response to the comments of Drs Relman and Riley. Advances. 2001;17(1):70–6.

Kamilar S. A Buddhist psychology. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press; 2002.

Kang D. Psychoneuroimmunology in nursing research: a biobehavioral model. Res Nurs Health. 2003;26(6):421–3. [PubMed: 14689458]

Kaplan S. Meditation, restoration, and the management of mental fatigue. Environ Behav. 2001;33(4):480–506.

Keable D. Relaxation training techniques: a review: I what is relaxation? Br J Occup Ther. 1985;48(4):99–102.

Kelley PL. Stress management strategies in the workplace: a meta-analysis of stress intervention techniques [dissertation]. State College (PA): Pennsylvania State University; 1995.

Kelly R. Sacred sound therapy for healing, spiritual growth and meditation. Positive Health 2003;(93):13–6.

Kemp CA. Qigong as a therapeutic intervention with older adults. J Holist Nurs. 2004;22(4):351–73. [PubMed: 15486154]

Kennedy JE. Yoga breathing techniques: implications for stress management, health, and psychophysiological research [unpublished manuscript]. 1990; Available at: http://jeksite​.org/yoga/resp.pdf.

Kenney EA, Rejeski WJ, Messier SP. Managing exercise distress: the effect of broad spectrum intervention on affect, RPE, and running efficiency. Can J Sport Sci. 1987;12(2):97–105.

Kerr GA, Kotynia F, Kolt GS. Feldenkraiss awareness through movement and state anxiety. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2002;6(2):102–7.

Kerr K. Relaxation techniques: a critical review. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2000;12(1):51–89.

Kessler RS, Patterson DR, Dane J. Hypnosis and relaxation with pain patients: evidence for effectiveness. Semin Pain Med. 2003;1(2):67–78.

Khalsa DS. Long deep breathing. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil. 1998;11(2):153–6. [PubMed: 24572507]

Khalsa SB. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: a bibliometric analysis of published research studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48(3):269–85. [PubMed: 15648399]

Kim SD, Kim HS. Effects of a relaxation breathing exercise on anxiety, depression, and leukocyte in hemopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Cancer Nurs. 2005;28(1):79–83. [PubMed: 15681986]

Kimura H, Nagao F, Tanaka Y. et al. Beneficial effects of the nishino breathing method on immune activity and stress level. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(2):285–91. [PubMed: 15865494]

Kindlon DJ. Comparison of use of meditation and rest in treatment of test anxiety. Psychol Rep. 1983;53(3 Pt 1):931–8. [PubMed: 6361836]

King MS, Carr T, D'Cruz C. Transcendental meditation, hypertension and heart disease. Aust Fam Physician. 2002;31(2):164–8. [PubMed: 11917830]

Kishiyama S, Carlsen J, Lawrence J, et al. Yoga as an experimental intervention for cognition in multiple sclerosis. Int J Yoga Ther 2002;12(57–62).

Kita T, Yokode M, Kume N. et al. The concentration of serum lipids in Zen monks and control males in Japan. Jpn Circ J. 1988;52(2):99–104. [PubMed: 3361706]

Klein PJ, Adams WD. Comprehensive therapeutic benefits of taiji: a critical review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83(9):735–45. [PubMed: 15314540]

Kleinschnitz KW. An investigation into field effects of consciousness from the perspectives of Maharishi's vedic science and physics [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1997.

Knight S. Use of transcendental mediation to relieve stress and promote health. Br J Nurs. 1995;4(6):315–8. [PubMed: 7727948]

Knox SS. Effect of passive concentration as instructional set for training enhancement of EEG alpha. Percept Mot Skills. 1980;51(3 Pt 1):767–75. [PubMed: 7010297]

Koh TC. Tai chi chuan. Am J Chin Med. 1981;9(1):15–22. [PubMed: 7030051]

Kokinakis CL. Teaching professional standards: training yoga therapists in loving presence [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1996;57(2A):0588.

Kokoszka A. Relaxation as an altered state of consciousness: a rationale for a general theory of relaxation. Int J Psychosom. 1992;39(14):4–9. [PubMed: 1428618]

Kolt GS, McConville JC. The effects of a feldenkrais awareness through movement program on state anxiety. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2000;4(3):216–20.

Kondwani KA, Lollis CM. Is there a role for stress management in reducing hypertension in African Americans? Ethn Dis. 2001;11(4):788–92. [PubMed: 11763303]

Konzak B, Boudreau F. Martial arts training and mental health: an exercise in self-help. Can Ment Health. 1984;32(4):2–8.

Kornfield JM, Walsh R. Meditation: royal road to the transpersonal. Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Perigee; 1993.

Krasner M. Mindfulness-based interventions: a coming of age? Fam Syst Health. 2004;22(2):207–12.

Krippner S, Maliszewski M. Meditation and the creative process. Indian J Psychol. 1978;1(1):40–58.

Krisanaprakornkit T, Piyavhatkul N, Krisanaprakornkit W, et al. Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD004998. [PubMed: 16437509]

Krishna G. Understanding transformation of consciousness. Fields Within Fields. 1974;11:12–28.

Krishna-Rao PV. Yoga: its scientific and applied aspects. Indian J Psychol. 1995;13(2):1–12.

Kristeller JL. Meditation: multiple effects, a unitary process? In: Blows M, Haruki Y, Bankart, et al. The relevance of the wisdom traditions in contemporary society: the challenge to psychology. Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers; 2004.

Kristeller JL, Johnson T. Science looks at spirituality: cultivating loving kindness: a two stage model of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and altruism. Zygon. 2005;40(2):391–407.

Kristof M, Servit Z, Manas K. Activating effect of nasal air flow on epileptic electrographic abnormalities in the human EEG: evidence for the reflex origin of the phenomenon. Physiol Bohemoslov. 1981;30(1):73–7. [PubMed: 6452641]

Kron J. Meditation. J Complement Med. 2004;3(2):32–6.

Krucoff MW, Crater SW, Green CL. et al. Integrative noetic therapies as adjuncts to percutaneous intervention during unstable coronary syndromes: monitoring and actualization of noetic training (MANTRA) feasibility pilot. Am Heart J. 2001;142(5):760–9. [PubMed: 11685160]

Krucoff MW, Crater SW, Green CL. et al. Novel applications of ECG monitoring for the quantification of noetic phenomena. J Electrocardiol. 1999;32(Suppl):22.

Kuang AK, Wang C, Xu DH. et al. Research on “anti-aging” effect of qigong. J Tradit Chin Med. 1991;11(2):153–8. [PubMed: 1861523]

Kuchera MM. The effectiveness of meditation techniques to reduce blood pressure levels: a meta-analysis [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;47(11B):4639.

Kuna DJ. Meditation and work. Vocational Guidance Q. 1975;23(4):342–6.

Kurtz R. Foundations of Hakomi therapy. Hakomi Forum 1985;3–7.

Kurtz R. On the uniqueness of Hakomi. Hakomi Forum 1987;(5):2–8.

Kurup J. Role of yoga vasthi in the treatment of gridhrasi. Rheumatism. 1989;25(1):52–4.

Kutz I, Borysenko JZ, Benson H. Meditation and psychotherapy: a rationale for the integration of dynamic psychotherapy, the relaxation response, and mindfulness meditation. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(1):1–8. [PubMed: 3881049]

La Flamme DM. Holotropic breathwork and altered states of consciousness [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1994;55(2B):597.

La Forge R. Mind-body fitness: encouraging prospects for primary and secondary prevention. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1997;11(3):53–65. [PubMed: 9095454]

Ladd KL, Spilka B. Inward, outward, and upward: cognitive aspects of prayer. J Sci Study Relig. 2002;41(3):475–84.

Laird SP. A preliminary investigation into the role of prayer as a coping technique for adult patients with arthritis [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;54(1B):476.

Laird SP, Snyder CR, Rapoff MA. et al. Measuring private prayer: development, validation, and clinical application of the multidimensional prayer inventory. Int J Psychol Relig. 2004;14(4):251–72.

Lake J. Qigong. In: Shannon S, ed. Handbook of complementary and alternative medicines in mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001.

Lan C, Lai JS, Chen SY. Tai chi chuan: an ancient wisdom on exercise and health promotion. Sports Med. 2002;32(4):217–24. [PubMed: 11929351]

Landsman-Dijkstra JJA, Van Wijck R, Groothoff JW. et al. The short-term effects of a body awareness program: better self-management of health problems for individuals with chronic a-specific psychosomatic symptoms. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;55(2):155–67. [PubMed: 15530750]

Langer EJ, Piper A. Television from a mindful/mindless perspective. Appl Soc Psychol Ann. 1988;8:247–60.

Lantz MS, Buchalter EN, McBee L. The wellness group: a novel intervention for coping with disruptive behavior among elderly nursing home residents. Gerontologist 1997;37(4):551–6. Erratum in: Gerontologist 1997;37(5):687. [PubMed: 9279045]

Larkin M. Meditation may reduce heart attack and stroke risk. Lancet. 2000;355(9206):812.

Lasater J. Down in the back: poses for lower back pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 1995;1(5):72–82.

Lavery LL, Studenski SA. Tai chi, falls, and the heritage of JAGS. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(12):1804–5. [PubMed: 14687361]

Lazarus AA. Psychiatric problems precipitated by transcendental meditation. Psychol Rep. 1976;39(2):601–2. [PubMed: 790439]

Lee M. Phoenix rising yoga therapy: a bridge from body to soul. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications Inc; 1997.

Lee MS, Huh HJ, Hong SS. et al. Psychoneuroimmunological effects of qi-therapy: preliminary study on the changes of level of anxiety, mood, cortisol and melatonin and cellular function of neutrophil and natural killer cells. Stress Health. 2001;17(1):17–24.

Lee MS, Jang JW, Jang HS. et al. Effects of qi-therapy on blood pressure, pain and psychological symptoms in the elderly: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Complement Ther Med. 2003;11(3):159–64. [PubMed: 14659379]

Lee MS, Rim YH, Kang CW. Effects of external qi-therapy on emotions, electroencephalograms, and plasma cortisol. Int J Neurosci. 2004;114(11):1493–502. [PubMed: 15636358]

Lee Y, Hu PC. The effect of Chinese qi-gong exercises and therapy on diseases and health. Indian J Psychol. 1993;11(12):9–18.

Lee YH. Discovering the essential power of t'ai chi ch'uan: the yin and yang of leadership [dissertation]. San Antonia, TX: University of the Incarnate Word; 2002.

Lehrer PM, Hochron SM, Mayne T. et al. Relationship between changes in EMG and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in a study of relaxation therapy for asthma. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 1997;22(3):183–91. [PubMed: 9428968]

Lekander M, Furst CJ, Rotstein S. et al. Immune effects of relaxation during chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Psychother Psychosom. 1997;66(4):185–91. [PubMed: 9259041]

Lepicovska V, Dostalek C, Vlcek M. Vasomotor changes effected by breathing manoeuvres. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1983;25(3):195–6.

Lerner M. Choices in healing: integrating the best of conventional and complementary approaches to cancer. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1994.

Leserman J, Stuart EM, Mamish ME. et al. The efficacy of the relaxation response in preparing for cardiac surgery. Behav Med. 1989;15(3):111–7. [PubMed: 2676027]

Lester D. Transcendental meditation in correctional settings: a review and discussion. Correct Soc Psych J Behav Tech Methods Ther. 1982;28(2):63–4.

Levin JS. How prayer heals: a theoretical model. Altern Ther Health Med. 1996;2(1):66–73. [PubMed: 8795874]

Lewis DE. T'ai chi ch'uan. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2000;(4):204–6. [PubMed: 11858304]

Li F, Fisher KJ, Harmer P. et al. A simpler eight-form easy tai chi for elderly adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2003;11(2):206–18.

Li JX, Hong Y, Chan KM. Tai chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35(3):148–56. [PMC free article: PMC1724328] [PubMed: 11375872]

Lichstein K, English. Clinical relaxation strategies. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons; 1988.

Lilie JK, Rosenberg RP. Behavioral treatment of insomnia. Prog Behav Modif. 1990;25:152–77. [PubMed: 2274460]

Lindsay WR, Richardson I, Michie AM. Short-term generalised effects of relaxation training on adults with moderate and severe mental handicaps. Ment Handicap Res. 1989;2(2):197–206.

Lipinski B. Biological significance of piezoelectricity in relation to acupuncture, hatha-yoga, osteopathic medicine and action of air ions. Med Hypotheses. 1977;3(1):9–12. [PubMed: 577004]

Lo PC, Leu JS. Adaptive baseline correction of meditation EGG. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol. 2001;41(2):142–55.

Loew TH, Tritt K, Siegfried W. et al. Efficacy of ‘functional relaxation’ in comparison to terbutaline and a ‘placebo relaxation’ method in patients with acute asthma: a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental investigation. Psychother Psychosom. 2001;70(3):151–7. [PubMed: 11340417]

Logsdon-Conradsen S. Using mindfulness meditation to promote holistic health in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Cogn Behav Pract. 2002;9(1):67–72.

Lohman R. Yoga techniques applicable within drug and alcohol rehabilitation programmes. Therap Communities: Int J Therap Support Organ. 1999;20(1):61–72.

Loveland MT, Sikkink DMDJ, Radcliff B. Private prayer and civic involvement. J Sci Study Relig. 2005;44(1):1–14.

Lowenstein KG. Meditation and self-regulatory techniques. In: Shannon S, ed. Handbook of complementary and alternative therapies in mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2002. p. 159–80.

Lundh LG. An integrative model for the analysis and treatment of insomnia. Scandinavian J Behav Ther. 2000;29(34):118–26.

Luskin F. Transformative practices for integrating mind-body-spirit. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(1 Suppl):S15–23. [PubMed: 15630819]

Luskin FM, Newell KA, Griffith M. et al. A review of mind-body therapies in the treatment of cardiovascular disease part 1: implications for the elderly. Altern Ther Health Med. 1998;4(3):46–61. [PubMed: 9581321]

Lyttle TSK. The feldenkrais method: application, practice and principles. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 1997;1(5):262–9.

Machacova H. Psychological control of stress: relaxation—activation method. Homeost Health Dis. 1997;38(2):83–4.

MacIntosh A, Ball K. The effects of a short program of detoxification in disease-free individuals. Altern Ther Health Med. 2000;6(4):70–6. [PubMed: 10895516]

Maex E, Zoeteman M, Remie M. et al. Meditation as supportive therapy. Psychooncology. 1999;8(6 Suppl):41.

Magarey C. Healing and meditation in medical-practice. Aust Med Rec J. 1981;1(7):338. [PubMed: 7017360]

Magill DL. Cost savings from teaching the transcendental meditation program in prisons. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):319–31.

Mahal AS, Ramu NG, Chaturvedi DD. et al. Double blind controlled study of brahmyadiyoga and tagara in the management of various types of unmada (schizophrenia). Indian J Psychiatry. 1976;18(4):283–92.

Maier-Lorentz MM. The importance of prayer for mind/body healing. Nurs Forum. 2004;39(3):23–32. [PubMed: 15551796]

Malmgren-Olsson E, Armelius B, Armelius K. A comparative outcome study of body awareness therapy, feldenkrais, and conventional physiotherapy for patients with nonspecific musculoskeletal disorders: changes in psychological symptoms, pain, and self-image. Physiother Theory Pract. 2001;17(2):77–95.

Maltby J. Personality, prayer, and church attendance among US female adults. J Soc Psychol. 1995;135(4):529–31.

Mamtani R, Cimino A. A primer of complementary and alternative medicine and its relevance in the treatment of mental health problems. Psychiatr Q. 2002;73(4):367–81. [PubMed: 12418362]

Mamtani R, Mamtani R. Ayurveda and yoga in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiol Rev. 2005;13(3):155–62. [PubMed: 15834238]

Mancini J, Lavecchia C, Clegg R. Graduate nursing students and stress. J Nurs Educ. 1983;22(8):329–34. [PubMed: 6319633]

Mandle CL, Jacobs SC, Arcari PM. et al. The efficacy of relaxation response interventions with adult patients: a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1996;10(3):4–26. [PubMed: 8820317]

Manley HJ, Bailie GR, Grabe DW. Comparing meditation use in two hemodialysis units against national dialysis databases. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(9):902–6. [PubMed: 10840531]

Mann GV. Dietary intake, the first law of thermodynamics, and the properties of yoga. JAMA. 1986;255(9):1136–7. [PubMed: 3945027]

Mannerkorpi K. Exercise in fibromyalgia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(2):190–4. [PubMed: 15711234]

Manocha R. Why meditation? Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29(12):1135–8. [PubMed: 11140217]

Marcus DA, Scharff L, Turk DC. Nonpharmacological management of headaches during pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 1995;57(6):527–35. [PubMed: 8600478]

Marcus JB. Transcendental meditation: a new method of reducing drug abuse. Drug Forum. 1974;3(2):113–36.

Marcus JB. Transcendental meditation: consciousness expansion as a rehabilitation technique. J Psychedelic Drugs. 1975;7(2):169–79.

Marks I, Dar R. Fear reduction by psychotherapies: recent findings, future directions. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:507–11. [PubMed: 10974952]

Markula P. “Tuning into one's self”: foucault's technologies of the self and mindful fitness. Sociol Sport J. 2004;21(3):302–21.

Marlatt GA, Kristeller JL. Mindfulness and meditation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books; 1999.

Marlatt GA, Witkiewitz K, Dillworth TM, et al. Vipassana meditation as a treatment for alcohol and drug use disorders. In: Hayes SCE, Follette VH, Linehan MM, eds. Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Press; 2004. Chapter 12.

Marler JD. Description of response, relaxation training, and directed imagery as adjuncts to biofeedback training: effects on subsequent hand temperature control [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1978;39(4B):1963.

Martin JE, Carlson CR. Spiritual dimensions of health psychology. In: Miller WR, Martin JE, eds. Behavior therapy and religion: integrating spiritual and behavioral approaches to change. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Press; 1988. p. 57–110.

Matsumoto M, Smith JC. Progressive muscle relaxation, breathing exercises, and ABC relaxation theory. J Clin Psychol. 2001;57(12):1551–7. [PubMed: 11745596]

Mayer M. Qigong and hypertension: a critique of research. J Altern Complement Med. 1999;5(4):371–82. [PubMed: 10471018]

McCaffrey R, Fowler NL. Qigong practice: a pathway to health and healing. Holist Nurs Pract. 2003;17(2):110–6. [PubMed: 12701998]

McCarberg B, Wolf J. Chronic pain management in a health maintenance organization. Clin J Pain. 1999;15(1):50–7. [PubMed: 10206567]

McCarthy M. Yoga in the heartland. Lancet. 1993;342(8867):357–8.

McClernon FJ, Westman EC, Rose JE. The effects of controlled deep breathing on smoking withdrawal symptoms in dependent smokers. Addict Behav. 2004;29(4):765–72. [PubMed: 15135559]

McCormack GL. The therapeutic benefits of the relaxation response. Occup Ther Pract. 1992;4(1):51–60.

McCracken LM, Carson JW, Eccleston C. et al. Acceptance and change in the context of chronic pain. Pain. 2004;109(12):4–7. [PubMed: 15082120]

McCullough ME, Larson DB. Prayer. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books; 1999.

McDowell B. Mind body medicine: from the relaxation response to mindfulness. Altern Complement Ther. 1995;1(2):80–7.

McKenna M. The application of tai chi chuan in rehabilitation and preventive care of the geriatric population. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2001;18(4):23–34.

McPeake JD, Kennedy BP, Gordon SM. Altered states of consciousness therapy a mission component in alcohol and drug rehabilitation treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1991;8(12):75–82. [PubMed: 2051500]

Meares A. A form of intensive meditation associated with the regression of cancer. Am J Clin Hypn. 1983;25(23):114–21. [PubMed: 6764710]

Meares A. Regression of osteogenic sarcoma metastases associated with intensive meditation. Aust Med Rec J. 1978;2(9):433. [PubMed: 366362]

Meares A. Relief of cancer by meditation. Aust Med Rec J. 1975;2(17):689.

Meares A. Stress, meditation and the regression of cancer. Practitioner. 1982;226(1371):1607–9. [PubMed: 6755432]

Medicate and meditate. Pharm J 2003;270(7256):28.

Mees PD. Yoga participation surges: exploring the clinical implications. Phys Sportsmed. 2005;33(5):12–5.

Meier D. Imagine that. Train Dev J. 1984;38(5):26–9.

Melmed RN, Roth D, Weinstock-Rosin M. et al. The influence of emotional state on the mobilization of marginal pool leukocytes after insulin-induced hypoglycemia: a possible role for eicosanoids as major mediators of psychosomatic processes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:467–76. [PubMed: 3300473]

Merrill C, Andersen S. Person centred expressive therapy: an outcome study. In: Brazier D, ed. Beyond Carl Rogers. London: Constable & Robinson; 1993. p. 109–28.

Meuhlman M. Transcendental meditation. N Engl J Med. 1977;297(9):513. [PubMed: 329138]

Mihailescu V, Mihailescu G, Perlman AI. et al. Evolving approaches to management of osteoarthritis. Drug Benefit Trends. 2004;16(Suppl C):29–35.

Mikulas W. Behaviors of the mind, meditation, and health. In: Haruki Y, Kaku KT, eds. Meditation as Health Promotion: A Lifestyle Modification Approach. Proceedings of the 6th Conference; 2000 Jul 20–21; Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 2000. p. 32–49.

Miller D. The effects of relaxation training on the frequency of binge episodes. In: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2000 March 1–4; Savannah, GA [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/search2006/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1. Abstract 1183.

Mitchell JL III. Martin Heidegger's meditative thinking and theravada Buddhist mindfulness: going towards a psychological interface (theravada Buddhism) [dissertation]. San Francisco: California Institute of Integral Studies; 2003.

Mitchell KR, White RG. Self-management of severe predormital insomnia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1977;8(1):57–63.

Mohan J. Stress management and yoga. Int J Psychol. 1996;31(34):1818.

Mohan SM. Svara (nostril dominance) and bilateral volar GSR. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1996;40(1):58–64. Erratum in: Indian J Physiol Pharacol 1996 Oct;40(4):391. [PubMed: 8864772]

Molassiotis A, Maneesakorn S. Quality of life, coping and psychological status of Thai people living with AIDS. Psychol Health Med. 2004;9(3):350–61.

Monro R. Yoga therapy. J Bodywork Movement Ther. 1997;1(4):215–8.

Moriconi CB. A systemic treatment program of mindfulness meditation for fibromyalgia patients and their partners [dissertation]. Philadelphia, PA: La Salle University; 2003.

Morris EL. The relationship of spirituality to coronary heart disease. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(5):96–8. [PubMed: 11565405]

Morse DR. An exploratory study of the use of meditation alone and in combination with hypnosis in clinical dentistry. J Am Soc Psychosom Dent Med. 1977;24(4):113–20. [PubMed: 338563]

Moss D, O'Niell B. Just another technique? Possibilities and paradoxes in working with mindfulness. Clin Psychol. 2003;31:29–33.

Moyer L. The context for Hakomi in the treatment of eating disorders. Hakomi Forum 1986;(4):33–41.

Mueller D. Yoga therapy. ACSMS Health Fitness J. 2002;6(1):18–24.

Mueller KM. The psychological effects of a “meditative therapy” Int J Psychol. 1996;31(34):45438.

Mullen K. Pleasing to behold: healing and the visualized body. Ment Health Religion Cult. 2001;4(2):119–32.

Murakawa H. Phenomenology of the experience of qigong: a preliminary research design for the intentional bodily practices [dissertation]. San Francisco: California Institute for Integral Studies; 2002.

Muramoto S. Buddhism, religion and psychotherapy in the world today. In: Young-Eisendrath P, Muramoto S, eds. Awakening and insight: Zen Buddhism and psychotherapy. New York: Taylor & Francis Group/Brunner-Routledge; 2002. p. 15–29.

Murase T, Johnson F. Naikan, Morita, and Western psychotherapy: a comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;31(1):121–8. [PubMed: 4835992]

Murphy LR. Occupational stress management: a review and appraisal. J Occup Psychol. 1984;57(1):1–15.

Murray JB. What is meditation? Does it help? Genet Psychol Monogr. 1982;106(1):85–115.

Myers MJ. Psychological and other scientific perspectives of the new paradigm providing a rationale for meditation techniques in consciousness development [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1985;46(6A):1553.

Naga-Venkatesha-Murthy PJ, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N. et al. Normalization of P300 amplitude following treatment in dysthymia. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(8):740–3. [PubMed: 9325569]

Narayanan J, Krishnan VR. Impact of sativa and rajas gunas on transformational leadership and karma yoga. Indian J Psychol. 2003;21(2):1–11.

Nash JM. Psychologic and behavioral management of tension-type headache: treatment procedures. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2003;7(6):475–81. [PubMed: 14604507]

Nathan JH. Sitting, laboring, and changing: a critical examination of the indigenous Japanese psychotherapies. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1990;33(3):163–70.

Naveen KV. Yoga and psychosis: risks and therapeutic potential. Indian J Psychol. 2003;21(1):34–7.

Naveen KV, Telles S. Sensory perception during sleep and meditation: common features and differences. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(3 Pt 1):810–1. [PubMed: 12831256]

Nayak NN, Shankar K. Yoga: a therapeutic approach. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2004;15(4):783–98, vi. [PubMed: 15458752]

Nelson MO, Jarratt K. Spiritual and mental health care of persons with AIDS. Individual Psychol: J Adlerian Theory Res Pract. 1987;43(4):479–89.

Nespor K. The combination of psychiatric treatment and yoga. Int J Psychosom. 1985;32(2):24–7. [PubMed: 3894269]

Nespor K. Pain management and yoga. Int J Psychosom. 1991;38(14):76–81. [PubMed: 1723397]

Nespor K. Psychosomatics of back pain and the use of yoga. Int J Psychosom. 1989;36(14):72–8. [PubMed: 2532183]

Nespor K. Yoga in addictive diseases: practical experience. Alcologia. 2001;13(1):21–5.

Neuberg A. Bridging secular and spiritual approaches to neurotic misery and everyday unhappiness: a dialogue between psychoanalysis and Jewish and Zen Buddhist mystical traditions [dissertation]. New York: New York University; 2003.

Newberg AB. The neuropsychology of ritual and meditative states. Psyche En Geloof. 2002;13(4):174–84.

Newberg AB, Iversen J. The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Med Hypotheses. 2003;61(2):282–91. [PubMed: 12888320]

Newman BY. Meditation as therapy. Optometry. 2000;71(9):555. [PubMed: 11016245]

Ng BY. Qigong-induced mental disorders: a review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33(2):197–206. [PubMed: 10336217]

Nicholas PK, Webster A. A behavioral medicine intervention in persons with HIV. Clin Nurs Res. 1996;5(4):391–406. [PubMed: 8970278]

Nicolson DJ, Dickinson HO, Campbell F, et al. Relaxation therapies for the management of essential hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004(3): CD004935. [PubMed: 18254065]

Nidich SI, Nidich RJ, Alexander CN. Moral development and higher states of consciousness. J Adult Dev. 2000;7(4):217–25.

Noe A. Self psychology, buddhism, and mindfulness meditation: an integrated conceptualization and treatment approach for women experiencing post-abortion distress [dissertation]. Chicago (IL): Chicago School of Professional Psychology; 2004.

Nonsurgical treatment is effective for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Fam Pract 2004;53(9):685. [PubMed: 15353153]

Norton GR, Johnson WE. A comparison of two relaxation procedures for reducing cognitive and somatic anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1983;14(3):209–14. [PubMed: 6358264]

Novick PK. A phenomenological inquiry into the experience and sources of meaning-perspective shift among participants in a ten-session holistic health program [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institute University; 1994.

O'Connell DF, Alexander CN. Introduction: recovery from addictions using transcendental meditation and Maharishi ayur-veda. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(12):1–10.

O'Connor D, Marshall S, Massy-Westropp N. Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD003219. [PMC free article: PMC6486195] [PubMed: 12535461]

O'Connor PJ, Pronk NP, Tan A. et al. Characteristics of adults who use prayer as an alternative therapy. Am J Health Promot. 2005;19(5):369–75. [PubMed: 15895540]

O'Hara DP. Is there a role for prayer and spirituality in health care? Med Clin North Am. 2002;86(1):33–46. [PubMed: 11795089]

O'Murchu D. Spirituality, recovery, and transcendental meditation. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(12):169–84.

O'Neill LM, Barnier AJ, McConkey K. Treating anxiety with self-hypnosis and relaxation. Contemp Hypn. 1999;16(2):68–80.

Oman D, Beddoe AE. Health interventions combining meditation with learning from spiritual exemplars: conceptualization and review. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www​.sbm.org/meeting​/2005/SBM_fp05.pdf. Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting. Paper Session #25.

Oman D, Driskill JD. Holy name repetition as a spiritual exercise and therapeutic technique. J Psychol Christianity. 2003;22(1):5–19.

Omura Y. Storing of qi gong energy in various materials and drugs (qi gongnization): its clinical application for treatment of pain, circulatory disturbance, bacterial or viral infections, heavy metal deposits, and related intractable medical problems by selectively enhancing circulation and drug uptake. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1990;15(2):137–57. [PubMed: 1978504]

Opat AJ, Cohen MM, Bailey MJ. et al. A clinical trial of the Buteyko breathing technique in asthma as taught by a video. J Asthma. 2000;37(7):557–64. [PubMed: 11059522]

Orme-Johnson DW. An overview of Charles Alexander's contribution to psychology: developing higher states of consciousness in the individual and the society. J Adult Dev. 2000;7(4):199–215.

Orme-Johnson DW. Preventing crime through the Maharishi Effect. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):257–81.

Orme-Johnson DW. Transcendental meditation as an epidemiological approach to drug and alcohol abuse: theory, research, and financial impact evaluation. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(12):119–68.

Orme-Johnson DW. Transcendental meditation does not predispose to epilepsy. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(1):201–2. [PubMed: 15893150]

Orme-Johnson DW, Herron RE. An innovative approach to reducing medical care utilization and expenditures. Am J Manag Care. 1997;3(1):135–44. [PubMed: 10169245]

Orme-Johnson DW, Zimmerman E, Hawkins MA. Maharishi's vedic psychology: the science of the cosmic psyche. In: Kao HSR, Sinha D, ed. Asian perspectives on psychology. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications; 1997. p. 282–308.

Ormrod J, Budd R. A comparison of 2 treatment interventions aimed at lowering anxiety levels and alcohol-consumption amongst alcohol abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1991;27(3):233–43. [PubMed: 1884666]

Osowiec DA. Yogic breathwork and ultradian hypnosis. In: Leskowitz ED, ed. Transpersonal hypnosis: gateway to body, mind and spirit. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press; 2000. p. 71–84.

Ost LG. Applied relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Scandinavian J Behav Ther. 1988;17(2):111–24. [PubMed: 3277613]

Ost LG. Applied relaxation vs progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 1988;26(1):13–22. [PubMed: 3277613]

Otani A. Eastern meditative techniques and hypnosis: a new synthesis. Am J Clin Hypn. 2003;46(2):97–108. [PubMed: 14609296]

Ott MJ. Mindfulness meditation: a path of transformation and healing. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2004;42(7):22–9. [PubMed: 15295915]

Owoeye IO. Samadhi tank: a floatcell for enhancement of learning and management of stress and some painful conditions. J Nigeria Soc of Physiother. 1994;12(2):46–59.

Oyao DA. Implementation of yoga therapy for peak athletic performance training. J Sports Chiropractic Rehabil. 1996;10(3):123–9.

Paradarami D. Yoga as neuropsychological modifier. Int J Psychol. 2004;39(56 Suppl):377.

Paranjpe AC. Parapsychology and patanjali's yoga. Indian J Psychol. 1985;4(2):13–20.

Parati G, Steptoe A. Stress reduction and blood pressure control in hypertension: a role for transcendental meditation? J Hypertens. 2004;22(11):2057–60. [PubMed: 15480086]

Park M, Park Y, Chang S. et al. Effects of qigong on the concentration of free radicals in blood. J Int Soc Life Inf Sci. 2000;18(2):358–60.

Parshad O. Role of yoga in stress management. West Indian Med J. 2004;53(3):191–4. [PubMed: 15352751]

Patel CH. 12-month follow-up of yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. Lancet. 1975;1(7898):62–4. [PubMed: 46021]

Patel CH. Yoga and biofeedback in the management of hypertension. J Psychosom Res. 1975;19(56):355–60. [PubMed: 1214232]

Patel CH, Carruthers ME. Coronary risk factor reduction through biofeedback-aided relaxation and meditation. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1977;27(180):401–5. [PMC free article: PMC2158147] [PubMed: 330850]

Patel CH, Datey KK. Relaxation and biofeedback techniques in the management of hypertension. Angiology. 1976;27(2):106–13. [PubMed: 802884]

Pathak MP, Mishra LS. Rehabilitation of mentally retarded through yoga therapy. Child Psychiatry Q. 1984;17(4):153–8.

Paul GL, Trimble RW. Recorded vs. “live” relaxation training and hypnotic suggestion: comparative effectiveness for reducing physiological arousal and inhibiting stress response. Behav Ther. 1970;1(3):285–302.

Pearl JH. The effects of TM-Sidhi meditation on nearby, non-meditating subjects. Indian J Psychol. 1986;5(1):24–31.

Pearson CA. The supreme awakening: Maharishi's model of higher states of consciousness applied to the experiences of individuals through history (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi) [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 2002.

Pekala RJ. The phenomenology of meditation. In: West MA, ed. The psychology of meditation. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1990. p. 59–80.

Pekala RJ, Forbes EJ. Subjective effects of several stress management strategies: with reference to attention. Behav Med. 1990;16(1):39–43. [PubMed: 2182141]

Pekala RJ, Levine RL. Quantifying states of consciousness via an empirical-phenomenological approach. Imagination Cogn Pers. 1983;2(1):51–71.

Pekala RJ, Wenger CF, Levine RL. Individual differences in phenomenological experience: states of consciousness as a function of absorption. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48(1):125–32. [PubMed: 3884768]

Perez de Albeniz A, Holmes J. Meditation: concepts, effects and uses in therapy. Int J Psychother. 2000;5(1):49–58.

Perry GH. The effects of breathing exercises and progressive relaxation on anxiety among newly-abstinent alcoholics [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1985;46(5A):1196.

Peterson C, Monti DA. Mindfulness-mased art therapy (Mbat) for persons with cancer. Psychooncology. 2005;14(1 Suppl):S24–5.

Pettinati PM. Meditation, yoga, and guided imagery. Nurs Clin North Am. 2001;36(1):47–56. [PubMed: 11342401]

Piazza-Waggoner CA, Cohen LL, Kohli K. et al. Stress management for dental students performing their first pediatric restorative procedure. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(5):542–8. [PubMed: 12809189]

Piggins D, Morgan D. Note upon steady visual fixation and repeated auditory stimulation in meditation and the laboratory. Percept Mot Skills. 1977;44(2):357–8. [PubMed: 325495]

Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H. et al. Yoga for depression: the research evidence. J Affect Disord. 2005;89(13):13–24. [PubMed: 16185770]

Plummer JP. Acupuncture and homeostasis: physiological, physical (postural) and psychological. Am J Chin Med. 1981;9(1):1–14. [PubMed: 7304495]

Pollard I. Meditation and brain function: a review. Eubios J Asian Int Bioethics. 2004;14:28–34.

Poloma MM, Pendleton BF. The effects of prayer and prayer experiences on measures of general well-being. J Psychol Theol. 1991;19(1):71–83.

Pookayaporn J. Wisdom and compassion in action: theravada Buddhist nuns as facilitators of healing [dissertation]. San Francisco: California Institute for Integral Studies; 2002.

Poppen R, Wu JH. Physiological and psychological effects of tai chi practice. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1996;21(4):380.

Potts SG, Lewin R, Fox KAA. et al. Group psychological treatment for chest pain with normal coronary arteries. Qjm: Monthly J Assoc Physicians. 1999;92(2):81–6. [PubMed: 10209659]

Prestwood K, Petrovic K, Kerins G. Complementary and alternative medicine for older adults with intellectual disabilities. Conn Med. 2004;68(8):505–6. [PubMed: 15468621]

Proulx K. Integrating mindfulness-based stress reduction. Holist Nurs Pract. 2003;17(4):201–8. [PubMed: 12889548]

Purdy M. Spiritual variations: developing a death perspective and its effects on quality of life [dissertation]. Reno: University of Nevada; 2004.

Qian M. Taijiquan, human mental activity and health. In: Haruki Y, Kaku KT, eds. Meditation as Health Promotion: A Lifestyle Modification Approach. Proceedings of the 6th Conference; 2000 Jul 20–21; Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 2000. p. 50–64.

Rachman AW. Clinical meditation in groups. Psychother: Theory Res Pract. 1981;18(2):252–8.

Radford J. What can we learn from Zen? a review and some speculations. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1976;19(2):57–66.

Raghuraj P, Telles S. Effect of yoga-based and forced uninostril breathing on the autonomic nervous system. Percept Mot Skills. 2003;96(1):79–80. [PubMed: 12705513]

Rainforth M, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, et al. Meditation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review of controlled clinical research on the transcendental meditation program. In: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2002 March 13–16; Barcelona, Spain [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/search2006/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1. Abstract 1774.

Rajagopal D, Mackenzie E, Bailey C. et al. The effectiveness of a spiritually-based intervention to alleviate subsyndromal anxiety and minor depression among older adults. J Relig Health. 2002;41(2):153–66.

Rajeswari KR, Satyanarayana M, Narayan PV. et al. Effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field on serum cholinesterase in humans and animals. Indian J Exp Biol. 1985;23(4):194–7. [PubMed: 3908300]

Rajski P. Finding God in the silence: contemplative prayer and therapy. J Relig Health. 2003;42(3):181–90.

Ram FS, Holloway EA, Jones PW. Breathing retraining for asthma. Respir Med. 2003;97(5):501–7. [PubMed: 12735667]

Ramachandran NP, Vijayan NP, Bhagavathy-Amma KC. et al. Action of sahacharadi yoga in khanja and pangu. Ancient Sci Life. 1984;4(1):20–7. [PMC free article: PMC3331487] [PubMed: 22557444]

Ramaratnam S. Yoga for epilepsy: methodological issues. Seizure. 2001;10(1):3–6. [PubMed: 11181092]

Ramaratnam S, Sridharan K. Yoga for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(3):CD001524. [PubMed: 10796803]

Ramberg JBT. The effects of reading the Vedic literature on personal evolution in the light of Maharishi Vedic science and technology [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Marharishi International University; 1999.

Rao A. Supporting Australians with cancer: a critical review of complementary therapies in oncology. Cancer Forum. 2004;28(2):88–91.

Rao KR. Meditation: secular and sacred: a review and assessment of some recent research. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol. 1989;15(2):51–74.

Rasmussen LB. Medical effects of transcendental meditation. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122(2):220. [PubMed: 11873589]

Raub JA. Psychophysiologic effects of hatha yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: a literature review. J Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(6):797–812. [PubMed: 12614533]

Rawson JR, Bhatnagar NS, Schneider HG. Initial relaxation response: personality and treatment factors. Psychol Rep. 1985;57(3 Pt 1):827–30. [PubMed: 3909188]

Ray TK. Hatha yoga: an exercise in biofeedback for youthful health. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2002;27(4):316.

Reed H. Improved dream recall associated with meditation. J Clin Psychol. 1978;34(1):150–6.

Regner VA. Reexamining Christian conversion experiences: considering kundalini awakenings and spiritual emergencies [dissertation]. Claremont, CA: Claremont School of Theology; 1998.

Reinecke MA, Davison MR. Comparative treatments of depression: entering the Zen garden. In: Reinecke MA, Davison MR, eds. Comparative treatments of depression. New York: Springer Publishing; 2002. p. 453–63.

Reinemann D. ROM dance: a treatment for symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with mental retardation [dissertation]. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University; 1999.

Reza MF, Urakami Y, Mano Y. Evaluation of a new physical exercise taken from salat (prayer) as a short-duration and frequent physical activity in the rehabilitation of geriatric and disabled patients. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22(34):177–80. [PubMed: 17159390]

Rickard HC, Thrasher KA, Elkins PD. Responses of persons who are mentally retarded to four components of relaxation instruction. Ment Retard. 1984;22(5):248–52. [PubMed: 6392819]

Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(2):20–1. [PubMed: 15055088]

Ritz T. Relaxation therapy in adult asthma: is there new evidence for its effectiveness? Behav Modif. 2001;25(4):640–66. [PubMed: 11530720]

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Martin RA. et al. Motivational enhancement and coping skills training for cocaine abusers: effects on substance use outcomes. Addiction. 2004;99(7):862–74. [PubMed: 15200582]

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Martin RA. et al. Brief coping skills treatment for cocaine abuse: 12-month substance use outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(3):515–20. [PubMed: 10883569]

Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Rubonis AV. et al. Cue exposure with coping skills training and communication skills training for alcohol dependence: 6- and 12-month outcomes. Addiction. 2001;96(8):1161–74. [PubMed: 11487422]

Roney-Dougal SM. On a possible psychophysiology of the yogic chakra system. Indian J Psychol. 1999;17(2):18–40.

Roscoe SS. Mind-body conversations: hypnosis, meditation, and poetry [dissertation]. Fort Lauderdale-Davie, FL: Nova Southeastern University; 1997.

Rosen AS, Nordquist TA. Ego developmental level and values in yogic community. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980;39(16):1152–60.

Rosengren KS, Christou EA, Yang Y. et al. Quantification of taiji learning in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(8):1186–7. [PubMed: 12890093]

Rossi EL. From mind to molecule: a state-dependent memory, learning, and behavior theory of mind body healing. Advances. 1987;4(2):46–60.

Roth B. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in the inner city. Advances. 1997;13(4):50–8.

Roth B, Creaser T. Mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction: experience with a bilingual inner-city program. Nurse Pract 1997 Mar;22(3):150–2,154,157. Erratum in: Nurse Pract 1997 May;22(5):215. [PubMed: 9078521]

Roy D. Stress management: some Indian concepts. Abhigyan. 2000;18(1):1–7.

Rubottom RL. The differences and similarities of Zen, autogenic training, hypnosis and acupuncture. J Am Inst of Hypn 14(5):226–7.

Rutledge JC, Hyson DA, Garduno D. et al. Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1999;19(4):226–34. [PubMed: 10453429]

Ryan PL. A personal account: Eastern meditation group. In: Langone MD, ed. Recovery from cults. New York: WW Norton; 1993. p.129–39.

Rybarczyk B, DeMarco G, DeLaCruz M. et al. Comparing mind-body wellness interventions for older adults with chronic illness: classroom versus home instruction. Behav Med. 1999;24(4):181–90. [PubMed: 10023496]

Rybarczyk B, DeMarco G, DeLaCruz M. et al. A classroom mind/body wellness intervention for older adults with chronic illness: comparing immediate and 1-year benefits. Behav Med. 2001;27(1):15–27. [PubMed: 11575169]

Sager DE, Sager WG. SANCTUS Marriage enrichment. Fam J: Counc Ther Couples Fam. 2005;13(2):212–8.

Sakin-Wolf S. Adler: east, west, and beyond. J Individ Psychol. 2003;59(1):72–83.

Salmon PG, Santorelli SF, Kabat-Zinn J. Intervention elements promoting adherence to mindfulness-based stress reduction programs in the clinical behavioral medicine setting. Shumaker SAE, Schron EBE, Ockene JKE, et al., eds. The handbook of health behavior change. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Co.; 1998. p. 239–68.

Salmon PG, Sephton SE, Weissbecker I. et al. Mindfulness meditation in clinical practice. Cogn Behav Pract. 2004;11(4):434–46.

Samano ES, Goldenstein PT, Ribeiro LdeM. et al. Praying correlates with higher quality of life: results from a survey on complementary/alternative medicine use among a group of Brazilian cancer patients. Sao Paulo Med J. 2004;122(2):60–3. [PubMed: 15257361]

Sancier KM. Electrodermal measurements for monitoring the effects of a qigong workshop. J Altern Complement Med. 2003;9(2):235–41. [PubMed: 12804076]

Sancier KM. Medical applications of qigong. Altern Ther Health Med. 1996;2(1):40–6. [PubMed: 8795871]

Sancier KM. Therapeutic benefits of qigong exercises in combination with drugs. J Altern Complement Med. 1999;5(4):383–9. [PubMed: 10471019]

Sandlund ES, Norlander T. The effects of tai chi chuan relaxation and exercise on stress responses and well-being: an overview of research. Int J Stress Manage. 2000;7(2):139–49.

Saraswati A. Yoga, a holistic approach to mental-health. J Dharma. 1995;20(3):287–96.

Save-Mundra J. The contextual, theoretical, and procedural basis of mantra meditation and guidelines for its integration in standard psychotherapy practice [dissertation]. West Hartford, CT: University of Hartford; 2002.

Sheng WJ. Chinese qigong and qigong psychology In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 77–94.

Scherer-Dickson N. Current developments of metacognitive concepts and their clinical implications: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Couns Psychol Q. 2004;17(2):223–34.

Scheufele PM. The effects of progressive relaxation and music on attention, relaxation, and stress responses: an investigation of the cognitive-behavioral model of relaxation [dissertation]. Bethesda, MD: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; 1999.

Schmidt TFH, Wijga AH, Robra BP. et al. Yoga training and vegetarian nutrition reduce cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Europeans. [erratum] Homeost Health Dis. 1995;36(23):66.

Schmidt-Wilk J, Alexander CN, Swanson GC. Developing consciousness in organizations: the transcendental meditation program in business. J Bus Psychol. 1996;10(4):429–44.

Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Salerno JW. et al. Disease prevention and health promotion in the aging with a traditional system of natural medicine: Maharishi vedic medicine. J Aging Health. 2002;14(1):57–78. [PMC free article: PMC2211377] [PubMed: 11892761]

Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F. et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons > or = 55 years of age with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(9):1060–4. [PMC free article: PMC1482831] [PubMed: 15842971]

Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Wallace RK. In search of an optimal behavioral treatment for hypertension: a review and focus on transcendental meditation. In: Johnson EH, Gentry WD, Julius S, eds. Personality, elevated blood pressure, and essential hypertension. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1992. p. 291–316.

Schneider RH, Cavanaugh KL, Kasture HS. et al. Health promotion with a traditional system of natural health care: Maharishi ayur-veda. J Soc Behav Pers. 1990;5(3):1–27.

Schneider RH, Rainforth M, Nidich SI. et al. Meditation in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review of controlled clinical research on the transcendental meditation program. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(1):155.

Schulte HJ, Abhyanker VV. Yogic breathing and psychologic states. Ariz Med. 1979;36(9):681–3. [PubMed: 496679]

Schuster DH. Preliminary evaluation of PAMFA: psychological assist to medical first aid. J Clin Psychol. 1975;31(1):97–100. [PubMed: 1112910]

Scott DW, Donahue DC, Mastrovito RC. et al. The antiemetic effect of clinical relaxation: report of an exploratory pilot study. J Psychosoc Oncol. 1983;1(1):71–84.

Secheny S. Regression of cancer of the rectum after intensive meditation. Aust Med Rec J. 1980;1(3):136–7. [PubMed: 6990211]

Seeman TE, Dubin LF, Seeman M. Religiosity/spirituality and health: a critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. Am Psychol. 2003;58(1):53–63. [PubMed: 12674818]

Seer P. Psychological control of essential hypertension: review of the literature and methodological critique. Psychol Bull. 1979;86(5):1015–43. [PubMed: 386400]

Segal ZV, Teasdale JD, Williams JMr. The mindfulness-based cognitive therapy adherence scale: inter-rater reliability, adherence to protocol and treatment distinctiveness. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2002;9(2):131–8.

Segal ZV, Teasdale JD, Williams JMG. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: theoretical rationale and empirical status. In: Hayes SC, Follette V, Linehan MM, eds. Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. New York: Guilford Publications; 2004.

Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.

Selvamurthy W. Application of yoga and ayurveda in stress management: scientific perspectives. Int J Psychol. 2000;35(34):186.

Sequeira W. Yoga in treatment of carpal-tunnel syndrome. Lancet. 1999;353(9154):689–90. [PubMed: 10073507]

Servit Z, Kristof M, Strejekova A. Activating effect of nasal and oral hyperventilation on epileptic electrographic phenomena: reflex mechanisms of nasal origin. Epilepsia. 1981;22(3):321–9. [PubMed: 6972302]

Shan G, Daniels D, Gu R. Artificial neural networks and center-of-pressure modeling: a practical method for sensorimotor-degradation assessment. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12(1):75–89. [PubMed: 15211022]

Shan H. Culture-bound psychiatric disorders associated with qigong practice in China. Hong Kong J Psychiatry. 2000;10(4):12–4.

Shang C. Emerging paradigms in mind-body medicine. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7(1):83–91. [PubMed: 11246939]

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Complementary healthcare practices stress management for gastrointestinal disorders: the use of Kundalini yoga meditation techniques. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2002;25(3):126–9. [PubMed: 12055381]

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. An introduction to Kundalini yoga meditation techniques that are specific for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(1):91–101. [PubMed: 15025884]

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Kundalini yoga meditation techniques for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive and OC spectrum disorders. Brief Treatment Crisis Intervent. 2003;3(3):369–82.

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Patient perspectives: kundalini yoga meditation techniques for psycho-oncology and as potential therapies for cancer. Integr Cancer Ther. 2005;4(1):87–100. [PubMed: 15695478]

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Unilateral forced nostril breathing: basic science, clinical trials, and selected advanced techniques. Subtle Energies Energy Med J. 2001;12(2):79–106.

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Bhajan Y. The healing power of sound: techniques from yogic medicine. In: Spintge R, Droh R, eds. Fourth International MUSICMEDICINE symposium 1989; Rancho Mirage, CA. St. Louis: MMB Music; 1992. p. 179–93.

Shannon JH. The aesthetics of spiritual practice and the creation of moral and musical subjectivities in Aleppo, Syria. Ethnology. 2004;43(4):381–91.

Shannon S, ed. Handbook of complementary and alternative therapies in mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2002.

Shapiro DA. Implications of psychotherapy research for the study of meditation. In: West MA, ed. The psychology of meditation. New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press; 1987. p.173–188.

Shapiro DH. Examining the content and context of meditation: a challenge for psychology in the areas of stress management, psychotherapy, and religion values. J Hum Psychol. 1994;34(4):101–35.

Shapiro DH. Instructions for a training package combining formal and informal Zen meditation with behavioral self-control strategies. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1978;21(2):70–6.

Shapiro DH. Meditation as an altered state of consciousness: contributions of Western behavioral science. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1983;15(1):61–81.

Shapiro DH. Meditation: clinical and health-related applications. West J Med. 1981;134(2):141–2. [PMC free article: PMC1272535] [PubMed: 18748783]

Shapiro DH. Overview: clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(3):267–74. [PubMed: 7036760]

Shapiro DH, Zifferblatt SM. Zen meditation and behavior self-control: similarities, differences, and clinical applications. Am Psychol. 1976;31(7):519–32. [PubMed: 786089]

Shapiro DH Jr, Giber D. Meditation and psychotherapeutic effects self-regulation strategy and altered state of consciousness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35(3):294–302. [PubMed: 365121]

Shapiro SL, Walsh R. An analysis of recent meditation research and suggestions for future directions. Hum Psychol. 2003;31(23):86–114.

Shapiro SL, Walsh R, Britton WB. An analysis of recent meditation research and suggestions for future directions. J Medit Medit Res. 2003;3:69–90.

Sharma AR. Psychotherapy with Hindus. In: Richards S, Bergin AE, eds. Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2000. Chapter 14.

Sharma HM, Dillbeck MC, Dillbeck SL. Implementation of the transcendental meditation program and Maharishi ayur-veda to prevent alcohol and drug abuse among juveniles at risk. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(34):429–57.

Sharma I, Singh P. Treatment of neurotic illnesses by yogic techniques. Indian J Med Sci. 1989;43(3):76–9. [PubMed: 2670762]

Shastri MS. Pranayama in Patanjala yoga sutras. In: Murali TS, ed. Sixth World congress on Holistic Life and Medicine; 1996 Jan; Calicut, India. Kottakkal, India: Arya Vaidya Sala; 1998. p. 129–36.

Shealy CN, Cady RK, Cox RH. Pain, stress and depression: psychoneurophysiology and therapy. Stress Med. 1995;11(2):75–7.

Sheppard JL. Relaxation and meditation as techniques for stress reduction. In: Sheppard JL, ed. Advances in Behavioural Medicine. Sydney, Australia: Cumberland College of Health Sciences; 1989. p. 137–58.

Sierpina VS, Carter R. Alternative and integrative treatment of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Fam Pract. 2002;4(4):853–72.

Siganga WW, Dastani HB. An overview of four nonpharmacologic complementary and alternative medicine modalities. J Pharm Technol. 2002;18(4):171–7.

Sigdell JE. An alternative to the artificial kidney and an ancient procedure of kriya yoga. Ancient Sci Life. 1984;4(1):6–8. [PMC free article: PMC3331481] [PubMed: 22557442]

Singh R. Role of yogic exercises/meditation in aircrew stress management. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999;70(9):939. [PubMed: 10503762]

Singh RG, Bajpai HS, Udupa KN. et al. Effect of yogic practices on patients of cardiac neurosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1978;10(1 Suppl):106.

Singh RH. Evaluation of some Indian traditional methods of promotion of mental health. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1986;28(1):67–9.

Singh V. Effect of respiratory exercises on asthma the pink city lung exerciser. J Asthma. 1987;24(6):355–9. [PubMed: 3443597]

Singh V, Wisniewski A, Britton J. et al. Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma. Lancet. 1990;335(8702):1381–3. [PubMed: 1971670]

Siripoon M. Effect of the relaxation response in patients with essential hypertension [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;47(2B):575.

Slavit MR. The effects of assessing and utilizing preferred sensory modality: an experiment with relaxation training [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;44(9B):2907.

Smith A. Clinical uses of mindfulness training for older people. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2004;32(4):423–30.

Smith JC. Meditation as psychotherapy: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull. 1975;82(4):558–64. [PubMed: 1099602]

Smith JC. Meditation, biofeedback, and the relaxation controversy: a cognitive-behavioral perspective. Am Psychol. 1986;41(9):1007–9.

Smith JC, McDuffie SR, Ritchie T, et al. Ethnic and racial differences in relaxation states for recalled relaxation activities. In: Smith JC, ed. Advances in ABC relaxation Training. New York: Springer; 2001. p. 115–6.

Smith JG. The luminas (TM) mind-body-spirit program: a clinical model of spiritual care for cancer patients [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institute University; 2004.

Smith PJ. An empirically derived patient-centred behavioural procedure for reducing clinical anxiety. J Integrative Eclectic Psychother. 1983;2(2):44–59.

Snaith P. Meditation and psychotherapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;179:193–5. [PubMed: 9926091]

Snaith P, Owens D, Kennedy E. An outcome study of a brief anxiety management programme: anxiety control training. Ir J Psychol Med. 1992;9(2):111–4.

Snyder M. Relaxation. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 1988;6:111–28. [PubMed: 3291908]

Sobel DS. Mind matters, money matters: the cost-effectiveness of mind/body medicine. JAMA. 2000;284(13):1705. [PubMed: 11015806]

Solloway SG. Teachers as contemplative practitioners: presence, meditation, and mindfulness as a classroom practice [dissertation]. Edmond: Oklahoma State University; 1999.

Solomon EG, Bumpus AK. The running meditation response: an adjunct to psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;32(4):583–92. [PubMed: 365003]

Sommer SJ, Hassed CS. Meditation-based stress management for doctors and students. Aust Med Rec J. 1995;163(2):112. [PubMed: 7616895]

Sothers K, Anchor KN. Prevention and treatment of essential hypertension with meditation-relaxation methods. Med Psychother: Int J. 1989;2:137–56.

Spencer J, Shanor K. Mind-body medicine. In: Shanor KN, ed. The emerging mind. Los Angeles: Reinassance Books; 1999. Chapter 5.

Srinivasan TM. Pranayama and brain correlates. Ancient Sci Life. 1991;11(12):1–6. [PMC free article: PMC3336588] [PubMed: 22556548]

Srinivasan S. Vipassana meditation as taught in the meditation centres initiated by S.N. Goenka. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 49–56.

Stainbrook GL, Hoffman JW, Benson H. Behavioral therapies of hypertension: psychotherapy, biofeedback, and relaxation/meditation. Int Rev Appl Psychol. 1983;32(2):119–35.

Stearns V. Management of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors and men with prostate cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2004;6(4):285–90. [PubMed: 15161582]

Steptoe A. The processes underlying long-term blood pressure reductions in essential hypertensives following behavioural therapy. In: Elbert T, Langosch W, Steptoe A, et al., eds. Behavioral medicine in cardiovascular disorders. New York: Wiley; 1988. p. 139–48.

Stevens LC. Programs and metaprograms for the control of diabetic symptomatology: a comparative treatment study [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;44(11B):3567.

Stevinson C. Preliminary results suggest that yoga can alleviate depression. Focus Altern Complement Ther. 2001;6(1):27–8.

Stewart RA. Self-realization as the basis of psychotherapy: a look at two Eastern-based practices, transcendental meditation and alpha brain wave biofeedback. Soc Behav Pers. 1974;2(2):191–200.

Stolley JM, Buckwalter KC, Koenig HG. Prayer and religious coping for caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 1999;14(3):181–91.

Storer JH, Frate DA, Banahan BF. et al. Adapting relaxation techniques to rural populations: implications for high blood pressure therapy. J Rural Health. 1989;5(1):13–8.

Stoyva JM. Stress management: what can we learn from the meditative disciplines? In: Kenny DT, Carlson J, McGuigan FJ, et al., eds. Stress and health: research and clinical applications. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic; 2000. p. 179–94.

Strawbridge WJ, Shema SJ, Cohen RD. et al. Religiosity buffers effects of some stressors on depression but exacerbates others. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998;53(3):118–26. [PubMed: 9602836]

Stuart EM. The efficacy of eliciting the relaxation response in preparing for cardiac surgery [abstract]. Circ Suppl 1988;78(4):II614.

Subramanian P. Meditation for prevention of disease. Indian J Med Sci. 1998;52(3):114–8. [PubMed: 9770874]

Suler JR. The tai chi images: a Taoist model of psychotherapeutic change. Psychologia. 1991;34(1):18–27.

Sullivan MJ, Johnson DE, Wood L, et al. A comprehensive mindfulness based psychoeducational intervention for patients with chronic heart failure. Institute for Healing in Society and Medicine, Chapel Hill (NC); 2004. [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.healinginmedicine.org/download/Procedure%20Paper.pdf.

Susman MP. Regression of metastases associated with intensive meditation. Aust Med Rec J. 1979;1(2):59.

Sutorius D. The transforming force of laughter, with the focus on the laughing meditation. Patient Educ Couns. 1995;26(13):367–71. [PubMed: 7494752]

Svatmarama YS. Hatha yoga pradipika. Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya; 2000.

Swinyard CA, Chaube S, Sutton DB. Neurological and behavioral aspects of transcendental meditation relevant to alcoholism: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;233:162–73. [PubMed: 4596657]

Syrjala KL, Donaldson GW, Davis MW. et al. Relaxation and imagery and cognitive-behavioral training reduce pain during cancer treatment: a controlled clinical trial. Pain. 1995;63(2):189–98. [PubMed: 8628584]

Taams MK, Kwee MGT. Transcultural clinical meditation: a new direction in clinical psychology. Int J Psychol. 2004;39(56 Suppl):112.

Tacon AM. Meditation as a complementary therapy in cancer. Fam Community Health. 2003;26(1):64–73. [PubMed: 12802129]

Taggart HM. Self-reported benefits of t'ai chi practice by older women. J Holist Nurs. 2001;19(3):223–32. quiz 233–7. [PubMed: 11847869]

Takeichi M, Sato T. Studies on the psychosomatic functioning of ill-health according to eastern and western medicine 7 psychoimmuno-endocrinological changes induced by kampo medication and relaxation training. Am J Chin Heath. 2001;29(34):411–22. [PubMed: 11789584]

Tang KC. Qigong therapy: its effectiveness and regulation. Am J Chin Med. 1994;22(34):235–42. [PubMed: 7872235]

Targ R, Katra J. The scentific and spiritual implications of psychic abilities. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3):143–9. [PubMed: 11347280]

Taylor DN. Effects of a behavioral stress-management program on anxiety, mood, self-esteem, and T-cell count in HIV positive men. Psychol Rep. 1995;76(2):451–7. [PubMed: 7667456]

Taylor MJ. Yoga therapeutics: an ancient, dynamic systems theory. Techniques Orthop. 2003;18(1):115–25.

Taylor MJ, Majundmar M. Incorporating yoga therapeutics into orthopaedic physical therapy. Orthop Phys Ther Clin N Am. 2000;9(3):341–59.

Taylor-Piliae RE. Tai chi as an adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2003;23(2):90–6. [PubMed: 12668929]

Taylor-Piliae RE, Froelicher ES. Effectiveness of tai chi exercise in improving aerobic capacity: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2004;19(1):48–57. [PubMed: 14994782]

Taylor-Piliae RE, Froelicher ES. Measurement properties of tai chi exercise self-efficacy among ethnic Chinese with coronary heart disease risk factors: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2004;3(4):287–94. [PubMed: 15572017]

Taylor SK. Tai chi for chronic pain and arthritis. Techniques Orthop. 2003;18(1):110–4.

Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. In: Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD, eds. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach for preventing relapse. New York: Guildford Publications; 2001. Part II.

Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JG. Mindfulness training and problem formulation. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):157–60.

Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JMG. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(1):25–39. [PubMed: 7872934]

Telles S, Naveen KV. Yoga for rehabilitation: an overview. Indian J Med Sci. 1997;51(4):123–7. [PubMed: 9355699]

Thomson RF. Zazen and psychotherapeutic presence. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;54(4):531–48. [PubMed: 11109137]

Thoresen CE, Oman D, Harris AH. The effects of religious practices: a focus on health. In: Miller WR, Delaney HD. Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2005. p. 205–26.

Timio M, Verdecchia P, Ronconi M. et al. Blood pressure changes over 20 years in nuns in a secluded order. J Hypertens Suppl. 1985;3(3):S387–8. [PubMed: 2856746]

Titlebaum H. Relaxation. In: Zahourek RP, ed. Relaxation and imagery: tools for therapeutic communication and intervention. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988. p. 28–52.

Todd C. Meditation, mystical and therapeutic. Bull Br Psychol Soc. 1981;34:101–2.

Toivanen H, Lansimies E, Jokela V. et al. Sympathovagal interaction in stress and relaxation heart rate variability in home elps. J Psychophysiol. 1994;8(1):11–21.

Torbert WR, Cook-Greuter SR. Cultivating postformal adult development: higher stages and contrasting interventions. In: Miller M, ed. Transcendence and mature thought in adulthood. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; 1994. p. 186–201.

Torneke N. Book review: mindfulness and acceptance; expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. Cogn Behav Ther. 2005;34(2):124–5.

Toseland RW, Kabat D, Kemp K. Evaluation of a smoking-cessation group treatment program. Soc Work Res Abstr. 1983;19(1):12–9.

Totton CA. Meditation and altered states: a phenomenological and clinical synthesis [dissertation]. Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University; 1999.

Travis FT, Arenander A. EEG asymmetry and mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(1):147. [PubMed: 14747649]

Treesak C, Ye X, Sakthong P. et al. Performance of the Sf-12 and rand-12 physical and mental health summary scores in people practicing meditation. Value Health. 2003;6(3):361.

Trunnell EP. Mindfulness and people with stomas. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 1996;23(1):38–45. [PubMed: 8704849]

Tsang HWH. Qigong and suicide prevention. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:266–7. [PubMed: 12611793]

Tsang HWH, Cheung L, Lak DCC. Qigong as a psychosocial intervention for depressed elderly with chronic physical illnesses. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(12):1146–54. [PubMed: 12461764]

Tseng RK. Qigong: an approach to health and longevity [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institution University; 1998.

Tyni-Lenne R, Stryjan S, Eriksson B. et al. Beneficial therapeutic effects of physical training and relaxation therapy in women with coronary syndrome X. Physiother Res Int. 2002;7(1):35–43. [PubMed: 11992983]

Udani JK, Ofman JJ. Tai chi for the prevention of falls in the elderly. Integr Med. 1998;1(4):167–9.

Udupa KN, Singh RH. The scientific basis of yoga. JAMA. 1972;220(10):1365. [PubMed: 5067335]

Urbanowski FB, Miller JJ. Trauma, psychotherapy, and meditation. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1996;28(1):31–48.

Usandivaras RJ. Therapeutic use of regression in group analysis. Group Analysis. 1989;22(2):171–5.

Van der Lans JM. Frame of reference as a prerequisite for the induction of religious experience through meditation: an experimental study. In: Brown LB, ed. Advances in the Psychology of Religion. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1985. p. 127–34.

Van der Lans JM. The value of Sunden's role-theory demonstrated and tested with respect to religious experiences in meditation. J Sci Study Relig. 1987;26(3):401–12.

Van Deusen J, Harlowe D. The efficacy of the ROM dance program for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Occup Ther. 1987;41(2):90–5. [PubMed: 3551621]

Van Dixhoorn J. Cardiorespiratory effects of breathing and relaxation instruction in myocardial infarction patients. Biol Psychol. 1998;49(12):123–35. [PubMed: 9792489]

Van Dixhoorn J, Duivenvoorden HJ, Staal HA. et al. Physical training and relaxation therapy in cardiac rehabilitation assessed through a composite criterion for training outcome. Am Heart J. 1989;118(3):545–52. [PubMed: 2672755]

Varela FJ, Depraz N. Wisdom traditions and the ways of reduction. In: Varela FJ, Depraz N, Vermersch P, eds. On becoming aware: a pragmatics of experiencing. Philadelphia (VA): John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2003. p. 205–31.

Vasilos JG. Skin temperature control: a comparison of direct instruction, autogenic suggestion, relaxation, and biofeedback training [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1977;38(3B):1427–8.

Vasilos JG, Hughes HH. Skin temperature control: a comparison of direct instruction, autogenic suggestion, relaxation, and biofeedback training in male prisoners. Correct Soc Psych J Behav Tech Methods Ther. 1979;25(4):119–22.

Velikonja D, Weiss D, Corning WC. The relationship of cortical activation to alternating autonomic activity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;87(1):38–45. [PubMed: 7687952]

Verhagen AP, Immink M, van der Meulen A. et al. The efficacy of tai chi chuan in older adults: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2004;21(1):107–13. [PubMed: 14760055]

Verma SK, Rao AS. Recent trends in clinical psychological intervention (methods based on other than behaviour therapy). NIMHANS Journal. 1996;14(4):307–14.

Verman M, Shapiro DH. Jewish meditation: context and content historical background, types, purpose. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 95–120.

Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complementary medicine: hypnosis and relaxation therapies. BMJ. 1999;319:1346–9. [PMC free article: PMC1117083] [PubMed: 10567143]

Vinck J, Arickx M, Hongenaert M. Predicting interindividual differences in blood-pressure response to relaxation training in normotensives. J Behav Med. 1987;10(4):395–410. [PubMed: 3312614]

Vitale MS. Use of relaxation training with mentally retarded adults [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;44(8B):2572.

Vrolijk A. Transcendental meditation and dianetics. Gedrag: Tijdschrift Voor Psychologie. 1978;6(34):181–206.

Wadden TA, de la Torre CS. Relaxation therapy as an adjunct treatment for essential hypertension. J Fam Pract. 1980;11(6):901–8. [PubMed: 7005389]

Waelde LC. Dissociation and meditation. J Trauma Dissociation. 2004;5(2):147–62.

Walia IJ, Mehra P, Grover P. et al. Health status of nurses and yoga II: subjects with and without-health problems. Nurs J India. 1989;80(10):256–8. [PubMed: 2631037]

Walker LG. Immunological effects of relaxation training and guided imagery in women with locally advanced breast cancer. Psychooncology. 1996;5(3 Suppl):16.

Wallace JM. Stress, relaxation and meditation. Br Dent J. 1982;153(1):29–30.

Wallace RK, Orme Johnson DW, Mills PJ. et al. Academic achievement and the paired Hoffman reflex in students practicing meditation. Int J Neurosci. 1984;24(34):261–6. [PubMed: 6392128]

Walsh R. Meditation practice and research. J Hum Psychol. 1983;23(1):18–50.

Walsh R. The original goals of meditation. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(11):1525–6. [PubMed: 6753614]

Walsh R. Shamanic experiences: a developmental analysis. J Hum Psychol. 2001;41(3):31–52.

Walsh RN. Asian contemplative disciplines: common practices, clinical applications, and research findings. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1999;31(2):83–107.

Walsh RN. Meditation research: an introduction and review. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1979;11(2):161–74.

Walsh RN. A model for viewing meditation research. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1982;14(1):69–84.

Walton KG, Levitsky DK. Effects of the transcendental meditation program on neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with aggression and crime. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):67–87.

Walton KG, Levitsky DK. A neuroendocrine mechanism for the reduction of drug use and addictions by transcendental meditation. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(12):89–117.

Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich SI. Review of controlled research on the transcendental meditation program and cardiovascular disease: risk factors, morbidity, mortality. Cardiol Rev. 2004;12(5):262–6. [PMC free article: PMC2211376] [PubMed: 15316306]

Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich SI. et al. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease part 2: effectiveness of the transcendental meditation program in treatment and prevention. Behav Med. 2003;28(3):106–23. [PMC free article: PMC2789000] [PubMed: 16463759]

Walton KG, Schneider RH, Salerno JW. et al. Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease part 3: clinical and policy implications of research on the transcendental meditation program. Behav Med. 2005;30(4):173–83. [PMC free article: PMC9419524] [PubMed: 15981895]

Wang C, Collet JP, Lau J. The effect of tai chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(5):493–501. [PubMed: 15006825]

Wang C, Yuan XY, Xu DD. et al. Brief introduction to the keep-fit qigong exercise. J Tradit Chin Med. 1986;6(4):239–42. [PubMed: 3600016]

Wang X. Combination of acupuncture, qigong and herbs in the treatment of parkinsonism. Int J Clin Acupunct. 1993;4(1):1–7.

Watson CG, Tuorila JR, Vickers KS. et al. The efficacies of three relaxation regimens in the treatment of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans. J Clin Psychol. 1997;53(8):917–23. [PubMed: 9403395]

Watts FN. Psychological research questions about yoga. Ment Health Religion Cult. 2000;3(1):71–83.

Wayne PM, Krebs DE, Wolf SL. et al. Can tai chi improve vestibulopathic postural control? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(1):142–52. [PubMed: 14970982]

Weber S. The effects of relaxation exercises on anxiety levels in psychiatric inpatients. J Holist Nurs. 1996;14(3):196–205. [PubMed: 8900613]

Weller KR. Dynamical analysis of human EEG: a comparative study of different states of wakefulness [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1993.

Wenneberg SR, Schneider RH, Walton KG. et al. Anger expression correlates with platelet aggregation. Behav Med. 1997;22(4):174–7. [PubMed: 9138626]

West MA. Meditation. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;135:457–67. [PubMed: 395988]

West MA. Meditation and the EEG. Psychol Med. 1980;10(2):369–75. [PubMed: 6992184]

West MA. Meditation: psychology and human experience. In: Claxton G, ed. Beyond therapy: the impact of Eastern religions and psychological theory and practice. London: Wisdom Publications; 1986. p. 245–67.

West MA. The psychosomatics of meditation. J Psychosom Res. 1980;24(5):265–73. [PubMed: 7009847]

West MA ed. The psychology of meditation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.

Whitcher-Chenkin SB. Effects of imagery versus relaxation on white blood cell activity [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;46(12B Pt 1):4418.

Wilbur ME. Zen at work: the use of meditation in nursing practice. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2003;26(4):168–9. [PubMed: 12920433]

Wilcox JD. Kundalini: a study of spiritual awakening and movement toward the self [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1985;46(1B):292.

Williams JMG. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(1 Suppl):76S.

Williams JMG, Swales M. The use of mindfulness-based approaches for suicidal patients. Arch Suicide Res. 2004;8(4):315–29. [PubMed: 16081399]

Willis RJ. Meditation to fit the person: psychology and the meditative way. J Relig Health. 1979;18(2):93–119. [PubMed: 24318524]

Wilson SR, Spencer RC. Intense personal experiences: subjective effects, interpretations, and after-effects. J Clin Psychol. 1990;46(5):565–73. [PubMed: 2246361]

Witte D, Dundes L. Harnessing life energy or wishful thinking? Reiki, placebo reiki, meditation, and music. Altern Complement Ther. 2001;7(5):304–9.

Wittrock DA, Blanchard EB, McCoy GC. et al. The relationship of expectancies to outcome in stress management treatment of essential hypertension: results from the joint USSR-USA behavioral hypertension project. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1995;20(1):51–68. [PubMed: 7786927]

Wolf SL, Coogler CE, Xu T. Exploring the basis for tai chi chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(8):886–92. [PubMed: 9344312]

Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C. et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and tai chi maintenance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(5):498–506. [PubMed: 8617896]

Wong SS, Nahin RL. National center for complementary and alternative medicine perspectives for complementary and alternative medicine research in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiol Rev. 2003;11(2):94–8. [PubMed: 12620133]

Woolfolk RL. Psychophysiological correlates of meditation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975;32(10):1326–33. [PubMed: 1180661]

Wu G. Evaluation of the effectiveness of tai chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population: a review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(4):746–54. [PubMed: 11982679]

Yalden J, Chung L. Tai chi: towards an exercise program for the older person. Aust J Holist Nurs. 2001;8(1):4–13. [PubMed: 11898293]

Yamasaki T. Ajikan meditation of Shingon Buddhism. In: Haruki Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki M, eds. Comparative and psychological study on meditation. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference; 1993 Aug 30–Sept 2; Makuhari, Japan. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Publishers; 1996. p. 67–76.

Yan JH, Downing JH. Tai chi: an alternative exercise form for seniors. J Aging Phys Act. 1998;6(4):350–62.

Yang KH, Kim YH, Lee MS. Efficacy of qi-therapy (external qigong) for elderly people with chronic pain. Int J Neurosci. 2005;115(7):949–63. [PubMed: 16051542]

Yardi N. Yoga for control of epilepsy. Seizure. 2001;10(1):7–12. [PubMed: 11181093]

Young JDE, Taylor E. Meditation as a voluntary hypometabolic state of biological estivation. News Physiol Sci. 1998;13:149–53. [PubMed: 11390779]

Zabel D, Haynes A. Meditation and health: an annotated bibliography. Reference User Serv Q. 2004;44(1):18–25.

Zabora JR, Loscalzo M, Brintzenhofezoc K, et al. Part X: Interventions. In: Holland JC, ed. Psycho-oncology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 653–836.

Zachariae R, Hansen JB, Andersen M. et al. Changes in cellular immune function after immune specific guided imagery and relaxation in high and low hypnotizable healthy subjects. Psychother Psychosom. 1994;61(12):74–92. [PubMed: 8121979]

Zachariae R, Jorgensen MM, Christensen S. et al. Effects of relaxation on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP). Allergy. 1997;52(7):760–4. [PubMed: 9265993]

Zachariae R, Oster H, Bjerring P. et al. Effects of psychologic intervention on psoriasis: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(6):1008–15. [PubMed: 8647966]

Zarrilli PB. Three bodies of practice in a traditional South Indian martial art. Soc Sci Med. 1989;28(12):1289–309. [PubMed: 2660283]

Zastrow C. Using relaxation techniques with individuals and with groups. J Independent Soc Work. 1987;2(1):83–95.

Zika B. Meditation and altered states of consciousness: a psychodynamic interpretation. J Psychol Christianity. 1984;3(3):65–72.

Zwick D, Rochelle A, Choksi A. et al. Evaluation and treatment of balance in the elderly: a review of the efficacy of the berg balance test and tai chi quan. NeuroRehabilitation. 2000;15(1):49–56. [PubMed: 11455081]

Abbey SE. Mindfulness-based stress reduction groups. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(2):115.

Abrams AI. A follow-up study of the effects of the transcendental meditation program on inmates at Folsom prison. 1990;3:2108–12.

Adashko R, Alyson D. The experience of yoga during the transition to motherhood [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institute and University; 2003.

Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Changes in cortical activity in altered states of consciousness: the study of meditation by high-resolution EEG. Hum Physiol. 2003;29(2):143–51. [PubMed: 12751217]

Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett. 2001;310(1):57–60. [PubMed: 11524157]

Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Non-linear dynamic complexity of the human EEG during meditation. Neurosci Lett. 2002;330(2):143–6. [PubMed: 12231432]

Agran JL. The effects of relaxation-meditation procedures on federal supervisors: a case study [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1989;49(9B):4062.

Akers TK, Tucker DM, Roth RS. et al. Personality correlates of EEG change during meditation. Psychol Rep. 1977;40(2):439–42. [PubMed: 323900]

Allison J. Respiratory changes during transcendental meditation. Lancet. 1970;1(7651):833. [PubMed: 4191449]

Altner N. Mindfulness practice and smoking cessation: the Essen hospital smoking cessation study (EASY). J Medit Medit Res. 2002;2:9–18.

Anderson DJ. Transcendental meditation as an alternative to heroin abuse in servicemen. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134(11):1308–9. [PubMed: 333955]

Aron A, Orme-Johnson DW, Brubaker P. The transcendental meditation program in the college curriculum: a 4-year longitudinal study on effects on cognitive and affective functioning. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1977–82.

Aron EN, Aron A. The patterns of reduction of drug and alcohol use among transcendental meditation participants. Bull Soc Psychol Addict Behav. 1983;2(1):28–33.

Assimakis PD. Change in the quality of life in Canada: intervention studies of the effect of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1989.

Assimakis PD, Dillbeck MC. Time series analysis of improved quality of life in Canada: social change, collective consciousness, and the TM-Sidhi program. Psychol Rep. 1995;76(3 Pt 2):1171–93. [PubMed: 7480483]

Bache CM. On the emergence of perinatal symptoms in Buddhist meditation. J Sci Study Relig. 1981;20(4):339–50.

Backon J, Kullok S. Effect of forced unilateral nostril breathing on blink rates: relevance to hemispheric lateralization of dopamine. Int J Neurosci. 1989;46:53–9. [PubMed: 2767903]

Baerentsen KB, Hartvig NV, Stokilde-Jorgensen H, Mammen J. Onset of meditation explored with fMRI. Neuroimage. 2001;13(6):S297.

Baglio S, Bucolo M, Fortuna L, et al. MEG signals spatial power distribution and gamma band activity in yoga breathing exercises. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2002 Oct; Houston, TX: IEEE; 2002. p. 175–6.

Banquet JP, Sailhan M, Carette F, et al. EEG analysis of spontaneous and induced states of consciousness. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 165–72.

Bastille JV, Gill-Body KM. The effects of a yoga-based exercise program on individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis: platform & poster presentations for CSM 2003. Neurol Rep. 2002;26(4):203.

Baum C, Gessert A. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) classes as a tool to decrease the anxiety of cancer patients. Psychooncology. 2004;13(1 Suppl):S13.

Bedard M, Felteau M, Gibbons C. et al. A mindfulness-based intervention to improve quality of life among individuals who sustained traumatic brain injuries: one-year follow-up. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2005;23(1):8–13.

Benson H. Decreased alcohol intake associated with the practice of meditation: a retrospective investigation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;233:174–7. [PubMed: 4523799]

Benson H, Malvea BP, Graham JR. Physiologic correlates of meditation and their clinical effects in headache: ongoing investigation. Headache. 1973;13(1):23–4. [PubMed: 4696143]

Benson H, Steinert RF, Greenwood MM. et al. Continuous measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 elimination during a wakeful hypometabolic state. J Hum Stress. 1975;1(1):37–44. [PubMed: 798011]

Benson H, Wilcher M, Greenberg B. et al. Academic performance among middle-school students after exposure to a relaxation response curriculum. J Res Dev Educ. 2000;33(3):156–65.

Bentler SE, Hartz AJ, Kuhn EM. Prospective observational study of treatments for unexplained chronic fatigue. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(5):625–32. [PubMed: 15889950]

Beresford M, Clements G. Real time EEG coherence analysis of the transcendental meditation and the TM-Sidhi programme. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1738–42.

Bevan AJW. Endocrine changes in transcendental meditation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1980;7(1):75–6.

Blasdell KS. Acute immunoreactivity modified by psychosocial factors: type A/B behavior, transcendental meditation and lymphocyte transformation [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1989.

Bleick CR. Case histories: using the transcendental meditation program with alcoholics and addicts. Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11(34):243–69.

Bonadies V. A yoga therapy program for AIDS-related pain and anxiety: implications for therapeutic recreation. Ther Recreation J. 2004;38(2):148–66.

Bormann JE, Becker S, Gershwin M. et al. Mantra repetition for managing stress in veterans. Commun Nurs Res. 2004;37:340.

Britton WB, Shapiro SL, Penn PE. et al. Treating insomnia with mindfulness-based stress reduction. Sleep. 2003;26:A309–10.

Brown D, Forte M, Dysart M. Visual sensitivity and mindfulness meditation. Percept Mot Skills. 1984;58(3):775–84. [PubMed: 6382145]

Brown DD, Mucci WG, Hetzler RK. et al. Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses during formalized tai chi chuan exercise. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1989;60(3):246–50. [PubMed: 2489850]

Capurro A, Diambra L, Malta CP. Model for the respiratory modulation of the heart beat-to-beat time interval series. Phys Stat Mech Appl. 2005;355(24):439–60.

Carlson LE, Garland S, Speca M. Improvements in sleep quality in cancer outpatients participating in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Psychooncology. 2004;13(8 Suppl):S137–8.

Carter R, Meyer JE. The use of the transcendental meditation (TM) technique with severely disturbed psychiatric inpatients. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 2112–5.

Cernovsky Z. Es scale level and correlates of MMPI elevation: alcohol abuse vs MMPI scores in treated alcoholics. J Clin Psychol. 1984;40(6):1502–9. [PubMed: 6511972]

Chan SP, Luk TC, Hong Y. Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the push movement in tai chi. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(4):339–44. [PMC free article: PMC1724683] [PubMed: 12893721]

Chao YF, Chen SY, Lan C. et al. The cardiorespiratory response and energy expenditure of tai-chi-qui-gong. Am J Chin Med. 2002;30(4):451–61. [PubMed: 12568273]

Chaudhary AK, Bhatnagar HN, Bhatnagar LK. et al. Comparative study of the effect of drugs and relaxation exercise (yoga shavasan) in hypertension. J Assoc Physicians India. 1988;36(12):721–3. [PubMed: 3069839]

Chen KM, Chen WT, Wang JJ. et al. Frail elders' views of tai chi. J Nurs Res. 2005;13(1):11–20. [PubMed: 15977131]

Chen ME. A comparative study of dimensions of healthy functioning between families practicing the TM program for five years or for less than a year [dissertation]. Tallahassee: Florida State University; 1988. [PubMed: 3312395]

Cheng-Kuo T, Ho FM, Lin CW. Physiological changes associated with neiyang qigong. J Health Sci. 2003;49:278–84.

Chihara T. Zen meditation and time-experience. Psychologia. 1989;32(4):211–20.

Christensen RE. Developing and evaluating a meditation and self-help group based on perceptual control theory [dissertation]. Alameda: California School of Professional Psychology; 1999.

Cohen-Katz J, Wiley SD, Capuano T. et al. The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on nurse stress and burnout: a qualitative and quantitative study, part III. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005;19(2):78–86. [PubMed: 15871591]

Compton WC. Self-report of attainment in experienced Zen meditators: a cautionary note on objective measurement. Psychologia: Int J Psychol Orient. 1991;34(1):15–7.

Cox RJ. Relating different types of christian prayer to religious and psychological measures of well-being [dissertation]. Boston: Boston University; 2000.

Crumpler CA. Sufi practices, emotional state and DNA repair: implications for breast cancer [dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California; 1999.

Cummings RL. The phenomenology of meditation experiences: a developmental perspective [dissertation]. Athens: University of Georgia; 1994.

Davis J. Ego development of Buddhist meditators: a qualitative study [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;48(5B):1527–8.

Dhanaraj VH. The influence of transcendental meditation on cessation of drug use: some preliminary findings. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1159–60.

Dillbeck MC. Test of a field theory of consciousness and social change: time series analysis of participation in the TM-Sidhi program and reduction of violent death in the US. Soc Indic Res. 1990;22(4):399–418.

Dillbeck MC, Assimakis PD, Raimondi D. et al. Longitudinal effects on the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style. Percept Mot Skills. 1986;62(3):731–8.

Dillbeck MC, Banus CB, Polanzi C. et al. Test of a field model of consciousness and social change: the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program and decreased urban crime. J Mind Behav. 1988;9(4):457–85.

Dillbeck MC, Cavanaugh KL, Glenn T. et al. Consciousness as a field: the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program and changes in social indicators. J Mind Behav. 1987;8(1):67–103.

Dillbeck MC, Orme Johnson DW, Wallace RK. Frontal EEG coherence, H-reflex recovery, concept learning, and the TM-Sidhi program. Int J Neurosci. 1981;15(3):151–7. [PubMed: 7031000]

Dimsdale JE, Mills PJ. An unanticipated effect of meditation on cardiovascular pharmacology and physiology. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(8):908–9. [PubMed: 12372589]

Edwards LR. Psychological change and spiritual growth through the practice of siddha yoga [dissertation]. Philadelphia (PA): Temple University; 1986.

Fehr T, Nerstheimer U, Törber S. Study of personality changes resulting from the transcendental meditation program: freiburger personality inventory. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 420–4.

Fergusson LC, Bonshek AJ, Boudigues M. Transcendental meditation and five factors relevant to higher education in Cambodia. Coll Stud J. 1994;28(1):103–7.

Fischer S, Huss D, Baer RA. et al. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for binge eating disorder: an uncontrolled pilot study. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35(4):478.

Fontana JA, Colella C, Baas LS. et al. T'ai chi chih as an intervention for heart failure. Nurs Clin North Am. 2000;35(4):1031–46. [PubMed: 11072287]

Fontana JA, Colella C, Wilson BR, et al. The energy costs of a modified form of t'ai chi exercise. Nurs Res 2000;49(2):91–6 Erratum in: Nurs Res 2000;49(3):145. [PubMed: 10768585]

France R. An investigation into the effects of transcendental meditation upon hearing threshold. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2342–6.

Frew DR. Transcendental meditation and productivity. Acad Manage J. 1974;17(2):362–8.

Gardner FL, Moore ZE. A mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: theoretical considerations. Behav Ther. 2004;35(4):707–23.

Ghista DN, Nandagopal D, Mukherji A. et al. Physiological characterization of meditative state during intuitional practice (ananda-marga system of meditation) and its therapeutic value. Med Biol Eng. 1976;14(2):209–14. [PubMed: 781406]

Gifford MD, Thompson NL. “Deep states” of meditation: phenomenological reports of experience. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1994;26(2):117–38.

Gillispie Z, Sherman A, Koran J. et al. Anxiety as a predictor of improvement following a yoga/meditation Intervention with dementia family caregivers. Gerontologist. 2003;43(1):325.

Greene PB. A path analytic approach to the relationship between meditation, stress, and health. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. Paper Session #25.

Greene PB. Stress reactivity, health, and meditation: a path analytic approach [dissertation]. Boston: Boston University; 2004.

Hagelin JS, Rainforth MV, Orme-Johnson DW. et al. Effects of group practice of the transcendental meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington, DC: results of the National Demonstration Project, June–July 1993. Soc Indic Res. 1999;47(2):153–201.

Hardesty MJ. The effect of transcendental meditation on reaction time. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 904–7.

Harding SD. The effects of transcendental meditation on an auditory temporal discrimination task. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1949–53.

Harrison LJ, Manocha R, Rubia K. Sahaja yoga meditation as a family treatment programme for children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;9(4):479–97.

Hatchard GD, Deans AJ, Cavanaugh KL. et al. The Maharishi effect: a model for social improvement time series analysis of a phase transition to reduced crime in Merseyside metropolitan area. Psychol Crime Law. 1996;2(3):165–74.

Hayward CD. Physiologic effects of Benson's relaxation response during submaximal aerobic exercise in coronary artery disease patients [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;47(9A):3354.

Hebert JR. Periodic suspension of respiration during the transcendental meditation technique. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 134–6.

Herron RE. The impact of transcendental meditation practice on medical expenditures [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1993.

Herron RE, Hillis SL, Mandarino JV. et al. The impact of the transcendental meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec. Am J Health Promot. 1996;10(3):208–16. [PubMed: 10163301]

Hershfield NB, Kubryn W, Sutherland LR. Meditation training as adjunct therapy in the management of crohns-disease: a pilot-study. Can J Gastroenterol. 1993;7(8):613–5.

Heyes AD. Blindness and yoga. New Outlook Blind. 1974;68(9):385–93.

Huang GZ. Physiological effects during relaxation qigong exercise. Psychosom Med. 1991;53(2):228.

Ikemi A, Tomita S, Kuroda M. et al. Self-regulation method: psychological, physiological and clinical considerations: an overview. Psychother Psychosom. 1986;46(4):184–95. [PubMed: 3306753]

Jain SC, Rai L, Valecha A. et al. Effect of yoga training on exercise tolerance in adolescents with childhood asthma. J Asthma. 1991;28(6):437–42. [PubMed: 1744029]

Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Vedamurthachar A. Enhancing wellbeing through yoga: a potential strategy for positive mental health. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34(Suppl):A33.

Jedrczak A. The TM-Sidhi programme and age-related psychological variables. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1954–9.

Jedrczak A, Beresford M, Clements G. The TM-Sidhi program, pure consciousness, creativity and intelligence. J Creat Behav. 1985;19(4):270–5.

Jedrczak A, Clements G. The TM-Sidhi programme and field independence. Percept Mot Skills. 1984;59(3):999–1000. [PubMed: 6395087]

Jedrczak A, Toomey M, Clements G. The TM-Sidhi programme, age, and brief tests of perceptual-motor speed and nonverbal intelligence. J Clin Psychol. 1986;42(1):161–4. [PubMed: 3512605]

Jevning RA, Wilson AF, O'Halloran JP. Muscle and skin blood flow and metabolism during states of decreased activation. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1633–9.

Jevning RA, Wilson AF, Pirkle HC. Behavioral control of red blood cell metabolism. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1605–9.

Jevning RA, Wilson AF, Pirkle HC. et al. Metabolic control in a state of decreased activation: modulation of red cell metabolism. Am J Physiol. 1983;245(5 Pt 1):C457–61. [PubMed: 6416079]

Jevning RA, Wilson AF, Smith WR. Plasma amino acids during the transcendental meditation technique: comparison to sleep. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 145–7.

Jin P. Changes in heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol and mood during tai chi. J Psychosom Res. 1989;33(2):197–206. [PubMed: 2724196]

Kaldor P, Francis LJ, Fisher JW. Personality and spirituality: Christian prayer and Eastern meditation are not the same. Pastoral Psychol. 2002;50(3):165–72.

Kasamatsu A, Hirai T. An electroencephalographic study on the Zen meditation (Zazen). J Am Inst of Hypn. 1973;14(3):107–14. [PubMed: 6013341]

Kaye VG. An innovative treatment modality for elderly residents of a nursing home. Clin Gerontol. 1985;3(4):45–51.

Keefer L, Blanchard EB. A one year follow-up of relaxation response meditation as a treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(5):541–6. [PubMed: 12038646]

Kenny M, Bernier R, DeMartini C. Chant and be happy: the effects of chanting on respiratory function and general well-being in individuals diagnosed with depression. Int J Yoga Ther. 2005;15:61–4.

Kirschner S. Zen meditators: a clinical study [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1976;36(7B):3613–4.

Kjaer TW, Bertelsen C, Piccini P. et al. Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002;13(2):255–9. [PubMed: 11958969]

Klein R, Pilon D, Prosser S. et al. Nasal airflow asymmetries and human performance. Biol Psychol. 1986;23(2):127–37. [PubMed: 3790650]

Koar WH. Correlates of meditation, depression, anxiety and t cell counts in HIV positive patients [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1996;56(9B):5174.

Kohr RL. Dimensionality in meditative experience: a replication. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1977;9(2):193–203.

Kornfield JM. The psychology of mindfulness meditation [dissertation]. San Francisco: Saybrook Graduate School; 1977.

Kristal AR, Littman AJ, Benitez D. et al. Yoga practice is associated with attenuated weight gain in healthy, middle-aged men and women. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11(4):28–33. [PubMed: 16053119]

Kustner U. Effectiveness of a meditative method of therapy based on Buddhist psychology and practices: a pilot study. J Medit Medit Res. 2002;2:31–47.

Lan C, Chen SY, Lai JS. et al. Heart rate responses and oxygen consumption during tai chi chuan practice. Am J Chin Med. 2001;29(34):403–10. [PubMed: 11789583]

Lang R, Dehof K, Meurer KA. et al. Sympathetic activity and transcendental meditation. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1979;44(12):117–35. [PubMed: 374684]

Lawrance WS. Psychotherapeutic factors of naturally occurring long-term meditation [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;54(6A):2056.

Lazar SW, Bush G, Gollub RL. et al. Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. NeuroReport. 2000;11(7):1581–5. [PubMed: 10841380]

Lee GW. The subjective well-being of beginning vs. advanced hatha yoga practitioners [dissertation]. Honolulu: University of Hawaii; 2004.

Lee MS, Bae BH, Ryu H. et al. Changes in alpha wave and state anxiety during chundosunbup qi-training in trainees with open eyes. Am J Chin Med. 1997;25(34):289–99. [PubMed: 9358902]

Lee MS, Kim BG, Huh HJ. et al. Effect of qi-training on blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate. Clin Physiol. 2000;20(3):173–6. [PubMed: 10792409]

Lee MS, Kim MK, Ryu H. Qi-training (qigong) enhanced immune functions: what is the underlying mechanism? Int J Neurosci. 2005;115(8):1099–104. [PubMed: 16040353]

Lee MS, Ryu H. Qi-training enhances neutrophil function by increasing growth hormone levels in elderly men. Int J Neurosci. 2004;114(10):1313–22. [PubMed: 15370188]

Leffler DR. A vedic approach to military defense: reducing collective stress through the field effects of consciousness [dissertation]. Cincinnati, OH: Union Institute and University; 1997.

Lehmann D, Faber PL, Achermann P. et al. Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-enduced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self. Psychiatry Res. 2001;108(2):111–21. [PubMed: 11738545]

Lehrer PM, Sasaki Y, Saito Y. Zazen and cardiac variability. Psychosom Med. 1999;61(6):812–21. [PubMed: 10593633]

Lepicovska V, Dostalek C, Kovarova M. Hatha yogic exercise jalandhara bandha in its effect on cardiovascular response to apnoea. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1990;32(2):99–114. [PubMed: 2399805]

Leserman J, Stuart EM, Mamish ME. et al. Nonpharmacologic intervention for hypertension: long-term follow-up. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1989;9(8):316–24.

Li Q, Matsuura Y, Tsubouchi S. et al. Changes of oxygen metabolism in the cerebrum during shaolin internal qigong. Journal of ISLIS. 2002;20(1):155–65.

Li Q, Matsuura Y, Tsubouchi S, Li Q. et al. A study on physiological changes in shaolin internal qigong. Journal of ISLIS. 2001;19(1):302–12.

Liu GL, Ciu R, Li G. Neural mechanisms of qigong state: an experimental study by the method of auditory evoked responses. J Tradit Chin Med. 1987;7(2):123–6. [PubMed: 3448391]

Liu Y, Mimura K, Wang L. et al. Physiological benefits of 24-style taijiquan exercise in middle-aged women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2003;22(5):219–25. [PubMed: 14519910]

Loliger SA. Relationship between subjective bliss, 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid and the collective practice of Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program [dissertation]. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi International University; 1990.

Lou HC, Kjaer TW, Friberg L. et al. A super(15)O-H sub(2)O PET study of meditation and the resting state of normal consciousness. Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;7(2):98–105. [PMC free article: PMC6873339] [PubMed: 9950067]

Luk TC. Exploring the biomechanical characteristics of tai chi exercise and the postural balance of practitioners [dissertation]. People's Republic of China: Chinese University of Hong Kong; 2003.

Luzzatto P, Payne D. Creative arts and meditation retreat reduces psychological distress in cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2004;13(1 Suppl):S11.

MacCallum MJ. The transcendental meditation program and creativity. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 410–4.

MacPhillamy DJ. Some personality effects of long-term Zen monasticism and religious understanding. J Sci Study Relig. 1986;25(3):304–19.

Manjunath NK, Telles S. Effects of sirsasana (headstand) practice on autonomic and respiratory variables. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47(1):34–42. [PubMed: 12708122]

Maquet J. Meditation in contemporary Sri Lanka: idea and practice. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1975;7(2):182–96.

Maras ML, Rinke WJ, Stephens CR. et al. Effect of meditation on insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ. 1984;10(1):22–5. [PubMed: 6370638]

Margid S. Meditation, creativity, and the composing process of student writers [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;46(9A):2603.

McDowell AR. Faithwalk (TM): a psychospiritual approach to transformation [dissertation]. Cincinnati: Union Institute University; 2000.

Mcnaughton RD. The use of meditation and intuition in decision-making: reports from executive meditators [dissertation]. Santa Barbara, CA: Fielding Graduate Institute; 2003.

Miller JJ, Fletcher KE, Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1995;17(3):192–200. [PubMed: 7649463]

Mills N, Allen J, Carey-Morgan S. Does tai chi/qi gong help patients with multiple sclerosis? J Bodywork Movement Ther. 2000;4(1):39–48.

Mills PJ, Wallace RK. The effect of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the paired Hoffman reflex. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1752–5.

Minvaleev RS, Nozdrachev AD, Kiryanova VV. et al. Postural influences on the hormone level in healthy subjects. Communication I. The cobra posture and steroid hormones. Hum Physiol. 2004;30(4):452–6. [PubMed: 15495530]

Mishra SP, Singh RH. Effect of certain yogic asanas on the pelvic congestion and it's anatomy. Ancient Sci Life. 1984;4(2):127–8. [PMC free article: PMC3331493] [PubMed: 22557465]

Miszczak J, Achimowicz J. Hyprid analysis of spontaneous brain activity in different states of conscious experience. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2267–77.

Moane FM. The effect of yoga, in comparison to aerobic exercise, on anxiety and mood in a workplace setting [dissertation]. Chicago: Chicago School of Professional Psychology; 2003.

Morse DR. Use of meditative state for hypnotic induction in the practice of endodontics. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;41(5):664–72. [PubMed: 775373]

Morse DR, Martin JS, Furst ML. et al. A physiological and subjective evaluation of neutral and emotionally-charged words for meditation part I. J Am Soc Psychosom Dent Med. 1979;26(1):31–8. [PubMed: 387680]

Motajova J, Vicenik K. Effect of hatha yoga on heart activity in exercising women. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1980;22(2):125–6.

Motajova J, Vicenik K. Some relations between respiratory and heart-rate observed during yoga course. Int J Psychophysiol. 1989;7(24):320–1.

Murphy MB. Theta bursts and rhythmical theta trains in the transcendental meditation technique and TM-Sidhi program: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of EEG theta activity [dissertation]. Melbourne, FL: Florida Institute of Technology; 1984.

Mustafa S, Cooper L, Langrick N. et al. The effect of a tai chi exercise program on quality of life in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a pilot study. Perit Dial Int. 2005;25(3):291–4. [PubMed: 15981780]

Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. An integrated approach of yoga therapy for bronchial asthma: a 3–54-month prospective study. J Asthma. 1986;23(3):123–37. [PubMed: 3745111]

Nidich RJ, Nidich SI, Schneider RH. The transcendental meditation program and quality of life in breast cancer patients: a feasibility study. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(2):153.

Nidich SI, Abrams AI, Jones C, et al. Neurophysiological entry characteristics: correlation between EEG coherence and math achievement with subjects practicing the TM program. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1720–3.

Nidich SI, Nidich RJ, Abrams AI, et al. Frontal lobe functioning: EEG coherence as a predictor of highly pro-social behavior with subjects practicing the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2277–82.

Noyes L, Wong R. Demonstrating the benefits of physical therapy and tai chi for people with dementia. Gerontologist. 2004;44:95.

Orme-Johnson DW, Alexander CN, Davies JL. et al. International peace project in the Middle East: the effects of the Maharishi technology of the unified field. J Conflict Resolut. 1988;32(4):776–812.

Orme-Johnson DW, Clements G, Haynes CT, et al. Higher states of consciousness: EEG coherence, creativity, and experiences of the Sidhis. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 705–12.

Orme-Johnson DW, Dillbeck MC, Alexander CN. Preventing terrorism and international conflict: effects of large assemblies of participants in the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):283–302.

Orme-Johnson DW, Dillbeck MC, Wallace RK. et al. Intersubject EEG coherence: is consciousness a field? Int J Neurosci. 1982;16(34):203–9. [PubMed: 6763008]

Orme-Johnson DW, Gelderloos P. Topographic EEG brain mapping during yogic flying. Int J Neurosci. 1988;38(34):427–34. [PubMed: 3372156]

Orme-Johnson DW, Haynes CT. EEG phase coherence, pure consciousness, creativity, and TM-Sidhi experiences. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1687–94.

Orme Johnson DW, Wallace RK, Dillbeck MC. Longitudinal effects of the TM-Sidhi program on EEG phase coherence. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1678–86.

Orme-Johnson DW, Wallace RK, Dillbeck MC, et al. Improved functional organization in the brain through the Maharishi technology of the unified field as indicated by changes in EEG coherence and its cognitive correlates: a proposed model of higher states of consciousness. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2245–66.

Ornish D, Gotto AM, Miller RR. et al. Effects of a vegetarian diet and selected yoga techniques in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Clin Res. 1979;27(4):A720.

Osis K, Bokert E. ESP and changed states of consciousness induced by meditation. J Am Soc for Psychical Res. 1971;65(1):17–65.

Paty J, Vincent JD, Faure JMA. CNV studies during meditation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1977;43(4):341.

Peng CK, Henry IC, Mietus JE. et al. Heart rate dynamics during three forms of meditation. Int J Cardiol. 2004;95(1):19–27. [PubMed: 15159033]

Penner WJ, Zingle HW, Dyke R. et al. Does an in-depth transcendental meditation course effect change in the personalities of the participants? West Psychol. 1973;4(4):104–11.

Peper E, Kawakami M, Sata M. et al. Physiological correlates of very slow yogic breathing. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2002;27(4):317–8.

Persinger MA. Enhanced incidence of “the sensed presence” in people who have learned to meditate: support for the right hemispheric intrusion hypothesis. Percept Mot Skills. 1992;75(3 Pt 2):1308–10. [PubMed: 1484802]

Persinger MA. Transcendental meditation-super(TM) and general meditation are associated with enhanced complex partial epileptic-like signs: evidence for “cognitive” kindling? Percept Mot Skills. 1993;76(1):80–2. [PubMed: 8451153]

Piron H. Meditation depth, mental health, and personal development. J Medit Medit Res. 2003;3:45–58.

Plasse BR. A stress reduction and self-care group for homeless and addicted women: meditation, relaxation and cognitive methods. Soc Work Groups. 2001;24(34):117–33.

Pradhan N, Dutt ND. An analysis of dimensional complexity of brain electrical activity during meditation. In: Proceedings of the First Regional Conference of the Biomedical Engineering Society of India; 1995 Feb 15–18; New Delhi, India. New Delhi, India: IEEE; 1995. p. 92–3.

Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR. et al. Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;42(4):467–72. [PubMed: 10874345]

Raghuraj P, Telles S. Right uninostril yoga breathing influences ipsilateral components of middle latency auditory evoked potentials. Neurol Sci. 2004;25(5):274–80. [PubMed: 15624085]

Rai L, Ram K. Energy expenditure and ventilatory responses during virasana, a yogic standing posture. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993;37(1):45–50. [PubMed: 8449544]

Rai L, Ram K, Kant U. et al. Energy expenditure and ventilatory responses during siddhasana, a yogic seated posture. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;38(1):29–33. [PubMed: 8132240]

Rai PS. Ayurveda and yoga treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatism. 1987;22(2):38–41.

Ramakrishna RK, Dukhan H, Krishna-Rao PV. Yogic meditation and psi scoring in forced-choice and free-response tests. Indian J Psychol. 1978;1(2):160–75.

Rao KR, Dukhan H, Rao PVK. Yogic meditation and psi scoring in forced-choice and free-response tests. In: Rao KR, ed. Basic research in parapsychology. 2nd ed. Jefferson (NC): McFarland & Co.; 2001.

Rao KR, Puri I. Subsensory perception (SSP), extrasensory perception (ESP) and transcendental meditation (TM). Indian J Psychol. 1978;1(1):69–74.

Ritskes R, Ritskes H, Merel S. et al. MRI Scanning during Zen meditation: the picture of enlightenment? Constructivism Hum Sci. 2003;8(1):85–90.

Rivers SM, Spanos NP. Personal variables predicting voluntary participation in and attrition from a meditation program. Psychol Rep. 1981;49(3):795–801.

Rodrigues MR, Carvalho C, Resende MBD. et al. Yoga breathing exercises improve the respiratory function in duchenne dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2004;14(89):583.

Roldan E, Los J, Dostalek C. et al. Frequency characteristics, distribution and dominance of the EEG during rest and a yogic breathing exercise, Kapalabhati. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1983;25(3):197.

Ryu H, Lee HS, Shin YS. et al. Acute effect of qigong training on stress hormonal levels in man. Am J Chin Med. 1996;24(2):193–8. [PubMed: 8874677]

Sabel BA. Transcendental meditation and concentration ability. Percept Mot Skills. 1980;50(3 Pt 1):799–802.

Sachdeva U. The effect of yogic lifestyle on hypertension. Homeost Health Dis. 1994;35(45):264.

Sageman S. Breaking through the despair: spiritually oriented group therapy as a means of healing women with severe mental illness. J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry. 2004;32(1):125–41. [PubMed: 15132194]

Salman D. Attentional control and the deconstruction of the schemas underlying the perception of pain (New York City, somatic monitoring, cognitive flexibility) [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1999;60(6B):2976.

Sancier KM. The effect of qigong on therapeutic balancing measured by electroacupuncture according to Voll (EAV): a preliminary study. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1994;19(23):119–27. [PubMed: 7863836]

Sandahl FP. The effect of the practice of TM on the degree of neuroticism as measured by the defense mechanism test. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 2028–33.

Schenkluhn H, Nat R, Geisler M. A longitudinal study of the influence of the transcendental meditation program on drug abuse. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 544–55.

Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Boyle MR, Buebel ME. The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on cognition. Int J Neurosci. 1991;57(34):239–49. [PubMed: 1938166]

Shapiro DH. A preliminary study of long-term meditators: goals, effects, religious orientation, cognitions. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1992;24(1):23–39.

Shapiro DH, Zifferblatt SM. Applied clinical combination of Zen meditation and behavioral self-management techniques: reducing methadone dosage in drug-addiction. Behav Ther. 1976;7(5):694–5.

Shapiro DH Jr. Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. Int J Psychosom. 1992;39(14):62–7. [PubMed: 1428622]

Sharma HM, Stephens RE, Singh NP. et al. Physiological-response to transcendental meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi program. Fed Proc. 1986;45(3):173.

Singh LN, Endo M, Yamaguchi K. et al. Imaging analysis of the brain state after performing hatha yoga: a PET study. J Cereb Blood Metab. 2001;21(Suppl 1):S35.

Singh R. Meditative intonation increases melatonin and positive psychophysiological effects: implications for cancer, longevity and consciousness studies. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 1998;23(2):129.

Singh R, Oberhummer I. Behavior-therapy within a setting of karma yoga. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1980;11(2):135–41.

Sinha B, Ray US, Pathak A. et al. Energy cost and cardiorespiratory changes during the practice of surya namaskar. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;48(2):184–90. [PubMed: 15521557]

Smith JC, Amutio A, Anderson JP. et al. Relaxation: mapping an uncharted world. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1996;21(1):63–90. [PubMed: 8833317]

Soskis DA, Orne EC, Orne MT. et al. Self-hypnosis and meditation for stress - a 6-month follow-up. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1986;34(3):272. [PubMed: 2676870]

Spence NE. Following the “self” home: psycho-spiritual journeys of western women on Asian meditative paths [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1994;55(5B):1995.

Spira JL, Kotay A. The influence of Zen meditation and stress on very low, low, and high frequency heart rate variability. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004;29(4):305.

Stancak A Jr,, Kuna M. EEG changes during forced alternate nostril breathing. Int J Psychophysiol. 1994;18(1):75–9. [PubMed: 7876041]

Stancak A Jr,, Kuna M, Novak P. et al. Observations on respiratory and cardiovascular rhythmicities during yogic high-frequency respiration. Physiol Res. 1991;40(3):345–55. [PubMed: 1751482]

Stancak A Jr,, Kuna M, Srinivasan DC. et al. Kapalabhati: yogic cleansing exercise II: EEG topography analysis. Homeost Health Dis. 1991;33(4):182–9. [PubMed: 1818698]

Stancak A Jr, Kuna M, Srinivasan VS. et al. Kapalabhati: yogic cleansing exercise I: cardiovascular and respiratory changes. Homeost Health Dis. 1991;33(3):126–34. [PubMed: 1818666]

Stück M, Meyer K, Rigotti T. et al. Evaluation of a yoga-based stress management training for teachers: effects on immunoglobulin A secretion and subjective relaxation. J Medit Medit Res. 2003;3:59–68.

Sung BE, Roussanov OA, Golden L. The effectiveness of relaxation techniques in the reversal of hemodynamic changes associated with mental stress. In: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2000 March 1–4; Savannah (GA) [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/search2006/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1. Abstract 1256.

Tan G. Qigong and stress management - a preliminary inquiry. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1995;20(3):299.

Taneli B, Krahne W. EEG changes of transcendental meditation practitioners. Recent Adv Biol Psychiatry. 1987;16:41–71.

Taylor ME. Meditation as treatment for performance anxiety in singers [dissertation]. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama; 2001.

Telles S, Desiraju T. Heart rate alterations in different types of pranayamas. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36(4):287–8. [PubMed: 1291486]

Telles S, Desiraju T. Heart rate and respiratory changes accompanying yogic conditions of single thought and thoughtless states. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36(4):293–4. [PubMed: 1291489]

Telles S, Desiraju T. Oxygen consumption during pranayamic type of very slow-rate breathing. Indian J Med Res. 1991;94:357–63. [PubMed: 1794892]

Telles S, Naveen KV. Changes in middle latency auditory evoked potentials during meditation. Psychol Rep. 2004;94(2):398–400. [PubMed: 15154162]

Telles S, Reddy SK, Nagendra HR. Oxygen consumption and respiration following two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000;25(4):221–7. [PubMed: 11218923]

Throll DA, Throll LA. The effect of a three-month residence course upon the personalities of experienced meditators. J Clin Psychol. 1990;2:1057–65.

Tjoa AS. Meditation, neuroticism and intelligence: a follow-up. Gedrag: Tijdschrift Voor Psychologie. 1975;3(3):167–82.

Tooley GA, Armstrong SM, Norman TR. et al. Acute increases in night-time plasma melatonin levels following a period of meditation. Biol Psychol. 2000;53(1):69–78. [PubMed: 10876066]

Toomey M, Chalmers RA, Clements G. The transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi programme and reversal of the ageing process: a longitudinal study. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1878–84.

Toomey M, Pennington B, Chalmers RA, et al. The practice of the transcendental meditation and the TM-Sidhi programme reverses the physiological ageing process. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1871–7.

Tory PB. A mindfulness-based stress reduction program for the treatment of anxiety [dissertation]. Hempstread, NY: Hofstra University; 2004.

Travis FT. Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from other experiences during transcendental meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;42(1):1–9. [PubMed: 11451476]

Travis FT. Testing the field paradigm of Maharishi's vedic psychology: EEG coherence and power as indices of states of consciousness and field effects. Farifield, IA: Mahrishi International University; 1989.

Travis FT, Olson T, Egenes T. et al. Physiological patterns during practice of the transcendental meditation technique compared with patterns while reading Sanskrit and a modern language. Int J Neurosci. 2001;109(12):71–80. [PubMed: 11699342]

Travis FT, Pearson CA. Pure consciousness: distinct phenomenological and physiological correlates of “consciousness itself” Int J Neurosci. 2000;100(14):77–89. [PubMed: 10512549]

Travis FT, Tecce JJ, Arenander A. et al. Patterns of EEG coherence, power, and contingent negative variation characterize the integration of transcendental and waking states. Biol Psychol. 2002;61(3):293–319. [PubMed: 12406612]

Travis FT, Wallace RK. Autonomic patterns during respiratory suspensions: possible markers of transcendental consciousness. Psychophysiology. 1997;34(1):39–46. [PubMed: 9009807]

Treesak C. Mindfulness meditation as a health behavior and its relationships with health related quality of life and drug use [dissertation]. Minneapolis: University of Minnisota; 2003.

Tsao WY, Ratliff RA. Energy-cost of performing tai-chi. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(2):174.

Udupa KN, Singh RH, Dwivedi KN. et al. Comparative biochemical studies on meditation. Indian J Med Res. 1975;63(12):1676–9. [PubMed: 5370]

Udupa KN, Singh RH, Settiwar RM. A comparative study on the effect of some individual yogic practices in normal persons. Indian J Med Res. 1975;63(8):1066–71. [PubMed: 1213802]

Vaananen J, Xusheng S, Wang S. et al. Taichiquan acutely increases heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2002;22(1):2–3. [PubMed: 12003094]

Van Nuys D. Meditation, attention, and hypnotic susceptibility: a correlational study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1973;21(2):59–69.

Van Nuys D. A novel technique for studying attention during meditation. J Transpersonal Psychol. 1971;3(2):125–33.

Vempati RP, Telles S. Yoga-based guided relaxation reduces sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychol Rep. 2002;90(2):487–94. [PubMed: 12061588]

Vempati RP, Telles S. Yoga based isometric relaxation versus supine rest: a study of oxygen consumption, breath rate and volume and autonomic measures. Indian J Psychol. 1999;17(2):46–52.

Venkatesh S, Raju TR, Shivani Y. et al. A study of structure of phenomenology of consciousness in meditative and non-meditative states. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997;41(2):149–53. [PubMed: 9142560]

Vicenik K, Motajova J. Study of the heart rhythm variability during hatha yoga exercises. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1982;24(3):175–6.

Wachholtz AB, Div M, Pargament K. Effect of spirituality on cardiac activity during pain and stress. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for hot flashes. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. Paper Session #4.

Walia IJ, Mehra P, Grover P. et al. Health status of nurses and yoga: baseline data part 1. Nurs J India. 1989;80(9):235–7. [PubMed: 2594536]

Walker CA. Treating chemical dependency using the 12-steps, buddhism, and complementary therapies [dissertation]. Carpinteria, CA: Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2004.

Wallace RK. The physiologic effects of transcendental meditation: a proposed fourth major state of consciousness. In: Orme-Johnson DW,Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 43–78.

Wallace RK. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science. 1970;167(3926):1751. [PubMed: 5416544]

Wallace RK, Benson H. The physiology of meditation. Sci Am. 1972;226(2):84–90.

Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 79–85.

Wallace RK, Mills PJ, Orme Johnson DW. et al. Modification of the paired H reflex through the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Exp Neurol. 1983;79(1):77–86. [PubMed: 6337056]

Wallace RK, Orme-Johnson DW, Mills PJ, et al. The relationship between the paired Hoffman reflez and academic achievement in participants of the transcendental meditation (TM) program. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1772–5.

Wallace RK, Silver J, Mills PJ. et al. Systolic blood pressure and long-term practice of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program: effects of TM on systolic blood pressure. Psychosom Med. 1983;45(1):41–6. [PubMed: 6405445]

Wang HM. Length and frequency of practice of Zen meditation and personality for meditators in Taiwan (China) [dissertation]. College Station: Texas A & M University; 2000.

Weathers RS. Meditation, altered states, and unpleasant experiences: a structural-development analysis [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;46(10B):3620–1.

Weldon JT, Aron A. The transcendental meditation program and normalization of weight. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 301–6.

Werner OR, Wallace RK, Charles BM, et al. Endocrine balance and the TM-Sidhi programme. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 1626–32.

Werner OR, Wallace RK, Charles BM. et al. Long-term endocrinologic changes in subjects practicing the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Psychosom Med. 1986;48(12):59–66. [PubMed: 3511493]

Werntz DA, Bickford RG, Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Selective hemispheric stimulation by unilateral forced nostril breathing. Hum Neurobiol. 1987;6(3):165–71. [PubMed: 3449485]

West MA. Changes in skin resistance in subjects resting, reading, listening to music or practicing the transcendental meditation technique. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 224–9.

West MA. Meditation, personality and arousal. Pers Individ Dif. 1980;1(2):135–42.

Williams AP. The effects of yoga training on concentration and selected psychological variables in young adults [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;53(7B):3801.

Windquist WT. The transcendental meditation program and drug abusers: a retrospective study. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 1. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1977. p. 494–7.

Winters TH, Kabat-Zinn J. Awareness meditation for patients who have anxiety and chronic pain in the primary care unit. Clin Res. 1981;29(2):A642.

Woolfolk RL, Rooney AJ. The effect of explicit expectations on initial meditation experiences. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1981;6(4):483–91. [PubMed: 7034791]

Wrycza P. Some effects of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi programme on artistic creativity and appreciation. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2378–83.

Wu PL. Zen meditation, self-awareness, and autonomy [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1992;53(6B):3174.

Yadav RK, Das S. Effect of yogic practice on pulmonary functions in young females. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45(4):493–6. [PubMed: 11883159]

Yin J, Levanon D, Chen JD. Inhibitory effects of stress on postprandial gastric myoelectrical activity and vagal tone in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16(6):737–44. [PubMed: 15601423]

Young RP. The experiences of cancer patients practicing mindfulness meditation [dissertation]. San Francisco: Saybrook Graduate School; 1999.

Zakutney MA. An investigation of the transcendental meditation technique as a positive health action: why people start and continue the practice [dissertation]. Salt Lake City: University of Utah; 1990.

Zetaruk MN, Violan MA, Zurakowski D. et al. Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(1):29–33. [PMC free article: PMC1725005] [PubMed: 15618336]

Zhang JZ, Zhao J, He QN. EEG findings during special psychical state (qi gong state) by means of compressed spectral array and topographic mapping. Comput Biol Med. 1988;18(6):455–63. [PubMed: 3060312]

Albert IB, McNeece B. The reported sleep characteristics of meditators and nonmeditators. Bull Psychon Soc. 1974;3(1B):73–4.

Alexander CN, Grant JD, Von Stadte C. The effects of the transcendental meditation technique on recidivism: a retrospective archival analysis. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 3. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 2135–51.

Alexander CN, Rainforth MV, Frank PR. et al. Walpole study of the transcendental meditation program in maximum security prisoners III: reduced recidivism. J Offender Rehabil. 2003;36(14):161–80.

Allen CP. Effects of transcendental meditation, electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback relaxation, and conventional relaxation on vasoconstriction, muscle tension, and stuttering: a quantitative comparison. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G,,Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 4. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1991. p. 2287–9.

Anderson DA. Meditation as a treatment for primary dysmenorrhea among women with high and low absorption scores [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;45(1B):341.

Anthony W. An evaluation of meditation as a stress reduction technique for persons with spinal cord injury [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;46(11A):3251.

Balzano JM, Burke JL, Hoy TW. et al. A comparative study of balance measures among elderly persons participating in tai chi or structured exercise programs. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2002;25(3):44.

Banquet JP. Spectral analysis of the EEG in meditation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1973;35(2):143–51. [PubMed: 4124606]

Bevan AJW, Young PM, Wellby ML, et al. Endocrine changes in relaxation procedures. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 2. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 803.

Bleick CR. Influence of the transcendental meditation program on criminal recidivism. In: Chalmers RA, Clements G, Schenkluhn H, et al., eds. Sci Res Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation TM-Sidhi Programme: collected papers. Vol 3. Switzerland: Maharishi European Research University - MVU Press; 1990. p. 2151–8.

Bleick CR, Abrams AI. The transcendental meditation program and criminal recidivism in California. J Crim Justice. 1987;15(3):211–30.

Bond DS, Lyle RM, Tappe MK. et al. An evaluation of the importance of moderate aerobic exercise, tai chi, and problem-solving ability in relation to psychological stress. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70(1 Suppl):A36.

Brandon JE. A comparative evaluation of three relaxation training procedures. Diss Abstr Int. 1983;43(7A):2279.

Breda ML, Gevirtz R, Spira JL, et al. A controlled clinical trial of the effects of yoga on health status in fibromyalgia patients In: Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2005 March 2–5; Vancouver (BC) [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www​.psychosomatic​.org/events/search2006​/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1#. Abstract 1683.

Bridgewater MJ. The relative efficacy of meditation in reducing an induced anxiety reaction [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1979;40(2B):903–4.

Burrows CH. The effects of meditation on counselor candidates' self-actualization [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;45(3A):749.

Campbell JF, Stenstrom RJ, Bertrand D. Systematic changes in perceptual reactance induced by physical fitness training. Percept Mot Skills. 1985;61(1):279–84. [PubMed: 3900922]

Carlson LE, Culos-Reed SN, Daroux LM. The effects of therapeutic yoga on salivary cortisol, stress symptoms, quality of life and mood states in cancer outpatients: a randomized controlled study. In: Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2005 March 2–5; Vancouver (BC) [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www​.sbm.org/events​/search2006/showkeysearch​.cfm?authorsearch=1#. Abstract 1342.

Carmody J, Crawford SL, Kelsey JL. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for hot flashes. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. Symposium 5-C.

Carrieri-Kohlmann V, Stulbarg S. Yoga for treating shortness of breath in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). c2003 [updated 2006 Jul 25; cited 2006 Aug 7]. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051792.

Carsello CJ, Creaser JW. Does transcendental meditation training affect grades? J Appl Psychol. 1978;63(5):644–5. [PubMed: 359536]

Carsello CJ, Creaser JW. Does transcendental meditation training affect grades? J Appl Psychol. 1978;63(4):527–8. [PubMed: 359536]

Carson JW. Mindfulness meditation-based treatment for relationship enhancement [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 2003;63(8B):3906.

Carson JW, Keefe FF, Carson KM. Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. Paper Session #25.

Cauthen NR, Prymak CA. Meditation versus relaxation: an examination of the physiological effects of relaxation training and of different levels of experience with transcendental meditation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1977;45(3):496–7. [PubMed: 325034]

Cerpa H. The effects of clinically standardized meditation on type II diabetics [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1989;49(8B):3432.

Chandiramani K, Jena R, Verma SK. Human figure drawings of prisoners and vipassana. J Projective Psychol Ment Health. 1995;2(2):153–8.

Chang BH, Jones D, Hendricks A. et al. Relaxation response for Veterans Affairs patients with congestive heart failure: results from a qualitative study within a clinical trial. Prev Cardiol. 2004;7(2):64–70. [PubMed: 15133373]

Clark VL. Absorption as a mediator of the effect of meditation on attention and anxiety [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;44(8B):2549.

Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, et al. A Tibetan yoga program for cancer patients. In: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Conference of the American Psychosomatic Society; 2003 March 13–16; Phoenix (AR) [cited 2005 Oct 9]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/events/search2006/showkeysearch.cfm?authorsearch=1. Abstract 1234.

Colby F. The effects of three procedures designed to produce alternate states of consciousness upon self-reports of memory and current awareness [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1987;47(8B):3513.

Collins LA. Stress management and yoga [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;45(1A):116.

Couture RT. Effects of mental training on the performance of military endurance and precision tasks in the Canadian forces [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1992;53(2A):440.

Cummings VT. The effects of endurance training and progressive relaxation-meditation on the physiological response to stress [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1984;45(2A):451.

de Santis JJ. Effects of the intensive Zen Buddhist meditation retreat on Rogerian congruence as real-self/ideal-self disparity on the California Q-Sort [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;46(8B):2801.

DeWolfe EJF III. Personal growth in the Maitri Space Awareness program [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1994;55(2B):576.

Dice ML. The effectiveness of meditation on selected measures of self-actualization [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1979;40(5A):2534.

Diefenbach K, Doig D, Mccaul A. et al. Short-term assessment of yoga or electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback (BF) in primary hypertension (PH). Clin Res. 1976;24(5):A647.

Ditto B, Eclache M, Goldman N. Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness meditation. In: Proceedings of the 2005 SBM Annual Meeting; 2005 Apr 13–16; Boston (MA) [cited 2005 Oct 10]. Available at: http://www.psychosomatic.org/meeting/2005/pageS001-S215.pdf. B32.

Dua JK. Effect of meditation and progressive relaxation training on reported relaxation and on blood pressure [abstract] Aust Psychol. 1984;19(1):71.

Easterlin BL. Buddhist vipassana meditation and daily living: effect on cognitive style, awareness, affect and acceptance [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1994;54(8B):4369.

Engel K. Meditative experience and different paths: data based analyses. J Medit Medit Res. 2001;1:35–54.

Esonis SS. The relative efficacy of the relaxation response, the self-control triad and food sensitivity intervention in the treatment of hypertension [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1986;47(6B):2613.

Fabick SD. The relative effectiveness of systematic desensitization, cognitive modification, and mantra meditation in the reduction of test anxiety [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1977;37(8A):4862.

Fehr T. The role of simplicity (effortlessness) as a prerequisite for the experience of pure consciousness the non-dual state of oneness: “turiya”, “samadhi” in meditation. J Medit Medit Res. 2002;2:49–77.

Fiebert MS, Mead TM. Meditation and academic performance. Percept Mot Skills. 1981;53(2):447–50.

Flarity JR. A physiological evaluation of two relaxation protocols on the elicitation of the relaxation response during treadmill walking exercise [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1991;52(2B):688.

Francis TL. Meditation, flow, and heavy social alcohol use among college students [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1993;54(2A):425.

Frank MR. Transactional analysis and meditation training as interventions in teacher education: an exploratory study [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1978;39(2A):823–4.

Friskey LM. Effects of a combined relaxation and meditation training program on hypertensive patients [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1985;46(1B):300.

Fritz G. The effects of meditation upon peer counselor effectiveness [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1980;40(11A):5730–1.

Fulton MA. The effects of relaxation training and meditation on stress, anxiety, and subjective experience in college students [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1990;51(2A):414–5.

Furedy JJ, Wright C. Effects of yoga training on sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions to relaxation instructions and cognitive stress: joint use of heart-rate and T-wave amplitude. Psychophysiology. 1988;25(4):448–9.

Garfinkel MS. The effect of yoga and relaxation techniques on outcome variables associated with osteoarthritis of the hands and finger joints [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1992;53(5A):1408.

Gaughan AM. Pain perception following regular practice of meditation, progressive muscle relaxation and sitting [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1991;52(4B):2295.

Gillis MW. A study of the effect of the relaxation response on women undergoing assisted reproductive technology [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1992;53(5B):2530.

Gilmore JV. Relative effectiveness of meditation and autogenic training for the self-regulation of anxiety [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1985;45(8B):2686.

Gitiban K. Anxiety reduction through muscular relaxation and meditation [dissertation] Diss Abstr Int. 1983;44(2B):607.

Glanz RS. The effect of the relaxation response on complex cognitive processes [abstract] Diss Abstr Int. 1991;53(4B):2088.