NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, et al. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Aug. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 208.)
Appendix Table J1Characteristics of eligible studies: psychoeducation vs. inactive comparators by year then first author
| Study, Year Design Location Funder Risk of Bias PMID | Randomized (N) Age (mean) Sex (% Female) Race (% White) Diagnosis (% BP I, II, NOS) Setting | Inclusions Key Exclusions | Intervention Description | Comparison Description | Follow-up Duration | Outcomes Reported Withdrawal (%) at endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes, 20151 RCT Australia Non-Government Moderate 25554993 | N = 233 Age 40 (18–58) Female 72% White NR BP I 88% BP II 12% Outpatient | No current clinical state excluded; Individuals with BP I or II (DSM-IV) with euthymia or a current manic or depressive episode and taking medication for BP. Labs/Other Conditions | Internet-based psychoeducation (Road to Recovery for Bipoloar Disorder) focused on managing symptoms, medication, psychological approaches, relationships, and lifestyle. Participants had access to 10 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy as homework -20 online sessions, first 8 sessions weekly, 9 and 10 every 2-week period, and 11–20 were monthly | Internet-based attention control (Virtual Highway for Bipolar Disorder) -20 online sessions, first 8 sessions weekly, 9 and 10 every 2-week period, and 11–20 were monthly | 12 months | Time to Relapse Hospitalization Relapse (Return of significant symptoms after a remission of at least 8 weeks, DSM-IV) Withdrawal 28% |
| Gumus, 20152 RCT Turkey NR High 26001717 | N = 82 Age 39 (27–52) Female 48% Race NR BP I 89% BP II 11% Outpatient | Euthymic; Individuals with BP I or II (DSM-VI) who received standard medical treatment and were euthymic (YMRS>6, HDRS <17) for at least 3 months. Other Mental Health | Psychoeducation focused on illness education, warning signs, medication and side effects, and problem solving skills as well as standard clinical monitoring - 60 minute sessions, once per week, for 4 weeks | Standard clinical follow up (not described) -Duration of study | 12 months | Hospitalization Relapse (Emergency of new clinical episode, YMRS≥20, HDRS≥17 or YMRS≥20 and HDRS≥12) Withdrawal 5% |
| de Barros Pellegrinelli, 20133 RCT Brazil Non-Government High 22943487 | N = 55 Age 44 (22–66) Female 69% White NR BP NR Outpatient | Euthymic/Maintenance; Individuals diagnosed with BP I or II (DSM-IV), in remission for at least 1 month (HDRS <7 and YMRS <6) Schizoaffective; Substance Abuse; Other Mental Heath; Neurological Disorders | Psychoeducation consisting of 15 min introduction, 30 min education, 30 min discussion and psychological support, and 15 min for conclusion -16 twice-weekly 90-minute sessions | Sessions promoting relaxation consisting of informal conversation and relaxation using three different types of exercises -16 twice-weekly 90-minute sessions | 12 months | HDRS YMRS GAF Withdrawal 45% |
| Javadpour, 20134 RCT Iran Non-Government High 23642977 | N = 108 Age NR (18–60) Female 51% White NR BP NR Outpatient | Euthymic/Maintenance; Individuals with BP with a history of at least 2 episodes of relapse in past 2 years or at least 3 episodes in past 5 years, and euthymic (HAM-D <8 and BRMS <9) First Manic Episode | Psychoeducation focusing on understanding bipolar, familiarization with symptoms understanding signs of an episodes, awareness of causes and prognosis, education about the function, types and adverse side effect of mood stabilizer medication, functions, types and adverse effects of anti-manic and antidepressant medications, and risks of discontinuing medications - Eight 50-minute weekly session | Standard pharmacotherapy (discretion of treating psychiatrist of their choice) | 18 months | Relapse (HAM-D >17 or BRMS >15) Hospitalizations BRMS HDRS Withdrawal 20% |
| Smith, 20115 RCT United Kingdom Government Low 22017225 | N = 50 Age 44 (22–66) Female 62% White 98% BP I 86% BP II 12% BP NOS 2% Outpatient | Euthymic/Maintenance; DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder currently in clinical remission, and not fulfilling diagnostic criteria for a depressive, manic or mixed affective episode during the preceding 3 months Neurological Disorders | Internet-based psychoeducation focusing on causes, role of medication, lifestyle changes, relapse prevention and early intervention, psychological approaches, gender-specific considerations, and advice for family and careers - Initial face-to-face meeting with psychiatrist to learn how to use program followed by four months of every-other-week online psychoeducation | Treatment as usual: Usual care delivered in a collaborative model between general practitioners and community mental health teams. | 6 months | Relapse MADRS YMRS GAF FAST WHO-QOL-bref Withdrawal 26% |
| Sajatovic, 20096 RCT United States Government Low 19723732 | N = 164 Age 41 (18–76) Female 68% White 60% BP NR Outpatient | No current clinical state excluded; Individuals with type I or type II bipolar disorder (MINI) Other Conditions | Group psychoeducation (Life Goals Program) focusing on illness education, medication adherence, management, goal setting, and problem solving -6 weekly sessions followed by optional monthly group sessions | Treatment as usual: Treatment at community mental health care including medication management and psychosocial therapy and counseling | 12 months | HAM-D GAS YMRS Withdrawal 22% |
| Colom, 20097 Colom, 20038Spain Non-Government Low 12695318 19252157 | N = 120 Age NR (18–65) Female 63% White NR BP I 83% BP II 17% Outpatient | Euthymic/Maintenance; Diagnosis of BP I or II, euthymic (YMRS <6, HDRS <8) for at least 6 months, having sufficient data on the prior course of illness collected from a prospective follow-up of at least 24 months Other Mental Health; Neurological Disorders | Group psychoeducation (and pharmacologic treatment) that focused on illness awareness, treatment compliance, early detection of prodromal symptoms and recurrences, and life-style regularity -21 weekly 90-minute sessions | Standard pharmacologic treatment and group meetings with psychologists without any psychosocial feedback (unless necessary for patient interaction) -20 weekly group sessions | 5 years | Relapse (DSM-IV criteria for new acute episode and one of following: YMRS≥ 20 or YMRS≥12 or HDRS≥17, or YMRS≥ and HDRS≥20) Hospitalizations Withdrawal 18% |
| Colom, 2003b9 RCT Spain Non-Government Low 14628987 | N = 50 Age 35 (18–57) Female 72% White NR BP I 100% Outpatient | Euthymic/Maintenance; A lifetime diagnosis of BP I (DSM-IV), euthymic (YMRS <6, HAM-D <8) for at least 6 months, data on the prior course of illness collected from a prospective follow-up of at least 24 months, good treatment compliance during at least 6 months prior to enrollment. Other Mental Health; Neurological Disorders; Taking Other Meds | Group psychoeducation (and standard treatment) focused on illness awareness, treatment compliance, prodromal symptoms and relapse, lifestyle regularity, symptom monitoring, treatment adherence, and illness management skills. -20 weekly group sessions for 90 minutes | Standard pharmacologic treatment and group meetings with psychologists without any psychosocial feedback (unless necessary for patient interaction). Therapists encouraged communication between patients. -20 weekly group sessions | 2 years | Relapse (DSM-IV criteria and HAM-D or YMRS ≥12) Hospitalizations Withdrawal 0% |
| Weiss, 200010 CCT United States Government High 10847311 | N = 45 Age 36 (18–54) Female 49% White 87% BP I 73% BP II 18% BP NOS 9% Outpatient | No current clinical state excluded; Current diagnoses of BP and substance dependence, substance use within 30 days, and taking a mood stabilizer Neurological Disorders; Other Conditions (which would preclude attendance) | Psychoeducation focused on acceptance, self-help, identifying and fighting triggers, medication adherence, coping skills, and similarities between recovery and relapse for bipolar and substance abuse -12–20 weekly group therapy, 60 minutes per session | Treatment as usual/No treatment (not described) with 6 monthly assessments | 6 months | YMRS HAM-D Hospitalizations Withdrawal 47% |
| Perry, 199911 RCT United Kingdom Government Moderate 9888904 | N = 69 Age 45 (23–67) Female 68% White 91% BP I 91% BP II 9% Outpatient | Maintenance; A lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder elicited by a trained research assistant using a standardized psychiatric interview and two or more relapses, one in the previous 12 months. Substance Abuse; Neurological Disorders | Psychoeducation (and routine treatment) involving 12 individual treatment sessions that focused on identifying prodromal symptoms and producing and rehearsing an action plan once prodromes had been recognized | Treatment as usual: Drug treatment, monitoring of mood and adherence to treatment, education about BP, and inpatient care if necessary. | 18 months | Relapse (Minimum of five days of symptoms of mania, hypomania, mixed affective disorder, or major depression according to the standardized symptom criteria) SPS Withdrawal 14% |
Abbreviations: BP=bipolar disorder; BRMS= Bech–Rafaelsen Mania Scale; DSM=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAF=General Assessment of Functioning Scale; GAS=Global Assessment Scale; HAM-D=Hamilton Scale for Depression; HDRS= Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MINI=MINI International Nueropsychiatric Interview; NOS=not otherwise specified; NR=not reported; PMID=PubMed Identification Number; RCT=randomized controlled trial; SPS=Social Phobia Scale; WHO-QOL-bref= World Health Organization Quality of Life–short version; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale
Appendix Table J2Summary risk of bias assessments: psychoeducation vs. inactive comparators by year then first author
| Study Funder PMID | Overall Risk of Bias Assessment | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Barnes, 20151 Non-Government 25554993 | Moderate | Suspected bias due to incomplete reporting of outcomes (unable to separate outcomes by study arm). |
| de Barros Pellegrinelli, 20133 Non-Government 22943487 | High | Suspected bias due to high attrition rate (45%). |
| Gumus, 20152 NR 26001717 | High | Suspected bias due to procedures for randomization and unclear reporting of study attrition. |
| Javadpour, 20134 Non-Government 23642977 | High | Suspected bias due to unclear reporting of outcomes (format of reporting makes it difficult to interpret results). |
| Smith, 20115 Government 22017225 | Low | No significant suspected biases. |
| Sajatovic, 20096 Government 19723732 | Low | No significant suspected biases. |
| Colom, 20097 Colom, 20038 Non-Government 12695318 19252157 | Low | No significant suspected biases. |
| Colom, 2003b9 Non-Government 14628987 | Low | No significant suspected biases. |
| Weiss, 200010 Government 10847311 | High | Suspected selection bias (subjects are not randomized) and unclear reporting of attrition and outcome data. |
| Perry, 199911 Government 9888904 | Moderate | Suspected bias due to lack of blinding. Assessors appeared to have access to full set of information/notes on subjects. |
Abbreviations: PMID=PubMed Identification Number
Appendix Table J3Outcomes summary: psychoeducation vs. inactive comparators
| Study PMID | Responder/Remitter | Symptom | Function | Other | AE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes 20151 25554993 | Relapse 12 months, Any Type NS at any threshold for recurrence (low, moderate, high). Low: HR=0.86; p=0.48 Moderate: HR= 0.82; p=0.33 High: HR=0.91; p=0.65 Time to Relapse 12 months, Any Type NS at any threshold for recurrence (low, moderate, high). | NR | NR | Hospitalizations 12 months NS; p=0.90 | NR |
| Gumus, 20152 26001717 | Relapse* 12 months, Any Type NS OR=0.50 (95% CI 0.14, 1.57); p=0.21 | NR | NR | Hospitalizations 12 months NS, Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 0 (0%) Comparator: 3 (7.3%) | NR |
| de Barros Pellegrinelli 20133 22943487 | NR | Depression 12 months, HDRS No difference between groups ES=0.007; p=0.82 Mania 12 months, YMRS NS ES=0.016; p=0.72 | Global Function 12 months, GAF NS ES=0.03; p=0.59 | NR | NR |
| Javadpour 20134 23642977 | Relapse 18 months, Any Type Favors psychoeducation; p=0.00 | Depression 18 months, HDRS Favors psychoeducation ; p=0.00 Mania 18 months, BRMS Favors psychoeducation; p=0.00 | NR | Hospitalizations 18 months, Any Type Favors psychoeducation; p=0.00 Average Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 0.22 Comparator: 1.41 | NR |
| Smith 20115 22017225 | Relapse* 10 months, Depressive NS OR=1.75 (95% CI 0.39, 7.87); p=0.31 10 months, Manic NS OR=0.92 (95% CI 0.15, 5.36); p=0.61 | Depression* 10 months, MADRS NS ES=−0.17 (95% −0.82, 0.48) Mania* 10 months, YMRS NS ES=−0.25 (95% −0.90, 0.40) | Global Function* 10 months, GAF NS ES=0.26 (95% CI −0.39, 0.91) Global Function* 10 months, FAST NS ES=0.26 (95% CI, −0.39, 0.91) Quality of Life* 10 months, WHO-QOL-bref NS ES=−0.04 (95% CI −0.69, 0.60) | NR | NR |
| Sajatovic 20096 19723732 | NR | Depression* 6 months, HAM-D NS ES=0.03 (95% CI −0.35, 0.42) Mania* 6 months, YMRS NS ES=−0.16 (95% CI −0.54, 0.23) | Global Function* 6 months, GAF NS ES=−0.03 (95% CI −0.43, 0.36) | NR | NR |
| Colom 20038 12695318 Colom 20097 19252157 | Relapse* 2 years, Any Type Favors psychoeducation OR=0.18 (95% CI 0.05, 0.56); p=0.00 | NR | NR | Hospitalizations 2 Years NS; p=0.24 Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 14 (25%) Comparator: 21 (35%) 5 Years NS; p=0.28 Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 17 (30.4%) Comparator: 24 (40%) | NR |
| Colom 2003b9 14628987 | Relapse* 2 years, Any Type Favors psychoeducation OR=0.13 (95% CI 0.01, 0.77); p=0.02 | NR | NR | Hospitalizations 2 Years Favors psychoeducation; p=0.01 Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 2 (8.0%) Comparator: 9 (36%) | NR |
| Weiss 200010 10847311 | NR | Depression 6 months, HAM-D NS Mania 6 months, YMRS Favors psychoeducation; p<0.04 | NR | Hospitalizations 6 months NS Number of Hospitalizations Psychoeducation: 8 (38.1%) Comparator: 10 (41.7%) | NR |
| Perry 199911 9888904 | Relapse* 6 months, Depressive NS OR=1.44 (95% CI 0.45, 4.73); p=0.60 18 months, Depressive NS OR=2.03 (95% CI 0.69, 6.00); p=0.22 6 months, Manic Favors psychoeducation OR=0.14 (95% CI 0.01, 0.75); p=0.01 18 months, Manic Favors psychoeducation OR=0.28 (95% CI 0.09, 0.87); p=0.02 | NR | Social Function 6 months, SPS NS Mean Difference=0.44 (95% CI −0.78, 1.65) 18 months, SPS Favors psychoeducation Mean Difference =1.97 (95% CI 0.71, 3.23) | NR | NR |
Abbreviations: AE=Adverse Events; BRMS=Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale; CI=Confidence Interval; ES=Effect Size; GAF=General Assessment of Functioning Scale; HAM-D=Hamilton Scale for Depression; HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HR=Hazard Ratio; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; NR=not reported; NS=not significant; OR= Odds Ratio; PMID=PubMed Identification Number; SPS=Social Phobia Scale; WHO-QOL-bref= World Health Organization Quality of Life–short version; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale
Appendix Table J4Summary of strength of evidence: psychoeducation vs. inactive comparators
| Outcome | Timing | # Studies/Design (n analyzed) | Finding or Summary Statistic | Study Limitations | Consistency | Directness | Precision | Overall Grade/Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relapse | 6 months 7–12 months 12+ months | 7 RCTs (n=712) | Mixed evidence with no clear direction of effect. No pattern across time periods. | Moderate | Inconsistent | Direct | Imprecise | Insufficient |
| Depression | 6 months 7–12 months 12+ months | 5 RCTs (n=422) | No difference between groups across a range of outcome timepoints. | High | Consistent | Direct | Imprecise | Insufficient |
| Mania | 6 months 7–12 months 12+ months | 5 RCTs (n=422) | Mixed evidence with no clear direction of effect. No pattern across time periods. | High | Inconsistent | Direct | Imprecise | Insufficient |
| Global Function | 6 months 12 months | 3 RCTs (n=269) | No difference between groups at 6 or 12 months. | Moderate | Consistent | Direct | Imprecise | Insufficient |
| Other Measures of Function | 6 months 7–12 months 12+ months | 2 RCTs (n=119) | Mixed evidence with no clear direction of effect. No pattern across time periods. | Moderate | Inconsistent | Direct | Imprecise | Insufficient |
Abbreviations: RCT=randomized controlled trial
Appendix Table J5Characteristics of eligible studies: psychoeducation vs. active comparators by year then first author
| Study, Year Design Location Funder Risk of Bias PMID | Randomized (N) Age (mean) Sex (% Female) Race (% White) Diagnosis (% BP I, II, NOS) Setting | Inclusions Key Exclusions | Intervention Description | Comparison Description | Follow-up Duration | Outcomes Reported Withdrawal (%) at endpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilderbeck, 201612 RCT United Kingdom Government Moderate 27454410 | N =121 Age 44 (16–76) Female 73% White 93% BP I 65% BP II 35% Outpatient | Maintenance; Individuals with BP I or II (DSM-IV) but not in a current mood episode and without a need for acute treatment Labs/Other Conditions | Therapist facilitated psychoeducation via manual focused on identifying the relapse, reviewing risk factors, daily sleep regulation, medications and substance abuse; and mood management planning. -5 face to face sessions over 12 weeks | Self-administered psychoeducation via manual focused on identifying the relapse, reviewing risk factors, daily sleep regulation, medications and substance abuse; and mood management planning. -Manual access for 12 weeks | 12 months | Relapse (Intervention for emergent mood symptoms and/or admission to inpatient care or intensive community treatment) Hospitalization QIDS-SR16 ASRM Withdrawal 31% |
| Kallestad, 201613 RCT Norway NR High 27253214 | N = 85 Age 38 (19–64) Female 54% Race NR BP I 47% BP II 53% Outpatient | No current clinical state excluded; Individuals with BP I or II (DSM-IV) without an elevated risk of suicide Labs/Other Conditions; Neurological Disorders | Group psychoeducation focused on illness education, symptoms, early detection, sleep, risk factors, stress management, causes, work, social rights/welfare system and law/regulations -Ten initial 90-minute sessions and 8 booster sessions over next 2 years at 3-montn intervals | Individual psychoeducation focused on treatment, stress management, sleep, dysfunctional cognitions, and other psychosocial factors associated with increased risk of relapse -Three 1-hour weekly sessions | 27 months | Hospitalizations Time to First Admission Withdrawal 11% |
| Morriss, 201614 RCT United Kingdom Government Moderate 27688021 | N = 304 Age 45 (33–57) Female 58% Race NR BP I 80% BP II 20% Outpatient | Maintenance; Individuals with BP I or II (DSM-IV) with no current episode, but with an increased risk of relapse (occurrence of at least one episode in the past 24 months). Labs/Other Conditions; Other Mental Health | Structured group psychoeducation focused on life charting, recognition of early warning signs, problem solving, sleep hygiene, and care planning -21 weekly sessions for 2 hours each over a maximum of 26 weeks. | Optimized unstructured group support where participants set the agenda at each meeting -21 weekly sessions for 2 hours each over a maximum of 26 weeks | 96 weeks | Relapse (LIFE, DSM-IV) Time to relapse HAM-D MAS SOFAS SAS Withdrawal 33% |
Abbreviations: BP=bipolar disorder; BRMS= Bech–Rafaelsen Mania Scale; DSM=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAF=General Assessment of Functioning Scale; GAS=Global Assessment Scale; HAM-D=Hamilton Scale for Depression; HDRS= Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MINI=MINI International Nueropsychiatric Interview; NOS=not otherwise specified; NR=not reported; PMID=PubMed Identification Number; RCT=randomized controlled trial; SPS=Social Phobia Scale; WHO-QOL-bref= World Health Organization Quality of Life–short version; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale
Appendix Table J6Summary risk of bias assessments: psychoeducation vs. active comparators by year then first author
| Study Funder PMID | Overall Risk of Bias Assessment | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Bilderbeck, 201612 Government 27454410 | Moderate | Suspected bias due to possible selective reporting of outcome data (only summary statistics reported). |
| Kallestad, 201613 NR 27253214 | High | Suspected bias due to unclear reporting of loss ot follow-up and results. |
| Morriss, 201614 RCT Government 27688021 | Moderate | Suspected bias due to attrition rate (33%) and unclear reporting of loss to follow-up. |
Abbreviations: PMID=PubMed Identification Number
Appendix Table J7Outcomes summary: psychoeducation vs. active comparators
| Study PMID | Responder/Remitter | Symptom | Function | Other | AE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilderbeck, 201612 27454410 | Relapse 12 months NS; p>0.10 N=88 Therapist-Administered Psychoeducation=25 Self-Administered Psychoeducation=25 | Depression 12 months, QIDS-SR16 NS Adjusted Mean Difference=0.17 (95% CI - 1.35, 1.69); p=0.83 Mania 12 months, ASRM (Score >5) NS OR=0.71 (95% CI 0.35, 1.41); p=0.32 | NR | Hospitalizations 12 months NS Therapist-Administered Psychoeducation=6 Self-Administered Psychoeducation=6 | NR |
| Kallestad, 201613 27253214 | Hospitalizations 27 months Group Psychoeducation: 581.% Individual Psychoeducation: 40.4% Time to First Admission 27 months Favors Group Psychoeducation p<0.01 | ||||
| Morriss, 201614 27688021 | Relapse* 96 weeks, Any Type NS OR=0.75 (95% CI 0.46, 1.23)’ p=0.24 Time to Relapse 96 weeks NS HR=0.83 (95% CI 0.62, 1.11); p=0.22 | Mania* 96 weeks, MAS* NS ES=0.01 (95% CI −0.26, 0.28) Depression* 96 weeks, HAM-D NS ES=−0.10 (95% CI −0.38, 0.17) | Social and Occupational Functioning* 96 weeks, SOFAS NS ES=0.16 (95% CI −0.11, 0.44) Social Functioning* 96 weeks, SAS NS ES=−0.26 (95% CI −0.54, 0.01) | NR | NR |
Abbreviations: AE=Adverse Events; BRMS=Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale; CI=Confidence Interval; ES=Effect Size; GAF=General Assessment of Functioning Scale; HAM-D=Hamilton Scale for Depression; HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HR=Hazard Ratio; MADRS=Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; NR=not reported; NS=not significant; OR= Odds Ratio; PMID=PubMed Identification Number; SPS=Social Phobia Scale; WHO-QOL-bref= World Health Organization Quality of Life–short version; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale
Appendix Table J8Summary of strength of evidence: Psychoeducation vs. active comparators
| Outcome | Timing | # Studies/Design (n analyzed) | Finding or Summary Statistic | Study Limitations | Consistency | Directness | Precision | Overall Grade/Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relapse | 12+ months | 2 RCTs (n=425) | No difference between groups for two different outcome time periods (12 months and 96 weeks). One RCT compares psychoeducation formats. | Moderate | Consistent | Direct | Impercise | Insufficient |
| Depression | 12+ months | 2 RCTs (n=425) | No difference between groups for two different outcome time periods (12 months and 96 weeks). One RCT compares psychoeducation formats. | Moderate | Consistent | Direct | Impercise | Insufficient |
| Mania | 12+ months | 2 RCTs (n=425) | No difference between groups for two different outcome time periods (12 months and 96 weeks). One RCT compares psychoeducation formats. | Moderate | Consistent | Direct | Impercise | Insufficient |
| Global Function | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Measures of Function | 96 weeks | 1 RCT (n=121) | No difference between groups in two measures of function at 96 weeks. | Hgh | Unclear | Direct | Impercise | Insufficient |
Abbreviations: RCT=randomized controlled trial
References for Appendix J
- 1.
- Barnes CW, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Wilhelm K, et al A web-based preventive intervention program for bipolar disorder: outcome of a 12-months randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:485–92. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/j.jad.2014.11.038. PMID: 25554993. [PubMed: 25554993] - 2.
- Gumus F, Buzlu S, Cakir S. Effectiveness of individual psychoeducation on recurrence in bipolar disorder; a controlled study. Archives of psychiatric nursing. 2015 01 Jun;29(3):174–9. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/j.apnu.2015.01.005. PMID: 26001717. [PubMed: 26001717] - 3.
- de Barros Pellegrinelli K, de OCLF, Silval KI, et al Efficacy of psychoeducation on symptomatic and functional recovery in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2013 Feb;127(2):153–8. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12007. PMID: 22943487. [PubMed: 22943487] - 4.
- Javadpour A, Hedayati A, Dehbozorgi GR, et al The impact of a simple individual psycho-education program on quality of life, rate of relapse and medication adherence in bipolar disorder patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;6(3):208–13. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/j.ajp.2012.12.005. PMID: 23642977. [PubMed: 23642977] - 5.
- Smith DJ, Griffiths E, Poole R, et al Beating Bipolar: exploratory trial of a novel Internet-based psychoeducational treatment for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2011 Aug–Sep;13(5–6):571–7. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00949.x. PMID: 22017225. [PubMed: 22017225] - 6.
- Sajatovic M, Davies MA, Ganocy SJ, et al A comparison of the life goals program and treatment as usual for individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2009 Sep;60(9):1182–9. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1176/appi.ps.60.9.1182. PMID: 19723732. [PMC free article: PMC3148581] [PubMed: 19723732] - 7.
- Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al Group psychoeducation for stabilised bipolar disorders: 5-year outcome of a randomised clinical trial. [Erratum appears in Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):571]. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;194(3):260–5. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1192/bjp.bp.107.040485. PMID: 19252157. [PubMed: 19252157] - 8.
- Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, et al A randomized trial on the efficacy of group psychoeducation in the prophylaxis of recurrences in bipolar patients whose disease is in remission. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;60(4):402–7. PMID: 12695318. [PubMed: 12695318]
- 9.
- Colom F, Vieta E, Reinares M, et al Psychoeducation efficacy in bipolar disorders: beyond compliance enhancement. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;64(9):1101–5. PMID: 14628987. [PubMed: 14628987]
- 10.
- Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Greenfield SF, et al Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: results of a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 May;61(5):361–7. PMID: 10847311. [PubMed: 10847311]
- 11.
- Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, et al Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. BMJ. 1999 Jan 16;318(7177):149–53. PMID: 9888904. [PMC free article: PMC27688] [PubMed: 9888904]
- 12.
- Bilderbeck AC, Atkinson LZ, McMahon HC, et al Psychoeducation and online mood tracking for patients with bipolar disorder: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 15 Nov;205:245–51. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/j.jad.2016.06.064. PMID: 27454410 PMID/612460558 Embase. [PubMed: 27454410] - 13.
- Kallestad H, Wullum E, Scott J, et al The long-term outcomes of an effectiveness trial of group versus individual psychoeducation for bipolar disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;202:32–8. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/j.jad.2016.05.043. PMID: 27253214 PMID/611342382 Embase. [PubMed: 27253214] - 14.
- Morriss R, Lobban F, Riste L, et al Clinical effectiveness and acceptability of structured group psychoeducation versus optimised unstructured peer support for patients with remitted bipolar disorder (PARADES): a pragmatic, multicentre, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 01 Nov;3(11):1029–38. doi: http://dx
.doi.org/10 .1016/S2215-0366%2816%2930302-9. PMID: 27688021. [PubMed: 27688021]
- Psychoeducation - Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic ReviewPsychoeducation - Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...