List of Excluded Studies and Unobtained Studies

Jennifer C Seida; Janine R Schouten; Shima S Mousavi; Michele Hamm; Amy Beaith; Ben Vandermeer; Donna M Dryden; Khrista Boylan; Amanda S Newton; Normand Carrey

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Seida JC, Schouten JR, Mousavi SS, et al. First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Children and Young Adults [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Feb. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 39.)

A new version of this report is available.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Children and Young Adults [Internet].

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Appendix EList of Excluded Studies and Unobtained Studies

One thousand four studies were excluded. The reasons for exclusion are as follows: (1) the study population was >24 years of age (N = 748), (2) the study was not primary research (N = 89), (3) inappropriate study design (N = 70), (4) the study intervention did not meet our criteria (N = 41), (5) there were no outcome of interest reported (N = 19), (6) the study population did not have the condition/diagnosis of interest (N = 18), (7) the article was a duplicate publication (N = 9), (8) the study was not published in English (N = 7), and (9) the study was published before 1987 (N = 3). In addition, 38 studies could not be retrieved through the univeristy interlibrary loan service.

Excluded – Age>24 (N = 748)

1.: How do different atypical antipsychotics impact cognitive function in schizophrenia? Brown Univ Psychopharmacol Update. 2005;16(2):1.
2.: Abraham G, Paing WW, Kaminski J, et al. Effects of elevated serum prolactin on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in female patients with schizophrenia: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(9):1618–20. [PubMed: 12944336]
3.: Addington DE, Labelle A, Kulkarni J, et al. A comparison of ziprasidone and risperidone in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia: a 44-week, double-blind, continuation study. Can J Psychiatr Rev Canad Psychiatr. 2009;54(1):46–54. [PubMed: 19175979]
4.: Addington DEN, Pantelis C, Dineen M, et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Ziprasidone Versus Risperidone in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: an 8-Week, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(12):1624–33. [PubMed: 15641867]
5.: Adler LE, Olincy A, Cawthra EM, et al. Varied effects of atypical neuroleptics on P50 auditory gating in schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(10):1822–8. [PubMed: 15465979]
6.: Agelink MW, Majewski T, Wurthmann C, et al. Effects of newer atypical antipsychotics on autonomic neurocardiac function: a comparison between amisulpride, olanzapine, sertindole, and clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(1):8–13. [PubMed: 11199953]
7.: Ahlfors UG, Rimon R, Appelberg B, et al. Remoxipride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double-blind multicentre study. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;358:99–103. [PubMed: 1978501]
8.: Akdede BBK, Yagcioglu AEA, Alptekin K, et al. A double-blind study of combination of clozapine with risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: Effects on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(12):1912–9. [PubMed: 17194269]
9.: Akhondzadeh S, Milajerdi MR, Amini H, et al. Allopurinol as an adjunct to lithium and haloperidol for treatment of patients with acute mania: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(5 pt 1):485–9. [PubMed: 17042886]
10.: Akkaya C, Sarandol A, Cangur S, et al. Retrospective database analysis on the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in an outpatient clinic setting. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(8):515–28. [PubMed: 17868197]
11.: Al-Chalabi BM, Thanoon IA, Ahmed FA. Potential effect of olanzapine on total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2009;59(1):8–11. [PubMed: 19221442]
12.: Al-Haddad MK, Kamel C, Sequeria RP, et al. Zuclopenthixol versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of schizophrenic psychoses, affective psychoses and paranoid states: a controlled clinical trial. Arab J Psychiatr. 1996;7(1):44–54.
13.: Alessi-Severini S, Biscontri RG, Collins DM, et al. Utilization and costs of antipsychotic agents: a Canadian population-based study, 1996-2006. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(5):547–53. [PubMed: 18451015]
14.: Alfredsson G, Wiesel FA. Relationships between clinical effects and monoamine metabolites and amino acids in sulpiride-treated schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology. 1990;101(3):324–31. [PubMed: 2362952]
15.: Alhamad AM. Schizophrenia relapse in relation to drug treatment. Neurosciences. 2005;10(1):68–72. [PubMed: 22473189]
16.: Alhamad AM. Clozapine: A mood stabilizer in chronic resistant bipolar affective disorder. Arab J Psychiatr. 2003;14(2):88–93.
17.: Alptekin K, Hafez J, Brook S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of switching to ziprasidone from olanzapine, risperidone or haloperidol: an international, multicenter study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(5):229–38. [PubMed: 19531959]
18.: Altamura AC, Percudani M, Mauri MC. Negative symptoms, DST and variability of response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1993;3(3):205–7.
19.: Alvarez E, Ciudad A, Olivares JM, et al. A randomized, 1-year followup study of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(3):238–49. [PubMed: 16702888]
20.: Amann BL, Pogarell O, Mergl R, et al. EEG abnormalities associated with antipsychotics: a comparison of quetiapine, olanzapine, haloperidol and healthy subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(8):641–6. [PubMed: 14696024]
21.: Andersen J, Korner A, Ostergaard P, et al. A double blind comparative multicentre study of remoxipride and haloperidol in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;358:104–7. [PubMed: 1978467]
22.: Andrezina R, Josiassen RC, Marcus RN, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with intramuscular haloperidol. Psychopharmacology. 2006;188(3):281–92. [PubMed: 16953381]
23.: Angelopoulos E, Markianos M, Daskalopoulou E, et al. Neuroendocrine responsivity to clomipramine challenge test in neuroleptic naive psychotic patients before and after treatment with haloperidol. Eur Psychiatry. 1997;12(7):362–6. [PubMed: 19698552]
24.: Apiquian R, Fresan A, Herrera K, et al. Minimum effective doses of haloperidol for the treatment of first psychotic episode: a comparative study with risperidone and olanzapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;6(4):403–8. [PubMed: 14604455]
25.: Apiquian R, Fresan A, Munoz-Delgado J, et al. Variations of rest, activity rhythm and sleep, wake in schizophrenic patients versus healthy subjects: an actigraphic comparative study. Biol Rhythm Res. 2008;39(1):69–78.
26.: Arango C, Summerfelt A, Buchanan RW. Olanzapine effects on auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):2066–8. [PubMed: 14594761]
27.: Arato M, O'Connor R, Meltzer HY, et al. A 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ziprasidone 40, 80 and 160 mg/day in chronic schizophrenia: the Ziprasidone Extended Use in Schizophrenia (ZEUS) study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(5):207–15. [PubMed: 12177583]
28.: Arranz B, Rosel P, Ramirez N, et al. Insulin resistance and increased leptin concentrations in noncompliant schizophrenia patients but not in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(10):1335–42. [PubMed: 15491236]
29.: Arranz B, San L, Duenas RM, et al. Lower weight gain with the orally disintegrating olanzapine than with standard tablets in first-episode never treated psychotic patients. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(1):11–5. [PubMed: 17191265]
30.: Artaloytia JF, Arango C, Lahti A, et al. Negative signs and symptoms secondary to antipsychotics: a double-blind, randomized trial of a single dose of placebo, haloperidol, and risperidone in healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):488–93. [PubMed: 16513871]
31.: Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. Multiple fixed doses of “Seroquel” (quetiapine) in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a comparison with haloperidol and placebo: The Seroquel Trial 13 Study Group. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(4):233–46. [PubMed: 9270900]
32.: Assion HJ, Reinbold H, Lemanski S, et al. Amisulpride augmentation in patients with schizophrenia partially responsive or unresponsive to clozapine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41(1):24–8. [PubMed: 18203048]
33.: Atasoy N, Erdogan A, Yalug I, et al. A review of liver function tests during treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs: a chart review study. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(6):1255–60. [PubMed: 17600607]
34.: Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Quetiapine augmentation in patients with treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(3):115–9. [PubMed: 11981352]
35.: Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Quetiapine is not associated with increase in prolactin secretion in contrast to haloperidol. Arch Med Res. 2002;33(6):562–5. [PubMed: 12505103]
36.: Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Serum leptin and triglyceride levels in patients with atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(5):598–604. [PubMed: 12755665]
37.: Auerbach JG, Hans SL, Marcus J, et al. Maternal psychotropic medication and neonatal behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1992;14(6):399–406. [PubMed: 1488034]
38.: Awad AG, Lapierre YD, Angus C, et al. Quality of life and response of negative symptoms in schizophrenia to haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotic remoxipride: The Canadian Remoxipride Group. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1997;22(4):244–8. [PMC free article: PMC1188865] [PubMed: 9262046]
39.: Aydemir C, Goka E, Kisa C, et al. Dyskinesia and soft neurological signs in schizophrenia: a comparative study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2005;9(4):238–43. [PubMed: 24930920]
40.: Azorin JM, Spiegel R, Remington G, et al. A double-blind comparative study of clozapine and risperidone in the management of severe chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(8):1305–13. [PubMed: 11481167]
41.: Azorin JM, Strub N, Loft H. A double-blind, controlled study of sertindole versus risperidone in the treatment of moderate-to-severe schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(1):49–56. [PubMed: 16317317]
42.: Bai YM, Chen TT, Wu B, et al. A comparative efficacy and safety study of long-acting risperidone injection and risperidone oral tablets among hospitalized patients: 12-week randomized, single-blind study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;39(4):135–41. [PubMed: 16900609]
43.: Bai YM, Chen TT, Chen JY, et al. Equivalent switching dose from oral risperidone to risperidone long-acting injection: a 48-week randomized, prospective, single-blind pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(8):1218–25. [PubMed: 17854246]
44.: Baker RW, K B, M G, L Effectiveness of rapid initial dose escalation of up to forty milligrams per day of oral olanzapine in acute agitation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;(4):342–8. [PubMed: 12920409]
45.: Baker RW, Tohen M, Fawcett J, et al. Acute dysphoric mania: Treatment response to olanzapine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(2):132–7. [PubMed: 12640214]
46.: Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Wilson M, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in acute mania: treatment responses in subgroups. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(4):370–6. [PubMed: 12920413]
47.: Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, et al. Differential effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on brain myelination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;93(1-3):13–22. [PMC free article: PMC1974878] [PubMed: 17407804]
48.: Battaglia J, Moss S, Rush J, et al. Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15(4):335–40. [PubMed: 9217519]
49.: Battaglia J, Wolff TK, Wagner-Johnson DS, et al. Structured diagnostic assessment and depot fluphenazine treatment of multiple suicide attempters in the emergency department. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14(6):361–72. [PubMed: 10565804]
50.: Beasley CM Jr., Tollefson G, Tran P, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;14(2):111–23. [PubMed: 8822534]
51.: Beasley CM Jr., Sutton VK, Hamilton SH, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine in the prevention of psychotic relapse. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(6):582–94. [PubMed: 14624189]
52.: Beasley CM Jr., Sutton VK, Taylor CC, et al. Is quality of life among minimally symptomatic patients with schizophrenia better following withdrawal or continuation of antipsychotic treatment? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(1):40–4. [PubMed: 16415704]
53.: Beasley CMJ, Hamilton SH, Crawford AM, et al. Olanzapine versus haloperidol: acute phase results of the international double-blind olanzapine trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7(2):125–37. [PubMed: 9169300]
54.: Bebbington PE, Angermeyer M, Azorin JM, et al. Side-effects of antipsychotic medication and health-related quality of life in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2009;(438):22–8. [PubMed: 19132963]
55.: Bech P, Gormsen L, Loldrup D, et al. The clinical effect of clomipramine in chronic idiopathic pain disorder revisited using the Spielberger State Anxiety Symptom Scale (SSASS) as outcome scale. J Affect Disord. 2009;119(1-3):43–51. [PubMed: 19349078]
56.: Becker J, Gomes I, Ghisolfi ES, et al. Clozapine, but not typical antipsychotics, correct P50 suppression deficit in patients with schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(2):396–401. [PubMed: 14744582]
57.: Becker MA, Young MS, Ochshorn E, et al. The relationship of antipsychotic medication class and adherence with treatment outcomes and costs for Florida Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2007;34(3):307–14. [PubMed: 17211716]
58.: Bender S, ttmann-Balcar A, Schall U, et al. Influence of atypical neuroleptics on executive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine vs. clozapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(2):135–45. [PubMed: 16174427]
59.: Bergemann N, Mundt C, Parzer P, et al. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in women suffering from schizophrenia treated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. 2005;73(2-3):357–66. [PubMed: 15653282]
60.: Berk M, Brook S, Trandafir AI. A comparison of olanzapine with haloperidol in cannabis-induced psychotic disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14(3):177–80. [PubMed: 10435771]
61.: Berk M, Brook S, Nur F. Risperidone compared to haloperidol in cannabis-induced psychotic disorder: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2000;4(2):139–42. [PubMed: 24921450]
62.: Berman RM, F M. Aripiprazole augmentation in major depressive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with inadequate response to antidepressants. CNS Spectrums. 2009;(4):197–206. [PubMed: 19407731]
63.: Bernardo M, Parellada E, Lomena F, et al. Double-blind olanzapine vs. haloperidol D2 dopamine receptor blockade in schizophrenic patients: a baseline-endpoint IBZM SPECT study. Psychiatry Res. 2001;107(2):87–97. [PubMed: 11530275]
64.: Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Volavka J, et al. Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(6):1018–28. [PubMed: 12042192]
65.: Birkenaes AB, Birkeland KI, Engh JA, et al. Dyslipidemia independent of body mass in antipsychotic-treated patients under real-life conditions. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2):132–7. [PubMed: 18344722]
66.: Bissada H, Tasca GA, Barber AM, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of low body weight and obsessive thinking in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(10):1281–8. [PubMed: 18558642]
67.: Bitter I, Dossenbach MR, Brook S, et al. Olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant or treatment-intolerant schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28(1):173–80. [PubMed: 14687871]
68.: Blin O, Azorin JM, Bouhours P. Antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties of risperidone, haloperidol, and methotrimeprazine in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(1):38–44. [PubMed: 8834417]
69.: Bloom JR, Cheng JS, Hu TW, et al. Use of antipsychotic medications in treating schizophrenia among different financing and delivery systems. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2003;6(4):163–71. [PubMed: 14713723]
70.: Bobes J, Gibert J, Ciudad A, et al. Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine versus conventional antipsychotics in the acute treatment of first-episode schizophrenic inpatients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27(3):473–81. [PubMed: 12691783]
71.: Bogenschutz MP, Nurnberg G. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;(1):104–9. [PubMed: 14744178]
72.: Boggs DL, Kelly DL, Love R, et al. Comparison of clozapine response for inpatients in the research setting versus routine clinical practice. Psychiatr Q. 2008;79(2):111–9. [PMC free article: PMC4120101] [PubMed: 18214677]
73.: Boidi G, Ferro M. Rapid dose initiation of quetiapine for the treatment of acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a randomised, multicentre, parallel-group, open study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(5):299–306. [PubMed: 17487936]
74.: Bond M, Perry JC. Psychotropic medication use, personality disorder and improvement in long-term dynamic psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(1):21–6. [PubMed: 16462551]
75.: Bondolfi G, Dufour H, Patris M, et al. Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind study: The Risperidone Study Group. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(4):499–504. [PubMed: 9545995]
76.: Borison RL, Sinha D, Haverstock S, et al. Efficacy and safety of tiospirone vs. haloperidol and thioridazine in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25(2):190–3. [PubMed: 2574893]
77.: Borison RL, Diamond B, Pathiraja A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1994;30(2):193–7. [PubMed: 7530379]
78.: Borison RL, Arvanitis LA, Miller BG. ICI 204,636, an atypical antipsychotic: efficacy and safety in a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial in patients with schizophrenia: U.S. SEROQUEL Study Group. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(2):158–69. [PubMed: 8690831]
79.: Boter H, Peuskens J, Libiger J, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotics in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder on response and remission: an open randomized clinical trial (EUFEST). Schizophr Res. 2009;115(2-3):97–103. [PubMed: 19819114]
80.: Bowden CL, Grunze H, Mullen J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of quetiapine or lithium as monotherapy for mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):111–21. [PubMed: 15669897]
81.: Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(5):481–9. [PubMed: 10807488]
82.: Bowden CL, Myers JE, Grossman F, et al. Risperidone in combination with mood stabilizers: a 10-week continuation phase study in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(5):707–14. [PubMed: 15163260]
83.: Bowers MB Jr., Mazure CM, Nelson JC, et al. Psychotogenic drug use and neuroleptic response. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(1):81–5. [PubMed: 1970670]
84.: Breier A, Meehan K, Birkett M, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-response comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(5):441–8. [PubMed: 11982448]
85.: Breier A, Berg PH, Thakore JH, et al. Olanzapine versus ziprasidone: results of a 28-week double-blind study in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1879–87. [PubMed: 16199834]
86.: Breier AF, Malhotra AK, Su TP, et al. Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: Effects on symptoms, parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(2):294–8. [PubMed: 9989566]
87.: Broerse A, Crawford TJ, den Boer JA. Differential effects of olanzapine and risperidone on cognition in schizophrenia?: a saccadic eye movement study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(4):454–60. [PubMed: 12426415]
88.: Brook S, Lucey JV, Gunn KP. Intramuscular ziprasidone compared with intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(12):933–41. [PubMed: 11206599]
89.: Brook S, Walden J, Benattia I, et al. Ziprasidone and haloperidol in the treatment of acute exacerbation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: comparison of intramuscular and oral formulations in a 6-week, randomized, blinded-assessment study. Psychopharmacology. 2005;178(4):514–23. [PubMed: 15650846]
90.: Brown RR, Estoup MW. Comparison of the metabolic effects observed in patients treated with ziprasidone versus olanzapine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(2):105–12. [PubMed: 15729087]
91.: Brown S, Chan K. A randomized controlled trial of a brief health promotion intervention in a population with serious mental illness. J Ment Health. 2006;15(5):543–9.
92.: Buchanan A. A two-year prospective study of treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1992;22(3):787–97. [PubMed: 1357703]
93.: Butterfield MI, Becker ME, Connor KM, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;16(4):197–203. [PubMed: 11459333]
94.: Byerly MJ, Nakonezny PA, Bettcher BM, et al. Sexual dysfunction associated with second-generation antipsychotics in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: an empirical evaluation of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Schizophr Res. 2006;86(1-3):244–50. [PubMed: 16730951]
95.: Byerly MJ, Marcus RN, Tran QV, et al. Effects of aripiprazole on prolactin levels in subjects with schizophrenia during cross-titration with risperidone or olanzapine: analysis of a randomized, open-label study. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2-3):218–22. [PubMed: 19038534]
96.: Bystritsky A, Ackerman DL, Rosen RM, et al. Augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder using adjunctive olanzapine: a placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(4):565–8. [PubMed: 15119922]
97.: Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr., Macfadden W, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(7):1351–60. [PubMed: 15994719]
98.: Canal M. Lack of effect of amisulpride on the pharmacokinetics and safety of lithium. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;(2):103–9. [PubMed: 12890302]
99.: Canuso CM, Dirks B, Carothers J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of paliperidone extended-release and quetiapine in inpatients with recently exacerbated schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(6):691–701. [PubMed: 19411369]
100.: Canuso CM, Goldstein JM, Wojcik J, et al. Antipsychotic medication, prolactin elevation, and ovarian function in women with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2002;111(1):11–20. [PubMed: 12140115]
101.: Carey PD, Vythilingum B, Seedat S, et al. Quetiapine augmentation of SRIs in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study [ISRCTN83050762] BMC Psychiatry. 2005;5:5. [PMC free article: PMC547907] [PubMed: 15667657]
102.: Carlson C, Hornbuckle K, DeLisle F, et al. Diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in the United Kingdom. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16(5):366–75. [PubMed: 16356695]
103.: Carlson CD, Cavazzoni PA, Berg PH, et al. An Integrated analysis of acute treatment-emergent extrapyramidal syndrome in patients with schizophrenia during olanzapine clinical trials: comparisons with placebo, haloperidol, risperidone, or clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(8):898–906. [PubMed: 12927004]
104.: Carrasco JL, Gutierrez M, Gomez JC, et al. Treatment of severely psychotic inpatients with schizophrenia: olanzapine versus other antipsychotic drugs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):287–95. [PubMed: 12409682]
105.: Carriere P, Bonhomme D, Lemperiere T. Amisulpride has a superior benefit/risk profile to haloperidol in schizophrenia: results of a multicentre, double-blind study: the Amisulpride Study Group. Eur Psychiatry. 2000;15(5):321–9. [PubMed: 11032464]
106.: Casey DE, Daniel DG, Wassef AA, et al. Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(1):182–92. [PubMed: 12496955]
107.: Casey DE, Daniel DG, Tamminga C, et al. Divalproex ER combined with olanzapine or risperidone for treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(5):1330–8. [PubMed: 19052541]
108.: Casey DE, Sands EE, Heisterberg J, et al. Efficacy and safety of bifeprunox in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, dose-finding study. Psychopharmacology. 2008;200(3):317–31. [PubMed: 18597078]
109.: Castilla-Puentes R. Effects of psychotropics on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a cohort of bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(7):772–8. [PubMed: 17988369]
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Excluded – Not primary research (N = 89)

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8.: Anon.. Risperidone and piracetam may be effective for behavior problems in autism. Brown Univ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Update. 2007;9(12):4.
9.: Anon.. Study of risperidone with autistic children finds no detrimental cognitive effects. Brown Univ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Update. 2008;10(9):3–4.
10.: Anon.. Ziprasidone may help treat behavior problems associated with autism. Brown Univ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Update. 2003;5(1):1.
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50.: Locascio JJ, Malone RP, Small AM, et al. Factors related to haloperidol response and dyskinesias in autistic children. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27(2):119–26. [PubMed: 1924657]
51.: Lemke JL. Clinical trials and the drugging of our children. J Orthomol Med. 2006 Sep;21(3):152–6.
52.: Lydiard RB, Culpepper L, Schiler H, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy as treatment for anxiety symptoms in patients with bipolar depression: a pooled analysis of results from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;11(5):215–25. [PMC free article: PMC2781033] [PubMed: 19956459]
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54.: McClellan JM. Olanzapine and pediatric bipolar disorder: evidence for efficacy and safety concerns. AM J Psychiatry. 2007;164(10):1462–4. [PubMed: 17898331]
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56.: Miller dD, Eudicone JM, Pikalov A, et al. Comparative assessment of the incidence and severity of tardive dyskinesia in patients receiving aripiprazole or haloperidol for the treatment of schizophrenia: a post hoc analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1901–6. [PubMed: 18162021]
57.: O'Connell N. Research and development round-up. Nurse Prescribing. 2008 June;6(7):318–23.
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65.: Remschmidt H. Childhood and adolescent schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 1993;6(4):470–9.
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79.: Troost PW. Risperidone shows long-term effects in children with autism. Indian J Pediatr. 2006;73(4):286.
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81.: Vieta E, Mullen J, Brecher M, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy for mania associated with bipolar disorder: combined analysis of two international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(6):923–34. [PubMed: 15969892]
82.: Volavka J, Czobor P, Citrome L, et al. Efficacy of aripiprazole against hostility in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: data from 5 double-blind studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(11):1362–6. [PubMed: 16420071]
83.: Wagner K. New Findings in Early-Onset Schizophrenia. Psychiatr Times. 2008;25(4):67.
84.: Waugaman RM. Potential lower efficacy of molindone among first-generation antipsychotics. AM J Psychiatry. 2009;166(4):491–3. [PubMed: 19339370]
85.: Weiden PJ, Cutler AJ, Polymeropoulos MH, et al. Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2:Suppl 1):S12–9. [PubMed: 18334908]
86.: Weller EB, Danielyan AK, Weller RA. Somatic treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002;11(3):595–617. [PubMed: 12222085]
87.: West CL, Findling RL. Newer pharmacologic treatments for childhood ADHD. Int Drug Ther Newsl. 2004;39(3):21–2.
88.: Williams S. Recent treatment options for ADHD. US Pharm. 2008 Mar;33(3):66–71.
89.: Young JG. Risperidone was effective for aggression in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders and below average intelligence. Evid Based Ment Health. 2002;5(1):11. [PubMed: 11915814]

Excluded – Ineligible study design (N = 70)

1.: Ad-Dab'bagh Y, Greenfield B, Milne-Smith J, et al. Inpatient treatment of severe disruptive behavior disorders with risperidone and milieu therapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45(4):376–82. [PubMed: 10813072]
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4.: Barzman DH. Intramuscular ziprasidone controls acute agitation. P and T. 2006 Dec;31(12):727.
5.: Biederman J, Mick E, Prince J, et al. Systematic chart review of the pharmacologic treatment of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in youth with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1999;9(4):247–56. [PubMed: 10630454]
6.: Biederman J, McDonnell MA, Wozniak J, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder: a systematic chart review. CNS Spectr. 2005;10(2):141–8. [PubMed: 15685125]
7.: Biederman J. Open-label comparative study of risperidone versus olanzapine versus quetiapine for mania in children and adolescents with Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder. Control Trials. 2006.
8.: Biederman J, Mick E, Spencer T, et al. A prospective open-label treatment trial of ziprasidone monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9(8):888–94. [PubMed: 18076539]
9.: Blader JC. Pharmacotherapy and postdischarge outcomes of child inpatients admitted for aggressive behavior. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(4):419–25. [PMC free article: PMC2956076] [PubMed: 16855463]
10.: Bruun RD. Subtle and underrecognized side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with Tourette's disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(5):621–4. [PubMed: 2895987]
11.: Camacho A, Ng B, Galangue B, et al. Use of risperidone long-acting injectable in a rural border community clinic in southern California. Psychiatry. 2008;5(6):43–9. [PMC free article: PMC2695749] [PubMed: 19727284]
12.: Campbell M, Adams P, Perry R, et al. Tardive and withdrawal dyskinesia in autistic children: a prospective study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24(2):251–5. [PubMed: 3212157]
13.: Cannon TD, Huttunen MO, Dahlstrom M, et al. Antipsychotic drug treatment in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(7):1230–2. [PubMed: 12091205]
14.: Centorrino F, Meyers AL, Ahl J, et al. An observational study of the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular olanzapine in the treatment of acute agitation in patients with bipolar mania or schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(7):455–62. [PubMed: 17708578]
15.: Connor DF, Ozbayrak KR, Kusiak KA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents in a residential treatment center. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(2):248–54. [PubMed: 9031578]
16.: Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Wood JS. Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(12):967–74. [PubMed: 11780878]
17.: Cosgrove PVF. Risperidone added to methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. XXth Collegium Internationale Neuro-psychopharmacologicum; 1996.
18.: Crosland KA, Zarcone JR, Lindauer SE, et al. Use of functional analysis methodology in the evaluation of medication effects. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;(3):271–9. [PubMed: 12908830]
19.: Delbello MP. Quetiapine promising for patients with mood disorders and a family history of bipolar disorder. P and T. 2006 Dec;31(12):726.
20.: El-DeFrawi MH, Hirsch G, Jurkowicz A, et al. Tardive dyskinesia and pregnancy and delivery complications. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 1996 Mar;26(3):151–7. [PubMed: 8819877]
21.: Ernst M, Magee HJ, Gonzalez NM, et al. Pimozide in autistic children. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(2):187–91. [PubMed: 1513923]
22.: Esel E, Basturk M, Gonul AS, et al. Effects of olanzapine and haloperidol on serum prolactin levels in male schizophrenic patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001;26(6):641–7. [PubMed: 11403983]
23.: Farren CK, Dinan TG. Dyskinesia in mentally handicapped women: Relationship to level of handicap, age, and neuroleptic exposure. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(3):210–3. [PubMed: 7810345]
24.: Feroz-Nainar C, Roy M. Risperidone and late onset tics. Autism. 2006;10(3):302–7. [PubMed: 16682400]
25.: Findling RL, S E, L Aripiprazole in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;(4):347–54. [PubMed: 18759644]
26.: Gebhardt S, Hartling F, Hanke M, et al. Prevalence of movement disorders in adolescent patients with schizophrenia and in relationship to predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(7):371–82. [PubMed: 16648965]
27.: Gebhardt S, Hartling F, Hanke M, et al. Relations between movement disorders and psychopathology under predominantly atypical antipsychotic treatment in adolescent patients with schizophrenia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17(1):44–53. [PubMed: 17876506]
28.: Gianfrancesco F, Durkin MB, Mahmoud R, et al. Use of healthcare services by patients treated with risperidone versus conventional antipsychotic agents. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(6):413–27. [PubMed: 12052100]
29.: Goin-Kochel RP, Mackintosh VH, Myers BJ. Parental reports on the efficacy of treatments and therapies for their children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2009;3(2):528–37.
30.: Goldberg TE, Burdick KE, McCormack J, et al. Lack of an inverse relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive function in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2-3):262–6. [PMC free article: PMC2667951] [PubMed: 19042105]
31.: Green WH, Padron-Gayol M, Hardesty AS, et al. Schizophrenia with childhood onset: a phenomenological study of 38 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31(5):968–76. [PubMed: 1400132]
32.: Gunther T, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Jolles J, et al. The influence of risperidone on attentional functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid disruptive behavior disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(6):725–35. [PubMed: 17201616]
33.: Hong WW, Rak IW, Ciuryla VT, et al. Medical-claims databases in the design of a health-outcomes comparison of quetiapine ('Seroquel') and usual-care antipsychotic medication. Schizophr Res. 1998;32(1):51–8. [PubMed: 9690334]
34.: Jerrell JM, Hwang TL, Livingston TS. Neurological adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(12):1392–9. [PubMed: 18772491]
35.: Joshi PT, Capozzoli JA, Coyle JT. Low-dose neuroleptic therapy for children with childhood-onset pervasive developmental disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(3):335–8. [PubMed: 3344846]
36.: Kopala LC, Fredrikson D, Good KP, et al. Symptoms in neuroleptic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: response to risperidone. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39(4):296–8. [PubMed: 8645777]
37.: Kronenberger WG, Giauque AL, Lafata DE, et al. Quetiapine addition in methylphenidate treatment-resistant adolescents with comorbid ADHD, conduct/oppositional-defiant disorder, and aggression: a prospective, open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17(3):334–47. [PubMed: 17630867]
38.: Kumra S, Briguglio C, Lenane M, et al. Including children and adolescents with schizophrenia in medication-free research. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(7):1065–8. [PubMed: 10401453]
39.: Kutcher S, Papatheodorou G, Reiter S, et al. The successful pharmacological treatment of adolescents and young adults with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary open trial of flupenthixol. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1995;20(2):113–8. [PMC free article: PMC1188670] [PubMed: 7703220]
40.: Lencer R, Sprenger A, Harris MS, et al. Effects of second-generation antipsychotic medication on smooth pursuit performance in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(10):1146–54. [PMC free article: PMC3174103] [PubMed: 18838631]
41.: Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME, et al. Early family and individual interventions and relapse in recent-onset schizophrenia and related disorders. Ital J Psychiatr Behav Sci. 1998;8(2):77–84.
42.: Mace FC, Blum NJ, Sierp BJ, et al. Differential response of operant self-injury to pharmacologic versus behavioral treatment. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2001;22(2):85–91. [PubMed: 11332784]
43.: Marchand WR, Wirth L, Simon C. Quetiapine adjunctive and monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(3):405–11. [PubMed: 15650496]
44.: Margolese HC, Annable L, Dion Y. Depression and dysphoria in adult and adolescent patients with Tourette's disorder treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(11):1040–4. [PubMed: 12444819]
45.: Martin A, L'Ecuyer S. Triglyceride, cholesterol and weight changes among risperidone-treated youths: a retrospective study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;11(3):129–33. [PubMed: 12369772]
46.: McAdam DB, Zarcone JR, Hellings J, et al. Effects of risperidone on aberrant behavior in persons with developmental disabilities: social validity measures. Am J Ment Retard. 2002;107(4):261–9. [PubMed: 12069645]
47.: McConville B, Carrero L, Sweitzer D, et al. Long-term safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy of quetiapine in adolescents: an open-label extension trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13(1):75–82. [PubMed: 12804128]
48.: McDermid SA, Hood J, Bockus S, et al. Adolescents on neuroleptic medication: Is this population at risk for tardive dyskinesia? Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1998;43(6):629–31. [PubMed: 9729692]
49.: McDougle CJ, Kem DL, Posey DJ. Case series: use of ziprasidone for maladaptive symptoms in youths with autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(8):921–7. [PubMed: 12164181]
50.: Mick EB. Risperidone for the treatment of ADHD in children with bipolar disorder. 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005; pp. 2005–26.
51.: Niaz OS, Haddad PM. Thirty-five months experience of risperidone long-acting injection in a UK psychiatric service including a mirror-image analysis of in-patient care. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116(1):36–46. [PubMed: 17559599]
52.: Parraga HC, Parraga MI. Quetiapine treatment in patients with Tourette syndrome. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(2):184–5. [PubMed: 11280092]
53.: Prescott LM. P and T; The 56th annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; 2004 Jul; pp. 450–3+460.
54.: Rossi G, Balottin U, Rossi M, et al. Pharmacological treatment of anorexia nervosa: a retrospective study in preadolescents and adolescents. Clin Pediatr. 2007;46(9):806–11. [PubMed: 17641118]
55.: Schimmelmann BG, Paulus S, Schacht M, et al. Subjective distress related to side effects and subjective well-being in first admitted adolescents with early-onset psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotics. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15e(2):249–58. [PubMed: 15910209]
56.: Shuster J. Enoxapirin-induced thrombocytopenia in a child. Hosp Pharm. 2004 Mar;39(3):204–9.
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58.: Stephens RJ, Bassel C, Sandor P. Olanzapine in the treatment of aggression and tics in children with Tourette's syndrome--a pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(2):255–66. [PubMed: 15319022]
59.: Stigler KA, Diener JT, Kohn AE, et al. Aripiprazole in pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and Asperger's disorder: a 14-week, prospective, open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(3):265–74. [PMC free article: PMC2872206] [PubMed: 19519261]
60.: Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Larson MJ, et al. Clinical features associated with treatment-resistant pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;49(1):35–42. [PubMed: 18063039]
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62.: Taniguchi T, Sumitani S, Aono M, et al. Effect of antipsychotic replacement with quetiapine on the symptoms and quality of life of schizophrenic patients with extrapyramidal symptoms. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(7):439–45. [PubMed: 17029303]
63.: Tarricone I, Serretti A, Gozzi BF, et al. Metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotic agents in antipsychotic-naive patients: one-month prospective evaluation. Psychiatry Res. 2008;157(1-3):269–71. [PubMed: 17961714]
64.: Theisen FM, Linden A, Geller F, et al. Prevalence of obesity in adolescent and young adult patients with and without schizophrenia and in relationship to antipsychotic medication. J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35(6):339–45. [PubMed: 11684141]
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66.: van BM, van AT, Wouters L, et al. Sexual dysfunction and hormonal changes in first episode psychosis patients on olanzapine or risperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Aug;34(7):989–95. [PubMed: 19264412]
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68.: Victor CS, smond James FA, Gifford S, et al. Real-world use of quetiapine in early psychosis: an acute inpatient and community followup effectiveness study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2008;12(1):65–73. [PubMed: 24916499]
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Excluded – Not intervention of interest (N = 41)

1.: Akhondzadeh S, Tajdar H, Mohammadi MR, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of piracetam added to risperidone in patients with autistic disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2008;39(3):237–45. [PubMed: 17929164]
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3.: Bello MP, K R. Quetiapine compared with divalproex monotherapy in adolescent mania. Bipolar Disord. 2005;6
4.: Berger GE, Proffitt TM, McConchie M, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1867–75. [PubMed: 18162017]
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9.: Degrauw RS, Li JZ, Gilbert DL. Body mass index changes and chronic neuroleptic drug treatment for Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;41(3):183–6. [PubMed: 19664533]
10.: DelBello MP, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Adler CM, et al. A double-blind comparison of divalproex versus quetiapine for adolescent mania. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;9
11.: den Boer JA, Westenberg HG. Atypical neuroleptics in acute schizophrenia: a double-blind comparative study of remoxipride and haloperidol. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26(1):99–107. [PubMed: 1973547]
12.: Fleck DE, Hendricks WL, Delbello MP, et al. Differential prescription of maintenance antipsychotics to African American and White patients with new-onset bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(8):658–64. [PubMed: 12197445]
13.: Gaffney GR, Perry PJ, Lund BC, et al. Risperidone versus clonidine in the treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(3):330–6. [PubMed: 11886028]
14.: Hamilton JD. Lithium reduced aggression and was safe in aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder admitted to hospital. Evid Based Ment Health. 2001;4(1):17.
15.: Harrow M, Jobe TH. Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications: a 15-year multifollowup study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(5):406–14. [PubMed: 17502806]
16.: Jangro WC, Preval H, Southard R, et al. Conventional intramuscular sedatives versus ziprasidone for severe agitation in adolescents: case-control study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2009. Article Number: 9. [PMC free article: PMC2663548] [PubMed: 19284622]
17.: Jerrell JM. Pharmacotherapy in the community-based treatment of children with bipolar I disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(1):53–9. [PubMed: 17957821]
18.: Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS. Health-care costs of pediatric clients developing adverse events during treatment with antipsychotics. Value Health. 2009;12(5):716–22. [PubMed: 19508657]
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20.: Li AY, Cong S, Lu H, et al. Clinical observation on treatment of Tourette syndrome by integrative medicine. Chinese J Integr Med. 2009;15(4):261–5. [PubMed: 19688313]
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22.: Lloyd A, Koran W, Borgaro SR, et al. Predictors of medication compliance after hospital discharge in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1998;8(2):133–41. [PubMed: 9730079]
23.: McConville BJ, Sanberg PR, Fogelson MH, et al. The effects of nicotine plus haloperidol compared to nicotine only and placebo nicotine only in reducing tic severity and frequency in Tourette's disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;31(8):832–40. [PubMed: 1643197]
24.: McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):921–8. [PubMed: 12365879]
25.: Miklowitz DJ, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, et al. Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder: results of a 2-year randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(9):1053–61. [PMC free article: PMC2610285] [PubMed: 18762591]
26.: Paillere-Martinot ML, Lecrubier Y, Martinot JL, et al. Improvement of some schizophrenic deficit symptoms with low doses of amisulpride. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;152(1):130–3. [PubMed: 7802104]
27.: Penzner JB, Dudas M, Saito E, et al. Lack of effect of stimulant combination with second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain, metabolic changes, prolactin levels, and sedation in youth with clinically relevant aggression or oppositionality. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19(5):563–73. [PMC free article: PMC2830212] [PubMed: 19877981]
28.: Pogge DL, Young K, Insalaco B, et al. Use of atypical antipsychotic medications in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: a comparison with inpatients who did not receive antipsychotic medications during their stay. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 Jun;61(6):896–902. [PubMed: 17504351]
29.: Pushkov VV. Treatment of Tourette's syndrome. Sov Neurol Psychiatr. 1988;21(3):72–9.
30.: Remington G, Sloman L, Konstantareas M, et al. Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(4):440–4. [PubMed: 11476129]
31.: Richardson MA, Haugland G. Typicality and atypicality in the development of neuroleptic side effects in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. 1996. pp. 43–66.
32.: Sanchez LE, Adams PB, Uysal S, et al. A comparison of live and videotape ratings: clomipramine and haloperidol in autism. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(2):371–8. [PubMed: 7491394]
33.: Shiloh R, Hermesh H, Weizer N, et al. Acute antipsychotic drug administration lowers body temperature in drug-free male schizophrenic patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(6):443–5. [PubMed: 11115733]
34.: Sloman L. Haloperidol versus clomipramine in autistic disorder. 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1998 Jun.
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36.: Wade D, Harrigan S, Harris MG, et al. Treatment for the initial acute phase of first-episode psychosis in a real-world setting. Psychiatr Bull. 2006 Apr;30(4):127–31.
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41.: Zhang LD, Xu SH, Tang YH, et al. A comparative study of the treatment of schizophrenia with electric acupuncture, herbal decoction and Chlorpromazine. Am J Acupunct. 1990;18(1):11–4.

Excluded – No outcome of interest (N = 19)

1.: Aichhorn W, Marksteiner J, Walch T, et al. Age and gender effects on olanzapine and risperidone plasma concentrations in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17(5):665–74. [PubMed: 17979586]
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3.: Delbello M. CHQ and CGAS in an open-label study of ziprasidone in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or schizoaffective disorder. 46th Annual NCDEU (New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit) Meeting; 2006; pp. 2006–15.
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5.: Ernst M, Devi L, Silva RR, et al. Plasma beta-endorphin levels, naltrexone, and haloperidol in autistic children. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1993;29(2):221–7. [PubMed: 8290669]
6.: Fombonne E. Risperidone improves restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior in autistic children and adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006;9(1):6. [PubMed: 16436546]
7.: Gearing RE, Charach A. Medication adherence for children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis following hospitalization. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18(10):587–95. [PubMed: 19381709]
8.: Levy F. Does haloperidol block methylphenidate? Motivation or attention? Psychopharmacology. 1996;(1):70–4. [PubMed: 8853219]
9.: Litman RE, Hommer DW, Clem T, et al. Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia: effects of neuroleptic treatment and caffeine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25(3):473–8. [PubMed: 2576322]
10.: Mattai A, Chavez A, Greenstein D, et al. Effects of clozapine and olanzapine on cortical thickness in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2010 Jan;116(1):44–8. [PMC free article: PMC2795130] [PubMed: 19913390]
11.: Meyerowitz W, Jaramillo JD, Denson D, et al. Optimum therapeutic dosing with haloperidol decanoate. Curr Ther Res. 1989;46(6):1174–8.
12.: Minderaa RB, Anderson GM, Volkmar FR, et al. Neurochemical study of dopamine functioning in autistic and normal subjects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28(2):190–4. [PubMed: 2925571]
13.: Nieman DH, Bour LJ, Linszen DH, et al. Neuropsychological and clinical correlates of antisaccade task performance in schizophrenia. Neurology. 2000;54(4):866–71. [PubMed: 10690978]
14.: Phillips LJ, Nelson B, Yuen HP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interventions for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: study design and baseline characteristics. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 2009;43(9):818–29. [PubMed: 19670055]
15.: Piscitelli SC, Frazier JA, McKenna K, et al. Plasma clozapine and haloperidol concentrations in adolescents with childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with response. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl B):94–7. [PubMed: 7961584]
16.: Scahill L, Aman MG, McDougle CJ, et al. Trial design challenges when combining medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(5):720–9. [PMC free article: PMC4807607] [PubMed: 19096921]
17.: Spettigue W, Buchholz A, Henderson K, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescent females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:4. [PMC free article: PMC2258294] [PubMed: 18234120]
18.: Staller J. The effect of long-term antipsychotic treatment on prolactin. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006 Jun;16(3):317–26. [PubMed: 16768639]
19.: Stevens JR, Kymissis PI, Baker AJL. Elevated prolactin levels in male youths treated with risperidone and quetiapine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;15(6):893–900. [PubMed: 16379509]

Excluded – Not diagnosis of interest (N = 18)

1.: Backman ML, Aberg LE, Aronen ET, et al. New antidepressive and antipsychotic drugs in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: a pilot study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2001;5(Suppl. A):163–6. [PubMed: 11588990]
2.: Bloch M, Stager S, Braun A, et al. Pimozide-induced depression in men who stutter. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(10):433–6. [PubMed: 9375593]
3.: Flanders SC, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, et al. Observed clinical and health services outcomes in pediatric inpatients treated with atypical antipsychotics: 1999-2003. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;17(3):312–27. [PubMed: 17630865]
4.: Hammerman A, Dreiher J, Klang SH, et al. Antipsychotics and diabetes: an age-related association. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Sep;42(9):1316–22. [PubMed: 18664607]
5.: Harrison-Woolrych M, Garcia-Quiroga J, Ashton J, et al. Safety and usage of atypical antipsychotic medicines in children: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Drug Saf. 2007;30(7):569–79. [PubMed: 17604408]
6.: Hellings JA, A L. Weight gain in a controlled study of risperidone in children, adolescents and adults with mental retardation. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;(4):255–6. [PubMed: 11642473]
7.: Huang Y, Yang L, Wang S, et al. Alterative application of five anticonvulsants according to the half life for the treatment of status epilepticus in children with severe viral encephalitis. Neural Regeneration Research. 2007 Sep;2(9):561–4.
8.: Jerrell JM, McIntyre RS. Adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic medications. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008 June;23(4):283–90. [PubMed: 18302312]
9.: Kalkan US, Ozbaran B, Demiral N, et al. Clinical overview of children with mucopolysaccharidosis type III A and effect of Risperidone treatment on children and their mothers psychological status. Brain Dev. 2010 Feb;32(2):156–61. [PubMed: 19217229]
10.: Kapetanovic S, Aaron L, Montepiedra G, et al. The use of second-generation antipsychotics and the changes in physical growth in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(11):939–47. [PMC free article: PMC2832650] [PubMed: 19827949]
11.: Kelly DL, Conley RR, Love RC, et al. Weight gain in adolescents treated with risperidone and conventional antipsychotics over six months. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1998;8(3):151–9. [PubMed: 9853689]
12.: Khan RA, Mican LM, Suehs BT. Effects of olanzapine and risperidone on metabolic factors in children and adolescents: a retrospective evaluation. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15(4):320–8. [PubMed: 19625888]
13.: Newell BD, Moinfar M, Mancini AJ, et al. Retrospective analysis of 32 pediatric patients with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (ACHSS). Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26(5):536–46. [PubMed: 19840307]
14.: Panagiotopoulos C, Ronsley R, Davidson J. Increased prevalence of obesity and glucose intolerance in youth treated with second-generation antipsychotic medications. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Nov;54(11):743–9. [PubMed: 19961662]
15.: Pelletier G, Lacroix Y, Moghrabi A, et al. Double-blind crossover study of chlorpromazine and lorazepam in the treatment of behavioral problems during treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia receiving glucocorticoids. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000 Apr;34(4):276–7. [PubMed: 10742070]
16.: Singer MB. Variables related to compliance with neuroleptic medication in adolescent psychiatric patients after discharge from a psychiatric hospitalization. 2003.
17.: Soloff PH, Cornelius J, George A, et al. Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(5):377–85. [PubMed: 8489326]
18.: Zesiewicz MF, Natta MB, Kupst MJ. Effects of psychiatric hospitalization and psychotropic medications on weight in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987;26(6):854–7. [PubMed: 3429404]

Excluded – Duplicates (N = 9)

1.: Chiu CC, Chen KP, Liu HC, et al. The early effect of olanzapine and risperidone on insulin secretion in atypical-naive schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(5):504–7. [PubMed: 16974193]
2.: Quetiapine equal to placebo for teen bipolar depression. Brown Univ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol Update. 2009;11(9):4–5.
3.: DelBello MP, Schwiers ML, Rosenberg HL, et al. A double, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(10):1216–23. [PubMed: 12364843]
4.: Dougle CJ, S L. Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: results from the study by the autism network of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;(6):1142–8. [PubMed: 15930063]
5.: Gilbert DL, Batterson JR, Sethuraman G, et al. Tic reduction with risperidone Versus pimozide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(2):206–14. [PubMed: 14726728]
6.: Lavalaye J, Linszen DH, Booij J, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by olanzapine or risperidone in young patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1999;92(1):33–44. [PubMed: 10688158]
7.: Malone RP. Discontinuing risperidone results in relapse in children with autism spectrum disorders. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006;9(2):56. [PubMed: 16638905]
8.: Mauri MC, Laini V, Steinhilber CPC, et al. Depressive, negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia: response to different dosages of haloperidol. New Trends Exp Clin Psychiatr. 1998;14(1):59–63.
9.: Pflug B, Bartels M, Bauer H, et al. A double-blind multicentre study comparing remoxipride, controlled release formulation, with haloperidol in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;358:142–6. [PubMed: 1978475]

Excluded – Non-English (N = 7)

1.: A study of risperidone in the treatment of child schizophrenia. J Clin Psychol Med. 2003;(2):80–1.
2.: Comparison study of childhood schizophrenia treated with risperidone and chlorpromazine. Guizhou Med J. 2004;(8):697–8.
3.: Gao C. A comparative study of risperidone and perphenazine in the treatment of child schizophrenia. Chin J Health Psychol. 2007;(10):950–1.
4.: Huo WH. A controlled study of risperidone in child schizophrenia. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health. 2007;(11):472–3.
5.: Ji WD. [[Olanzapine for treatment of Tourette syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial]]. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu. 2005;(4):66–8.
6.: Muller-Vahl KR. The benzamides tiapride, sulpiride, and amisulpride in treatment for Tourette's syndrome. Der Nervenarzt. 2007;78(3):264–71. (Ger) [PubMed: 16924461]
7.: Zhang Y. A control study of aripiprazole in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. J Clin Psychosom Dis. 2007;(2):122–4.

Excluded – Published before 1987 (N = 3)

1.: Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, et al. The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19(2):227–39. [PubMed: 2663834]
2.: Greenhill LL, Halperin JM, Barmack J. Cognitive effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with conduct disorder. 1996:85–119.
3.: Klein RG. Thioridazine effects on the cognitive performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1990;1(4):263–70.

Unobtained Studies (N = 38)

1.: Assessment of therapeutic efficacy versus sedation with antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(6):1–12. [PubMed: 8666557]
2.: Allan ER, Sison CE, Alpert M, et al. The relationship between negative symptoms of schizophrenia and extrapyramidal side effects with haloperidol and olanzapine. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(1):71–4. [PubMed: 9564201]
3.: Barzega G, Bogetto F, Maina G, et al. Quetiapine in schizophrenic patients: a high- and low-dose double-blind comparison. Eur J Psychiatr. 2000;14(4):221–32.
4.: Bello MP, V M, I Ziprasidone dosing study in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research; 2006; pp. 2006–10.
5.: Bianco G, Claps M, Marinucci S, et al. Use of risperidone in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Ital J Psychiatr Behav Sci. 2000;10(2):50–2.
6.: Biederman J. The treatment of psychotic symptoms in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005; pp. 2005–26.
7.: Ceskova E, Svestka J, Buresova A, et al. Zuclopenthixol acetate in the treatment of acute psychoses. Homeost Health Dis. 1994;35(6):297–8.
8.: Chappell PB, F S. Ziprasidone in Tourette's syndrome. 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1998; Jun, [abstract]
9.: Delbello M. Ziprasidone in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar mania or schizophrenia: an open label, dose ranging safety and tolerability study. 45th Annual NCDEU (New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit) Meeting; 2005; pp. 2005–9.
10.: Delbello M. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine for the treatment of depression in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Control Trials. 2006.
11.: Delbello M. An open-label study of ziprasidone in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder: safety, tolerability, efficacy, and functional outcomes. Bipolar Disord. 2008
12.: Eli L. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of mania in adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder. Control Trials. 2006.
13.: Hamer AM. Update on children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Times. 2004;21(5):1–5.
14.: Jakovljevic M, Dossenbach MR, Friedel P, et al. Olanzapine versus fluphenazine in the acute (6-week) treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub. 1999;11(1-2):3–11.
15.: Jing Y. Health outcomes assessment for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder treated with and without atypical antipsychotics. United States, Ohio: University of Cincinnati; 2009. [dissertation]
16.: Kaleda VG, Oleichik IV, Artioukh VV, et al. Risperidone vs haloperidol in the therapy of adolescent schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders: an open comparative medium-term efficacy and tolerability study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol; Abstracts of the XXIInd CINP Congress; Brussels, Belgium. July 9-13, 2000; p. S99.
17.: Klebovich A. 2009. Utilization of olanzapine and risperidone in Hungary with special concern to the treatment of schizophrenia in the psychiatric rehabilitation.
18.: Kumra S, Frazier JA, Jacobsen LK, et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: a double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison. 1998:365–378. [PubMed: 8956674]
19.: Aman MG, Findling R. Risperidone versus placebo for conduct disorder in mentally retarded children. Pharmacotherapy: Annual Meeting of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy; Kansas, Missouri, USA. 24-27, 1999; p. 1214.
20.: Marder SR. Risperidone: clinical development: North American results. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992;15(Suppl 93A) [PubMed: 1379883]
21.: Martinez R. A double-blind study of risperidone versus placebo in conduct disorder in mentally retarded children conference abstract. Schizophrenia Research: abstracts of The VIIth International Congress on Schizophrenia Research; Santa Fe New Mexico USA. 1999;17-21; p. 1999.
22.: Pavuluri M. Controlled trial of risperidone and divalproex sodium with MRI assessment of affected circuitry in pre and post treatment in pediatric bipolar. Control Trials. 2006.
23.: Peuskens J, Trivedi J, Malyarov S, et al. Prevention of schizophrenia relapse with extended release quetiapine fumarate dosed once daily: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in clinically stable patients. Psychiatry. 2007;4(11):34–50. [PMC free article: PMC2860517] [PubMed: 20428302]
24.: Qureshi NA, Al-Beyari TH, Al-Amri AH, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a report of nine suspected cases. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 1996;4(3-4):179–89.
25.: Rapoport J. The spectrum of extrapyramidal symptoms in children and young adults conference abstract. 150th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association 1111; San:Diego-22.
26.: Reich DB, W S, H Risperidone treatment of PTSD related to childhood abuse. 157th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2004; pp. 2004–6.
27.: Sallee FR, N L. Double-blind, controlled comparison of haloperidol and pimozide in children with gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome. 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1996; pp. 1996–9.
28.: Sherritze S. Society for Neuroscience. P and T; 35th Annual Meeting; 2006; Jan, pp. 52–6.
29.: Sikich L. A double blind comparison of typical versus atypical antipsychotic agents on selected neurocognitive functions in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders [abstract] Schizophr Res. 2001;(1-2 Suppl):245.
30.: Song DH. Aripiprazole valuable in pediatric tic disorder or Tourette syndrome. P and T. 2006 Dec;31(12):727–8.
31.: Tohen M. Olanzapine in the treatment of acute mania in adolescents with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord.
32.: Tohen M. Efficacy of olanzapine for the treatment of acute mania in subtypes of adolescent patients: a 3-week randomized double-blind placebocontrolled study. Bipolar Disord.
33.: Trabert W. 100 years of delusional parasitosis: meta-analysis of 1,223 case reports. Psychopathology. 1995;28(5):238–46. [PubMed: 8559947]
34.: Turgay A. A new generation antipsychotic risperidone versus placebo for severe conduct disorder in children with mental retardation. Schizophr Res. 2001;(1-2 Suppl):248–9. [abstract]
35.: Versavel M. Ziprasidone Dosing Study in Pediatric Patients with Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, or Schizoaffective Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;3
36.: Wick JY. Use of psychoactive medications in children and adolescents. Am Pharm. 1993;33(1):51–8. [PubMed: 8430620]
37.: Yang W. A ramdomized controlled clinical study of aripiprazole in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Human Medical Journal. 2007;(6):942–4.
38.: Zhang JQ, Q S. Risperidone or chlopiomazine combined with lithium in treatment of adolescence mania with psychotic symptoms. Schuan Mental Health. 2003;(2):79.

Footnotes

1: The primary study was published in 1984.
2: Data of this study was collected in 1976.
3: The primary study was published in 1985.

Bookshelf ID: NBK84641

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Seida JC, Schouten JR, Mousavi SS, et al. First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Children and Young Adults [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Feb. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 39.) Appendix E, List of Excluded Studies and Unobtained Studies.
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Excluded – Age>24 (N = 748)
Excluded – Not primary research (N = 89)
Excluded – Ineligible study design (N = 70)
Excluded – Not intervention of interest (N = 41)
Excluded – No outcome of interest (N = 19)
Excluded – Not diagnosis of interest (N = 18)
Excluded – Duplicates (N = 9)
Excluded – Non-English (N = 7)
Excluded – Published before 1987 (N = 3)
Unobtained Studies (N = 38)

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