Evidence Table 1a. Characteristics of the studies on the efficacy of multivitamins in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 1b. Characteristics of the intervention in the studies of the efficacy of multivitamins/minerals in the prevention of chronic disease
Evidence Table 1c. Characteristics of participants in studies of the efficacies of multivitamins
Evidence Table 1d. Results of studies of the efficacy of multivitamins/minerals in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 1e. Total mortality in studies multivitamins/minerals used to prevent chronic disease
Evidence Table 2a. Characteristics of the interventions in studies of the safety of multivitamin supplements
Evidence Table 2b. Results of studies with information on clinical adverse effects of multivitamin supplements in the prevention of chronic diseases
Evidence Table 2c. Results of Studies with information on lipid profiles associated with the use of multivitamin supplements
Evidence Table 2d. Assessment of the likelihood that reported adverse effect were caused by use of a multivitamin/mineral supplement
Evidence Table 3a. Characteristics of the studies on the efficacy of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene (singly or paired) in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3b. Characteristics of the intervention in the studies of the efficacy of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene in the prevention of chronic disease
Evidence Table 3c. Characteristics of participants in studies of the efficacies of Vitamin A and/or beta-carotene (singly or in nutrient pairs)
Evidence Table 3d. Results of studies of the efficacy of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3e. Total mortality in studies of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene used to prevent chronic disease
Evidence Table 3f. Characteristics of the studies on the efficacy of vitamin E (singly or paired) in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3g. Characteristics of the intervention in the studies of the efficacy of vitamin E in the prevention of chronic disease
Evidence Table 3h. Characteristics of participants in studies of the efficacies of Vitamin E (singly or in nutrient pairs)
Evidence Table 3i. Results of studies of the efficacy of vitamin E in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3j. Total mortality in studies of vitamin E used to prevent chronic disease
Evidence Table 3k. Characteristics of the studies on the efficacy of selenium, B vitamins, or other single nutrients (singly or paired) in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3l. Characteristics of the intervention in the studies of the efficacy of other nutrients in the prevention of chronic disease
Evidence Table 3m.Characteristics of participants in studies of the efficacies of selenium, B vitamins or other nutrients (singly or in nutrient pairs)
Evidence Table 3n. Results of studies of the efficacy of other single or paired nutrients in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3o. Total mortality in studies of the efficacy of other single or paired nutrients in preventing chronic disease
Evidence Table 3p. Systematic reviews on calcium and/or vitamin D: supplement information
Evidence Table 3q. Systematic reviews on calcium and/or vitamin D: participant characteristics
Evidence Table 3r. Systematic reviews on calcium and/or vitamin D for prevention of bone loss and fractures: efficacy measures
Evidence Table 3r-1. Systematic reviews on calcium for prevention of bone loss (upper panel) and vitamin D for prevention of falls (lower panel): efficacy measures
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| Author, year | Outcome | Interventtion | Trials (n) | Corrected pooled odds ratio for prevention of falls by vitamin D supplementation | Pooled risk difference | Comment |
|---|
| Bischoff-Ferrari 2004145 | Effect of vitamin D on falls in older persons. | Vit. D3, 400–800 IU/day or active vitamin D (calcitriol or alpha calcidiol | 5 (1237)
| 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.92)
| 7% (95% CI 2%–12%; p=0.007) NNT 15 (95% CI 8–53)
| No statistically significant heterogeneity. Effect sizes similar for studies using active vit D & D3 ± Ca, and in community or institution-dwellers. Pooled odds ratios ranged from 0.77–0.83 for variable Ca regimens or no Ca. |
| Follow-up 3 to 14 mos. | ± Ca 800–1200/day | Subgroup analyses
| |
| | | Trials using vitamin D3 400–800 IU/day (active vitamin D trials excluded)
| Trials using only vitamin D3 800 IU/day (400 IU/day vitamin D trial excluded)
| |
| | | No. of trials (n)
| Corrected odds ratio of falling
| No. of trials (n)
| Corrected odds ratio of falling
| |
| | | 3 (613) | 0.83 (95% CI 0.65,1.06) | 2 (259) | 0.65 (95% CI 0.40,1.00) | |
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| Author, year | Outcome | Interventtion | FX Site | Daily Vitamin D dose | Trials (n) | Weighted RR2 (95% CI) | Heterogeneity p-value | Pooled Risk Difference | Comment |
|---|
| Bischoff-Ferrari 200540 | Effect of vitamin D in prevention of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older persons. | Vit. D3 400–800 IU/day | Hip
| 400–800 IU
| 5 (9294)
| 0.88 (0.69, 1.13)
| 0.09
| | Meta-regression revealed an inverse relationship between serum 25OH Vit. D (during follow-up) and reduction in hip fracture risk. |
| Follow-up. 1.5 to 5 yrs | ± calcium, 500–1200 mg/d | Hip
| 700–800 IU
| 3 (5572)
| 0.74 (0.61, 0.88)
| 0.74
| 2% (95% CI, 1%–4%) p<0.001 (for treatment 2–5 y) | Optimal fracture prevention appeared to occur with achieved mean 25OH Vit. D levels of 100 nmol/L. |
| | | Hip
| 400 IU
| 2 (3722)
| 1.15 (0.88,1.50)
| 0.68
| | These results suggest that doses higher than 700–800 IU/d may be needed for people with low baseline 25OH D. |
| | | Any non-vert.
| 400–800 IU
| 7 (9820)
| 0.83 (0.70, 0.98)
| 0.07
| | |
| | | Any non-vert.
| 700–800 IU
| 5 (6098)
| 0.77 (0.68, 0.87)
| 0.41
| 4% (95% CI, 2%–5%) p=0.02 (for treatment 1–5 y) | |
| | | Any non-vert. | 400 IU | 2 (3722) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.36 | | |
Evidence Table 3r-2. Systematic review on vitamin D ± calcium for prevention of fractures in elderly people: efficacy measures
Evidence Table 3s. Randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of calcium and/or vitamin D in preventing chronic disease that were not included in previous systematic reviews: characteristics of studies
Evidence Table 3t. Randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of calcium and/or vitamin D in preventing chronic disease that were not included in previous systematic reviews: characteristics of the intervention
Evidence Table 3u. Randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of calcium and/or vitamin D in preventing chronic disease that were not included in previous systematic reviews: results
Evidence Table 4a. Characteristics of the interventions in studies of the safety of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene supplements
Evidence Table 4b. Results of studies with information on clinical adverse effects of vitamin A supplements in the prevention of chronic diseases
Evidence Table 4c. Results of studies with information on lipid profiles associated with the use of vitamin A and/or beta-carotene supplements
Evidence Table 4d. Assessment of the likelihood that reported adverse effect were caused by use of a vitamin A and or beta-carotene supplements
Evidence Table 4e. Characteristics of the interventions in studies of the safety of vitamin E supplements
Evidence Table 4f. Results of studies with information on clinical adverse effects of vitamin E supplements in the prevention of chronic diseases
Evidence Table 4g. Assessment of the likelihood that reported adverse effect were caused by use of a vitamin E supplement
Evidence Table 4h. Characteristics of the interventions in studies of the safety of other supplements
Evidence Table 4i. Results of studies with information on clinical adverse effects of other supplements in the prevention of chronic diseases
Evidence Table 4j. Assessment of the likelihood that reported adverse effects were caused by use of any other supplement
