All-comers.: Individuals included in a smoking cessation study regardless of whether they sought to participate. For example, if cessation treatment was delivered to all smokers visiting a primary care clinic, the treatment population would be coded as "all-comers." Presumably, individuals who seek to participate in smoking cessation studies are more likely motivated to quit, and studies limited to these individuals may produce higher quit rates.

Anxiolytic.: A pharmacologic agent used to reduce anxiety symptoms.

Aversive smoking.: Several types of therapeutic techniques that involve smoking in an unpleasant or concentrated manner. These techniques pair smoking with negative associations or responses. Notable examples include rapid smoking, rapid puffing, focused smoking, and satiation smoking.

Biochemical confirmation.: The use of assays of smoking-related biochemical compounds such as thiocyanate, cotinine, nicotine, and carboxyhemoglobin to verify smokers' reports of abstinence.

Cessation percentage.: The percentage of smokers who achieve long-term abstinence from smoking. The major cessation measure for this guideline was the percentage of smokers in a group or treatment condition who were abstinent at a followup point that occurred at least 5 months after treatment.

Cigarette fading/smoking reduction prequit.: Interventions that reduce the number of cigarettes smoked or nicotine intake prior to a patient's quit date. This may be accomplished through advice to cut down or by systematically restricting access to cigarettes. This category includes interventions using computers and/or devices to accomplish nicotine reduction prequit.

Clinician.: A professional directly providing health care assistance.

Clinic screening system/system intervention.: The strategies used in clinics and practices for the delivery of clinical services. Clinic screening system interventions involve changes in staff protocols designed to enhance the identification of and intervention with patients who smoke. Examples include affixing smoking status stickers to patients' charts, expanding the vital signs to include smoking, and incorporating smoking status items into patient questionnaires.

Clonidine.: An alpha-2-adrenergic agonist typically used as an antihypertensive agent, but also used as a pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The Food and Drug Administration has not approved clonidine as a smoking cessation aid.

Contingency contracting/instrumental contingencies.: Interventions where individuals earn rewards for cigarette abstinence and incur costs or unpleasant consequences for smoking. To receive this classification code, actual, tangible consequences had to be contingent upon smoking or abstinence. Thus, simple agreements about a quit date, or other agreements between treatment providers and patients without specifiable consequences, were not included in this category. Deposits refunded based on study attendance and/or other incentives that are not contingent upon smoking abstinence or relapse did not receive this code.

Cue exposure/extinction.: Interventions that repeatedly expose patients to smoking-related cues in the absence of nicotine reinforcement in an attempt to extinguish affective/motivational responding to such cues. This includes treatments where patients are encouraged to perform the smoking self-administration ritual, excepting inhalation.

Diazepam.: A benzodiazepine anxiolytic.

Exercise/fitness component.: Includes any intervention that contains a component related to exercise/fitness. The intensity of interventions falling within this category varied from the mere provision of information/advice about exercise/fitness to the classes.

Extratreatment social support component.: Interventions or elements of an intervention wherein patients are provided with the tools to find social support on their own outside of treatment. This category is distinct from intratreatment social support, in which social support is delivered by treatment staff.

Formats.: Refers to the context in which a smoking cessation intervention is delivered. May be either self-help, individual counseling, or group counseling.

Hotline/helpline.: A telephone line dedicated to over-the-phone smoking intervention. A hotline/helpline treatment occurs when a hotline/helpline number is provided or a referral to a hotline/ helpline is made.

Intent-to-treat analysis.: Treatment outcome analyses where abstinence percentages are based on all subjects randomized to treatment conditions, rather than on just those subjects who completed the intervention or who could be contacted at followup.

Intratreatment social support.: Refers to an intervention component that provides support, help, or encouragement as part of the treatment.

Logistic regression.: Statistical technique to determine the statistical association or relation between/among two or more variables, and where one of the variables, the dependent variable, is dichotomous (has only two levels of magnitude) (e.g., abstinent vs. smoking).

Meta-analysis.: A statistical technique that estimates the impact of a treatment or variable across a set of related investigations.

Minimal contact.: Minimal contact refers to interventions that involved very brief contact between clinicians and patients. It was coded based on the length of contact between clinicians and patients (3 minutes or less). If that information was unavailable, it was coded based on the content of the contact between clinicians and patients.

Motivation.: Includes interventions designed to bolster patients' resolve to quit through manipulations such as setting a quit date, use of a contract with a specified quit date, reinforcement correspondence (letters mailed from clinical/study staff after initial contact congratulating patient on decision to quit or on early success), providing information about the health risks of smoking, and so on.

Negative affect/depression component.: Interventions in this category are designed to train patients to cope with negative affect after cessation. The intensity of the interventions in this category may vary from prolonged counseling to the simple provision of information about postquit mood and suggestions for dealing with it. To receive this code, interventions targeted depressed mood, not simply stress. Interventions aimed at teaching subjects to cope with stressors were coded as problem solving. When it was unclear whether an intervention was directed at negative affect/depression or at psychosocial stress, problem solving was the default code.

Nicotine replacement therapy.: Refers to nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The two nicotine replacement therapy delivery systems currently approved for use in the United States are nicotine chewing gum and the nicotine patch.

Odds ratio.: The odds of an outcome on one variable, given a certain status on another variable(s). This ratio expresses the increase in risk of a given outcome if the variable is present.

Oral mucosa.: The mucous membranes that line the mouth.

Person-to-person intervention.: In-person contact between a clinician and a patient(s) for the purpose of smoking intervention or assessment.

Primary care provider.: Practitioner in one of the health professions (e.g., medicine, nursing, psychology, dentistry/oral health, physical and respiratory therapy) who provides health care services for problems other than smoking per se. Primary care providers are encouraged to identify smokers and to intervene with them, regardless of whether smoking cessation is the patient's presenting problem.

Problem solving/skills training.: Refers to a smoking cessation intervention in which smokers are trained to identify and cope with events or problems that increase the likelihood of their smoking. For example, quitters might be trained to anticipate stressful events and to use coping skills such as distraction or deep breathing to cope with an urge to smoke. Related and similar interventions are coping skill training, relapse prevention, and stress management.

Purchaser.: A corporation, company, or other consortium that purchases health care benefits for a group of individuals.

Propranolol.: A beta-adrenergic blocker often used as an antihypertensive agent.

Quit day.: The day of a given cessation attempt during which a patient tries to abstain totally from smoking. Also refers to a motivational intervention whereby a patient commits to quit tobacco use on a specified day.

Randomized controlled trial.: For the purposes of this guideline, a study in which subjects are assigned to conditions on the basis of chance, and where at least one of the conditions is a control or a comparison condition.

Reference group.: In meta-analyses, refers to the group against which other groups are compared.

Relaxation/breathing.: Interventions in which patients are trained in relaxation techniques. Interventions using meditation, breathing exercises, and so on, fit this category. This category should be distinguished from the category of problem solving, which includes a much wider range of stress-reduction/management strategies.

Self-selected.: Refers to a patient population that sought out or agreed to participate in a study of smoking cessation.

Serum cotinine.: Blood levels of cotinine, nicotine's major metabolite. This is often used to estimate a patient's tobacco/nicotine self-administration prior to quitting, and to confirm abstinence self-reports during followup.

Serum nicotine.: Blood levels of nicotine. This is often used to assess a patient's tobacco/nicotine self-administration prior to quitting, and to confirm abstinence self-reports during followup.

Silver acetate.: Silver acetate reacts with cigarette smoke to produce an unpleasant taste and has been investigated as a deterrent to smoking.

Specialized assessments.: Refers to assessment of patient characteristics such as nicotine dependence and motivation for quitting that may allow clinicians to tailor interventions to the needs of the individual patient.

Starter kits.: Self-help materials and/or programs provided by a pharmaceutical company to assist patients in successfully quitting smoking while using a pharmaceutical agent.

Stepped-care.: The practice of initiating treatment with a low-intensity intervention and then referring treatment failures to successively more intense interventions.

Transdermal nicotine.: Refers to delivery of nicotine by diffusion through the skin. Often used as a synonym for "nicotine patch."

Treatment matching.: Differential assignment of patients to treatments based on their pretreatment characteristics. Treatment matching is based on the notion that particular types of smokers are most likely to benefit from particular types of treatments.

Weight/diet/nutrition component.: Any program dealing with weight issues. Interventions that teach nutrition/diet/weight management strategies, incorporate daily/weekly weight monitoring (for reasons other than routine data collection), require or suggest energy intake maintenance/reduction, and/or convey nutritional information/tips/counseling receive this code.