Excluded References – C Difficile (General Search)

1.

Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and colitis with an oral preparation of teicoplanin; a dose finding study. The Swedish CDAD Study Group. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994;26(3):309–16. Not eligible comparator. [PubMed: 7939431]

2.

Abbett SK, Yokoe DS, Lipsitz SR, et al. Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 Nov;30(11):1062–9. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 19751156]

3.

Abrahamsson TR, Sinkiewicz G, Jakobsson T, et al. Probiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of life. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2009 Sep;49(3):349–54. Not included population. [PubMed: 19525871]

4.

Abrahao C, Carman RJ, Hahn H, et al. Similar frequency of detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. European J Clin Microbiol & Infectious Diseases. 2001 Sep;20(9):676–7. Not included treatment type. [PubMed: 11714055]

5.

Abreu MT, Harpaz N. Diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Mar;5(3):295–301. [see comment] Not included publication type. [PubMed: 17368227]

6.

Akhtar AJ, Shaheen M. Increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in African-American and Hispanic patients: association with the use of proton pump inhibitor therapy. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2007 May;99(5):500–4. Not included study design. [PMC free article: PMC2576066] [PubMed: 17534007]

7.

Akhtar AJ, Shaheen M. Increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in African-American and Hispanic patients: association with the use of proton pump inhibitor therapy. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2007 May;99(5):500–4. Duplicate listing. [PMC free article: PMC2576066] [PubMed: 17534007]

8.

Albright JB, Bonatti H, Mendez J, et al. Early and late onset Clostridium difficile-associated colitis following liver transplantation. Transplant International. 2007 Oct;20(10):856–66. Not included study design. [PubMed: 17854444]

9.

Aldeyab MA, Harbarth S, Vernaz N, et al. Quasiexperimental study of the effects of antibiotic use, gastric acid-suppressive agents, and infection control practices on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May;53(5):2082–8. Not included study design. [PMC free article: PMC2681522] [PubMed: 19289520]

10.

Aldeyab MA, Harbarth S, Vernaz N, et al. Quasiexperimental study of the effects of antibiotic use, gastric acid-suppressive agents, and infection control practices on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May;53(5):2082–8. Duplicate listing. [PMC free article: PMC2681522] [PubMed: 19289520]

11.

Al-Eidan FA, McElnay JC, Scott MG, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics. 2000 Apr;25(2):101–9. Not on topic. [PubMed: 10849187]

12.

Alestig K, Carlberg H, Nord CE, et al. Effect of cefoperazone on faecal flora. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983 Aug;12(2):163–7. Not on topic. [PubMed: 6619054]

13.

Ali SO, Welch JP, Dring RJ. Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. American Surgeon. 2008 Jan;74(1):20–6. Not included population. [PubMed: 18274423]

14.

Altaie SS, Meyer P, Dryja D. Comparison of two commercially available enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jan;32(1):51–3. Not relevant to key questions. [PMC free article: PMC262968] [PubMed: 8126205]

15.

Altiparmak MR, Trablus S, Pamuk ON, et al. Diarrhoea following renal transplantation. Clinical transplantation. 2002 Jun;16(3):212–6. Not included study design. [PubMed: 12010146]

16.

Al-Tureihi FI, Hassoun A, Wolf-Klein G, et al. Albumin, length of stay, and proton pump inhibitors: key factors in Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nursing home patients. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2005 Mar-Apr;6(2):105–8. Not included study design. [PubMed: 15871884]

17.

Ambrose NS, Burdon DW, Keighley MR. A prospective randomized trial to compare mezlocillin and metronidazole with cefuroxime and metronidazole as prophylaxis in elective colorectal operations. J Hosp Infect. 1983 Dec;4(4):375–82. Not included population. [PubMed: 6198367]

18.

Ament ME, Berquist W, Vargas J. Advances in ulcerative colitis. Pediatrician. 1988;15(1-2):45–57. Not on topic. [PubMed: 3050919]

19.

Anand A, Bashey B, Mir T, et al. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Apr;89(4):519–23. Not included study design. [PubMed: 8147353]

20.

Anand A, Glatt AE. Clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. Clinic Infect Dis. 1993 Jul;17(1):109–13. Not included study design. [PubMed: 8353229]

21.

Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2008 Feb;57(2):205–10. Not included population. [PubMed: 17905821]

22.

Anastasi JK, Capili B. HIV and diarrhea in the era of HAART: 1998 New York State hospitalizations. Am J Infect Control. 2000 Jun;28(3):262–6. Not included study design. [PubMed: 10840348]

23.

Anastasi JK, Capili B. HIV and diarrhea in the era of HAART: 1998 New York State hospitalizations. Am J Infect Control. 2000 Jun;28(3):262–6. Duplicate listing. [PubMed: 10840348]

24.

Andrews CN, Raboud J, Kassen BO, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: predictors of severity in patients presenting to the emergency department. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jun;17(6):369–73. Not included study design. [PubMed: 12813602]

25.

Ang CW, Heyes G, Morrison P, et al. The acquisition and outcome of ICU-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in a single centre in the UK. Journal of Infection. 2008 Dec;57(6):435–40. Not included study design. [PubMed: 19013649]

26.

Ang P, Cheong WK, Khoo KS. Pseudomembranous colitis in a patient treated with paclitaxel for carcinoma of the breast: a case report. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 Jan;29(1):132–4. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 10748982]

27.

Antoine M, Khitrik-Palchuk M, Saif MW. Long-term survival in a patient with acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas. A case report and review of literature. Jop: Journal of the Pancreas. 2007;8(6):783–9. [Electronic Resource] Not included publication type. [PubMed: 17993731]

28.

Apisarnthanarak A, Razavi B, Mundy LM. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clinic Infect Dis. 2002 Sep 15;35(6):690–6. [see comment] Not included study design. [PubMed: 12203166]

29.

Aradhyula S, Manian FA, Hafidh SA, et al. Significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. Southern medical journal. 2006 May;99(5):518–20. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 16711316]

30.

Arango JI, Restrepo A, Schneider DL, et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea before and after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow transplantation. 2006 Mar;37(5):517–21. Not on topic. [PubMed: 16435018]

31.

Archimandritis A, Souyioultzis S, Katsorida M, et al. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with a ‘triple’ regimen, containing clarithromycin and metronidazole, to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Journal of internal medicine. 1998 Mar;243(3):251–3. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 9627163]

32.

Aronsson B, Blomback M, Eriksson S, et al. Low levels of coagulation inhibitors in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Infection. 1992 Mar-Apr;20(2):58–60. Not on topic. [PubMed: 1533851]

33.

Aronsson B, Granstrom M, Mollby R, et al. Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Infection. 1985 May-Jun;13(3):97–101. Not included study design. [PubMed: 4030111]

34.

Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord CE. Clostridium difficile and antibiotic associated diarrhoea in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis Supplement. 1982;35:53–8. Not included study design. [PubMed: 6962998]

35.

Aronsson B, Mollby R, Nord CE. Diagnosis and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile enterocolitis in Sweden. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984 Dec;14(Suppl D):85–95. Not included study design. [PubMed: 6520069]

36.

Aroori S, Blencowe N, Pye G, et al. Clostridium difficile: how much do hospital staff know about it? Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2009 Sep;91(6):464–9. Not included study design. [PMC free article: PMC2966196] [PubMed: 19558760]

37.

Arrich J, Sodeck GH, Sengolge G, et al. Clostridium difficile causing acute renal failure: case presentation and review. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2005 Feb 28;11(8):1245–7. Not included publication type. [PMC free article: PMC4250724] [PubMed: 15754415]

38.

Arsura EL, Fazio RA, Wickremesinghe PC. Pseudomembranous colitis following prophylactic antibiotic use in primary cesarean section. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1985 Jan 1;151(1):87–9. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 3966512]

39.

Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J, et al. Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep;103(9):2308–13. Not included study design. [PubMed: 18702653]

40.

Ash L, Baker ME, O'Malley CM Jr, et al. Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. AJR.American Journal of Roentgenology. 2006 May;186(5):1393–400. Not included study design. [PubMed: 16632736]

41.

Asha NJ, Tompkins D, Wilcox MH. Comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Aug;44(8):2785–91. Not included study design. [PMC free article: PMC1594656] [PubMed: 16891493]

42.

Aziz EE, Ayis S, Gould FK, et al. Risk factors for the development of Clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea: a pilot study. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety. 2001 Jun-Jul;10(4):303–8. Not included study design. [PubMed: 11760491]

43.

Bacci S, St-Martin G, Olesen B, et al. Outbreak of Clostridium difficile 027 in North Zealand, Denmark, 2008-2009. Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2009;14(16) 2009. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 19389341]

44.

Bacon AE 3rd, Fekety R. Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Diagnostic Microbiology & Infectious Disease. 1994 Apr;18(4):205–9. Not included population. [PubMed: 7924215]

45.

Bahadursingh AN, Vagefi PA, Longo WE. Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with spinal cord injury: case report. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2004;27(3):266–8. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 15478532]

46.

Baines SD, O'Connor R, Saxton K, et al. Activity of vancomycin against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Mar;63(3):520–5. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 19112083]

47.

Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, et al. Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: A national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jan;105(1):106–13. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 19844204]

48.

Bakken JS. Resolution of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea using staggered antibiotic withdrawal and kefir. Minnesota medicine. 2009 Jul;92(7):38–40. Background. [PubMed: 19708314]

49.

Balamurugan R, Balaji V, Ramakrishna BS. Estimation of faecal carriage of Clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis using real time polymerase chain reaction. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2008 May;127(5):472–7. Not included study design. [PubMed: 18653911]

50.

Banning M. Ageing and the gut. Nursing Older People. 2008 Feb;20(1):17–21. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 18372803]

51.

Barany P, Stenvinkel P, Nord CE, et al. Clostridium difficile infection--a poor prognostic sign in uremic patients? Clinical nephrology. 1992 Jul;38(1):53–7. Not included study design. [PubMed: 1499170]

52.

Barbut F, Beaugerie L, Delas N, et al. Comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. Infectious Colitis Study Group Clinic Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;29(2):356–60. Not included study design. [PubMed: 10476742]

53.

Barbut F, Corthier G, Charpak Y, et al. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients. A French multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Jul 8;156(13):1449–54. Not included study design. [PubMed: 8678714]

54.

Barbut F, Decre D, Burghoffer B, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of Clostridium difficile isolated in France in 1991 and 1997. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Nov;43(11):2607–11. Not included population. [PMC free article: PMC89532] [PubMed: 10543736]

55.

Barbut F, Decre D, Lalande V, et al. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase)-producing strains. Journal of medical microbiology. 2005 Feb;54(Pt 2):181–5. Not included study design. [PubMed: 15673514]

56.

Barbut F, Gariazzo B, Bonne L, et al. Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated infections and molecular characterization of strains: results of a retrospective study, 2000-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Feb;28(2):131–9. Not included study design. [PubMed: 17265393]

57.

Barbut F, Leluan P, Antoniotti G, et al. Value of routine stool cultures in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. European J Clin Microbiol & Infectious Diseases. 1995 Apr;14(4):346–9. Not included study design. [PubMed: 7649200]

58.

Barbut F, Mario N, Meyohas MC, et al. Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea among AIDS patients by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. J Hosp Infect. 1994 Mar;26(3):181–9. Not included study design. [PubMed: 7911484]

59.

Barbut F, Meynard JL, Guiguet M, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: epidemiology and risk factors. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology. 1997 Nov 1;16(3):176–81. Not included study design. [PubMed: 9390569]

60.

Barbut F, M P, D M, B J, K E, P I., ESGoCd. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clinical Microbiology & Infection. 2007 Nov;13(11):1048–57. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 17850341]

61.

Barker HC, Haworth CS, Williams D, et al. Clostridium difficile pancolitis in adults with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 2008 Sep;7(5):444–7. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 18585983]

62.

Barriere SL. Review of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic characteristics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. Ann Pharmacother. 1993 Sep;27(9):1082–9. Not included study design. [PubMed: 8219444]

63.

Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 Jan 31;346(5):334–9. [see comment] Not included publication type. [PubMed: 11821511]

64.

Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clinic Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 15;46(Suppl 1):S12–8. Background. [PubMed: 18177217]

65.

Bassaris HP, Lianou PE, Legakis NJ, et al. Interaction between Clostridium difficile and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly and post-operative cancer patients: phagocytosis and bactericidal function. Medical Microbiology & Immunology. 1984;173(1):49–55. Not included population. [PubMed: 6472200]

66.

Bate G. Comparison of Minitek Anaerobe II, API An-Ident, and RapID ANA systems for identification of Clostridium difficile. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 Jun;85(6):716–8. Not included study design. [PubMed: 3518405]

67.

Battle EH, Elliott SY. Three cases of hemorrhagic colitis in West Virginia due to Escherichia coli O157:H7. West Virginia Medical Journal. 1995 Nov-Dec;91(7):320–1. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 8533400]

68.

Bauer MP, Goorhuis A, Koster T, et al. Community-onset Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea not associated with antibiotic usage--two case reports with review of the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2008 May;66(5):207–11. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 18490799]

69.

Bauer MP, Veenendaal D, Verhoef L, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands. Clinical Microbiology & Infection. 2009 Dec;15(12):1087–92. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 19624512]

70.

Bauer TM, Lalvani A, Fehrenbach J, et al. Derivation and validation of guidelines for stool cultures for enteropathogenic bacteria other than Clostridium difficile in hospitalized adults. JAMA. 2001 Jan 17;285(3):313–9. Not on topic. [PubMed: 11176841]

71.

Bauwens JE, McFarland LV, Melcher SA. Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease following ciprofloxacin use. Ann Pharmacother. 1997 Sep;31(9):1090. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 9296254]

72.

Baxter R, Ray GT, Fireman BH. Case-control study of antibiotic use and subsequent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;29(1):44–50. Not included study design. [PubMed: 18171186]

73.

Beaugerie L, Flahault A, Barbut F, et al. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile in the community. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Apr 1;17(7):905–12. Not included study design. [PubMed: 12656693]

74.

Beaugerie L, Metz M, Barbut F, et al. Klebsiella oxytoca as an agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep;1(5):370–6. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 15017655]

75.

Beaugerie L, Ngo Y, Goujard F, et al. Etiology and management of toxic megacolon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gastroenterol. 1994 Sep;107(3):858–63. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 8076773]

76.

Beaujean DJ, Blok HE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, et al. Surveillance of nosocomial infections in geriatric patients. J Hosp Infect. 1997 Aug;36(4):275–84. Not included study design. [PubMed: 9261757]

77.

Beaulieu M, Williamson D, Pichette G, et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a Quebec medical intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Nov;28(11):1305–7. Not included study design. [PubMed: 17926283]

78.

Beck A, McNeil C, Abdelsayed G, et al. Salmonella pseudomembranous colitis. Connecticut medicine. 2007 Jun-Jul;71(6):339–42. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 17619469]

79.

Beloosesky Y, Grosman B, Marmelstein V, et al. Convulsions induced by metronidazole treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in chronic renal failure. American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2000 May;319(5):338–9. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 10830559]

80.

Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P, et al. Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Sep;7(9):981–7. Not included study design. [PubMed: 19523534]

81.

Bennett RG, Greenough WB 3rd. Approach to acute diarrhea in the elderly. Gastroenterology clinics of North America. 1993 Sep;22(3):517–33. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 8406728]

82.

Bennett RG, Laughon BE, Mundy LM, et al. Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for Clostridium difficile in two nursing home outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 May;27(5):889–93. Not included population. [PMC free article: PMC267449] [PubMed: 2745696]

83.

Berman L, Carling T, Fitzgerald TN, et al. Defining surgical therapy for pseudomembranous colitis with toxic megacolon. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 May-Jun;42(5):476–80. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 18277885]

84.

Bilgrami S, Feingold JM, Dorsky D, et al. Incidence and outcome of Clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation. 1999 May;23(10):1039–42. Not included study design. [PubMed: 10373070]

85.

Biller P, Shank B, Lind L, et al. Moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Feb;28(2):198–201. Not included study design. [PubMed: 17265402]

86.

Bingley PJ, Harding GM. Clostridium difficile colitis following treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. Postgrad Med J. 1987 Nov;63(745):993–4. Not included publication type. [PMC free article: PMC2428710] [PubMed: 3451227]

87.

Bingley PJ, Harding GM. Clostridium difficile colitis following treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. Postgrad Med J. 1987 Nov;63(745):993–4. Duplicate listing. [PMC free article: PMC2428710] [PubMed: 3451227]

88.

Birnbaum J, Bartlett JG, Gelber AC. Clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis? Clinical rheumatology. 2008 Feb;27(2):253–5. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 17902012]

89.

Bishara J, Peled N, Pitlik S, et al. Mortality of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: the impact of Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect. 2008 Apr;68(4):308–14. Not included study design. [PubMed: 18353491]

90.

Bishara J, Peled N, Pitlik S, et al. Mortality of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: the impact of Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect. 2008 Apr;68(4):308–14. Duplicate listing. [PubMed: 18353491]

91.

Bixquert Jimenez M. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with probiotics. An etiopathogenic approach at last? Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas. 2009 Aug;101(8):553–64. Not relevant to key questions. [PubMed: 19785495]

92.

Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Savik K, et al. Fecal incontinence in hospitalized patients who are acutely ill. Nursing research. 2000 Mar-Apr;49(2):101–8. Not included study design. [PubMed: 10768587]

93.

Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Savik K, et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998 Dec 15;129(12):1012–9. Not included study design. [PubMed: 9867755]

94.

Bloedt K, Riecker M, Poppert S, et al. Evaluation of new selective culture media and a rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for identification of Clostridium difficile from stool samples. Journal of medical microbiology. 2009 Jul;58(Pt 7):874–7. Not included population. [PubMed: 19502365]

95.

Blossom DB, Lewis FM, McDonald LC. The changing spectrum of clostridium difficile associated disease: implications for dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association. 2008 Jan;139(1):42–7. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 18167383]

96.

Blot E, Escande MC, Besson D, et al. Outbreak of Clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea in an adult oncology unit: risk factors and microbiological characteristics. J Hosp Infect. 2003 Mar;53(3):187–92. Not included study design. [PubMed: 12623319]

97.

Blum RN, Berry CD, Phillips MG, et al. Clinical illnesses associated with isolation of dysgonic fermenter 3 from stool samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Feb;30(2):396–400. Not included publication type. [PMC free article: PMC265067] [PubMed: 1537908]

98.

Bobulsky GS, Al-Nassir WN, Riggs MM, et al. Clostridium difficile skin contamination in patients with C. difficile-associated disease. Clinic Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 1;46(3):447–50. Not on topic. [PubMed: 18181742]

99.

Bodey G, Abi-Said D, Rolston K, et al. Imipenem or cefoperazone-sulbactam combined with vancomycin for therapy of presumed or proven infection in neutropenic cancer patients. European J Clin Microbiol & Infectious Diseases. 1996 Aug;15(8):625–34. Not on topic. [PubMed: 8894569]

100.

Bolton RP. Clostridium difficile-associated colitis after neomycin treated with metronidazole. BMJ. 1979 Dec 8;2(6203):1479–80. Not included publication type. [PMC free article: PMC1597201] [PubMed: 526821]

101.

Bolton RP, Culshaw MA. Faecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile. Gut. 1986 Oct;27(10):1169–72. Not included study design. [PMC free article: PMC1433873] [PubMed: 3781329]

102.

Bombassaro AM, Wetmore SJ, John MA. Clostridium difficile colitis following antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2001 Jan;67(1):20–2. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 11209501]

103.

Bonatti H, Brandacher G, Margreiter R, et al. Infectious complications in three double hand recipients: experience from a single center. Transplantation proceedings. 2009 Mar;41(2):517–20. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 19328916]

104.

Bond F, Payne G, Borriello SP, et al. Usefulness of culture in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. European J Clin Microbiol & Infectious Diseases. 1995 Mar;14(3):223–6. Not included population. [PubMed: 7614964]

105.

Bond JH. Office-based management of diarrhea. Geriatrics. 1982 Feb;37(2):61–4. 52–5. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 7056472]

106.

Borriello SP, Barclay FE. An in-vitro model of colonisation resistance to Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of medical microbiology. 1986 Jun;21(4):299–309. Not included population. [PubMed: 3723582]

107.

Bouza E, Burillo A, Munoz P. Antimicrobial therapy of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Medical Clinics of North America. 2006 Nov;90(6):1141–63. Not included publication type. [PubMed: 17116441]

108.

Bouza E, Perez MJ, Munoz P, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. Chest. 2008 Nov;134(5):938–46. Not on topic. [PubMed: 18641114]

109.

Bouza E, Perez MJ, Munoz P, et al. Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. Chest. 2008 Nov;134(5):938–46. Duplicate listing. [PubMed: 18641114]

110.

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