U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Fantl JA, Newman DK, Colling J. Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management: 1996 Update. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR); 1996 Mar. (AHCPR Clinical Practice Guidelines, No. 2.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management: 1996 Update

Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management: 1996 Update.

Show details

References

  1. Abbassian A. Colpovesical neck suspension for the correction of female stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1989;142:95–6. [PubMed: 2733113]
  2. Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT. Standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Neurourol Urodyn. 1988;7:403–27.
  3. Adams C, Lorish C, Cushing C, Willis E. Anatomical urinary stress incontinence in women with rheumatoid arthritis: its frequency and coping strategies Arthr Care Res 1994 Jun7(2):97–103. [PubMed: 7858000]
  4. Alloussi S, Loew F, Mast GJ, Alzin H, Wolf D. Treatment of detrusor instability of the urinary bladder by selective sacral blockade. Br J Urol. 1984; 56:–. [PubMed: 6534444]
  5. Andersson KE. Current concepts in the treatment of disorders of micturition Drugs 198835(1): 477–94. [PubMed: 3292211]
  6. Appell RA. Collagen injection therapy for urinary incontinence Urol Clin North Am 199421(1):177–82. [PubMed: 8284841]
  7. Appell RA. Techniques and results in the implantation of the artificial urinary sphincter in women with type III stress urinary incontinence by a vaginal approach. Neurourol Urodyn. 1988;134:–.
  8. Appell RA, Baum N. Neurogenic bladder in diabetes Pract Diabetol 19909(4):1–4.
  9. Araki T, Takamoto H, Hara T, Fujimoto H, Yoshida M, Katayama Y. The loop-loosening procedure for urination difficulties after Stamey suspension of the vesical neck. J Urol. 1990;144:319–23. [PubMed: 2197429]
  10. Ashken MH. Follow-up results with the Stamey operation for stress incontinence of urine. Br J Urol. 1990;65:168–9. [PubMed: 2317650]
  11. Association for Continence Advice. Guidelines for continence care, London: Association for Continence Advice; 1993. –.
  12. Awad SA, Gajewski JB, Katz NO, Acker-Roy K. Final diagnosis and therapeutic implications of mixed symptoms of urinary incontinence in women. Urology. 1992;34:352–7. [PubMed: 1557847]
  13. Baigis-Smith J, Smith DAJ, Rose M, Newman DK. Managing urinary incontinence in community-residing elderly persons Gerontologist 198929(2): 229–33. [PubMed: 2753383]
  14. Baker DI, Bice TW. The influence of urinary incontinence on publicly financed home care services to low-income elderly people Gerontologist 199535(3): 360–9. [PubMed: 7542620]
  15. Baker KR, Drutz HP. Age as a risk factor in major genitourinary surgery. Can J Surg. 1992;35:188–91. [PubMed: 1562931]
  16. Barnes DG, Shaw PJR, Timoney AG, Tsokos N. Management of the neuropathic bladder by suprapubic catheterisation. Br J Urol. 1993; ;72:169–72. [PubMed: 8402020]
  17. Beck RP, Arnusch D, King C. Results in treating 210 patients with detrusor overactivity incontinence of urine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125:593–6. [PubMed: 779473]
  18. Beck RP, McCormick S, Nordstrom L. A 25 year experience with 519 anterior colporrhaphy procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:–. [PubMed: 1945199]
  19. Beck RP, McCormick S, Nordstrom L. The fascia lata sling procedure for treating recurrent genuine stress incontinence of urine. Obstet Gynecol. 1988;72: 699–703. [PubMed: 3173920]
  20. Beck RP, Thomas EA, Maughan GB. Surgical results in the treatment of pressure equalization stress incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968;100:483–9. [PubMed: 5688834]
  21. Beckingham IJ, Wemyss-Holden G, Lawrence WT. Long term follow-up of women treated with periurethral teflon injections for stress incontinence. Br J Urol. 1992;69: 580–3. [PubMed: 1638342]
  22. Benbow S, Sangster G, Barer D. Incontinence after stroke [letter comment] Lancet 1991 Dec 21-28338(8782-3):1602–3. [PubMed: 1684015]
  23. Benderev TV. Anchor fixation and other modifications of endoscopic bladder neck suspensions. Urology. 1992;40: 409–18. [PubMed: 1441037]
  24. Benson JT. Gynecologic and urodynamic evaluation of women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66:691–4. [PubMed: 4058828]
  25. Benson JT, Agosta A, McClellan E. Evaluation of a minimal-incision pubovaginal suspension as an adjunct to other pelvic floor surgery. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:–. [PubMed: 2325967]
  26. Benson JT, Sumners JE. Ultrasound evaluation of female urinary incontinence Int Urogynecol J 1990 1(1):7–11.
  27. Bent AE, Sand PK, Ostergard DR, Brubaker L. Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence and detrusor instability. Int Urogynecol J. 1993; 4:9–13.
  28. Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandinelli S, Mayer F, Biagini C, Sommavilla A. Re-educative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Ther. 1987;66:155–68. [PubMed: 3674220]
  29. Berg S. Polytef augmentation urethroplasty. Arch Surg. 1973;107:–. [PubMed: 4798765]
  30. Bergman A, Ballard CA, Koonings PP. Comparison of three different surgical procedures for genuine stress incontinence: prospective randomized study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:1102–6. [PubMed: 2729386]
  31. Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Negative q-tip test as a risk factor for failed incontinence surgery in women. J Reprod Med. 1989a;34: 193–4. [PubMed: 2724231]
  32. Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Primary stress urinary incontinence and pelvic relaxation: Prospective randomized comparison of three different operations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989c;161: 97–101. [PubMed: 2750828]
  33. Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Proposed management of low urethral pressure type of genuine stress urinary incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1989b;27:155–9. [PubMed: 2737549]
  34. Bergmann S, Eriksen BC. Anal electrostimulation in urinary incontinence. Urol Int. 1986;41:411–7. [PubMed: 3824696]
  35. Bergstrom N, Bennett MA, Carlson CE, et al. Clinical practice guideline, no. 15. AHCPR Publication No. 95-0652, Rockville (MD):U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; December 1994.
  36. Bhatia NN, Bergman A. Modified Burch versus Pereyra retropubic urethropexy for stress urinary incontinence Obstet Gynecol 1985a66(2): 255–61. [PubMed: 4040618]
  37. Bhatia NN, Bergman A. Pessary test in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1985b;65:–. [PubMed: 3969235]
  38. Bjork DT, Pelletier LL, Tight RR. Urinary tract infections with antibiotic resistant organisms in catheterized nursing home patients Infect Control 19845(4):173–6. [PubMed: 6562089]
  39. Blackford HN, Murray K, Stephenson TP, Mundy AR. Results of transvesical infiltration of the pelvic plexuses with phenol in 116 patients. Br J Urol. 1984;56:–. [PubMed: 6534483]
  40. Blacklock, NJ. Catheters and urethral strictures. Br J Urol. 1986;58:475–8. [PubMed: 3535987]
  41. Blaivas JG. Pathophysiology of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 1985;12:215–24. [PubMed: 4039484]
  42. Blaivas JG, Labib AB, Michalik SJ, Zayed AAH. Cystometric response to propantheline in detrusor hyperreflexia therapeutic implications J Urol 1980124(2):259–62. [PubMed: 7401243]
  43. Blowman C, Pickles C, Emery S, Creates V, Towell L, Blackburn N, Doyle N, Walkden B. Prospective double blind controlled trial of intensive physiotherapy with and without stimulation of the pelvic floor in treatment of genuine stress incontinence Physiotherapy 199177(10):661–4.
  44. Bo K, Hagen RM, Kvarstein B, Jorgensen J, Larsen S. Pelvic floor muscle exercises for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence III. Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises Neurourol Urodyn 19909(5): 489–502.
  45. Bo K, Maehlum S, Oseid S, Larsen S. Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence among physically active and sedentary female students Scand J Sports Sci 198911(3):113–6.
  46. Borzo G. CIGNA gives new life to patient empowerment initiative. American Medical News. September 19, 1994. :–.
  47. Boscia JA, Kobasa WD, Abrutyn E, Levison ME, Kaplan AM, Kaye D. Lack of association between bacteriuria and symptoms in the elderly. Am J Med. 1986;81:979–82. [PubMed: 3799658]
  48. Bosman G, Vierhout ME, Huikeshoven JM. A modified Raz bladder neck suspension operation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993;72:47–9. [PubMed: 8382433]
  49. Boulter CS, editor. Minimum data set and reference manual, Natick (MA):Elliot Press; 1993.
  50. Bramble FJ. The treatment of adult enuresis and urge incontinence by enterocystoplasty Br J Urol 198254(6):693–6. [PubMed: 7150926]
  51. Branch LG, Walker LA, Wetle TT, DuBeau CE, Resnick NM. Urinary incontinence knowledge among community-dwelling people 65 years of age and older J Am Geriatr Soc 199442 (12):1257–62. [PubMed: 7983288]
  52. Breakwell SL, Walker SN. Differences in physical health, social interaction, and personal adjustment between continent and incontinent homebound aged women J Commun Health Nurs 19885(1):19–31. [PubMed: 3351548]
  53. Bridges N, Denning J, Olah KS, Aorrar DJ. A prospective trial comparing interferential therapy and treatment using cones in patients with symptoms of stress incontinence Neurourol Urodyn 19887(3):267–8.
  54. Brieger G, Korda A. The effect of obesity on the outcome of successful surgery for genuine stress incontinence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;32:71–2. [PubMed: 1586341]
  55. Brink, C. Absorbent pads, garments and management strategies. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:363–73. [PubMed: 2179381]
  56. Brink C. Absorbent products and collecting devices: the patient with intractable incontinence:managing incontinence in elderly dependent institutionalized and community dwelling persons Presented at Conference, Atlanta, GA,March 1994.
  57. Brink C, Wells JJ, Diokno AC. Urinary incontinence in women Public Health Nurs 19874(2):114–9. [PubMed: 3649811]
  58. Brito CG, Mulcahy JJ, Mitchell ME, Adams MC. Use of a double cuff AMS800 urinary sphincter for severe stress incontinence. J Urol. 1993;149: 283–5. [PubMed: 8426402]
  59. Brocklehurst JC, Hickey DS, Davies I, Kennedy AP, Morris JA. A new urethral catheter. BMJ. 1988 June;296:1691–3. [PMC free article: PMC2546086] [PubMed: 3135880]
  60. Bryans FE. Marlex gauze hammock sling operation with Cooper's ligament attachment in the management of recurrent urinary stress incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133:–. [PubMed: 433990]
  61. Bump RC, Hurt WG, Fantl A, Wyman JF. Assessment of Kegel pelvic exercise performance after brief verbal instruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:322–9. [PubMed: 1872333]
  62. Bump RC, McClish DM. Cigarette smoking and pure genuine stress incontinence of urine. A comparison of risk factors and determinants between smokers and nonsmokers Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994170(2): 579–82. [PubMed: 8116716]
  63. Burgio K, Whitehead WE, Engel BT. Urinary incontinence in the elderly: bladder-sphincter biofeedback and toileting skills training. Ann Intern Med. 1985;104:507–15. [PubMed: 2931042]
  64. Burgio KL, Engel BT. Biofeedback-assisted behavioral training for elderly men and women J Am Geriatr Soc 199038(3): 338–40. [PubMed: 2313011]
  65. Burgio KL, Ives DG, Locher JL, Arena VC. Treatment seeking for urinary incontinence in adults J Am Geriatr Soc 199442(2):208–12. [PubMed: 8126338]
  66. Burgio KL, Matthews KA, Engel BT. Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle-aged women. J Urol. 1991;146:1255–9. [PubMed: 1942274]
  67. Burgio KL, Robinson JC, Engel BT. The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986154(1): 58–64. [PubMed: 3946505]
  68. Burgio KL, Stutzman RE, Engel BT. Behavioral training for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1989;141:303–6. [PubMed: 2913349]
  69. Burgio LD, Burgio K. Institutional staff training and management: A review of the literature and a model for geriatric long term care facilities. Int J Aging Hum Devel. 1990;30:287–302. [PubMed: 2118881]
  70. Burgio LD, Engel BT, McCormick KA, Hawkins AM, Scheve A. Behavioral treatment for UI in elderly inpatients: initial attempts to modify prompting and toileting procedures. Behav Ther. 1988;19:345–57.
  71. Burgio LD, McCormick KA, Scheve AS, Engel BT, Hawkins A, Leahy E. The effects of changing prompted voiding schedules in the treatment of incontinence in nursing home residents J Am Geriatr Soc 199442(3): 315–20. [PubMed: 8120318]
  72. Burns P, Nochajski T, Pranifoff K. Predictors of incontinence in elderly women. [abstract]. Proceedings of the International Continence Society, 23rd Annual Meeting Neurourol Urodyn 199312(4):432–4.
  73. Burns PA, Marecki MA, Dittmar SS, Bullough B. Kegel's exercises with biofeedback therapy for treatment of stress incontinence. Nurse Pract. 1985:28–46. [PubMed: 3974953]
  74. Burns PA, Pranifoff K, Pranifoff K, Nochajski T, Desotelle P, Harwood MK. Treatment of stress incontinence with pelvic floor exercises and biofeedback J Am Geriatr Soc 199038(3):341–4. [PubMed: 2179379]
  75. Burns PA, Pranifoff K, Pranifoff K, Nochajski TH, Hadley EC, Levy KJ, Ory MG. A comparison of effectiveness of biofeedback and pelvic muscle exercise treatment of stress-incontinence in older community-dwelling women J Gerontol 1993 Jul48(4): 167–74. [PubMed: 8315230]
  76. Burton J, Pearce L, Burgio KL, Engel BT, Whitehead WE. Behavioral training for urinary incontinence in elderly, ambulatory patients J Am Geriatr Soc 198836(8):693–8. [PubMed: 3403874]
  77. Burton JR. Managing urinary incontinence—a common geriatric problem Geriatrics 198439(10):46–62. [PubMed: 6479599]
  78. Cammu H, Van Nylen J, Derde MP, DeBruyne R, Amy JJ. Pelvic physiotherapy in genuine stress incontinence Urology 1991 Oct38(4):332–7. [PubMed: 1755141]
  79. Campbell EB, Knight M, Benson M, Colling J. Effect of an incontinence training program on nursing home staff's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Gerontologist. 1991;31:788–94. [PubMed: 1800252]
  80. Caputo RM, Bensen JT, Benson JT, McClellan E. Intravaginal maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence J Rep Med 1993 Sep38(9):667–71. [PubMed: 8254586]
  81. Cardozo LD, Stanton SL. An objective comparison of the effects of parenterally administered drugs in patients suffering from detrusor instability. J Urol. 1979;122:–. [PubMed: 458990]
  82. Cardozo LD, Stanton SL, Robinson H, Holer D. Evaluation of flurbiprofen in detrusor instability. BMJ. 1980;280:281–2. [PMC free article: PMC1600108] [PubMed: 6986948]
  83. Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Asher MJ, Yeomanson CW. Factors influencing outcome in elderly patients with urinary incontinence and detrusor instability. Age Ageing. 1985; ;14:303–7. [PubMed: 4050608]
  84. Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Gulati RS. Double-blind study of imipramine and placebo for incontinence due to bladder instability Age Ageing 198615(5):299–303. [PubMed: 3535446]
  85. Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Millar, AW. Dicyclomine hydrochloride in detrusor instability: a controlled clinical pilot study J Clin Exp Gerontol 19879(4):265–70.
  86. Castleden NS, Duffin HM, Mitchell EP. The effects effect of physiotherapy on stress incontinence. Age Ageing. 1984;13:235–7. [PubMed: 6475653]
  87. Cella M. The nursing costs of urinary incontinence in a nursing home population. Nurs Clin North Am. 1988;23:159–68. [PubMed: 3347575]
  88. Chapple CR, Parkhouse H, Gardener C, Milroy EJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of flavoxate in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability Br J Urol 1990 Nov66(5):491–4. [PubMed: 2249117]
  89. Claes H, Stroobants D. Pulmonary migration following periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1989;142: 821–2. [PubMed: 2671416]
  90. Cobb OE, Ragde H. Simplified correction of female stress incontinence. J Urol. 1978;120:418–20. [PubMed: 359835]
  91. Colling J, Ouslander J, Hadley BJ, Eisch J, Campbell E. The effects of patterned urge response toileting (PURT) on urinary incontinence among nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:135–41. [PubMed: 1740597]
  92. Colling JC, Owen TR, McCreedy MR. Urine volumes and voiding patterns among incontinent nursing home residents. Residents at highest risk for dehydration are often the most difficult to track Geriatr Nurs 199415(4): 188–92. [PubMed: 8039731]
  93. Collste L, Lindskog M. Phenylpropanolamine in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in 24 patients Urodynamics 1987 Oct30(4): 398–403. [PubMed: 3310369]
  94. Coombes GM, Millard RJ. The accuracy of portable ultrasound scanning in the measurement of residual urine volume. J Urol. 1994; ;152:2083–5. [PubMed: 7966680]
  95. Corrie D, Rodriguez FR, Thompson IM. Periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injections for post-prostatectomy incontinence Mil Med 1989 Aug154(9): 442–4. [PubMed: 2507961]
  96. Cox AG, Hukins DWL, Sutton HM. Infection of catheterized patients: Bacterial colonization of encrusted Foley catheters. Urol Res. 1989;17:349–52. [PubMed: 2560278]
  97. Creason NS, Grybowski JA, Burgener S, Whippo C, Yeo SA, Richardson B. Prompted voiding therapy for urinary incontinence in aged female nursing home residents. J Adv Nurs. 1989;14: 120–6. [PubMed: 2703597]
  98. Crieghton AM, Creighton AM, Stanton SL. Caffeine: does it affect your bladder? Br J Urol. 1990;66:613–4. [PubMed: 2265333]
  99. Curling M, Broome G, Gendry WF. How accurate is urine cytology? J Roy Soc Med. 1986;79:336–8. [PMC free article: PMC1290343] [PubMed: 3723535]
  100. Davila GW, Osterman KV. Ostermann KV. The bladder neck support prosthesis: A nonsurgical approach to stress incontinence in adult women Am J Obstet Gynecol 199471(1):206–11. [PubMed: 8030700]
  101. Davis KM, Minaker KL. Disorders of fluid balance: dehydration and hyponatremia In: Hazzard WK, Bierman EL, Blass JP, Ettinger WH, Walter JB, editors. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology 3rd ed, New York: McGraw Hill; 1994.
  102. Deane AM, English P, Hehir M, Williams JP, Worth PHL. Teflon injection in stress incontinence. Br J Urol. 1985;57:–. [PubMed: 3971108]
  103. Deppe G, Castro-Marin A, Nachamie R, Adamsons K. Urethral fascial sling operation for repair of urinary stress incontinence: ten cases at the Mount Sinai Hospital from 1972-1973. Mt Sinai J Med. 1978;45:–. [PubMed: 307117]
  104. Dequeker J. Drug treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly. Controlled trial with vasopressin and propantheline bromide Gerontol Clin 19657(5):311–7.
  105. DeWitt S. Skin conditions common to the urology patient J Urol Nurs 198874(4):501–4.
  106. Dijkman GA, Friese S. Vesical-urethral sustaining for recurrent urinary stress incontinence using the Stamey-Pereyra technique. Acta Urol Belg. 1984;52:302–5. [PubMed: 6539054]
  107. Diokno AC. Diagnostic categories of incontinence and the role of urodynamic testing J Am Geriatr Soc 199038(3):300–5. [PubMed: 2179372]
  108. Diokno AC, Brock BM, Brown HB, Herzog AR. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urologic urological symptoms in the non-institutionalized elderly. J Urol. 1986; 136:1022–5. [PubMed: 3490584]
  109. Diokno AC, Brock BM, Herzog AR, Bromberg J. Medical correlates of urinary incontinence in the elderly. Urology. 1990; 36:129–38. [PubMed: 2385880]
  110. Diokno AC, Brown MB, Brock BM, Herzog AR, Normolle DP. Clinical and cystometric characteristics of continent and incontinent noninstitutionalized elderly. J Urol. 1988;140:567–71. [PubMed: 3411676]
  111. Diokno AC, Hollander JB, Alderson TP. Artificial urinary sphincter for recurrent female urinary incontinence: indications and results. J Urol. 1987;138:–. [PubMed: 3656532]
  112. Diokno AC, Koff SA, Anderson W. Combined cystometry and perineal electromyography in the diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic urinary incontinence J Urol 1976115 (2):161–3. [PubMed: 1249868]
  113. Diokno AC, Normolle DP, Brown MB, Herzog AR. Urodynamic tests for female geriatric urinary incontinence Urology 199036(5):431–9. [PubMed: 2238302]
  114. Diokno AC, Sonda LP, Hollander JB, Lapides J. Fate of patients started on clean intermittent self-catheterization therapy 10 years ago. J Urol. 1983;129:1120–2. [PubMed: 6854783]
  115. Diokno AC, Vinson RK, McGillicuddy J. Treatment of the severe uninhibited neurogenic bladder by selective sacral rhizotomy. J Urol. 1977;118:–. [PubMed: 894808]
  116. Diokno AC, Wells TJ, Brink CA. Comparison of self-reported voided volume with cystometric bladder capacity J Urol 1987137(4):698–700. [PubMed: 3560325]
  117. Dougherty MC, Abrams R, McKey PL. An instrument to assess the dynamic characteristics of the circumvaginal musculature. Nurs Res. 1986; 35:202–6. [PubMed: 3636817]
  118. Dougherty M, Bishop K, Mooney R, Gimotty P, Williams B. Graded pelvic muscle exercise. Effect on stress urinary incontinence J Reprod Med 1993 Sep39(9):684–91. [PubMed: 8254589]
  119. Duncan HJ, Nurse DE, Mundy AR. Role of the artificial urinary sphincter in the treatment of stress incontinence in women. Br J Urol. 1992;69:141–3. [PubMed: 1537024]
  120. Dwyer PL, Teele JS. Prazosin: a neglected cause of genuine stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79:117–21. [PubMed: 1727569]
  121. Eckford SD, Abrams P. Para-urethral collagen implantation for female stress incontinence. Br J Urol. 1991;68:586–9. [PubMed: 1773288]
  122. Ek A, Andersson KE, Gullberg B, Ulmsten U. Effects of oestradiol and combined norephedrine and oestradiol treatment on female stress incontinence Zentralbl Gynakol 1980102(15):839–44. [PubMed: 7006273]
  123. Ek A, Andersson KE, Gullberg B, Ulmsten U. The effects of long-term treatment with norephedrine on stress incontinence and urethral closure pressure profile Scand J Urol Nephrol 197812(2):105–10. [PubMed: 358381]
  124. Elia G, Bergman A. Pelvic muscle exercises: when do they work? Obstet Gynecol 1993 Feb81(2):283–6. [PubMed: 8423965]
  125. Elliott TSJ, Gopal Rao G, Reid L, Woodhouse K. Long-term urethral catheterisation in the elderly [letter] BMJ. 1987 April;294:1095–6. [PMC free article: PMC1246237] [PubMed: 3107705]
  126. Engel BT, Burgio LD, McCormick KA, Hawkins AM, Scheve AS, Leahy E. Behavioral treatment of incontinence in the long-term care setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:361–3. [PubMed: 2107245]
  127. Eriksen BC. Electrostimulation of the pelvic floor in female urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990;69:359–60. [PubMed: 2244472]
  128. Eriksen BC, Bergmann S, Eik-Nes SH. Maximal electrostimulation of the pelvic floor in female idiopathic detrusor instability and urge incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 1989;8:219–30.
  129. Eriksen BC, Bergmann S, Mjolnerod OK. Effect of anal electrostimulation with the "Incontan" device in women with urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:147–56. [PubMed: 3493802]
  130. Eriksen BC, Eik-Nes SH. Long-term electrical stimulation of the pelvic floor: primary therapy in female stress incontinence? Urol Int. 1989;44: 90–5. [PubMed: 2786271]
  131. Eriksen BC, Hagen B, Eik-Nes SH, Molne K, Mjolnerod OK, Romslo I. Long-term effectiveness of the Burch colposuspension in female urinary stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990;69:45–50. [PubMed: 2346079]
  132. Eriksen BC, Mjolnerod OK. Changes in urodynamic measurements after successful anal electrostimulation in female urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1987;59:45–9. [PubMed: 3493825]
  133. Esa A, Kiwamoto H, Sugiyama T, Park YC, Kaneko S, Kurita T. Functional electrical stimulation in the management of incontinence: studies of urodynamics. Int Urol Nephrol. 1991;23:135–41. [PubMed: 1864713]
  134. Evans LK, Strumpf NE. Myths about elder restraint. Image. 1990;22:124–9. [PubMed: 2365389]
  135. Ewing R, Bultitude MI, Shuttleworth KED. Subtrigonal phenol injection for urge incontinence secondary to detrusor instability in females. Br J Urol. 1982;54:–. [PubMed: 7150925]
  136. Fall M, Ahlstrom K, Carlsson CA, Ek A, Erlandson BE, Frankenberg S, Mattiasson A. Contelle: pelvic floor stimulator for female stress-urge incontinence Urology 1986; 27(3):282–7. [PubMed: 3513428]
  137. Fall M, Erlandson BE, Pettersson S. Evaluation of history and simple supine cystometry as a preoperative test in stress urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1984;63:241–4. [PubMed: 6539557]
  138. Fantl JA, Cardozo L, McClish DK, Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis: first report of the hormones and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:12–8. [PubMed: 8272292]
  139. Fantl JA, Smith PJ, Schneider V, Hunt WG, Dunn LJ. Fluid weight uroflowmetry in women Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983145(8):1017–24. [PubMed: 6837677]
  140. Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, Bump RC. Urinary incontinence in community-dwelling women: clinical, urodynamic and severity characteristics Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990162(4):946–51. [PubMed: 2327465]
  141. Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, Harkins SW, Elswick RK, Taylor JR, et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence JAMA 1991; 265(5):609–13. [PubMed: 1987410]
  142. Feneley R. The management of female incontinence by suprapubic catheterization, with or without urethral closure. Br J Urol. 1983 May;55:203–7. [PubMed: 6682345]
  143. Fenn N, Conn IG, German KA, Stephenson TP. Complications of clam enterocystoplasty with particular reference to urinary tract infection. Br J Urol. 1992; ;69:366–8. [PubMed: 1581806]
  144. Ferguson K, McKey PL, Bishop KR, Kloen P, Verheul JB, Dougherty MC. Stress urinary incontinence: effect of pelvic muscle exercise. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;73:671–5. [PubMed: 2314786]
  145. Ferriani RA, de Sa MDA, de Moura MC, Charaffedine MN, de Freitas Junior AH. Ureteral blockage as a complication of burch colposuspension: report of 6 cases. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1990;29:239–40. [PubMed: 2358200]
  146. Ferrie BG, Smith JS, Logan D, Lyle R, Paterson PJ. Experience with bladder training in 65 patients. Br J Urol. 1984;56:482–4. [PubMed: 6534448]
  147. Finlay OE, Bayles TB, Rosen C, Milling J. Effects of chair design, age and cognitive status on mobility Age Ageing 198312(4):329–35. [PubMed: 6660142]
  148. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Hansen RI, Stage P. Predictive values of diagnostic tests in the evaluation of female urinary stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986;65:291–4. [PubMed: 3739640]
  149. Flaherty JH, Miller DK, Col RM. Impact on caregivers of supporting urinary function in non institutionalized chronically ill seniors Gerontologist 199232(4):541–5. [PubMed: 1427258]
  150. Flynn L, Cell P, Luisi E. Effectiveness of pelvic exercises in reducing urge incontinence J Gerontol Nurs 199420(5):23–7. [PubMed: 8006342]
  151. Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Lam FW, Elving L. Parity as a correlate of adult female urinary incontinence prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992;46:595–600. [PMC free article: PMC1059675] [PubMed: 1494074]
  152. Folstein MF, Folstein S, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the health care provider. J Psych Res. 1975;12:189–98. [PubMed: 1202204]
  153. Fonda A. Improving management of urinary incontinence in geriatric centers and nursing homes. Victorian Geriatrician Peer Review Group Austral Clin Rev (Sydney) 199010(2):66–71. [PubMed: 2078154]
  154. Fonda D, Brimage PJ, D'Astoli M. Simple screening for urinary incontinence in the elderly: comparison of simple and multichannel cystometry Urology 1993 Nov42(5):536–40. [PubMed: 8236596]
  155. Fossberg E, Beisland HO, Lundgren RA. Stress incontinence in females: treatment with phenylpropanolamine: a urodynamic and pharmacological evaluation Urol Int 198338(5):293–9. [PubMed: 6685364]
  156. Fossberg E, Sorensen S, Ruutu M, Bakke A, Stien R, Henriksen L, Kinn AC. Maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of unstable detrusor and urge incontinence. Eur Urol. 1990;18:120–3. [PubMed: 2226580]
  157. Foster MC, O'Reilly PH. Early experience of the Gittes "no-incision" pubovaginal suspension for stress urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1989;64: 590–3. [PubMed: 2697450]
  158. Fowler JE. Experience with suprapubic vesicourethral suspension and endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck for stress urinary incontinence in females. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986;162:437–41. [PubMed: 3704897]
  159. Fowler EL, Goupil D. Managing an incontinence problem: assessment, plan, and products. J Urol Nurs (special ed). 1987;282:–.
  160. Francis LN, Sand PK, Hamrang K, Ostergard DR. A urodynamic appraisal of success and failure after retropubic urethropexy. J Reprod Med. 1987;32:693–6. [PubMed: 3668968]
  161. Ganabathi K, Abrams P, Mundy AR, et al. Stamey-Martius procedure for severe genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol. 1992;69:34–7. [PubMed: 1737250]
  162. Garding BS, Kerr JC, Bay K. Effectiveness of a program of information and support for myocardial infarction patients recovering at home. Heart Lung. 1988;17:355–62. [PubMed: 2839433]
  163. Garrard J, Kane RL, Radosevich DM, Skay CL. Impact of geriatric nurse practitioners on nursing home residents functional status, satisfaction, and discharge outcomes Med Care 199038(3):361–3. [PubMed: 2314136]
  164. Gaum L, Ricciotti NA, Fair WR. Endoscopic bladder neck suspension for stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1984;132:1119–21. [PubMed: 6502799]
  165. George NK, Russel GL. Russell GL. Clam ileocystoplasty. Br J Urol. 1991;68:487–9. [PubMed: 1747723]
  166. Gilja I, Radej M, Kovacic M, Parazajder J. Conservative treatment of female stress incontinence with imipramine J Urol 1984 132(5):909–11. [PubMed: 6541710]
  167. Gittes RF, Laughlin Loughlin KR. No-incision pubovaginal suspension for stress incontinence. J Urol. 1987;138:568–70. [PubMed: 3305991]
  168. Gleason DM, Reilly RJ, Bottaccini MR, Pierce MJ. The urethral continence zone and its relation to stress incontinence J Urol 1974112(1):81–8. [PubMed: 4601044]
  169. Godec CJ. Timed voiding: a useful tool in the treatment of urinary incontinence Urology 1994; 23(1):97–100. [PubMed: 6691214]
  170. Goldstein I, Wise GJ, Tancer ML. A vesicovaginal fistula and intravesical foreign body. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:589–91. [PubMed: 2386146]
  171. Goldstein M, Hawthorne ME, Engeberg S, McDowell BJ, Burgio KL. Urinary incontinence: why people do not seek help J Gerontol Nurs 199218(4):15–20. [PubMed: 1569296]
  172. Goodno JA, Powers TW. Modified retropubic cysturethropexy II. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1678–82. [PubMed: 1615974]
  173. Grahn D, Norman DC, White ML, Cantrell M, Yoshikawa TT. Validity of urinary catheter specimen for diagnosis of urinary tract infection in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Oct;145:1858–60. [PubMed: 4037946]
  174. Green DF, McGuire EJ, Lytton B. A comparison of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck versus anterior urethropexy for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1986;136:1205–7. [PubMed: 3773090]
  175. Green RJ, Laycock J. Objective methods for evaluation of interferential therapy in the treatment of incontinence. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1990;37:615–23. [PubMed: 2354843]
  176. Griffith-Jones MD, Abrams H. The Stamey endoscopic bladder neck suspension in the elderly. Br J Urol. 1990;65:170–2. [PubMed: 2317651]
  177. Grimby A, Milsom I, Molander U, Wiklund I, Ekelund P. The influence of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of elderly women Age Ageing 1993 Mar22(2):82–9. [PubMed: 8470564]
  178. Gundian JC, Barrett DM, Parulkar BG. Mayo Clinic experience with use of the AMS800 artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1989;142:–. [PubMed: 2585618]
  179. Hahn I, Sommar S, Fall M. A comparative study of pelvic floor training and electrical stimulation for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 1991;10:545–54.
  180. Harke JM, Richgels K. Barriers to implementing a continence program in nursing homes. Clin Nurs Res. 1992;1:158–68. [PubMed: 1301859]
  181. Harris T. Aging in the eighties: prevalence and impact of urinary problems in individuals age 65 years and over, Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, No. 121August 27, 1986.
  182. Harrison GL, Memel DS. Urinary incontinence in women: its prevalence and its management in a health promotion clinic Br J Gen Pract 1994 Apr44(381): 149–52. [PMC free article: PMC1238837] [PubMed: 8185987]
  183. Harrison SCW, Brown C, O'Boyle PJ. Periurethral teflon for stress urinary incontinence: medium-term results. Br J Urol. 1993; ;71:25–7. [PubMed: 8435732]
  184. Haylen BT, Frazer MI, MacDonald JH. Assessing the effectiveness of different urinary catheters in emptying the bladder: an application of transvaginal ultrasound Br J Urol 198964(4):353–6. [PubMed: 2684335]
  185. Health Care Financing Administration. Long term care facility Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) user's manual for use with version 2.0 of the Health Care Financing Administration's Minimum Data Set, Resident Assessment Protocols, and Utilization Guidelines, Baltimore (MD): Health Care Financing Administration; 1995.
  186. Hebel JR, Warren JW. The use of urethral, condom and suprapubic catheters in aged nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:777–84. [PubMed: 2115057]
  187. Heller BR, Whitehead WE, Johnson LD. Incontinence J Gerontol Nurs 1989; 15(5):16–23. [PubMed: 2656834]
  188. Henalla SM, Kirwan P, Castleden CM, Hutchens CJ, Breeson AJ. The effect of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine urinary stress incontinence in women at two hospitals. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:602–6. [PubMed: 3390402]
  189. Herzog AR, Fultz NH, Normolle DP, Brock BM, Diokno AC. Methods used to manage urinary incontinence by older adults in the community J Am Geriatr Soc 198937(4):339–47. [PubMed: 2921456]
  190. Hilton P. A clinical and urodynamic study comparing the Stamey bladder neck suspension and suburethral sling procedures in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;96:213–20. [PubMed: 2930745]
  191. Hilton P, Stanton SL. Urethral pressure measurement by micro-transducer: the results in symptom-free women and in those with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:–. [PubMed: 6684949]
  192. Hilton P, Tweddell AL, Mayne C. Oral and intravaginal estrogens alone and in combination with alpha-adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence Int Urogynecol J 19901(2):80–6. [PubMed: 1942363]
  193. Hodgkinson CP, Drukker BH. Infravesical nerve resection for detrusor dyssynergia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1977;56:–. [PubMed: 564128]
  194. Holmes DM, Montz FJ, Stanton SL. Oxybutynin versus propantheline in the management of detrusor instability: a patient-regulated variable dose trial Br J Obstet Gynaecol 198996(5):607–12. [PubMed: 2667633]
  195. Holst K, Wilson P. The prevalence of female urinary incontinence and reasons for not seeking treatment. N Z Med J. 1988;101:756–8. [PubMed: 3263595]
  196. Hu T. Impact of urinary incontinence on health-care cost. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990 ;38:292–5. [PubMed: 2313010]
  197. Hu T. The cost impact of urinary incontinence on health care services Paper presented at: National Multi-Specialty Nursing Conference on Urinary Continence, Phoenix, AZ,1994 January.
  198. Hu T, Gabelko K, Weis KA, Fogarty TE, Diokno AC, McCormick KA. Clinical guidelines and cost implications — the case of urinary incontinence. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 1994;4:85–91.
  199. Hu TW, Igou JF, Kaltreider DL, Yu LC, Rohner TJ, Dennis PJ, Craighead WE, Hadley ED, Ory MG. A clinical trial of a behavioral therapy to reduce urinary incontinence in nursing homes JAMA 1989261(18):2656–62. [PubMed: 2496240]
  200. Hu TW, Kaltreider DL, Igou RN. The cost-effectiveness of disposable versus reusable diapers J Gerontol Nurs 199016(2):19–24. [PubMed: 2303672]
  201. Huland H, Bucher H. Endoscopic bladder neck suspension (Stamey-Pereyra) in female urinary stress incontinence. Eur Urol. 1984; 10:238–41. [PubMed: 6383837]
  202. Iosif CS. Sling operation for urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1985;64:187–90. [PubMed: 4039099]
  203. Ireton RC, Krieger JN, Cardenas DD, Williams-Burden B, Kelly E, Souci T, Chapman WH. Bladder volume determination using a dedicated, portable ultrasound scanner J Urol 1990143(5):909–11. [PubMed: 2184254]
  204. Jayachandran S, Mooppan UMM, Kim H. Complications from external (condom) urinary drainage devices Urology 1985 Jan25(1):31–4. [PubMed: 3966279]
  205. Jeter KF, Gartley C. Report on public education about incontinence in the United States to the AHCPR urinary incontinence guideline education subcommittee (Unpublished peer review report), Spartanburg (SC):Help for Incontinent People, Inc.,, and Wilmette (IL):The Simon Foundation for Continence;1994.
  206. Jeter KF, Wagner DB. Incontinence in the American home: a survey of 36,500 people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:379–83. [PubMed: 2313016]
  207. Jirovec MM. The impact of daily exercise on the mobility balance and urine control of cognitively impaired nursing home residents Int J Nurs Stud 199128(2):145–51. [PubMed: 1894462]
  208. Jirovec MM, Wells TJ. Urinary incontinence in nursing home residents with dementia: the mobility-cognition paradigm Appl Nurs Res 1990 Aug3(3):112–7. [PubMed: 2400208]
  209. Johnson DE, Muncie HL, O'Reilly JL, Warren JW. An external urine collection device for incontinent women: evaluation of long-term use. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:1016–22. [PubMed: 2212436]
  210. Johnson DE, O'Reilly JL, Warren JW. Clinical evaluation of an external urine collection device for nonambulatory incontinent women J Urol 1989 Mar141(3):535–7. [PubMed: 2918586]
  211. Johnson ET. The condom catheter: urinary tract infection and other complications South Med J 1983 May76(5):579–82. [PubMed: 6405482]
  212. Johnson JR, Roberts PL, Olsen RJ, Moyer KA, Stammio E. Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections with infection with a silver oxide-coated urinary catheter. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:1145–50. [PubMed: 2230239]
  213. Jones DJ, Shah PJR, Worth PHL. Modified Stamey procedure for bladder neck suspension. Br J Urol. 1989;63:157–61. [PubMed: 2702402]
  214. Joseph C, Jacobson C, Strausbaugh L, Maxwell M, French M, Colling J. Sterile vs clean urinary catheterization. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:1042–6. [PubMed: 1918777]
  215. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Evaluating an incontinence helpline Social Care Research Findings 17, York, United Kingdom:Joseph Rowntree Foundation;1991.
  216. Jouppila P, Kauppila A, Ylikorkala O, Ala-Ketola L, Jarvinen PA. Results of operative treatment of stress urinary incontinence with special reference to preoperative clinical and radiological evaluation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1977;56:409–13. [PubMed: 602709]
  217. Judge TG. The use of quinestradol in elderly incontinent women, a preliminary report Gerontol Clin 196911(3):159–64. [PubMed: 4890404]
  218. Juma S, Little NA, Raz S. Vaginal wall sling: four years later. Urology. 1992;34:424–8. [PubMed: 1580030]
  219. Kadar N. The value of bladder filling in the clinical detection of urine loss and selection of patients for urodynamic testing Br J Obstet Gynaecol 198895(7): 698–704. [PubMed: 3415935]
  220. Kane RL, Garrard J, Skay CL, Radosevich DM. Effects of a geriatric nurse practitioner on process and outcome of nursing home care Am J Public Health 198979(9):1271–7. [PMC free article: PMC1349703] [PubMed: 2504064]
  221. Karram MM, Rosenzweig BA, Bhatia NN. Artificial urinary sphincter for recurrent/severe stress incontinence in women. J Reprod Med. 1993;38:791–4. [PubMed: 8263868]
  222. Kaufman M, Lockhart JL, Silverstein MJ, Politano VA. Transurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1984;132:–. [PubMed: 6471177]
  223. Keating JC, Schulte DC, Miller E. Conservative care of urinary incontinence in the elderly J Manipulative Physiol Ther 198811(4):300–8. [PubMed: 3049892]
  224. Kersey J. The gauze hammock sling operation in the treatment of stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983;90:–. [PubMed: 6684951]
  225. Kiilholma P, Makinen J. Disappointing effect of endoscopic teflon injection for female stress incontinence. Eur Urol. 1991;20: 197–9. [PubMed: 1823042]
  226. Kiilholma P, Makinen J, Chancellor MB, Pitkanen Y, Hirvonen T. Modified Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence in females. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:111–5. [PubMed: 8421796]
  227. Kil PJM, Hoekstra JW, van der Meijden APM, Smans AJ, Theeuwes AGM, Schreinemachers LMH. Transvaginal ultrasonography and urodynamic evaluation after suspension operations: comparison among the Gittes, Stamey and Burch suspensions. Am Urol Assoc. 1991;146:132–6. [PubMed: 2056572]
  228. King RB, Carlson CE, Mervine J, Wu Y, Yarkony GM. Clean and sterile intermittent catheterization methods in hospitalized patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73:798–802. [PubMed: 1514886]
  229. Kings Fund. Action on incontinence: report of a working group Kings Fund Project Paper, no. 43, London: King Edwards Hospital Fund for London;1983. p. 5–13.
  230. Kirby RS, Whiteway JE. Assessment of the results of Stamey bladder neck suspension. Br J Urol. 1989;63:21–3. [PubMed: 2920256]
  231. Klarskov P, Nielsen KK, Kromman-Andersen B, Maegaard E. Long-term results of pelvic floor training and surgery for female genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 1991;2:132–5.
  232. Klein L. Maintenance of healthy skin J Enterostomal Ther 198815(6): 227–31. [PubMed: 3204210]
  233. Klein MC, Gauthier RJ, Robbins JM, Kaczorowski J, Jorgensen SH, Franco ED, Johnson B, Waghorn K, Gelfand MM, Guralnick MS, Luskey GW, Joshi AK. Relationship of episiotomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic floor relaxation Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994171(3):591–8. [PubMed: 8092203]
  234. Kockelbergh RC. Clam enterocystoplasty in general urological practice. Br J Urol. 1991;68:38–41. [PubMed: 1873689]
  235. Korda A, Ferry J, Hunter P. Colposuspension for the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;29:–. [PubMed: 2803126]
  236. Korda A, Peat B, Hunter P. Experience with silastic slings for female urinary incontinence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989;29: 150–4. [PubMed: 2803127]
  237. Kuhan W, Rist M, Zaech GA. Intermittent urethral self catheterization: long-term results. Paraplegia. 1991;29:222–32. [PubMed: 1870888]
  238. Kujansuu E. Urodynamic analysis of successful and failed incontinence surgery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1983;21:353–60. [PubMed: 6141092]
  239. Kumar R, Schreib MH. Schreiber MH. The changing indications for excretory urography JAMA 1985254(3):405–9. [PubMed: 3892062]
  240. Kunin CM. Blockage of urinary catheters: role of microorganisms and constituents of the urine on formation of encrustations J Clin Epidemiol 198942(9):835–42. [PubMed: 2778465]
  241. Kunin CM, Chin QF, Chambers S. Indwelling urinary catheters in the elderly. Am J Med. 1987a Mar;82:405–11. [PubMed: 3826097]
  242. Kunin CM, Chin QF, Chambers S. Morbidity and mortality associated with indwelling urinary catheters in elderly patients in a nursing home—confounding due to the presence of associated diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987b;35:1001–6. [PubMed: 3668135]
  243. Kunin CM, Finkelberg S. Evaluation of an intraurethral lubricating catheter in prevention of catheter-induced urinary tract infections. J Urol. 1971 Dec;106: 928–30. [PubMed: 4330019]
  244. Kunkle JC, Payne CK, Whitmore KE. Urinary incontinence: combined biofeedback and electrical stimulation treatment J Urol Nurs 1993; 12(3):537–43.
  245. Kursh ED. Factors influencing the outcome of a no incision endoscopic urethropexy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175:254–8. [PubMed: 1514161]
  246. Kursh ED, Angell AH, Resnick MI. Evolution of endoscopic urethropexy: seven year experience with various techniques. Urology. 1991;37:–. [PubMed: 2024390]
  247. Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS. Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:135–40. [PubMed: 1605428]
  248. Lagace EA, Hansen W, Hickner JM. Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in ambulatory adults: an UPR study J Fam Pract 1993; 36(6):610–4. [PubMed: 8505603]
  249. Lamhut P, Jackson TW, Wall LL. The treatment of urinary incontinence with electrical stimulation in nursing home patients: A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:48–52. [PubMed: 1727847]
  250. Langer R, Ron-El R, Bukovsky I, Caspi E. Colposuspension in patients with combined stress incontinence and detrusor instability. Eur Urol. 1988;14:437–9. [PubMed: 3181224]
  251. Langer R, Ron-El R, Newman M, Herman A, Caspi E. Detrusor instability following colposuspension for urinary stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:607–10. [PubMed: 3390403]
  252. Larson G, Victor A. The frequency-volume chart in genuine stress incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1992;1: 23–31.
  253. Leach G, Bavendam T. Prospective evaluation of the incontan transrectal stimulator in women with urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 1989;8:231–5.
  254. Leach GE, Raz S. Modified Pereyra bladder neck suspension after previously failed anti-incontinence surgery Urology 198423(4):359–62. [PubMed: 6538710]
  255. Lehtonen T, Rannikko S, Lindell O, Talja M, Wuokko E, Lindskog M. The effect of phenylpropanolamine on female stress urinary incontinence Ann Chir Gynaecol 1986 75(4):236–41. [PubMed: 3535621]
  256. Lekan-Rutledge D, Hogue CC, Miller J. Prompted voiding in the nursing home: effect of clinical and staff management protocols. Gerontologist. 1992;32:–.
  257. Lewis RI, Lockhart JL, Politano VA. Periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injections in incontinent female subjects with neurogenic bladder disease. J Urol. 1984; ;131:–. [PubMed: 6538241]
  258. Liedberg H, Lundeberg T. Silver alloy coated catheters reduce catheter-associated bacterium. Br J Urol. 1990;65:379–81. [PubMed: 2187551]
  259. Liedberg H, Lundeberg T, Ekman P. Refinements in the coating of urethral catheters reduces the incidence of catheter-associated bacteriuria. Eur Urol. 1990;17:236–40. [PubMed: 2190840]
  260. Light JK, Scott FB. Management of urinary incontinence in women with the artificial urinary sphincter. J Urol. 1985;134:–. [PubMed: 4032543]
  261. Linder A, Leach GE, Raz S. Augmentation cystoplasty in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol. 1983;129:491–3. [PubMed: 6834530]
  262. Lindholm P, Lose G. Terbutaline (Bricanyl) in the treatment of female urge incontinence Urol Int 198641(2): 158–60. [PubMed: 3727194]
  263. Lockhart JL, Ellis GF, Helal M, Pow-Sang JM. Combined cystourethropexy for the treatment of type 3 and complicated female urinary incontinence J Urol 1990 Apr143(4):722–5. [PubMed: 2107335]
  264. Lockhart JL, Maggiolo LF, Politano VA. Modified Burch colposuspension in treatment of female urinary incontinence. Urology. 1983;21: 382–4. [PubMed: 6836827]
  265. Lopez Lopez JA, Valdivia Uria JB, Uca Terran A. Percutaneous endoscopic urethrocervicopexy. Eur Urol. 1992;22:167–70. [PubMed: 1478234]
  266. Lose G, Andersen JI, Kristensen JK. Disposable vaginal surface electrode for urethral sphincter electromyography. Br J Urol. 1986; 1987; 59:408–13. [PubMed: 3594099]
  267. Lose G, Jorgensen L, Johnsen A. Predictive value of detrusor instability index in surgery for female urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 1988;7:141–8.
  268. Lose G, Jorgensen L, Thunedborg P. Doxepin in the treatment of female detrusor overactivity: a randomized double-blind crossover study J Urol 1989 Oct142(4):1024–6. [PubMed: 2795725]
  269. Lotenfoe R, O'Kelly JK, Helal M, Lockhart JL. Periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene paste injection in incontinent female subjects: surgical indications and improved surgical technique. J Urol. 1993;149:279–82. [PubMed: 8426401]
  270. Loughlin KR, Whitmore WF, et al. Review of an 8-year experience with modifications of endoscopic suspensions of the bladder neck for female stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1990;143:44–5. [PubMed: 2294259]
  271. Low JA. Management of severe anatomic deficiencies of urethral sphincter function by a combined procedure with a fascia lata sling. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969; 105:–. [PubMed: 5817841]
  272. Lowe DH, Scherz HC, Parsons CL. Urethral pressure profilometry in Scott artificial urinary sphincter. Urology. 1988; 31:–. [PubMed: 3336936]
  273. Lucas MG, Thomas DG, Clarke S, Forster DMC. Long-term follow-up of selective sacral neurectomy. Br J Urol. 1988;61:–. [PubMed: 3359125]
  274. Malloy TR, Wein AJ, Carpiniello VL. Surgical success with AMS M800 GU sphincter for male incontinence. Urology. 1989;33:–. [PubMed: 2929057]
  275. Marks JL, Light JK. Management of urinary incontinence after prostatectomy with the artificial urinary sphincter. J Urol. 1989; 142:–. [PubMed: 2746747]
  276. McCormick KA, Burgio K. Incontinence: an update on nursing care measures J Gerontol Nurs 198410(10): 16–23. [PubMed: 6568237]
  277. McCormick KA, Burgio LD, Engel BT, Scheve A, Leahy E. Urinary incontinence: an augmented prompted void approach J Gerontol Nurs 1992 Mar18(3):3–10. [PubMed: 1556395]
  278. McCormick K, Cella M, Scheve A, Engel BT. Cost-effectiveness of treating incontinence in severely mobility-impaired long term care residents. Q Rev Bull. 1990; Dec:439–43. [PubMed: 2129289]
  279. McDowell BJ, Burgio KL, Dombrowski M, Locher JL, Rodriguez E. An interdisciplinary approach to the assessment and behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in geriatric outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:370–4. [PubMed: 1556364]
  280. McDowell BJ, Engberg S, Weber E, Brodak I, Engberg R. Successful treatment using behavioral interventions of urinary incontinence in homebound older adults Geriatr Nurs 199415(6):303–7. [PubMed: 7835759]
  281. McFall SL, Yerkes AM, Belzer JA, Cowan LD. Urinary incontinence and quality of life in older women: a community demonstration in Oklahoma Fam Community Health 1994; 17(1):64–75.
  282. McGuire EJ. Disorders of the control of bladder contractility In: Kursh ED, McGuire EJ, editors. Female urology, Philadelphia:Lippincott;1994. p. 75–82.
  283. McGuire EJ, Appell RA. Transurethral collagen injection for urinary incontinence Urology 199443(4): 413–5. [PubMed: 8154062]
  284. McGuire EJ, Fitzpatrick CC, Wan J, Bloom D, Sandvordenker J, Ritchey M, Gormley EA. Clinical assessment of urethral sphincter function. J Urol. 1993;50:1452–4. [PubMed: 8411422]
  285. McGuire EJ, Letson W, Wang S. Transvaginal urethrolysis after obstructive urethral suspension procedures. J Urol. 1989;142:1037–9. [PubMed: 2795727]
  286. McGuire EJ, Lytton B. Pubovaginal sling procedure for stress incontinence. J Urol. 1978;119:–. [PubMed: 563930]
  287. McGuire EJ, Savastano JA. Urodynamic findings and clinical status following vesical denervation procedures for control of incontinence. J Urol. 1984;132:–. [PubMed: 6726966]
  288. McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM. Prognostic value of urodynamic testing in myelodysplasia patients J Urol 1981126(2):205–9. [PubMed: 7196460]
  289. McIndoe GA, Jones RW, Grieve BW. The Aldridge sling procedure in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence. Aust N Z Obstet Gynaecol. 1987; 27:–. [PubMed: 3435363]
  290. McIntosh LJ, Frahm JD, Mallett VT, Richardson DA. Pelvic floor rehabilitation in the treatment of incontinence. J Reprod Med. 1993; ;38:662–6. [PubMed: 8254585]
  291. Meyer S, Dhenin T, Schmidt N, DeGrandi P. Subjective and objective effects of intravaginal electrical myostimulation and biofeedback in patients with genuine stress urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1992;69:584–8. [PubMed: 1638343]
  292. Meyhoff HH, Gerstenberg TC, Nordling J. Placebo--the drug of choice in female motor urge incontinence? Br J Urol 1983 Feb55(1):34–7. [PubMed: 6337667]
  293. Mezey MD, Lynaugh JE, Cartier MN. Nursing homes and nursing care: lessons from the teaching nursing homes, New York:Springer Publishing;1989.
  294. Middaugh SJ, Whitehead WE, Burgio KL, Engel BT. Biofeedback in treatment of urinary incontinence stroke patients Biofeedback Self Regul 1989 14(1):44–51. [PubMed: 2752058]
  295. Milani R, Scalambrino S, Quadri G, Algeri M, Marchesin R. Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure and Burch colposuspension in the surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:1050–3. [PubMed: 4052346]
  296. Milner G, Hills NF. A double-blind assessment of antidepressants in the treatment of 212 enuretic patients Med J Aust 1968 Jun 11(22): 943–7. [PubMed: 4871634]
  297. Mizunaga M, Miyata M, Kaneko S, et al. Intravesical instillation of oxybutynin hydrochloride therapy for patients with neuropathic bladder. Paraplegia. 1994;32:25–9. [PubMed: 8015832]
  298. Mohide EA, Pringle DM, Robertson D, Chambers L. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in patients receiving home care services. Can Med Assoc J. 1988;139:953–6. [PMC free article: PMC1268388] [PubMed: 3263180]
  299. Mohr DN, Offord KP, Owen RA, Melton LJ. Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease: a population-based study. JAMA. 1986;256:224–9. [PubMed: 3723707]
  300. Moore KH, Hay DM, Imrie AE, Watson A, Goldstein M. Oxybutynin hydrochloride (3 mg) in the treatment of women with idiopathic detrusor instability Br J Urol 1990 Nov66(5):479–85. [PubMed: 2249115]
  301. Moore KH, Richmond DH, Parys BT. Sex distribution of adult idiopathic detrusor instability in relation to childhood bedwetting. Br J Urol. 1991;68:479–82. [PubMed: 1747721]
  302. Moore TF, Saltmarche A. Developing and testing an instrument to assess the information needs of persons with urinary incontinence Perspectives 199317(1):2–6. [PubMed: 8384769]
  303. Morgan JE. The suprapubic approach to primary stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;115: 316–20. [PubMed: 4682824]
  304. Morishita L, Uman GC, Pierson CA. Education on adult urinary incontinence in nursing school curricula: can it be done in two hours? Nurs Outlook. 1994;42:123–9. [PubMed: 8084761]
  305. Morris A, Browne G, Saltmarche A. Urinary incontinence: correlates among cognitively impaired elderly veterans. J Gerontol Nurs. 1992;18:33–40. [PubMed: 1479156]
  306. Morris JN, Hawes C, Murphy K, Nonemaker S. Long term care resident assessment instrument training manual, Baltimore (MD):Health Care Financing Administration; 1990. –.
  307. Motley RC, Barrett DM. Artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosion. Experience with reimplantation in 37 patients. Urology. 1990;35:–. [PubMed: 2316084]
  308. Mouritsen L, Frimodt MC, Moller M. Long-term effect on pelvic floor exercises on female urinary incontinence Br J Urol 199168(1):32–7. [PubMed: 1873688]
  309. Mouritsen L, Standberg C, Strandberg C, Jensen AR, Berget A, Frimodt MC, Folke K. Inter and intra-observer variation of colpo-cysto-urethrography diagnoses Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 199372(3):2000–4. [PubMed: 8385856]
  310. Mundy AR. A trial comparing the Stamey bladder neck suspension procedure with colposuspension for the treatment of stress incontinence. Br J Urol. 1983;55:–. [PubMed: 6360297]
  311. Mundy AR, Stephenson TP. "Clam" ileocystoplasty for the treatment of refractory urge incontinence. Br J Urol. 1985; 57:–. [PubMed: 4084722]
  312. Murphy WM. Current status of urinary cytology in the evaluation of bladder neoplasms. Hum Pathol. 1990;21: 886–96. [PubMed: 2203672]
  313. Nakamura M, Sakurai T, Sugao H, Sonoda T. Maximum electrical stimulation for urge incontinence. Urol Int. 1987;42: 285–7. [PubMed: 3499696]
  314. Nakamura M, Sakurai J, Tsujimoto Y, Tada Y. Bladder inhibition by electrical stimulation of the perianal skin. Urol Int. 1986;41:62–3. [PubMed: 3485849]
  315. Narik G, Palmrich AH. A simplified sling operation suitable for routine use. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:–. [PubMed: 14478393]
  316. National Center for Health Statistics. The national nursing home survey: 1977 summary for the United States by Van Nostrand JF, et al. (DHEW Publication No. 79-1794) Vital and health statistics Series 13, No. 43, Washington, DC:Health Resources Services Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office,1979.
  317. National Institutes of Health. Urinary Incontinence in Adults. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:265–72. [PubMed: 2313008]
  318. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Advisory Board. Barriers to rehabilitation of persons with end-stage renal disease or chronic urinary incontinence Workshop summary report March 7-9, 1994. , Bethesda, MD.
  319. Netto NR, Lemos GC, Palma PCR, Fiuza JL. Comparison of the Stamey bladder neck suspension procedure with a modified endoscopic suspension for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 1988;15:62–5. [PubMed: 3063540]
  320. Nielsen E., Lundvall F. Urethrovaginal fixation to Cooper's ligament (Burch) in the treatment of incontinence. Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1973;433:118–20. [PubMed: 4513500]
  321. Nitti VW, Bregg KJ, Sussman EM, Raz S. The Raz bladder neck suspension in patients 65 years and older. J Urol. 1993;149:802–7. [PubMed: 8455244]
  322. Nitti VW, Raz S. Obstruction following anti-incontinence procedures: diagnosis and treatment with transvaginal urethrolysis J Urol 1994 Jul152 (1):93–8. [PubMed: 8201698]
  323. Noelker L. Incontinence in elderly cared for by family. Gerontologist. 1987;27:194–200. [PubMed: 3583011]
  324. Nordling J, Holm-Bentzen M, Hald T. The AMS artificial urinary sphincter on the bulbous urethra. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1986;20:–. [PubMed: 3787192]
  325. Nordling J, Steven K, Meyhoff HH, Hald T. Subtrigonal phenol injection: lack of effect in the treatment of detrusor hyperactivity. Neurourol Urodyn. 1986;5:–.
  326. Norton PA, MacDonald LD, Sedgwick PM, Stanton SL. Distress and delay associated with urinary incontinence, frequency, and urgency in women. BMJ. 1988 Nov 5;29:1187–9. [PMC free article: PMC1835000] [PubMed: 3144344]
  327. Norton P, Peattie A, Stanton S. Estimation of urinary residual by palpation Neurourol Urodyn 19898(4):330–1.
  328. Nygaard IE, Thompson FL, Svengalis SL, Albright JP. Urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes Obstet Gynecol 199484(2):183–7. [PubMed: 8041527]
  329. O'Brien J, Austin M, Sethi P, O'Boyle P. Urinary incontinence: prevalence, need for treatment, and effectiveness of intervention by nurse. BMJ. 1991 Nov 23;303:1308–12. [PMC free article: PMC1671402] [PubMed: 1747675]
  330. O'Connell HE, McGuire EJ, Aboseif S, Usui A. Transurethral collagen therapy in women. J Urol. In press [PubMed: 7658560]
  331. O'Donnell P, Doyle R. Biofeedback therapy technique for treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology. 1991;37: 432–6. [PubMed: 2024391]
  332. O'Donnell PD, Beck C, Walls RC. Serial incontinence assessment in elderly inpatient men J Rehab Res Dev 199027(1):1–9. [PubMed: 2106579]
  333. Ogundipe A, Rosenzweig BA. Modified suburethral sling procedure for treatment of recurrent or severe stress urinary incontinence. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175:173–6. [PubMed: 1636142]
  334. Ohlsson BL, Fall M, Frankenberg-Sommar S. Effects of external and direct pudendal nerve maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of the uninhibited overactive bladder. Br J Urol. 1989;64:374–80. [PubMed: 2819388]
  335. Olah KS, Bridges N, Denning J, Farrar DJ. The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomized, prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990162(1):87–92. [PubMed: 2301521]
  336. Opsomer RJ, Klarskov P, Holm-Bentzen M, Hald T. Long-term results of superselective sacral nerve resection for motor urge incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1984;18:–. [PubMed: 6463592]
  337. Osther PJ, Rohl HF. Teflon injections in post-prostatectomy incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1988;22:171–4. [PubMed: 3055257]
  338. Ouslander J, Kane R, Abrass I. Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. JAMA. 1982;248:1194–8. [PubMed: 7109138]
  339. Ouslander JG. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and incontinence [letter] J Am Geriatr Soc 198937(2):197–8. [PubMed: 2910982]
  340. Ouslander JG, Bruskewitz R. Disorders of micturition in the aging patient. Adv Int Med. 1989; ;34:165–90. [PubMed: 2464910]
  341. Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. Complications of chronic indwelling urinary catheters among male nursing home patients: a prospective study. J Urol. 1987a Nov;138: 1191–5. [PubMed: 3312641]
  342. Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. External catheter use and urinary tract infections among incontinent male nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987b Dec;35:1063–70. [PubMed: 3680838]
  343. Ouslander JG, Hepps K, Raz S, Su HL. Genitourinary dysfunction in a geriatric outpatient population J Am Geriatr Soc 198634(7):507–14. [PubMed: 3722668]
  344. Ouslander JG, Leach GE, Staskin DR. Simplified tests of lower urinary tract function in evaluation of geriatric urinary incontinence J Am Geriatr Soc 198937(8):706–14. [PubMed: 2754155]
  345. Ouslander JG, Leach G, Staskin D, Abelson S, Blaustein J, Morishita L, Raz S. Prospective evaluation of assessment strategy for geriatric urinary incontinence J Amer Geriatr Soc 198937(8):715–24. [PubMed: 2754156]
  346. Ouslander JG, Palmer MH, Rovner BW, German PS. Urinary incontinence in nursing homes: incidence remission and associated factors J Am Geriatr Soc 199341(10):1083–9. [PubMed: 8409154]
  347. Ouslander J, Schnelle J, Simmons S, Bates-Jenson B, Zeitlin M. The dark side of incontinence in nursing home residents. J Am Genatr Soc. 1993;41:371–6. [PubMed: 8463522]
  348. Ouslander JG, Schnelle J, Uman GC, Fingold S, Glater Nigam J, Tuico E, Bates-Jensen B. Predictors of successful prompted voiding among incontinent nursing home residents. JAMA. 1995;273:1366–70. [PubMed: 7715062]
  349. Ouslander JG, Simmons, Tuico E, Nigam JG, Fingold S, Bates-Jensen B, Schnelle JF. Use of a portable ultrasound device to measure post-void residual volume among incontinent nursing home residents J Am Geriatr Soc 199442(11):1189–92. [PubMed: 7963206]
  350. Ouslander JG, Zarit SH, Orr NK, Muira SA. Incontinence among elderly community-dwelling dementia patients: characteristics, management, and impact on caregivers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:440–5. [PubMed: 2329252]
  351. Palmer JH, Worth PHL, Exton-Smith AN. Flunarizine: a once daily therapy for urinary incontinence. Lancet. 1981;2:279–81. [PubMed: 6114325]
  352. Palmer MH. A health promotion perspective of urinary continence Nurs Outlook 1994 Jul/Aug42(4):163–9. [PubMed: 7984447]
  353. Palmer MH. Nurses' knowledge and beliefs about continence interventions in long-term care. J Adv Nurs. 1995;21:1065–72. [PubMed: 7665769]
  354. Palmer MH, Bennett RG, Marks J, McCormick KA, Engel BT. Urinary incontinence: a program that works J Long Term Care Admin 199422(2):19–25. [PubMed: 10137999]
  355. Palmer MH, German PS, Ouslander JG. Risk factors for urinary incontinence one year after nursing home admission. Res Nurs Health. 1991;14:405–12. [PubMed: 1792342]
  356. Palmer MH, McCormick KA, Langford A, Langlois J, Alvaran M. Continence outcomes: Documentation on medical records in the nursing home environment J Nurs Care Qual 19926(3):36–43. [PubMed: 1550947]
  357. Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in Adults. Pressure ulcers in adults: prediction and prevention Clinical practice guideline, no. 3. AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047, Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research;May 1992.
  358. Park GS, Miller EJ Jr. Surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a comparison of the Kelly plication, Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz, and Pereyra procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 71:575–9. [PubMed: 3353049]
  359. Parra RO, Shaker L. Experience with a simplified technique for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1990;66:615–7. [PubMed: 2265334]
  360. Parulkar BG, Barrett DM. Application of the A-800 artificial sphincter for intractable urinary incontinence in females. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1990;171:–. [PubMed: 2382190]
  361. Pearson B, Droessler D. Continence through nursing care Geriatr Nurs 19889(6):347–9. [PubMed: 3192118]
  362. Peattie AB, Plevnik S. Cones versus physiotherapy as conservative management of genuine stress incontinence Neurourol Urodyn 19887(3): 72–3.
  363. Peattie AB, Plevnik S, Stanton SL. Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988; ;95:1049–53. [PubMed: 3191043]
  364. Pengelly AW, Booth CM. A prospective trial of bladder training as treatment for detrusor instability. Br J Urol. 1980; ;52:463–6. [PubMed: 7459573]
  365. Penttinen J, Kaar K, Kauppila A. Colposuspension and transvaginal bladder neck suspension in the treatment of stress incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1989;28:101–5. [PubMed: 2792913]
  366. Penttinen J, Lindholm EL, Kaar K, Kauppila A. Successful colposuspension in stress urinary incontinence reduces bladder neck mobility and increases pressure transmission to the urethra. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1989; 244:233–8. [PubMed: 2782951]
  367. Pereyra AJ, Lebherz TB, Growdon WA, Powers JA. Pubourethral supports in perspective: modified Pereyra procedure for urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;59:–. [PubMed: 7041024]
  368. Perkash I, Giroux J. Clean intermittent catheterization in spinal cord injury patients: a follow-up study. J Urol. 1993 May;149: 1068–71. [PubMed: 8483212]
  369. Pieper B, Cleland V. An external urine-collection device for women: a clinical trial. J ET Nurs. 1993;20:51–5. [PubMed: 8507726]
  370. Pieper B, Cleland V, Johnson DE, O'Reilly JL. Inventing urine incontinence devices for women Image J Nurs Sch 1989 Winter21(4): 205–9. [PubMed: 2807327]
  371. Plevnik S, Joney J, Vrtacnik P, et al. Short term electrical simulation: home treatment for urinary incontinence. World J Urol. 1986; ;4:24–6.
  372. Politano VA. Transurethral polytef injection for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1992;69:26–8. [PubMed: 1737248]
  373. Pope AJ, Shaw PJR, Coptcoat MH, Worth PHL. Changes in bladder function following a surgical alteration in outflow resistance. Neurourol Urodyn. 1990;9:503–8.
  374. Pow-Sang JM, Lockhart JL, Suarez A, Lansman H, Politano VA. Female urinary incontinence: preoperative selection, surgical complications and results. J Urol. 1986;136:831–3. [PubMed: 3761441]
  375. Quinn MJ, Beynon J, Mortensen NJM, Smith PJB. Transvaginal endosonography: a new method to study the anatomy of the lower urinary tract in urinary stress incontinence Br J Urol 1988 62(5):414–8. [PubMed: 3061556]
  376. Ramon F, Mekras JA, Webster GD. The outcome of transvaginal cysturethropexy in patients with anatomical stress urinary incontinence and outlet weakness. J Urol. 1990;144: 106–9. [PubMed: 2359155]
  377. Raz S. Modified bladder neck suspension for female stress incontinence. Urology. 1981;17:82–5. [PubMed: 7456206]
  378. Raz S, Ehrlich RM, Zeidman EJ, Alarcon A, McLaughlin S. Surgical treatment of the incontinent female patient with myelomeningocele. J Urol. 1988;139:–. [PubMed: 3343737]
  379. Raz S, Sussman EM, Erickson DB, Bregg KJ, Nitti VW. The Raz bladder neck suspension: results in 206 patients. J Urol. 1992;148: 845–50. [PubMed: 1512837]
  380. Resnick NM. Voiding dysfunction in the elderly In: Yalla SV, McGuire EF, Elbadawi A, Blaivas JG, eds. Neurourology and urodynamics: principles and practice, New York:Macmillan,1988 303–30.
  381. Resnick NM, Baumann MM. A national assessment strategy for urinary incontinence in nursing homes. Neurourol Urodyn. 1990;9:411–3. [PubMed: 8916112]
  382. Resnick NM, Yalla SV. Management of urinary incontinence in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:800–5. [PubMed: 2863753]
  383. Resnick NM, Yalla SV, Laurino E. The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly persons N Engl J Med 1989320(1):1–7. [PubMed: 2909873]
  384. Richardson DA, Ramahi A, Chalas E. Surgical management of stress incontinence in patients with low urethral pressure. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;131:106–9. [PubMed: 2037258]
  385. Richmond DH, Sutherst JR. Burch colposuspension or sling for stress incontinence? A prospective study using transrectal ultrasound. Br J Urol. 1989a;64:600–3. [PubMed: 2697451]
  386. Richmond DH, Sutherst JR. Clinical application of transrectal ultrasound for the investigation of the incontinent patient Br J Urol 1989b63(6):605–9. [PubMed: 2665902]
  387. Ridley JH. Appraisal of the Goeb ell-Frangenheim-Stoeckel sling procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966;95:–. [PubMed: 5940070]
  388. Rife CC, Farrow GM, Utz DC. Urine cytology of transitional cell neoplasms. Urol Clin North Am. 1979;6:599–612. [PubMed: 505675]
  389. Riva D, Casolati E. Oxybutynin chloride in the treatment of female idiopathic bladder instability Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 198411(1-2):37–42. [PubMed: 6370504]
  390. Robertson AS, Davies JB, Webb RJ, Neal DF. Bladder Augmentation and Replacement. Urodynamic and Clinical Review of 25 Patients. Br J Urol. 1991;68:590–7. [PubMed: 1773289]
  391. Robinson JM, Brocklehurst JC. Emepronium bromide and flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urinary incontinence associated with detrusor instability in elderly women Br J Urol 1983 Aug55(4):371–6. [PubMed: 6349743]
  392. Rockswald GL, Rockswold GL, Chou SN, Bradley WE. Re-evaluation of differential sacral rhizotomy for neurological bladder disease. J Neurosurg. 1978;48:–. [PubMed: 417152]
  393. Rose M, Baigis-Smith J, Smith D, Newman D. Behavioral management of urinary incontinence in homebound older adults. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1990;8:10–5. [PubMed: 2243023]
  394. Rosenbaum TP, Shaw PJR, Worth PHL. Trans-trigonal phenol failed the test of time. Br J Urol. 1990;66:–. [PubMed: 2390703]
  395. Rubin M, Berger SA, Zodda FN Jr, Guenwald R. Effect of catheter replacement on bacterial counts in urine aspirated from indwelling catheters. J Infect Dis. 1980 Aug; 142:–. [PubMed: 7410902]
  396. Ruther M, Helbing C. Health care financing trends: use and cost of home health services under Medicare. Health Care Financing Rev. 1988;10:105–8. [PMC free article: PMC4192909] [PubMed: 10312817]
  397. Ruwaldt MM. Irrigation of indwelling urinary catheters. Urology. 1983 Feb;21:127–9. [PubMed: 6401884]
  398. Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom D, Svanborg A. Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70-year-old female population Maturitas 1985 Nov7(4): 335–42. [PubMed: 3908884]
  399. Sand PK, Bowen LW, Ostergard DR, Nakanishi AM. Hysterectomy and prior incontinence surgery as risk factors for failed retropubic cystourethropexy. J Reprod Med. 1988;33:171–4. [PubMed: 3351814]
  400. Sand PK, Brubaker LT, Novak T. Standing incremental cystometry as a screening method for detrusor instability. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:453–7. [PubMed: 1992416]
  401. Sand PK, Richardson DA, Staskin DR, Swift SE, Appell RA, Whitmore KE, Ostergard DR. Pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:72–9. [PubMed: 7631730]
  402. Santarosa RP, Blaivas JG. Periurethral injection of autologous fat for the treatment of sphincteric incompetence. J Urol. 1994;151:607–11. [PubMed: 8308969]
  403. Scheve A, Engel B, McCormick K, Leahy E. Exercise in continence Geriatr Nurs 1991 May/June12(3):–. [PubMed: 1667141]
  404. Schnelle JF. Treatment of urinary incontinence in nursing home patients by prompted voiding. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:356–60. [PubMed: 2313014]
  405. Schnelle JF, Newman DR, Fogarty T. Management of patient continence in long-term care nursing facilities. Gerontologist. 1990;30:373–6. [PubMed: 2354796]
  406. Schnelle JF, Newman DR, Fogarty TE, Wallston D, Ory M. Assessment and quality control of incontinence care in long term nursing facilities J Am Geriatr Soc 199139(2):165–71. [PubMed: 1899438]
  407. Schnelle JF, Newman DR, White M, Abbey J, Wallston KA, Fogarty T, Ory MG. Maintaining continence in NH residents through the application of industrial quality control. Gerontologist. 1993;33:114–21. [PubMed: 8440494]
  408. Schnelle JF, Sowell VA, Hu TW, Traughber B. Reduction of urinary incontinence in nursing homes: does it reduce or increase costs? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:34–9. [PubMed: 3335728]
  409. Schreiter F. Bulbar artificial sphincter. Eur Urol. 1985; ;11:–. [PubMed: 4076266]
  410. Schrier RW. Body fluid volume regulation in health and disease Ann Intern Med 1990113(2):–. [PubMed: 2193561]
  411. Schulman CC, Simon J, Wespes E, Germeau F. Endoscopic injection of Teflon for female urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 1983;9:–. [PubMed: 6873129]
  412. Schwartz MS. Biofeedback: practitioner's guide, New York: Guilford Press;1995.
  413. Scotti RF, Ostergard DR. Predictive vale of urethroscopy in genuine stress incontinence and vesical instability Int Urogynecol J 19934(5):255–8.
  414. Sethia KK, Webb RJ, Neal DE. Urodynamic study of ileocystoplasty in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability. Br J Urol. 1991;67: 286–90. [PubMed: 2021817]
  415. Shah PJR, Holder PD. Comparison of Stamey and Pereyra-Raz bladder neck suspensions. Br J Urol. 1989;64:481–4. [PubMed: 2611618]
  416. Shull BL, Baden WF. A six-year experience with paravaginal defect repair for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160: 1432–40. [PubMed: 2660570]
  417. Shumaker SA, Wyman JF, Uebersax JS, McClish D, Fantl JA. Health-related quality-of-life measures for women with urinary incontinence — the incontinence impact questionnaire and the urogenital distress inventory Qual Life Res 19943(5):291–306. [PubMed: 7841963]
  418. Sidi AA, Becher EF, Reddy PK, Dykstra DD. Augmentation enterocystoplasty for the management of voiding dysfunction in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol. 1990;143:–. [PubMed: 2294270]
  419. Siu AL, Beers MH, Morgenstern H. The geriatric "medical and public health" imperative revisited. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:78–84. [PubMed: 8418128]
  420. Skelly J, Flint AJ. Urinary incontinence associated with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:286–94. [PubMed: 7884121]
  421. Smart RF. Polytef paste for urinary incontinence. Aust N Z J Surg. 1991;61:663–6. [PubMed: 1877933]
  422. Smyer M, Brannon D, Cohn M. Improving nursing home care through training and job redesign Gerontologist 199232(3):327–33. [PubMed: 1499997]
  423. Sogbein SK, Awad SA. Behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in geriatric patients. Can Med Assoc J. 1982;127:863–4. [PMC free article: PMC1862231] [PubMed: 7139506]
  424. Sowell VA, Schnelle JF, Hu TW, Traughber B. A cost comparison of five methods of managing urinary incontinence. Q Rev Biol. 1987 Dec:411–4. [PubMed: 3125502]
  425. Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate. Developments in aging: 1987: The long-term care challenge (Dept. 100-291) vol. 3, Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office;1988.
  426. Spencer JR, O'Conor VJ, Schaeffer AJ. A comparison of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck with suprapubic vesicourethropexy for treatment of stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1987;137:411–5. [PubMed: 3546731]
  427. Stamey TA. Endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck for urinary incontinence in females. Ann Surg. 1980;192:–. [PMC free article: PMC1346989] [PubMed: 7425693]
  428. Stanisic TH, Jennings CE, Miller JI. Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for post-prostatectomy incontinence: experience with 20 patients during 3 years. J Urol. 1991;146:1575–7. [PubMed: 1942344]
  429. Stanton SL, Cardozo LD. Results of the colposuspension operation for incontinence and prolapse. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979;86:693–7. [PubMed: 387067]
  430. Stanton SL, Hilton P, Norton C, Cardozo, L. Clinical and urodynamic effects of anterior colporrhaphy and vaginal hysterectomy for prolapse with and without incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89:459–60. [PubMed: 7082603]
  431. Stanton SL, Williams JE, Ritchie D. The colposuspension operation for urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1976;83:890–5. [PubMed: 791353]
  432. Starer P, Lobow LS. Libow LS. Obscuring urinary continence: incontinence: diapering of the elderly J Am Geriatr Soc 1985113(12):842–6. [PubMed: 4067165]
  433. Staskin DR, Zimmern PE, Hadley HR, Raz S. The pathophysiology of stress incontinence. Urol Clin N Am. 1985;12:271–8. [PubMed: 4039487]
  434. Steel SS, Cox C, Stanton SL. Long-term follow-up of detrusor instability following the colposuspension operation. Br J Urol. 1985; 1986;58:138–42. [PubMed: 3697628]
  435. Stoddart G. Research project into the effect of pelvic exercises on genuine stress incontinence Physiotherapy 198369(5):148–9. [PubMed: 6611723]
  436. Stower MJ, Massey JA, Feneley RC. Urethral closure in management of urinary incontinence Urology 1989 Nov34 (5):246–8. [PubMed: 2683322]
  437. Strahan GW. An overview of home health and hospice care patients: preliminary data from the 1993 National Home and Hospice Care Survey. : Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics; No. 256, Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics;1994. [PubMed: 10136524]
  438. Strawbridge LR, Kramer SA, Castillo OA, Barrett DM. Augmentation cystoplasty and the artificial genitourinary sphincter. J Urol. 1989;142:–. [PubMed: 2746746]
  439. Stricker P, Haylen B. Injectable collagen for type 3 female stress incontinence: the first 50 Australian patients. Med J Aust. 1993;158:89–91. [PubMed: 8419782]
  440. Susset JG, Galea G, Read L. Biofeedback therapy for female incontinence due to low urethral resistance J Urol 1990 Jun143(6):1205–8. [PubMed: 2342183]
  441. Sutherst JR, Brown MC. Comparison of single and multichannel cystometry in diagnosing bladder instability. BMJ. 1984;288:1720–3. [PMC free article: PMC1441530] [PubMed: 6428513]
  442. Tapp AJ, Cardozo LD, Versi E, Cooper D. The treatment of detrusor instability in postmenopausal women with oxybutynin chloride: a double-blind placebo controlled study Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990 Jun97(6):521–6. [PubMed: 2198921]
  443. Taylor MC, Bates CP. A double-blind crossover trial of baclofen: a new treatment for the unstable bladder syndrome Br J Urol 1979 Dec51(6):504–5. [PubMed: 394795]
  444. Tenney JH, Warren JW. Bacteriuria in women with long-term indwelling catheters: paired comparison of the indwelling and replacement catheter. J Infect Dis. 1988;157: 199–202. [PubMed: 3335799]
  445. Terpenning MS, Allada R, Kauffman CA. Intermittent urethral catheterization in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989 May;37:411–6. [PubMed: 2649539]
  446. Thomas TM, Plymat KR, Blannin J, Meade TW. Prevalence of urinary incontinence. BMJ. 1980;281:1243–5. [PMC free article: PMC1714689] [PubMed: 7427654]
  447. Thompson RL, Haley CE, Searcy MA, Guenthner SM, Kaiser DL, Groschel HM, et al. Catheter-associated bacteriuria JAMA 1984251(6): 747–51. [PubMed: 6363727]
  448. Thunedborg P, Fischer-Rasmussen W, Jensen SB. Stress urinary incontinence and posterior bladder suspension defects: results of vaginal repair versus Burch colposuspension. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1990;69:55–9. [PubMed: 2346081]
  449. Thuroff JW, Bunke B, Ebner A, Faber P, de Geeter P, Hannappel J, Heidler H, Madersbacher H, Melchior H, Schafer W. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial on treatment of frequency, urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: oxybutynin versus propantheline versus placebo J Urol 1991145(4): 813–7. [PubMed: 2005707]
  450. Topper JR, Holliday PJ, Fernie GR. Bladder volume estimation in the elderly using a portable ultrasound-based measurement device J Med Eng Technol 1993 May17(3):99–103. [PubMed: 8263906]
  451. Torring J, Petersen T, Kelmar B, Sogaard I. Selective sacral rootlet neurectomy in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:–. [PubMed: 3339440]
  452. Uebersax JS, Wyman JF, Shumaker SA, McClish DK, Fantl JA, Continence Program for Women Research Group. Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: the incontinence impact questionnaire and the urogenital distress inventory. Neurourol Urodyn. 1995;14:131–9. [PubMed: 7780440]
  453. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Healthy People 2000. : National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 91-50212, Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office 1990.
  454. Utz DC, Zincke H. The masquerade of bladder cancer in situ as interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1974;111:160–1. [PubMed: 4810754]
  455. Van Geelen M, Theeuwes AGM, Eskes TKAB, Martin CB. The clinical and urodynamic effects of anterior vaginal repair and Burch colposuspensoin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:137–44. [PubMed: 3394733]
  456. Varner RE. Retropubic long-needle suspension procedures for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;164:551–7. [PubMed: 2201191]
  457. Vehkalahti I, Kivela SL, Seppanen J. Are cystometric and cystoscopic examinations of any value for disabled incontinent elderly? Scand J Prim Health Care. 1986; ;4:243–7. [PubMed: 2948258]
  458. Vesey SG, Rivett A, O'Boyle PJ. Teflon injection in female subjects incontinence. Effect on urethral pressure profile and flow rate. Br J Urol. 1988;62:–. [PubMed: 3408866]
  459. Vodusek DB, Plevnik S, Vrtacnik P, Janez J. Detrusor inhibition on selective pudendal nerve stimulation in the perineum. Neurourol Urodyn. 1988;6:389–93.
  460. Vordermark JS, Vondermark JS, Brannen GE, Wettlauffer JN, Modarelli RO. Suprapubic endoscopic vesical neck suspension. J Urol. 1979;122:165–7. [PubMed: 459007]
  461. Wagner A, Colling J. Resistance to change: understanding the aides' point of view J Long Term Care Admin 199321 (2):27–30. [PubMed: 10131748]
  462. Wahlquist GI, McGuire E, Greene W, Herlihy E. Intermittent catheterization and urinary tract infection Rehabil Nurs 1983 Jan-Feb; 8(1):18–9, 41. [PubMed: 6549881]
  463. Walker GT, Texter JH. Success and patient satisfaction following the Stamey procedure for stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 1992;147:1521–3. [PubMed: 1593680]
  464. Wall LL, Stanton SL. Transvesical phenol injection of pelvic nerve plexuses in females with refractory urge incontinence. Br J Urol. 1989; 63:–. [PubMed: 2731005]
  465. Walter S, Kjaergaard B, Lose G, Andersen JT, Heisterberg L, Jakobsen H, Klarskov P, Moller-Hansen K, Lindskog M. Stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with oral estrogen (estriol) and an alpha-adrenoceptor-stimulating agent (phenylpropanolamine): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Int Urogynecol J 19901(2):74–9.
  466. Wan J, McGuire EJ, Bloom DA, Ritchey ML. Stress leak point pressure: a diagnostic tool for incontinent children. J Urol. 1993;150:700–2. [PubMed: 8326627]
  467. Wang Y, Hadley HR. Management of persistent or recurrent urinary incontinence after placement of artificial urinary sphincter. J Urol. 1991;146: 1005–6. [PubMed: 1895412]
  468. Warren JW. Urine-collection devices for use in adults with urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:364–7. [PubMed: 2313015]
  469. Warren JW, Muncie HL, Hall-Craggs M. Acute pyelonephritis associated with bacteriuria during long-term catheterization: a prospective clinicopathological study J Infect Dis 1988 Dec158(6):1341–6. [PubMed: 3198942]
  470. Warren JW, Steinberg L, Hebel JR, Tenney JH. The prevalence of urethral catheterization in Maryland nursing homes. Arch Intern Med. 1989 July; ;149:1535–7. [PubMed: 2500903]
  471. Warwick DJ, Abrams P. The perineal artificial sphincter for acquired incontinence: a cut and dried solution? Br J Urol. 1990;66:495–9. [PubMed: 2249118]
  472. Webb RJ, Lawson AL, Neal DE. Clean intermittent self-catheterization in 172 adults. Br J Urol. 1990;65:–. [PubMed: 2310927]
  473. Webster GD, Perez LM, Khoury JM, Timmons SL. Management of type II stress urinary incontinence using artificial urinary sphincter. Urology. 1992;39:499–503. [PubMed: 1615594]
  474. Wein AJ. Pharmacologic treatment of incontinence J Am Geriatr Soc 199038(3):317–25. [PubMed: 2179375]
  475. Wells T, Brink C, Diokno A, Wolfe R, Gillis G. Pelvic muscle exercise for stress urinary incontinence in elderly women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:785–91. [PubMed: 2071809]
  476. Wheelahan J. Long-term results of colposuspension. Br J Urol. 1990; ;65:329–32. [PubMed: 2187549]
  477. Williams ME, Gaylord SA. Role of functional assessment in the evaluation of urinary incontinence: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Urinary Incontinence in Adults, Bethesda, MD, October 3-5, 1988. J Am Geriatr Soc 199038(3):296–9. [PubMed: 2179371]
  478. Williams ME, Pannill FC III. Urinary incontinence in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment Ann Intern Med 198297(6): 895–907. [PubMed: 6184002]
  479. Wilson PD. Conservative management of urethral sphincter incompetence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990;33:330–45. [PubMed: 2190737]
  480. Wilson PD, Borland M. Vaginal cones for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;30:157–60. [PubMed: 2400361]
  481. Wilson PD, Faragher B, Butler B, Bullock D, Robinson EL, Brown AD. Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987 Jun94 (6):568–74. [PubMed: 3113475]
  482. Wujanto R, O'Reilley PH. O'Reilly PH. Stamey needle suspension for stress urinary incontinence. Br J Urol. 1989;63: 162–4. [PubMed: 2702403]
  483. Wyman J, Elswick RK Jr, Ory MG, Wilson MS, Fantl JA. Influence of functional, urological, and environmental characteristics on urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older women Nurs Res 199342(5): 270–5. [PubMed: 8415039]
  484. Wyman JF, Choi SC, Harkins SW, Wilson MS, Fantl JA. The urinary diary in evaluation of urinary incontinence in women: a test retest analysis Obstet Gynecol 198871(6 pt. 1):812–7. [PubMed: 3368165]
  485. Wyndaele J, Maes D. Clean intermittent self-catheterization: a 12-year follow-up. J Urol. 1990 May;143:906–8. [PubMed: 2329604]
  486. Zeegers AGM, Kiesswetter H, Kramer AEJL, Jonas U. Conservative therapy of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence: a double-blind clinical trial of flavoxate hydrochloride, oxybutynin chloride, emepronium bromide and placebo World J Urol 19875(1):57–61.
  487. Zimmern PE, Hadley HR, Leach GE, Raz S. Female urethral obstruction after Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation. J Urol. 1987;138:517–20. [PubMed: 3625849]
  488. Zollner-Nielsen M, Samuelsson SM. Maximal electrical stimulation of patients with frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. Report of 38 cases Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 199271(8):629–31. [PubMed: 1336923]
  489. Zorzitto ML, Holliday PJ, Jewett MAS, Herschorn S, Fernie GR. Oxybutynin chloride for geriatric urinary dysfunction: a double-blind placebo-controlled study Age Ageing 1989 May18(3):195–200. [PubMed: 2675580]
  490. Zorzitto ML, Jewett MAS, Fernie GR, Holliday PJ, Bartlett S. Effectiveness of propantheline bromide in the treatment of geriatric patients with detrusor instability Neurourol Urodyn 19865(2):133–40.
Copyright Notice
Bookshelf ID: NBK52162
Contents

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Other titles in these collections

Recent Activity

ClearTurn OffTurn On

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...