Aarre TF, Dahl AA. Pharmacotherapy for bipolar depression: A review of the evidence. Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2008 2008;4(3):145–56. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2174/157340008785829913. Ineligible study design

Agosti V, Stewart JW. Efficacy and safety of antidepressant monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar-II depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Sep;22(5):309–11. PMID: 17690600 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17690600]

Akhondzadeh S, Mohajari H, Reza Mohammadi M, et al Ritanserin as an adjunct to lithium and haloperidol for the treatment of medication-naive patients with acute mania: a double blind and placebo controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2003 Jun 19;3:7. PMID: 12816549 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC194858] [PubMed: 12816549]

Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK, Lancrenon S, et al Validating the soft bipolar spectrum in the French National EPIDEP Study: the prominence of BP-II 1/2. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2006 Dec;96(3):207–13. PMID: 16647762 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16647762]

Albert U, Maina G, Aguglia A, et al Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant mood disorders: a long-term naturalistic study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 31;15:64. doi: https://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12888-015-0435-8. PMID: 25884606 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC4384299] [PubMed: 25884606]

Alda M, McKinnon M, Blagdon R, et al Methylene blue treatment for residual symptoms of bipolar disorder: Randomised crossover study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 January;210(1):54–60. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.115.173930. PMID: 614051189 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 27284082]

Allan SJ, Kavanagh GM, Herd RM, et al The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 May;150(5):966–9. PMID: 15149510 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 15149510]

Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ, et al Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):272–5. PMID: 16449481 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16449481]

Altinbas K, Ozerdem A, Prieto ML, et al A multinational study to pilot the modified Hypomania Checklist (mHCL) in the assessment of mixed depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014 Jan;152-154:478–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.07.032. PMID: 24070907 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24070907]

Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ. Acceleration and augmentation strategies for treating bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2003 Apr 15;53(8):691–700. PMID: 12706955 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12706955]

Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Black DO, et al Lower switch rate in depressed patients with bipolar II than bipolar I disorder treated adjunctively with second-generation antidepressants. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):313–5. PMID: 16449487 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16449487]

Amann B, Born C, Crespo JM, et al Lamotrigine: when and where does it act in affective disorders? A systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2011 Oct;25(10):1289–94. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881110376695. PMID: 20823080 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20823080]

Amann B, Grunze H, Vieta E, et al Antiepileptic drugs and mood stability. Clinical EEG & Neuroscience: Official Journal of the EEG & Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS). 2007 Apr;38(2):116–23. PMID: 17515177 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17515177]

Amrollahi Z, Rezaei F, Salehi B, et al Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-week study on the efficacy and safety of the tamoxifen adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Mar;129(1–3):327–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.08.015. PMID: 20843556 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 20843556]

Amsterdam JD, Brunswick DJ. Antidepressant monotherapy for bipolar type II major depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Dec;5(6):388–95. PMID: 14636362 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14636362]

Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, et al Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 Dec;18(6):435–40. PMID: 9864074 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 9864074]

Amsterdam JD, Lorenzo-Luaces L, DeRubeis RJ. Step-wise loss of antidepressant effectiveness with repeated antidepressant trials in bipolar II depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2016 01 Nov;18(7):563–70. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12442. PMID: 613301128 Duplicate reference [PMC free article: PMC5123793] [PubMed: 27805299]

Amsterdam JD, Luo L, Shults J. Efficacy and mood conversion rate during long-term fluoxetine v. lithium monotherapy in rapid- and non-rapid-cycling bipolar II disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 2013;202(4):301–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.111.104711. PMID: 23099447 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC3613721] [PubMed: 23099447]

Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar type II and bipolar NOS major depression: a double-blind, placebo-substitution, continuation study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2005 Sep;20(5):257–64. PMID: 16096516 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 16096516]

Anand A, Gunn AD, Barkay G, et al Early antidepressant effect of memantine during augmentation of lamotrigine inadequate response in bipolar depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 Feb;14(1):64–70. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00971.x. PMID: 22329473 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22329473]

Anfang MK, Pope HG, Jr. Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with nicotine patches. Psychopharmacology. 1997 1997;134(2):153–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050436. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 9399378]

Anonymous. Treatment of special populations with the atypical antipsychotics. Collaborative Working Group on Clinical Trial Evaluations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 12:46–52. PMID: 9766620 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9766620]

Anonymous. Emerging therapies for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;67(7):1140–51. PMID: 17107231 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17107231]

Anonymous. Asenapine: a less effective, yet, more dangerous neuroleptic! Prescrire International. 2012 Oct;21(131):229–32. PMID: 23185842 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23185842]

Anonymous. Correction: Recovery-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for recent-onset bipolar disorder: Randomised controlled pilot trial (The British Journal of Psychiatry 206 (58-66)). British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 01 Feb;206(2):169. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.206.2.169. PMID: 602333099 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 25213157]

Arbaizar B, Dierssen-Sotos T, Gomez-Acebo I, et al Aripiprazole in major depression and mania: meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2009 Sep–Oct;31(5):478–83. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.005. PMID: 19703642 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19703642]

Azorin JM, Kaladjian A. An update on the treatment of bipolar depression. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Feb;10(2):161–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1517/14656560802653172. PMID: 19236191 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19236191]

Azorin JM, Sapin C, Weiller E. Effect of asenapine on manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar I patients with mixed episodes: results from post hoc analyses. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Feb 15;145(1):62–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.07.013. PMID: 22868059 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22868059]

Azorin J-M, Bowden CL, Garay RP, et al Possible new ways in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder and comorbid alcoholism. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2010 3, 2010;6(1):37–46. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2846119] [PubMed: 20361060]

Baek JH, Bernstein EE, Nierenberg AA. One-carbon metabolism and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 2013;47(11):1013–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0004867413502091. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23969624]

Baethge C. A bold meta-analysis on suicidality in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2015 Feb;17(1):17–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12263. PMID: 25346160 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25346160]

Baethge C, Baldessarini RJ, Mathiske-Schmidt K, et al Long-term combination therapy versus monotherapy with lithium and carbamazepine in 46 bipolar I patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;66(2):174–82. PMID: 15705002 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 15705002]

Baethge C, Smolka MN, Gruschka P, et al Does prophylaxis-delay in bipolar disorder influence outcome? Results from a long-term study of 147 patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 Apr;107(4):260–7. PMID: 12662248 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12662248]

Bailine S, Fink M, Knapp R, et al Electroconvulsive therapy is equally effective in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2010 Jun;121(6):431–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01493.x. PMID: 19895623 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19895623]

Bailine SH, Rifkin A, Kayne E, et al Comparison of bifrontal and bitemporal ECT for major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):121–3. PMID: 10618025 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10618025]

Baker RW, Goldberg JF, Tohen M, et al The impact of response to previous mood stabilizer therapy on response to olanzapine versus placebo for acute mania. Bipolar Disorders. 2002 Feb;4(1):43–9. PMID: 12047494 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12047494]

Baker RW, Milton DR, Stauffer VL, et al Placebo-controlled trials do not find association of olanzapine with exacerbation of bipolar mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 Jan;73(1–2):147–53. PMID: 12507747 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12507747]

Baker RW, Tohen M, Fawcett J, et al Acute dysphoric mania: treatment response to olanzapine versus placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 Apr;23(2):132–7. PMID: 12640214 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12640214]

Baldassano C. Pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. Cns Spectrums. 2010 Feb;15(2 Suppl 3):10–3; discussion 7. PMID: 20414160 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20414160]

Baldassano CF, Ballas CA, O’Reardon JP. Rethinking the treatment paradigm for bipolar depression: the importance of long-term management. Cns Spectrums. 2004 Sep;9(9 Suppl 9):11–8. PMID: 15361807 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15361807]

Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Offidani E, et al Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: a review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 May 15;148(1):129–35. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033. PMID: 23219059 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23219059]

Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Wilson M, et al Olanzapine versus placebo in acute mania: treatment responses in subgroups. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 Aug;23(4):370–6. PMID: 12920413 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12920413]

Baldessarini RJ, Pompili M, Tondo L, et al Antidepressants and Suicidal Behavior: Are We Hurting Or Helping? [References]. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation. 2005 2005;2(1):73–5. Ineligible study design

Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L. Does lithium treatment still work? Evidence of stable responses over three decades. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;57(2):187–90. PMID: 10665622 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10665622]

Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Davis P, et al Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review. [Erratum appears in Bipolar Disord. 2007 May;9(3):314]. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Oct;8(5 Pt 2):625–39. PMID: 17042835 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17042835]

Ballard ED, Vande Voort JL, Luckenbaugh DA, et al Acute risk factors for suicide attempts and death: prospective findings from the STEP-BD study. Bipolar Disorders. 2016 01 Jun;18(4):363–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12397. PMID: 611080830 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4925294] [PubMed: 27233466]

Ban TA. Fifty years chlorpromazine: a historical perspective. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2007;3(4):495–500. PMID: 19300578 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2655089] [PubMed: 19300578]

Baptista T, Rangel N, Fernandez V, et al Metformin as an adjunctive treatment to control body weight and metabolic dysfunction during olanzapine administration: a multicentric, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research. 2007 Jul;93(1–3):99–108. PMID: 17490862 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 17490862]

Barak Y, Kimhi R, Weizman R. Is selectivity for serotonin uptake associated with a reduced emergence of manic episodes in depressed patients? International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 Jan;15(1):53–6. PMID: 10836288 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 10836288]

Barbini B, Colombo C, Benedetti F, et al The unipolar-bipolar dichotomy and the response to sleep deprivation. Psychiatry Research. 1998 Jun 2;79(1):43–50. PMID: 9676825 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9676825]

Barekatain M, Jahangard L, Haghighi M, et al Bifrontal versus bitemporal electroconvulsive therapy in severe manic patients. Journal of ECT. 2008 Sep;24(3):199–202. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e3181624b5d. PMID: 18772704 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18772704]

Basu R, Brar JS, Chengappa KNR, et al The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder - bipolar subtype. Bipolar Disorders. 2004 2004;6(4):314–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00126.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15225149]

Battaglia J, Lindborg SR, Alaka K, et al Calming versus sedative effects of intramuscular olanzapine in agitated patients. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May;21(3):192–8. PMID: 12811711 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12811711]

Bauer IE, Galvez JF, Hamilton JE, et al Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2016 01 Mar;74:1–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.006. PMID: 608386673 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4744495] [PubMed: 26724541]

Bauer M, Rasgon N, Grof P, et al Do antidepressants influence mood patterns? A naturalistic study in bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2006 Jun;21(4):262–9. PMID: 16782312 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16782312]

Bauer M, Ritter P, Grunze H, et al Treatment options for acute depression in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 May;14 Suppl 2:37–50. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00991.x. PMID: 22510035 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22510035]

Bauer MS. An evidence-based review of psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001;35(3):109–34. PMID: 12397882 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12397882]

Bauer MS, Mitchner L. What is a “mood stabilizer”? An evidence-based response. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;161(1):3–18. PMID: 14702242 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14702242]

Bauer MS, Wisniewski SR, Marangell LB, et al Are antidepressants associated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder? A prospective study of participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;67(1):48–55. PMID: 16426088 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16426088]

Bech P, Vendsborg PB, Rafaelsen OJ. Lithium maintenance treatment of manic-melancholic patients: its role in the daily routine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1976 Jan;53(1):70–81. PMID: 1251757 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 1251757]

Belete H. Use of physical restraints among patients with bipolar disorder in Ethiopian Mental Specialized Hospital, outpatient department: cross-sectional study. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2017 01 Dec;5 (1) (no pagination)(17)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-017-0084-6. PMID: 614975526 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC5362568] [PubMed: 28332124]

Bellantuono C, Barraco A, Rossi A, et al The management of bipolar mania: a national survey of baseline data from the EMBLEM study in Italy. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:33. PMID: 17640381 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC1940252] [PubMed: 17640381]

Bellivier F, Belzeaux R, Scott J, et al Anticonvulsants and suicide attempts in bipolar I disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2017 01 May;135(5):470–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12709. PMID: 614392589 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 28190254]

Belmaker RH. Patient history must be incorporated into any guidelines. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 2009;11(7):772. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00743.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19840001]

Benedetti F, Barbini B, Campori E, et al Dopamine agonist amineptine prevents the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation. Psychiatry Research. 1996 Dec 20;65(3):179–84. PMID: 9029666 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9029666]

Benedetti F, Barbini B, Campori E, et al Sleep phase advance and lithium to sustain the antidepressant effect of total sleep deprivation in bipolar depression: new findings supporting the internal coincidence model? Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001 Nov–Dec;35(6):323–9. PMID: 11684139 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11684139]

Benedetti F, Campori E, Barbini B, et al Dopaminergic augmentation of sleep deprivation effects in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research. 2001 Nov 30;104(3):239–46. PMID: 11728613 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11728613]

Benedetti F, Colombo C, Pontiggia A, et al Morning light treatment hastens the antidepressant effect of citalopram: A placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 2003;64(6):648–53. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v64n0605. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 12823078]

Berk M. Lamotrigine and the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Aug;9 Suppl 4:S119–23. PMID: 10524838 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 10524838]

Berk M, Copolov DL, Dean O, et al N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder-a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry. 2008 Sep 15;64(6):468–75. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.022. PMID: 18534556 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 18534556]

Berk M, Ng F, Wang WV, et al Going up in smoke: tobacco smoking is associated with worse treatment outcomes in mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Sep;110(1–2):126–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.01.018. PMID: 18280579 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18280579]

Berk M, Tiller JWG, Zhao J, et al Effects of asenapine in bipolar I patients meeting proxy criteria for moderate-to-severe mixed major depressive episodes: A post hoc analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015 01 Jun 2015;76(6):728–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08827. PMID: 605004625 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25612216]

Bernardo M, Dodd S, Gama CS, et al Effects of N-acetylcysteine on substance use in bipolar disorder: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2009 2009;21(6):285–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00397.x. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25384734]

Bersani FS, Minichino A, Bernabei L, et al Prefronto-cerebellar tDCS enhances neurocognition in euthymic bipolar patients. Findings from a placebo-controlled neuropsychological and psychophysiological investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017 01 Feb;209:262–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2016.11.037. PMID: 613575159 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27951511]

Bersudsky Y. Phenytoin: an anti-bipolar anticonvulsant? International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Aug;9(4):479–84. PMID: 16202184 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 16202184]

Bersudsky Y, Applebaum J, Gaiduk Y, et al Valnoctamide as a valproate substitute with low teratogenic potential in mania: a double-blind, controlled, add-on clinical trial. Bipolar Disorders. 2010 Jun;12(4):376–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00828.x. PMID: 20636634 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 20636634]

Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N, et al Psychosocial interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: systematic review of controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;192(1):5–11. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.107.037887. PMID: 18174500 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18174500]

Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N, et al Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of controlled trials. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2009 Jul;23(5):574–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881108093885. PMID: 18635701 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18635701]

Bhana N, Perry CM. Olanzapine: a review of its use in the treatment of bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(11):871–904. PMID: 11700151 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11700151]

Bhugra D, Ayonrinde O, Butler G, et al A randomised controlled trial of assertive outreach vs. treatment as usual for black people with severe mental illness. Epidemiology & Psychiatric Science. 2011 Mar;20(1):83–9. PMID: 21657119 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 21657119]

Biel MG, Peselow E, Mulcare L, et al Continuation versus discontinuation of lithium in recurrent bipolar illness: a naturalistic study. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 Aug;9(5):435–42. PMID: 17680913 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17680913]

Bjorgvinsson T, Kertz SJ, Bigda-Peyton JS, et al Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for severe mood disorders in an acute psychiatric naturalistic setting: A benchmarking study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 2014 2014;43(3):209–20. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/16506073.2014.901988. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 24679127]

Bobo WV, Reilly-Harrington NA, Ketter TA, et al Effect of adjunctive benzodiazepines on clinical outcomes in lithium- or quetiapine-treated outpatients with bipolar I or II disorder: results from the Bipolar CHOICE trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014 Jun;161:30–5. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.02.046. PMID: 24751304 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4113323] [PubMed: 24751304]

Bobo WV, Reilly-Harrington NA, Ketter TA, et al Complexity of illness and adjunctive benzodiazepine use in outpatients with bipolar I or II disorder: results from the Bipolar CHOICE study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 Feb;35(1):68–74. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000257. PMID: 25514063 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC6557444] [PubMed: 25514063]

Bogart GT, Chavez B. Safety and efficacy of quetiapine in bipolar depression. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Nov;43(11):1848–56. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1M193. PMID: 19809011 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19809011]

Boland EM, Stange JP, Molz Adams A, et al Associations between sleep disturbance, cognitive functioning and work disability in Bipolar Disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2015 Dec 15;230(2):567–74. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.051. PMID: 26474660 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4655200] [PubMed: 26474660]

Bonafede M, Locklear JC, Wahlqvist P, et al Impact of once-daily extended-release quetiapine fumarate on hospitalization length in patients with acute bipolar mania. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research. 2015 Jan;4(1):51–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2217/cer.14.48. PMID: 25168473 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25168473]

Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010 Aug;124(3):228–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2009.11.008. PMID: 20044142 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20044142]

Bond DJ, Pratoomsri W, Yatham LN. Depot antipsychotic medications in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2007(434):3–16. PMID: 17688458 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17688458]

Bonnin CM, Torrent C, Arango C, et al Functional remediation in bipolar disorder: 1-year follow-up of neurocognitive and functional outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 January;208(1):87–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.114.162123. PMID: 608072552 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 26541692]

Bonnin CM, Torrent C, Arango C, et al Functional remediation in bipolar disorder: 1-year follow-up of neurocognitive and functional outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;208(1):87–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.114.162123. PMID: 26541692 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26541692]

Bos EH, Merea R, van den Brink E, et al Mindfulness training in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample: outcome evaluation and comparison of different diagnostic groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2014 Jan;70(1):60–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22008. PMID: 23801545 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23801545]

Bottlender R, Rudolf D, Strauss A, et al Mood-stabilisers reduce the risk of developing antidepressant-induced maniform states in acute treatment of bipolar I depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 Mar;63(1–3):79–83. PMID: 11246083 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 11246083]

Bourin M, Lambert O, Guitton B. Treatment of acute mania-from clinical trials to recommendations for clinical practice. Human Psychopharmacology. 2005 Jan;20(1):15–26. PMID: 15568205 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15568205]

Bowden C, Boyer P. Treatment pathways for bipolar disorder in the USA and Europe: convergence or divergence? European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 Dec;18 Suppl 1:19s–24s. PMID: 23573637 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23573637]

Bowden C, Maier W. Bipolar disorder and personality disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 Dec;18 Suppl 1:9s–12s. PMID: 23573635 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23573635]

Bowden CL. Dosing strategies and time course of response to antimanic drugs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996;57 Suppl 13:4–9; discussion 10-2. PMID: 8970500 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8970500]

Bowden CL. Key treatment studies of lithium in manic-depressive illness: efficacy and side effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 6:13–9; discussion 20. PMID: 9674932 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9674932]

Bowden CL. Efficacy of lithium in mania and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 9:35–40. PMID: 10826659 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10826659]

Bowden CL. The ability of lithium and other mood stabilizers to decrease suicide risk and prevent relapse. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2000 Dec;2(6):490–4. PMID: 11123000 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11123000]

Bowden CL. Novel treatments for bipolar disorder. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 Apr;10(4):661–71. PMID: 11281816 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11281816]

Bowden CL. Acute and maintenance treatment with mood stabilizers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Sep;6(3):269–75. PMID: 12974993 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12974993]

Bowden CL. Valproate. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Jun;5(3):189–202. PMID: 12780873 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12780873]

Bowden CL. Treatment options for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 1:3–6. PMID: 15693745 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15693745]

Bowden CL. Anticonvulsants in bipolar disorders: current research and practice and future directions. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 2:20–33. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00708.x. PMID: 19538683 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19538683]

Bowden CL. Pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder: Present recommendations and future prospects. Manji, Husseini K [Ed]. 2011 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25236560]

Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, et al Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. [Erratum appears in JAMA 1994 Jun 15;271(23):1830]. JAMA. 1994 Mar 23–30;271(12):918–24. PMID: 8120960 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 8120960]

Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, et al Impact of lamotrigine and lithium on weight in obese and nonobese patients with bipolar I disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;163(7):1199–201. PMID: 16816224 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 16816224]

Bowden CL, Janicak PG, Orsulak P, et al Relation of serum valproate concentration to response in mania. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Jun;153(6):765–70. PMID: 8633687 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8633687]

Bowden CL, Ketter TA, Sachs GS, et al Focus on bipolar disorder treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;66(12):1598–609. PMID: 16401164 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16401164]

Bowden CL, Mintz J, Tohen M. Multi-state outcome analysis of treatments (MOAT): application of a new approach to evaluate outcomes in longitudinal studies of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;21(2):237–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.21. PMID: 25778474 Duplicate reference [PMC free article: PMC4573671] [PubMed: 25778474]

Bowden CL, Singh V. Valproate in bipolar disorder: 2000 onwards. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2005(426):13–20. PMID: 15833096 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15833096]

Bowden CL, Singh V. Lamotrigine (Lamictal IR) for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2012 Dec;13(17):2565–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1517/14656566.2012.741590. PMID: 23140205 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23140205]

Bowden CL, Singh V, Weisler R, et al Lamotrigine vs. lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2012 Nov;126(5):342–50. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01890.x. PMID: 22708645 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 22708645]

Bradford DW, Cunningham NT, Slubicki MN, et al An evidence synthesis of care models to improve general medical outcomes for individuals with serious mental illness: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;74(8):e754–64. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12r07666. PMID: 24021516 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24021516]

Brambilla P, Barale F, Soares JC. Perspectives on the use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Dec;4(4):421–46. PMID: 11806868 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11806868]

Brambilla P, Barale F, Soares JC. Atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2003 Apr;166(4):315–32. PMID: 12607072 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12607072]

Bridle C, Palmer S, Bagnall AM, et al A rapid and systematic review and economic evaluation of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for treatment of mania associated with bipolar affective disorder. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2004 May;8(19):iii–iv, 1–187. PMID: 15147609 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15147609]

Brown E, Dunner DL, McElroy SL, et al Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs. lamotrigine in the 6-month treatment of bipolar I depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jul;12(6):773–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145708009735. PMID: 19079815 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19079815]

Brown ES. Management of comorbid bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;67(8):e05. PMID: 17107268 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17107268]

Brown ES, Gabrielson B. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline for bipolar and unipolar depression and methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012 Dec 20;143(1–3):257–60. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.05.006. PMID: 22974472 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 22974472]

Brown ES, Garza M, Carmody TJ. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial of quetiapine in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 May;69(5):701–5. PMID: 18312058 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18312058]

Brown ES, Gorman AR, Hynan LS. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Oct;27(5):498–502. PMID: 17873684 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 17873684]

Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, et al Quetiapine in bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar Disorders. 2002 Dec;4(6):406–11. PMID: 12519101 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 12519101]

Brown ES, Todd JP, Hu LT, et al A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline for cocaine dependence in bipolar i disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 01 Oct;172(10):1014–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14070857. PMID: 2015417503 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25998279]

Buchheit J, Uhring J, Sergent P, et al Can preoperative CRP levels predict infections of bipolar hemiarthroplasty performed for femoral neck fracture? A retrospective, multicenter study. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatologie. 2015 Jan;25(1):117–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00590-014-1449-5. PMID: 24719083 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 24719083]

Buckley PF. Update on the treatment and management of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cns Spectrums. 2008 Feb;13(2 Suppl 1):1–10; quiz 1-2. PMID: 18227747 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18227747]

Buckley PF, Paulsson B, Brecher M. Treatment of agitation and aggression in bipolar mania: efficacy of quetiapine. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007;100 Suppl 1:S33–43. PMID: 17376537 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17376537]

Burdick KE, Braga RJ, Gopin CB, et al Dopaminergic influences on emotional decision making in euthymic bipolar patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 Jan;39(2):274–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.177. PMID: 23884342 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC3870768] [PubMed: 23884342]

Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, et al Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001(3):CD003013. PMID: 11687035 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11687035]

Busby KK, Sajatovic M. Patient, treatment, and systems-level factors in bipolar disorder nonadherence: A summary of the literature. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2010 2010;16(5):308–15. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00191.x. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6493896] [PubMed: 21050421]

Busch AB, He Y, Zelevinsky K, et al Predicting Participation in Psychiatric Randomized Controlled Trials: Insights From the STEP-BD. Psychiatric Services. 2015 Aug 1;66(8):817–23. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ps.201300557. PMID: 25828873 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4888778] [PubMed: 25828873]

Bushe C, Shaw M. Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a naturalistic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2007 Sep;21(7):768–73. PMID: 17606473 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17606473]

Calabrese J, Rajagopalan K, Ng-Mak D, et al Effect of lurasidone on meaningful change in health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2016 13 Apr;31(3):147–54. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0000000000000116. PMID: 607489863 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26717493]

Calabrese JR, Goldberg JF, Ketter TA, et al Recurrence in bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis excluding relapses in two double-blind maintenance studies. Biological Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 1;59(11):1061–4. PMID: 16769295 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16769295]

Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD, et al Clinical studies on the use of lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 1998 Oct;38(3):185–91. PMID: 9778607 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9778607]

Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Youngstrom EA, et al New data on the use of lithium, divalproate, and lamotrigine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2005 Mar;20(2):92–5. PMID: 15797691 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 15797691]

Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, et al Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with lamotrigine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 10:18–22. PMID: 12392349 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12392349]

Calabrese JR, Sullivan JR, Bowden CL, et al Rash in multicenter trials of lamotrigine in mood disorders: clinical relevance and management. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 Nov;63(11):1012–9. PMID: 12444815 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 12444815]

Calabrese JR, Vieta E, Shelton MD. Latest maintenance data on lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Aug;13 Suppl 2:S57–66. PMID: 12957721 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12957721]

Camm AJ, Karayal ON, Meltzer H, et al Ziprasidone and the corrected QT interval: a comprehensive summary of clinical data. CNS Drugs. 2012 Apr 1;26(4):351–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/11599010-000000000-00000. PMID: 22452529 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22452529]

Cardoso Tde A, Campos Mondin T, Reyes AN, et al Biological Rhythm and Bipolar Disorder: Twelve-Month Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2015 Oct;203(10):792–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/NMD.0000000000000369. PMID: 26348588 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 26348588]

Carey TS, Williams JW, Jr., Oldham JM, et al Gabapentin in the treatment of mental illness: the echo chamber of the case series. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2008 Mar;14 Suppl 1:15–27. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/01.pra.0000333584.75741.45. PMID: 19034206 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19034206]

Carney SM, Goodwin GM. Lithium - a continuing story in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2005(426):7–12. PMID: 15833095 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15833095]

Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Hardoy MJ, et al The clinical use of gabapentin in bipolar spectrum disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 Jun;75(1):83–91. PMID: 12781355 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12781355]

Cassano GB, Heinze G, Loo H, et al A double-blind comparison of tianeptine, imipramine and placebo in the treatment of major depressive episodes. European Psychiatry. 1996;11(5):254–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0924-9338%2896%2982332-7. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 19698461]

Castle DJ. Bipolar mixed states: still mixed up? Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;27(1):38–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCO.0000000000000029. PMID: 24270474 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24270474]

Cavazzoni PA, Berg PH, Kryzhanovskaya LA, et al Comparison of treatment-emergent extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with bipolar mania or schizophrenia during olanzapine clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;67(1):107–13. PMID: 16426096 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16426096]

Cazorla P, Zhao J, Mackle M, et al Asenapine effects on individual Young Mania Rating Scale items in bipolar disorder patients with acute manic or mixed episodes: A pooled analysis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013 28, 2013;9:409–13. No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC3616130] [PubMed: 23569381]

Ceron-Litvoc D, Soares BG, Geddes J, et al Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Human Psychopharmacology. 2009 Jan;24(1):19–28. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/hup.990. PMID: 19053079 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19053079]

Cerullo MA, Strakowski SM. A systematic review of the evidence for the treatment of acute depression in bipolar I disorder. Cns Spectrums. 2013 Aug;18(4):199–208. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1092852913000102. PMID: 23507138 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3688656] [PubMed: 23507138]

Chafetz L, White M, Collins-Bride G, et al Clinical trial of wellness training: health promotion for severely mentally ill adults. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2008 Jun;196(6):475–83. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/NMD.0b013e31817738de. PMID: 18552625 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 18552625]

Chan HY, Jou SH, Juang YY, et al A single-blind, comparative study of zotepine versus haloperidol in combination with a mood stabilizer for patients with moderate-to-severe mania. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 2010 Apr;64(2):162–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02066.x. PMID: 20447012 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 20447012]

Chandler D, Meisel J, Hu TW, et al Client outcomes in a three-year controlled study of an integrated service agency model. Psychiatric Services. 1996 Dec;47(12):1337–43. PMID: 9117472 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 9117472]

Chandramouli J. Newer anticonvulsant drugs in neuropathic pain and bipolar disorder. Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2002;16(4):19–37. PMID: 14635823 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14635823]

Chapel S, Chiu YY, Hsu J, et al Lurasidone Dose Response in Bipolar Depression: A Population Dose-response Analysis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2016 Jan 1;38(1):4–15. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.clinthera.2015.11.013. PMID: 26730454 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26730454]

Chen D-G. Meta-analysis for psychiatric research using free software R. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;27(3):195–9. PMID: 2015-36530-010 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4526834] [PubMed: 26300603]

Chen G, Henter ID, Manji HK. Looking ahead: Electroretinographic anomalies, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2014 15, 2014;76(2):86–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.005. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4175717] [PubMed: 24948381]

Chen PS, Chang HH, Huang CC, et al A longitudinal study of the association between the GNB3 C825T polymorphism and metabolic disturbance in bipolar II patients treated with valproate. Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2017 01 Mar;17(2):155–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2015.96. PMID: 608296835 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 26856249]

Chen Y, Bobo WV, Watts K, et al Comparative effectiveness of switching antipsychotic drug treatment to aripiprazole or ziprasidone for improving metabolic profile and atherogenic dyslipidemia: a 12-month, prospective, open-label study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012 Sep;26(9):1201–10. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881111430748. PMID: 22234928 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 22234928]

Chengappa KN, Baker RW, Shao L, et al Rates of response, euthymia and remission in two placebo-controlled olanzapine trials for bipolar mania. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Feb;5(1):1–5. PMID: 12656931 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12656931]

Chengappa KN, Levine J, Gershon S, et al Inositol as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Mar;2(1):47–55. PMID: 11254020 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 11254020]

Chiang KJ, Tsai JC, Liu D, et al Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2017 May;12 (5) (no pagination)(e0176849)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pone.0176849. PMID: 615955928 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC5417606] [PubMed: 28472082]

Chiesa A, Chierzi F, De Ronchi D, et al Quetiapine for bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012 Mar;27(2):76–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0b013e32834e4c56. PMID: 22107783 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22107783]

Chou JC, Czobor P, Charles O, et al Acute mania: haloperidol dose and augmentation with lithium or lorazepam. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 Dec;19(6):500–5. PMID: 10587284 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 10587284]

Chou JC, Czobor P, Tuma I, et al Pretreatment plasma HVA and haloperidol response in acute mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 Jul;59(1):55–9. PMID: 10814771 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10814771]

Chou JCY. Review and update of the American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for bipolar disorder. Primary Psychiatry. 2004 2004;11(9):73–84. Ineligible study design

Chou JCY, Czobor P, Tuma I, et al Pretreatement plasma HVA and haloperidol response in acute mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 2000;59(1):55–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0165-0327%2899%2900134-2. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10814771]

Chue P, Kovacs CS. Safety and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder: prevalence, monitoring and management. Bipolar Disorders. 2003;5 Suppl 2:62–79. PMID: 14700015 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14700015]

Chwieduk CM, Scott LJ. Asenapine: a review of its use in the management of mania in adults with bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs. 2011 Mar;25(3):251–67. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/11206700-000000000-00000. PMID: 21323396 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21323396]

Ciapparelli A, Dell’Osso L, Tundo A, et al Electroconvulsive therapy in medication-nonresponsive patients with mixed mania and bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):552–5. PMID: 11488367 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11488367]

Cipriani A, Barbui C, Rendell J, et al Clinical and regulatory implications of active run-in phases in long-term studies for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2014 May;129(5):328–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12223. PMID: 24289821 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24289821]

Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, et al Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011 Oct 8;378(9799):1306–15. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8. PMID: 21851976 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21851976]

Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, et al Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f3646. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3646. PMID: 23814104 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23814104]

Cipriani A, Rendell J, Geddes JR. Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2010 Dec;24(12):1729–38. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881109106900. PMID: 19828571 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19828571]

Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes J. Olanzapine in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009(1):CD004367. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD004367.pub2. PMID: 19160237 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19160237]

Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes JR. Haloperidol alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(3):CD004362. PMID: 16856043 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16856043]

Citrome L. Asenapine for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved sublingually absorbed second-generation antipsychotic. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2009 Dec;63(12):1762–84. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02228.x. PMID: 19840150 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19840150]

Citrome L. Ziprasidone HCI capsules for the adjunctive maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in adults. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2010 2010;10(7):1031–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1586/ern.10.66. Duplicate reference [PubMed: 20586686]

Citrome L, Holt RI, Walker DJ, et al Weight gain and changes in metabolic variables following olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2011;31(7):455–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/11589060-000000000-00000. PMID: 21495734 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21495734]

Citrome L, Kantrowitz JT. Olanzapine dosing above the licensed range is more efficacious than lower doses: Fact or fiction? [References]. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2009 2009;9(7):1045–58. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1586/ern.09.54. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19589053]

Citrome L, Ketter TA, Cucchiaro J, et al Clinical assessment of lurasidone benefit and risk in the treatment of bipolar I depression using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. Journal of Affective Disorders. Oct. 2013 28, 2013(Pagination)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.10.040. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 24246116]

Clarkin JF, Carpenter D, Hull J, et al Effects of psychoeducational intervention for married patients with bipolar disorder and their spouses. Psychiatric Services. 1998 Apr;49(4):531–3. PMID: 9550248 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 9550248]

Colom F, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E. Treatment arsenal for bipolar disorders: The role of psychoeducation in good clinical practice. Psichiatria e Psicoterapia. 2006 2006;25(1):3–6. Ineligible study design

Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez A, et al What is the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 1998;67(1):3–9. PMID: 9491434 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9491434]

Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al Psychoeducation for bipolar II disorder: an exploratory, 5-year outcome subanalysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009 Jan;112(1–3):30–5. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.03.023. PMID: 18486237 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 18486237]

Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al Stabilizing the stabilizer: group psychoeducation enhances the stability of serum lithium levels. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7 Suppl 5:32–6. PMID: 16225558 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16225558]

Colom F, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al Psychoeducation in bipolar patients with comorbid personality disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2004 Aug;6(4):294–8. PMID: 15225146 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 15225146]

Colombo C, Benedetti F, Barbini B, et al Rate of switch from depression into mania after therapeutic sleep deprivation in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research. 1999 Jun 30;86(3):267–70. PMID: 10482346 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10482346]

Colombo C, Lucca A, Benedetti F, et al Total sleep deprivation combined with lithium and light therapy in the treatment of bipolar depression: replication of main effects and interaction. Psychiatry Research. 2000 Jul 24;95(1):43–53. PMID: 10904122 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10904122]

Connolly KR, Helmer A, Cristancho MA, et al Effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice post-FDA approval in the United States: results observed with the first 100 consecutive cases of depression at an academic medical center. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;73(4):e567–73. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11m07413. PMID: 22579164 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22579164]

Cook JA, Copeland ME, Jonikas JA, et al Results of a randomized controlled trial of mental illness self-management using Wellness Recovery Action Planning. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2012 Jun;38(4):881–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr012. PMID: 21402724 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC3406522] [PubMed: 21402724]

Cookson J, Elliott B. The use of anticonvulsants in the aftermath of mania. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006 Mar;20(2 Suppl):23–30. PMID: 16551669 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16551669]

Correll CU. The role of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Giornale Italiano di Psicopatologia / Italian Journal of Psychopathology. 2011 2011;17(3):341–51. Ineligible study design

Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP. Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders. 2010 Mar;12(2):116–41. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00798.x. PMID: 20402706 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20402706]

Coryell W. Maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: a reassessment of lithium as the first choice. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 2:77–83. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00712.x. PMID: 19538687 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19538687]

Coryell W, Leon AC, Turvey C, et al The significance of psychotic features in manic episodes: a report from the NIMH collaborative study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 Dec;67(1–3):79–88. PMID: 11869754 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 11869754]

Coryell W, Winokur G, Solomon D, et al Lithium and recurrence in a long-term follow-up of bipolar affective disorder. Psychological Medicine. 1997 Mar;27(2):281–9. PMID: 9089821 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 9089821]

Costa RT, Cheniaux E, Range BP, et al Group cognitive behavior therapy for bipolar disorder can improve the quality of life. Brazilian Journal of Medical & Biological Research. 2012 Sep;45(9):862–8. PMID: 22735175 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC3854327] [PubMed: 22735175]

Costa RT, Cheniaux E, Rosaes PA, et al The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy in treating bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled study. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2011 Jun;33(2):144–9. PMID: 21829907 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 21829907]

Cousins DA, Young AH. The armamentarium of treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Jun;10(3):411–31. PMID: 17176493 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17176493]

Cramer JA, Rosenheck R. Enhancing medication compliance for people with serious mental illness. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 1999 Jan;187(1):53–5. PMID: 9952254 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 9952254]

Crane CA, Hawes SW, Devine S, et al Axis I psychopathology and the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2014 Mar;70(3):238–47. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22013. PMID: 23824500 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4189814] [PubMed: 23824500]

Crowe M, Inder M, Carlyle D, et al Nurse-led delivery of specialist supportive care for bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. 2012 Jun;19(5):446–54. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01822.x. PMID: 22070452 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 22070452]

Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, et al Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Feb;13(1):5–14. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145709990344. PMID: 19638254 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19638254]

Cuomo I, Motta P, Fini C, et al The efficacy of asenapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder: A naturalistic longitudinal study indicating a favourable response in patients with substance abuse comorbidity. European Psychiatry. 2015 31 Mar;30:1152. Ineligible study design

Curtin F, Schulz P. Clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 Mar;78(3):201–8. PMID: 15013244 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15013244]

Daglas R, Cotton SM, Allott K, et al A single-blind, randomised controlled trial on the effects of lithium and quetiapine monotherapy on the trajectory of cognitive functioning in first episode mania: A 12-month follow-up study. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2016 Jan;31:20–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.460. PMID: 26655594 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26655594]

Dalum HS, Korsbek L, Mikkelsen JH, et al Illness management and recovery (IMR) in Danish community mental health centres. Trials [Electronic Resource]. 2011;12:195. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1745-6215-12-195. PMID: 21849024 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3179718] [PubMed: 21849024]

Dardennes R, Even C, Bange F, et al Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Mar;166(3):378–81. PMID: 7788131 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7788131]

Datto C, Pottorf WJ, Feeley L, et al Bipolar II compared with bipolar I disorder: Baseline characteristics and treatment response to quetiapine in a pooled analysis of five placebo-controlled clinical trials of acute bipolar depression. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2016 March 11;15 (1) (no pagination)(9)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12991-016-0096-0. PMID: 608914705 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4788818] [PubMed: 26973704]

Dauphinais DR, Rosenthal JZ, Terman M, et al Controlled trial of safety and efficacy of bright light therapy vs. negative air ions in patients with bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research. 2012 Mar 30;196(1):57–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.015. PMID: 22424890 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22424890]

de Azevedo Cardoso T, de Azambuja Farias C, Mondin TC, et al Brief psychoeducation for bipolar disorder: Impact on quality of life in young adults in a 6-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry Research. 2014 30, 2014;220(3):896–902. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.013. PMID: 25300245 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 25300245]

De Azevedo Cardoso T, Mondin TC, Reyes AN, et al Biological rhythm and bipolar disorder: Twelve-month follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2015;203(10):792–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/NMD.0000000000000369. PMID: 2015431675 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 26348588]

De Fruyt J, Deschepper E, Audenaert K, et al Second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2012 May;26(5):603–17. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881111408461. PMID: 21940761 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21940761]

de Macedo-Soares MB, Moreno RA, Rigonatti SP, et al Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder: A Case Series. The Journal of ECT. 2005 2005;21(1):31–4. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/01.yct.0000148621.88104.f1. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15791175]

Deberdt W, Winokur A, Cavazzoni PA, et al Amantadine for weight gain associated with olanzapine treatment. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 2005;15(1):13–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.03.005. PMID: 15572269 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 15572269]

Deckersbach T, Holzel BK, Eisner LR, et al Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for nonremitted patients with bipolar disorder. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2012 Feb;18(2):133–41. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00236.x. PMID: 22070469 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3738005] [PubMed: 22070469]

Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA, Kessler R, et al RESEARCH: Cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder: An open trial for employed patients with residual depressive symptoms. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2010 Oct;16(5):298–307. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x. PMID: 19895584 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2888654] [PubMed: 19895584]

Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA, McInnis MG, et al Baseline disability and poor functioning in bipolar disorder predict worse outcomes: results from the Bipolar CHOICE study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;77(1):100–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09210. PMID: 26845265 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26845265]

DeLeon A, Patel NC, Crismon ML. Aripiprazole: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability. Clinical Therapeutics. 2004 May;26(5):649–66. PMID: 15220010 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15220010]

Dell’Osso B, Mundo E, D’Urso N, et al Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Feb;11(1):76–81. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00651.x. PMID: 19133969 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19133969]

Dell’osso B, Timtim S, Hooshmand F, et al Superior chronic tolerability of adjunctive modafinil compared to pramipexole in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Aug 15;150(1):130–5. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.11.030. PMID: 23261131 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23261131]

Demant KM, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, et al Effects of short-term cognitive remediation on cognitive dysfunction in partially or fully remitted individuals with bipolar disorder: Results of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE. 2015 12 Jun;10(6)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pone.0127955. PMID: 2015178422 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4467086] [PubMed: 26070195]

Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson EE, Disney ER, et al Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 Nov;58(11):470–8. PMID: 9413412 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9413412]

Dennehy EB, Schnyer R, Bernstein IH, et al The safety, acceptability, and effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for acute symptoms in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;70(6):897–905. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04208. PMID: 19422756 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 19422756]

Depp CA, Bowie CR, Mausbach BT, et al Current smoking is associated with worse cognitive and adaptive functioning in serious mental illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2015 May;131(5):333–41. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12380. PMID: 25559296 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4400207] [PubMed: 25559296]

Depp CA, Lebowitz BD, Patterson TL, et al Medication adherence skills training for middle-aged and elderly adults with bipolar disorder: development and pilot study. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 Sep;9(6):636–45. PMID: 17845279 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17845279]

Depp CA, Mausbach B, Granholm E, et al Mobile interventions for severe mental illness: design and preliminary data from three approaches. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2010 Oct;198(10):715–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f49ea3. PMID: 20921861 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3215591] [PubMed: 20921861]

Der-Hacopian E. Motivations for alcohol consumption among individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 2014;74(8-B(E) Ineligible study design

Derry S, Moore RA. Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder: systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:40. PMID: 17705840 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2020469] [PubMed: 17705840]

Deshauer D, Fergusson D, Duffy A, et al Re-evaluation of randomized control trials of lithium monotherapy: a cohort effect. Bipolar Disorders. 2005 Aug;7(4):382–7. PMID: 16026492 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16026492]

Dogan S, Sabanciogullari S. The effects of patient education in lithium therapy on quality of life and compliance. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2003 Dec;17(6):270–5. PMID: 14685951 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14685951]

Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, et al Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with bipolar depression: a double blind, controlled study. Bipolar Disorders. 2002;4 Suppl 1:94–5. PMID: 12479689 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12479689]

Dopheide JA, Wincor MZ. Gabapentin and lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 1998 Sep–Oct;38(5):632–4. PMID: 9782699 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9782699]

Drake RE, Frey W, Bond GR, et al Assisting Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression in returning to work. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Dec 1;170(12):1433–41. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020214. PMID: 23929355 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 23929355]

Dratcu L, Bobmanuel S, Davies W, et al A UK panel consensus on the initiation of aripiprazole for the treatment of bipolar mania. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2012 Oct;16(4):244–58. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/13651501.2012.709865. PMID: 22809129 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22809129]

Dubovsky SL. Group therapy effective for bipolar disorder. Education-based therapy may help avert relapses. Health News. 2003 Jun;9(6):4. PMID: 12793397 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12793397]

Dubovsky SL. Treatment of bipolar depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2005 Jun;28(2):349–70, vii. PMID: 15826736 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15826736]

Ducharme S, Murray ED, Seiner SJ, et al Retrospective Analysis of the Short-Term Safety of ECT in Patients With Neurological Comorbidities: A Guide for Pre-ECT Neurological Evaluations. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences. 2015;27(4):311–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.neuropsych.14080195. PMID: 25658682 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25658682]

Dukart J, Regen F, Kherif F, et al Electroconvulsive therapy-induced brain plasticity determines therapeutic outcome in mood disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014 Jan 21;111(3):1156–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1073/pnas.1321399111. PMID: 24379394 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC3903198] [PubMed: 24379394]

Duncan D, McConnell HW, Taylor D. Lamotrigine in bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin. 1998 1998;22(10):630–2. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.10.630. Ineligible study design

Dunner DL. Safety and tolerability of emerging pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2005 2005;7(4):307–25. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00235.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16026484]

Durgam S, Earley W, Lipschitz A, et al An 8-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Cariprazine in Patients With Bipolar I Depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 1;173(3):271–81. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020164. PMID: 26541814 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26541814]

Earley W, Durgam S, Lu K, et al Tolerability of cariprazine in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: A pooled post hoc analysis of 3 phase II/III studies. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017 01 Jun;215:205–12. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2017.03.032. PMID: 614950830 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 28343051]

Ebert D, Jaspert A, Murata H, et al Initial lithium augmentation improves the antidepressant effects of standard TCA treatment in non-resistant depressed patients. Psychopharmacology. 1995 Mar;118(2):223–5. PMID: 7617812 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 7617812]

Eden Evins A, Demopulos C, Nierenberg A, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive donepezil in treatment-resistant mania. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Feb;8(1):75–80. PMID: 16411983 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 16411983]

Eden Evins A, Demopulos C, Yovel I, et al Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Apr;8(2):168–74. PMID: 16542187 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16542187]

Ekman M, Lindgren P, Miltenburger C, et al Cost effectiveness of quetiapine in patients with acute bipolar depression and in maintenance treatment after an acute depressive episode. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012 Jun 1;30(6):513–30. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/11594930-000000000-00000. PMID: 22591130 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22591130]

El Haddad M, Houben R, Berte B, et al Bipolar electrograms characteristics at the left atrial-pulmonary vein junction: Toward a new algorithm for automated verification of pulmonary vein isolation. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Jan;12(1):21–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.hrthm.2014.08.030. PMID: 25240694 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 25240694]

El Mallakh RS, Vieta E, Rollin L, et al A comparison of two fixed doses of aripiprazole with placebo in acutely relapsed, hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder I (manic or mixed) in subpopulations (CN138-007). European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Nov;20(11):776–83. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.07.003. PMID: 20728318 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20728318]

El-Mallakh R, Vohringer P, Ostacher M, et al Erratum: Antidepressants worsen rapid-cycling course in bipolar disorder: A STEP-BD randomized clinical trial (Journal of Affective Disorders (2015)). Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 15 Jan;190:895. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.08.015. PMID: 605789134 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 28835013]

El-Mallakh R, Weisler RH, Townsend MH, et al Bipolar II disorder: current and future treatment options. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Oct–Dec;18(4):259–66. PMID: 17162626 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17162626]

El-Mallakh RS. Medication adherence and the use of long-acting antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2007 Mar;13(2):79–85. PMID: 17414683 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17414683]

El-Mallakh RS, Ghaemi SN, Sagduyu K, et al Antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria (ACID) in STEP-BD patients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Dec;111(2–3):372–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.03.025. PMID: 18565592 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18565592]

El-Mallakh RS, Ketter TA, Weisler RH, et al Switching from other agents to extended-release carbamazepine in acute mania. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2008;41(1):52–8. PMID: 18362871 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18362871]

El-Mallakh RS, Marcus R, Baudelet C, et al A 40-week double-blind aripiprazole versus lithium follow-up of a 12-week acute phase study (total 52 weeks) in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012 Feb;136(3):258–66. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2011.11.043. PMID: 22209190 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 22209190]

El-Mallakh RS, Salem MR, Chopra A, et al A blinded, randomized comparison of immediate-release and extended-release carbamazepine capsules in manic and depressed bipolar subjects. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;22(1):3–8. PMID: 20196977 6 Pediatric [PubMed: 20196977]

El-Mallakh RS, Salem MR, Chopra AS, et al Adverse event load in bipolar participants receiving either carbamazepine immediate-release or extended-release capsules: a blinded, randomized study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2009 May;24(3):145–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0b013e328329b199. PMID: 19367153 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19367153]

El-Mallakh RS, Vohringer PA, Ostacher MM, et al Antidepressants worsen rapid-cycling course in bipolar depression: A STEP-BD randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Sep;184:318–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.04.054. PMID: 2015-34966-047Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC4519402] [PubMed: 26142612]

El-Mallakh RS, Vohringer PA, Ostacher MM, et al Antidepressants worsen rapid-cycling course in bipolar depression: A STEP-BD randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 04 Jul;184:318–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.04.054. PMID: 605067425 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC4519402] [PubMed: 26142612]

Elmslie JL, Porter RJ, Joyce PR, et al Carnitine does not improve weight loss outcomes in valproate-treated bipolar patients consuming an energy-restricted, low-fat diet. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Oct;8(5 Pt 1):503–7. PMID: 17042889 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17042889]

Emilien G, Maloteaux JM, Seghers A, et al Lithium compared to valproic acid and carbamazepine in the treatment of mania: a statistical meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996 Aug;6(3):245–52. PMID: 8880085 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8880085]

Emilien G, Septien L, Brisard C, et al Bipolar disorder: how far are we from a rigorous definition and effective management? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2007 Jun 30;31(5):975–96. PMID: 17459551 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17459551]

Endicott J, Rajagopalan K, Minkwitz M, et al A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I and II depression: improvements in quality of life. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Jan;22(1):29–37. PMID: 17159457 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17159457]

Engstrom C, Astrom M, Nordqvist-Karlsson B, et al Relationship between prophylactic effect of lithium therapy and family history of affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 1997 Sep 15;42(6):425–33. PMID: 9285078 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9285078]

Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. Antidepressant properties of anticonvulsant drugs for bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 Apr;23(2):182–92. PMID: 12640220 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12640220]

Evans S, Newton R, Higgins S. Nutritional intervention to prevent weight gain in patients commenced on olanzapine: a randomized controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;39(6):479–86. PMID: 15943650 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 15943650]

Evins AE. Efficacy of newer anticonvulsant medications in bipolar spectrum mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 8:9–14. PMID: 12892536 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12892536]

Fagan CS, Carmody TJ, McClintock SM, et al The effect of cognitive functioning on treatment attendance and adherence in comorbid bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2015 Feb;49:15–20. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jsat.2014.06.008. PMID: 2014-33120-001Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25108685]

Fagiolini A, De Filippis S, Azzarelli O, et al Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: From clinical research to clinical practice. Journal of Psychopathology / Giornale di Psicopatologia. 2013 2013;19(1):34–41. Ineligible study design

Fagiolini A, Frank E, Cherry CR, et al Clinical indicators for the use of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2002 Oct;4(5):277–82. PMID: 12479658 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12479658]

Fagiolini A, Frank E, Houck PR, et al Prevalence of obesity and weight change during treatment in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;63(6):528–33. PMID: 12088166 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12088166]

Fajutrao L, Paulsson B, Liu S, et al Cost-effectiveness of quetiapine plus mood stabilizers compared with mood stabilizers alone in the maintenance therapy of bipolar I disorder: results of a Markov model analysis. Clinical Therapeutics. 2009 Jun;31 Pt 1:1456–68. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.clinthera.2009.06.009. PMID: 19698903 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19698903]

Farren CK, Mc Elroy S. Treatment response of bipolar and unipolar alcoholics to an inpatient dual diagnosis program. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Mar;106(3):265–72. PMID: 17707085 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 17707085]

Faurholt-Jepsen M, Munkholm K, Frost M, et al Electronic self-monitoring of mood using IT platforms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the validity and evidence. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 15 Jan;16 (1) (no pagination)(7)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12888-016-0713-0. PMID: 607740398 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4714425] [PubMed: 26769120]

Fava GA, Bartolucci G, Rafanelli C, et al Cognitive-behavioral management of patients with bipolar disorder who relapsed while on lithium prophylaxis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):556–9. PMID: 11488368 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11488368]

Fava GA, Ruini C, Rafanelli C. Sequential treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;66(11):1392–400. PMID: 16420076 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16420076]

Fenton C, Scott LJ. Risperidone: a review of its use in the treatment of bipolar mania. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(5):429–44. PMID: 15907153 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15907153]

Ferrier IN. Lamotrigine and gabapentin: Alternatives in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology. 1998;38(3):192–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000026536. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9778608]

Ferrier IN. Developments in mood stabilisers. British Medical Bulletin. 2001;57:179–92. PMID: 11719917 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11719917]

Fiorillo A, Del Vecchio V, Luciano M, et al Efficacy of psychoeducational family intervention for bipolar I disorder: A controlled, multicentric, real-world study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 1, 2015;172:291–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.10.021. PMID: 25451428 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25451428]

Flood C, Byford S, Henderson C, et al Joint crisis plans for people with psychosis: economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2006 2006;333(7571):729. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/bmj.38929.653704.55. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC1592386] [PubMed: 16914458]

Forester B, Sajatovic M, Tsai J, et al Long-term treatment with lurasidone in older adults with bipolar depression: Results of a 6 month open-label study. European Psychiatry. 2015 31 Mar;30:1134. PMID: 71930814 Ineligible study design

Forester B, Sajatovic M, Tsai J, et al Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with lurasidone in older adults with bipolar depression: Results of a 6 month open-label study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015 March;1):S170–S1. PMID: 71814372 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 29146409]

Forester BP, Harper DG, Georgakas J, et al Antidepressant effects of open label treatment with coenzyme Q10 in geriatric bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 Jun;35(3):338–40. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000326. PMID: 2015-19762-024Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4414830] [PubMed: 25874916]

Forleo GB, Di Biase L, Bharmi R, et al Hospitalization rates and associated cost analysis of cardiac resynchronization therapy with an implantable defibrillator and quadripolar vs. bipolar left ventricular leads: a comparative effectiveness study. Europace. 2015 Jan;17(1):101–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1093/europace/euu290. PMID: 25371428 Not bipolar disorder [PMC free article: PMC4280828] [PubMed: 25371428]

Fornaro M, McCarthy MJ, De Berardis D, et al Adjunctive agomelatine therapy in the treatment of acute bipolar II depression: A preliminary open label study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013 15, 2013;9:243–51. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3575211] [PubMed: 23430979]

Fornaro M, Stubbs B, De Berardis D, et al Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of acute bipolar depression with mixed features: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016;17(2)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020241. PMID: 608342330 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4783972] [PubMed: 26891297]

Fountoulakis KN. The contemporary face of bipolar illness: complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Cns Spectrums. 2008 Sep;13(9):763–74, 77–9. PMID: 18849896 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18849896]

Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Vieta E, et al Treatment of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder with aripiprazole monotherapy: A meta-analysis. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2009 31, 2009;8:27. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-8-27. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2812439] [PubMed: 20043829]

Fountoulakis KN, Kasper S, Andreassen O, et al Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder: a report by the WPA section on pharmacopsychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 2012 Jun;262 Suppl 1:1–48. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00406-012-0323-x. PMID: 22622948 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22622948]

Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, et al Treatment of mixed bipolar states. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Aug;15(7):1015–26. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145711001817. PMID: 22217434 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22217434]

Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, et al A systematic review of the evidence on the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2013 Mar;15(2):115–37. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12045. PMID: 23437958 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23437958]

Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E. Treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of available data and clinical perspectives. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Nov;11(7):999–1029. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145708009231. PMID: 18752718 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18752718]

Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E. Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2009 27, 2009;8:16. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-8-16. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2724509] [PubMed: 19635147]

Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Schmidt F. Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Oct;133(3):361–70. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.10.018. PMID: 21040979 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21040979]

Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;188:46–50. PMID: 16388069 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 16388069]

Frank E, Wallace ML, Hall M, et al An integrated risk reduction intervention can reduce body mass index in individuals being treated for bipolar I disorder: Results from a randomized trial. Bipolar Disorders. 2015 Jun;17(4):424–37. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12283. PMID: 2015-25546-007No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4458204] [PubMed: 25495748]

Frecska E, Kovacs AI, Balla P, et al The message of the survival curves: I. Composite analysis of long-term treatment studies in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica. 2012 Sep;14(3):155–64. PMID: 22987729 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22987729]

Fredman SJ, Baucom DH, Boeding SE, et al Relatives’ emotional involvement moderates the effects of family therapy for bipolar disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2015 Feb;83(1):81–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1037/a0037713. PMID: 2014-37304-001Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4324368] [PubMed: 25198285]

Freeman MP, Stoll AL. Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;155(1):12–21. PMID: 9433333 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9433333]

Frye MA, Altshuler LL. Selection of initial treatment for bipolar disorder, manic phase. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;25:88–113. PMID: 9344372 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9344372]

Frye MA, Amchin J, Bauer M, et al Randomized, placebo-controlled, adjunctive study of armodafinil for bipolar I depression: implications of novel drug design and heterogeneity of concurrent bipolar maintenance treatments. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2015 07 Dec;3(1)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-015-0034-0. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4556715] [PubMed: 26330288]

Frye MA, Eudicone J, Pikalov A, et al Aripiprazole efficacy in irritability and disruptive-aggressive symptoms: Young Mania Rating Scale line analysis from two, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 2008;28(2):243–5. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e31816745f7. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18344741]

Frye MA, Helleman G, McElroy SL, et al Correlates of treatment-emergent mania associated with antidepressant treatment in bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;166(2):164–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030322. PMID: 19015231 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19015231]

Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, et al A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 2000;20(6):607–14. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/00004714-200012000-00004. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 11106131]

Frye MA, McElroy SL, Prieto ML, et al Clinical risk factors and serotonin transporter gene variants associated with antidepressant-induced mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;76(2):174–80. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09127. PMID: 25611077 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25611077]

Frye MA, Yatham LN, Calabrese JR, et al Incidence and time course of subsyndromal symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder: an evaluation of 2 placebo-controlled maintenance trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;67(11):1721–8. PMID: 17196051 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17196051]

Fu DJ, Turkoz I, Bossie CA, et al Rapid onset of treatment effects on psychosis, depression, and mania in patients with acute exacerbation of schizoaffective disorder following treatment with oral extended-release paliperidone. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 Mar 15;193:381–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.12.060. PMID: 26802315 Over 20% schizoaffective [PubMed: 26802315]

Furey ML, Drevets WC. Antidepressant efficacy of the antimuscarinic drug scopolamine: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;63(10):1121–9. PMID: 17015814 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC3250308] [PubMed: 17015814]

Furey ML, Khanna A, Hoffman EM, et al Scopolamine produces larger antidepressant and antianxiety effects in women than in men. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Nov;35(12):2479–88. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.131. PMID: 20736989 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC3055321] [PubMed: 20736989]

Furey ML, Nugent AC, Speer AM, et al Baseline mood-state measures as predictors of antidepressant response to scopolamine. Psychiatry Research. 2012 30, 2012;196(1):62–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.003. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3464046] [PubMed: 22349648]

Gagne GG, Jr., Furman MJ, Carpenter LL, et al Efficacy of continuation ECT and antidepressant drugs compared to long-term antidepressants alone in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Dec;157(12):1960–5. PMID: 11097961 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11097961]

Gajwani P, Kemp DE, Muzina DJ, et al Acute treatment of mania: an update on new medications. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2006 Dec;8(6):504–9. PMID: 17094930 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17094930]

Gallagher P, Malik N, Newham J, et al Antiglucocorticoid treatments for mood disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008(1):CD005168. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD005168.pub2. PMID: 18254070 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 18254070]

Galvez V, Alonzo A, Martin D, et al Hypomania induction in a patient with bipolar II disorder by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Journal of ECT. 2011 Sep;27(3):256–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e3182012b89. PMID: 21206371 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21206371]

Gao K, Calabrese JR. Newer treatment studies for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7 Suppl 5:13–23. PMID: 16225556 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16225556]

Gao K, Fang F, Wang Z, et al Subjective Versus Objective Weight Gain during Acute Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2016 01 Dec;36(6):637–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000596. PMID: 612817049 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27753728]

Gao K, Gajwani P, Elhaj O, et al Typical and atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;66(11):1376–85. PMID: 16420074 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16420074]

Gao K, Kemp DE, Fein E, et al Number needed to treat to harm for discontinuation due to adverse events in the treatment of bipolar depression, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder with atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;72(8):1063–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.09r05535gre. PMID: 21034695 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3457049] [PubMed: 21034695]

Gao K, Kemp DE, Ganocy SJ, et al Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 Apr;28(2):203–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e318166c4d5. PMID: 18344731 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3489178] [PubMed: 18344731]

Gao K, Kemp DE, Ganocy SJ, et al Treatment-emergent mania/hypomania during antidepressant monotherapy in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Dec;10(8):907–15. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00637.x. PMID: 19594506 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19594506]

Gao K, Muzina D, Gajwani P, et al Efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics for primary and comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;67(9):1327–40. PMID: 17017818 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17017818]

Gao K, Pappadopulos E, Karayal ON, et al Risk for adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events of ziprasidone monotherapy relative to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2013 Jun;33(3):425–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e3182917f3f. PMID: 23609405 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 23609405]

Garfinkel PE, Stancer HC, Persad E. A comparison of haloperidol, lithium carbonate and their combination in the treatment of mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1980 12//;2(4):279–88. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0165-0327(80)90029-4. PMID: 6450787 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 6450787]

Gaudiano BA, Miller IW. Anxiety disorder comobidity in Bipolar I Disorder: relationship to depression severity and treatment outcome. Depression & Anxiety. 2005;21(2):71–7. PMID: 15786484 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15786484]

Gaudiano BA, Uebelacker LA, Miller IW. Impact of remitted substance use disorders on the future course of bipolar I disorder: findings from a clinical trial. Psychiatry Research. 2008 Jul 15;160(1):63–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.014. PMID: 18514326 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2488409] [PubMed: 18514326]

Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, et al Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;161(2):217–22. PMID: 14754766 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14754766]

Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM. Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;194(1):4–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.107.048504. PMID: 19118318 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19118318]

Geddes JR, Gardiner A, Rendell J, et al Comparative evaluation of quetiapine plus lamotrigine combination versus quetiapine monotherapy (and folic acid versus placebo) in bipolar depression (CEQUEL): A 2 x 2 factorial randomised trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 01 Jan;3(1):31–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S2215-0366%2815%2900450-2. PMID: 26687300 PMID/607320783 Embase Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 26687300]

Gedge L, Lazowski L, Murray D, et al Effects of quetiapine on sleep architecture in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2010 10, 2010;6:501–8. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2938299] [PubMed: 20856913]

Gentile S. Extrapyramidal adverse events associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Feb;27(1):35–45. PMID: 17224710 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17224710]

George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M, et al A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2000 2000;48(10):962–70. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0006-3223%2800%2901048-9. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 11082469]

George MS, Padberg F, Schlaepfer TE, et al Controversy: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation shows efficacy in treating psychiatric diseases (depression, mania, schizophrenia, obsessive-complusive disorder, panic, posttraumatic stress disorder). Brain Stimulation. 2009 Jan;2(1):14–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.brs.2008.06.001. PMID: 20633399 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20633399]

Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Bulbul F, et al Changes in nitric oxide level and superoxide dismutase activity during antimanic treatment. [Erratum appears in Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Aug 15;31(6):1345]. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 13;31(3):697–702. PMID: 17303295 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17303295]

Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Celik A, et al Atypical antipsychotic usage-related higher serum leptin levels and disabled lipid profiles in euthymic bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2006;53(2):108–12. PMID: 16557041 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16557041]

Ghadiri Vasfi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Esmaeili N, et al Efficacy of aftercare services for people with severe mental disorders in Iran: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services. 2015 Apr 1;66(4):373–80. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ps.201400111. PMID: 25828982 Over 20% schizoaffective [PubMed: 25828982]

Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Use of atypical antipsychotic agents in bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: review of the empirical literature. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 Aug;19(4):354–61. PMID: 10440464 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10440464]

Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Rosenquist KJ, et al Extrapyramidal side effects with atypical neuroleptics in bipolar disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;30(2):209–13. PMID: 16412546 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16412546]

Ghaemi SN, Lenox MS, Baldessarini RJ. Effectiveness and safety of long-term antidepressant treatment in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):565–9. PMID: 11488370 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11488370]

Ghaemi SN, Ostacher MM, El-Mallakh RS, et al Antidepressant discontinuation in bipolar depression: a Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) randomized clinical trial of long-term effectiveness and safety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;71(4):372–80. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.08m04909gre. PMID: 20409444 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20409444]

Ghaemi SN, Wingo AP, Filkowski MA, et al Long-term antidepressant treatment in bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of benefits and risks. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2008 Nov;118(5):347–56. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01257.x. PMID: 18727689 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2718794] [PubMed: 18727689]

Giannini AJ, Nakoneczie AM, Melemis SM, et al Magnesium oxide augmentation of verapamil maintenance therapy in mania. Psychiatry Research. 2000 Feb 14;93(1):83–7. PMID: 10699232 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 10699232]

Gijsman HJ, Geddes JR, Rendell JM, et al Antidepressants for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;161(9):1537–47. PMID: 15337640 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15337640]

Gildengers A, Tatsuoka C, Bialko C, et al Correlates of treatment response in depressed older adults with bipolar disorder. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology. 2012 Mar;25(1):37–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0891988712436685. PMID: 22467845 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3621979] [PubMed: 22467845]

Gitlin M, Frye MA. Maintenance therapies in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 May;14 Suppl 2:51–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00992.x. PMID: 22510036 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22510036]

Gliddon E, Lauder S, Berk L, et al Evaluating discussion board engagement in the MoodSwings online self-help program for bipolar disorder: protocol for an observational prospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Oct 14;15:243. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12888-015-0630-7. PMID: 26462799 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4604761] [PubMed: 26462799]

Gnanadesikan M, Freeman MP, Gelenberg AJ. Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Jun;5(3):203–16. PMID: 12780874 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12780874]

Goikolea JM, Colom F, Torres I, et al Lower rate of depressive switch following antimanic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics versus haloperidol. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Jan 25;144(3):191–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.07.038. PMID: 23089129 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23089129]

Goldberg JF. What psychotherapists should know about pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2007 May;63(5):475–90. PMID: 17417812 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17417812]

Goldberg JF, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al Six-month prospective life charting of mood symptoms with lamotrigine monotherapy versus placebo in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2008 Jan 1;63(1):125–30. PMID: 17543894 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17543894]

Goldberg JF, Burdick KE, Endick CJ. Preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole added to mood stabilizers for treatment-resistant bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):564–6. PMID: 14992985 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 14992985]

Goldberg JF, Calabrese JR, Saville BR, et al Mood stabilization and destabilization during acute and continuation phase treatment for bipolar I disorder with lamotrigine or placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;70(9):1273–80. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04381. PMID: 19689918 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19689918]

Goldberg JF, Nassir Ghaemi S. Benefits and limitations of antidepressants and traditional mood stabilizers for treatment of bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7 Suppl 5:3–12. PMID: 16225555 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16225555]

Goldberg JF, Perlis RH, Ghaemi SN, et al Adjunctive antidepressant use and symptomatic recovery among bipolar depressed patients with concomitant manic symptoms: findings from the STEP-BD. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;164(9):1348–55. PMID: 17728419 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17728419]

Goldberg JF, Truman CJ. Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Dec;5(6):407–20. PMID: 14636364 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14636364]

Goldstein MJ, Miklowitz DJ. Family intervention for persons with bipolar disorder. Hatfield, Agnes B [Ed]. 1994 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7935284]

Gonzalez Arnold J, Salcedo S, Ketter TA, et al An exploratory study of responses to low-dose lithium in African Americans and Hispanics. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Jun 1;178:224–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.02.035. PMID: 25827507 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC4397978] [PubMed: 25827507]

Gonzalez JM, Bowden CL, Berman N, et al One-year treatment outcomes of African-American and Hispanic patients with bipolar I or II disorder in STEP-BD. Psychiatric Services. 2010 Feb;61(2):164–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ps.61.2.164. PMID: 20123822 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3390227] [PubMed: 20123822]

Gonzalez JM, Prihoda TJ. A case study of psychodynamic group psychotherapy for bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 2007;61(4):405–22. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18251385]

Gonzalez S, Artal J, Gomez E, et al Early intervention in bipolar disorder: the Jano program at Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla. Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria. 2012 Mar–Apr;40(2):51–6. PMID: 22508069 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22508069]

Gonzalez-Pinto A, Vieta E, Reed C, et al Effectiveness of olanzapine monotherapy and olanzapine combination treatment in the long term following acute mania-results of a two year observational study in bipolar disorder (EMBLEM). Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Jun;131(1–3):320–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.11.037. PMID: 21195486 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21195486]

Goodnick PJ. Bipolar depression: a review of randomised clinical trials. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Jan;8(1):13–21. PMID: 17163803 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17163803]

Goodwin FK. Rationale for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and evidence for long-term lithium treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 10:5–12. PMID: 12392347 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12392347]

Goodwin G, Vieta E. Effective maintenance treatment-breaking the cycle of bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2005 Aug;20(5–6):365–71. PMID: 16122915 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16122915]

Goodwin GM, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;65(3):432–41. PMID: 15096085 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15096085]

Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Latest maintenance data on lithium in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Aug;13 Suppl 2:S51–5. PMID: 12957720 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12957720]

Gopal S, Steffens DC, Kramer ML, et al Symptomatic remission in patients with bipolar mania: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone monotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;66(8):1016–20. PMID: 16086617 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16086617]

Goss AJ, Kaser M, Costafreda SG, et al Modafinil augmentation therapy in unipolar and bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;74(11):1101–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13r08560. PMID: 24330897 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24330897]

Gouliaev G, Licht RW, Vestergaard P, et al Treatment of manic episodes: zuclopenthixol and clonazepam versus lithium and clonazepam. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 Feb;93(2):119–24. PMID: 8686481 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 8686481]

Grande I, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Nieto E, et al Asenapine prescribing patterns in the treatment of manic in- and outpatients: Results from the MANACOR study. European Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;30(4):528–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.003. PMID: 2015-06676-001No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25682181]

Grande I, Kapczinski F, Stertz L, et al Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor changes along treatment with extended release quetiapine during acute mood episodes: an open-label trial in drug-free patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2012 Nov;46(11):1511–4. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.017. PMID: 22939945 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22939945]

Grande I, Vieta E. Pharmacotherapy of acute mania: Monotherapy or combination therapy with mood stabilizers and antipsychotics? CNS Drugs. 2015 Mar;29(3):221–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s40263-015-0235-1. PMID: 2015-14036-005Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25711483]

Greenhalgh J, Knight C, Hind D, et al Clinical and cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania: systematic reviews and economic modelling studies. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2005 Mar;9(9):1–156, iii–iv. PMID: 15774232 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15774232]

Gregory VL, Jr. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2010 Jul;7(4):269–79. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/15433710903176088. PMID: 20799127 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20799127]

Grisaru N, Chudakov B, Yaroslavsky Y, et al Transcranial magnetic stimulation in mania: a controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;155(11):1608–10. PMID: 9812128 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9812128]

Grunhaus L, Hirschman S, Dolberg OT, et al Coadministration of melatonin and fluoxetine does not improve the 3-month outcome following ECT. Journal of ECT. 2001 Jun;17(2):124–8. PMID: 11417923 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 11417923]

Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, et al Response to ECT in major depression: are there differences between unipolar and bipolar depression? Bipolar Disorders. 2002;4 Suppl 1:91–3. PMID: 12479688 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12479688]

Grunze H. Lithium in the acute treatment of bipolar disorders-a stocktaking. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 Jun;253(3):115–9. PMID: 12904974 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12904974]

Grunze H. Reevaluating therapies for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 5:17–25. PMID: 16038598 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16038598]

Grunze H, Kotlik E, Costa R, et al Assessment of the efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate in acute mania and prevention of recurrence: experience from multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase II clinical studies in patients with bipolar disorder I. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:70–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.11.013. PMID: 25484179 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 25484179]

Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2009 on the treatment of acute mania. [Erratum appears in World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(3):255 Note: Dosage error in article text]. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2009;10(2):85–116. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/15622970902823202. PMID: 19347775 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19347775]

Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;11(2):81–109. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/15622970903555881. PMID: 20148751 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20148751]

Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;14(3):154–219. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/15622975.2013.770551. PMID: 23480132 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23480132]

Grunze H, Walden J. Relevance of new and newly rediscovered anticonvulsants for atypical forms of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 Dec;72 Suppl 1:S15–21. PMID: 12589899 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12589899]

Gu N, Wang G, Tan Q, et al Efficacy and safety of quetiapine extended release monotherapy in bipolar depression: A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 2016 01 Apr;233(7):1289–97. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00213-016-4215-z. PMID: 608645719 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26911380]

Gutierrez MJ, Scott J. Psychological treatment for bipolar disorders-a review of randomised controlled trials. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 2004 Apr;254(2):92–8. PMID: 15146338 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15146338]

Hadjipavlou G, Mok H, Yatham LN. Pharmacotherapy of bipolar II disorder: a critical review of current evidence. Bipolar Disorders. 2004 Feb;6(1):14–25. PMID: 14996137 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14996137]

Haghighi M, Bajoghli H, Bigdelou G, et al Assessment of cognitive impairments and seizure characteristics in electroconvulsive therapy with and without sodium valproate in manic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;67(1):14–24. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000343490. PMID: 23221898 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23221898]

Halaris A. Antiinflammatory augmentation strategy reverses treatment resistant bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2015 01 May;1):297S. PMID: 71846905 Ineligible study design

Harvey PD, Hassman H, Mao L, et al Cognitive functioning and acute sedative effects of risperidone and quetiapine in patients with stable bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;68(8):1186–94. PMID: 17854242 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17854242]

Hayes JF, Marston L, Walters K, et al Lithium vs. valproate vs. olanzapine vs. quetiapine as maintenance monotherapy for bipolar disorder: a population-based UK cohort study using electronic health records. World Psychiatry. 2016 February;15(1):53–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20298. PMID: 611189425 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4780296] [PubMed: 26833609]

Hayes RD, Downs J, Chang CK, et al The effect of clozapine on premature mortality: an assessment of clinical monitoring and other potential confounders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2015 May;41(3):644–55. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu120. PMID: 25154620 Over 20% schizoaffective [PMC free article: PMC4393681] [PubMed: 25154620]

Hayes RD, Downs J, Chang C-K, et al The effect of clozapine on premature mortality: An assessment of clinical monitoring and other potential confounders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2015 May;41(3):644–55. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu120. PMID: 2015-16497-014Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC4393681] [PubMed: 25154620]

Henderson C, Flood C, Leese M, et al Effect of joint crisis plans on use of compulsory treatment in psychiatry: single blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004 Jul 17;329(7458):136. PMID: 15240438 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC478218] [PubMed: 15240438]

Hennen J, Perlis RH, Sachs G, et al Weight gain during treatment of bipolar I patients with olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;65(12):1679–87. PMID: 15641874 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 15641874]

Henriksen TE, Skrede S, Fasmer OB, et al Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disorders. 2016 01 May;18(3):221–32. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12390. PMID: 610504287 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC5089565] [PubMed: 27226262]

Himmerich H, Koethe D, Schuld A, et al Plasma levels of leptin and endogenous immune modulators during treatment with carbamazepine or lithium. Psychopharmacology. 2005 May;179(2):447–51. PMID: 15565432 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 15565432]

Hirano J, Takamiya A, Yamagata B, et al Frontal and temporal cortical functional recovery after electroconvulsive therapy for depression: A longitudinal functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2017 01 Aug;91:26–35. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.018. PMID: 614736995 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 28292650]

Hirota T, Kishi T. Adenosine hypothesis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial of adjuvant purinergic modulators. Schizophrenia Research. 2013 2013;149(1–3):88–95. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.schres.2013.06.038. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23870805]

Hirschfeld RM, Baker JD, Wozniak P, et al The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;64(7):841–6. PMID: 12934987 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 12934987]

Hirschfeld RM, Bowden CL, Vigna NV, et al A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended-release in the acute treatment of mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;71(4):426–32. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.08m04960yel. PMID: 20361904 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20361904]

Hirschfeld RM, Kasper S. A review of the evidence for carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Dec;7(4):507–22. PMID: 15458610 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15458610]

Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE, Jr., Kramer M, et al Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: a 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;161(6):1057–65. PMID: 15169694 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 15169694]

Hirschfeld RM, Weisler RH, Raines SR, et al Quetiapine in the treatment of anxiety in patients with bipolar I or II depression: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):355–62. PMID: 16649820 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16649820]

Hirschowitz J, Kolevzon A, Garakani A. The pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder: the question of modern advances. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2010 Sep–Oct;18(5):266–78. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/10673229.2010.507042. PMID: 20825264 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20825264]

Hlastala SA, Frank E, Mallinger AG, et al Bipolar depression: an underestimated treatment challenge. Depression & Anxiety. 1997;5(2):73–83. PMID: 9262937 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9262937]

Hollander E, Pallanti S, Allen A, et al Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders? American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;162(1):137–45. PMID: 15625212 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 15625212]

Holloway F, Carson J. Intensive case management for the severely mentally ill. Controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;172:19–22. PMID: 9534826 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 9534826]

Holmes MK, Erickson K, Luckenbaugh DA, et al A comparison of cognitive functioning in medicated and unmedicated subjects with bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Nov;10(7):806–15. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00628.x. PMID: 19032712 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC2727596] [PubMed: 19032712]

Holtzheimer PE, Kelley ME, Gross RE, et al Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;69(2):150–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456. PMID: 22213770 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4423545] [PubMed: 22213770]

Honig A, Arts BM, Ponds RW, et al Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 May;14(3):167–71. PMID: 10435769 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10435769]

Honig A, Hofman A, Rozendaal N, et al Psycho-education in bipolar disorder: effect on expressed emotion. Psychiatry Research. 1997 Aug 29;72(1):17–22. PMID: 9355815 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 9355815]

Hopkins HS, Gelenberg AJ. Serum lithium levels and the outcome of maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Sep;2(3 Pt 1):174–9. PMID: 11256684 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11256684]

Houston JP, Ahl J, Meyers AL, et al Reduced suicidal ideation in bipolar I disorder mixed-episode patients in a placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine combined with lithium or divalproex. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;67(8):1246–52. PMID: 16965203 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16965203]

Huang CC, Wei IH. Unexpected interaction between quetiapine and valproate in patients with bipolar disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2010 Jul–Aug;32(4):446.e1–2. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.06.005. PMID: 20633751 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20633751]

Hurley SC. Lamotrigine update and its use in mood disorders. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May;36(5):860–73. PMID: 11978166 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11978166]

Husain MI, Chaudhry IB, Rahman RR, et al Pilot study of a culturally adapted psychoeducation (CaPE) intervention for bipolar disorder in Pakistan. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2017 01 Dec;5 (1) (no pagination)(3)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-017-0074-8. PMID: 614403784 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC5307423] [PubMed: 28155203]

Issakidis C, Sanderson K, Teesson M, et al Intensive case management in Australia: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1999 1999;99(5):360–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07242.x. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10353452]

Ives-Deliperi VL, Howells F, Stein DJ, et al The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: A controlled functional MRI investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 25, 2013;150(3):1152–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.05.074. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23790741]

Jackson HJ, McGorry PD, Killackey E, et al Acute-phase and 1-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial of CBT versus Befriending for first-episode psychosis: the ACE project. Psychological Medicine. 2008 May;38(5):725–35. PMID: 18005494 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 18005494]

Jahangard L, Haghighi M, Bigdelou G, et al Comparing efficacy of ECT with and without concurrent sodium valproate therapy in manic patients. Journal of ECT. 2012 Jun;28(2):118–23. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e31824b64b5. PMID: 22531205 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22531205]

Jainer AK, King M, Sridharan S, et al New Perspectives in the Treatment of Bipolar Affective Disorder. International Medical Journal. 2005 2005;12(4):247–50. Ineligible study design

Janicak PG, Sharma RP, Pandey G, et al Verapamil for the treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):972–3. PMID: 9659868 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 9659868]

Jefferson JW. Lamotrigine in psychiatry: pharmacology and therapeutics. Cns Spectrums. 2005 Mar;10(3):224–32. PMID: 15744223 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15744223]

Jensen HV, Davidsen K, Toftegaard L, et al Double-blind comparison of the side-effect profiles of dasily versus alternate-day dosing schedules in lithium maintenance treatment of manic-depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 1996;36(3–4):89–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/0165-0327%2895%2900052-6. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 8821311]

Jensen HV, Holm J, Davidsen K, et al Urinary excretion of albumin and transferrin in lithium maintenance treatment: daily versus alternate-day lithium dosing schedule. Psychopharmacology. 1995 Dec;122(3):317–20. PMID: 8748403 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 8748403]

Jensen HV, Plenge P, Mellerup ET, et al Lithium prophylaxis of manic-depressive disorder: daily lithium dosing schedule versus every second day. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 Jul;92(1):69–74. PMID: 7572251 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 7572251]

Jeste DV, Dolder CR. Treatment of non-schizophrenic disorders: Focus on atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2004 2004;38(1):73–103. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0022-3956%2803%2900094-3. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14690772]

Jeste DV, Dolder CR, Nayak GV, et al Atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia or schizophrenia: Review of recent literature. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2005 2005;13(6):340–51. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/10673220500433247. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16373328]

Jiang Y, McCombs JS, Park SH. A Retrospective Cohort Study of Acute Kidney Injury Risk Associated with Antipsychotics. CNS Drugs. 2017 01 Apr;31(4):319–26. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s40263-017-0421-4. PMID: 614799558 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 28290080]

Jindal RD, Thase ME. Integrating psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy to improve outcomes among patients with mood disorders. Psychiatric Services. 2003 Nov;54(11):1484–90. PMID: 14600307 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14600307]

Joas E, Karanti A, Song J, et al Pharmacological treatment and risk of psychiatric hospital admission in bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 March;210(3):197–202. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.116.187989. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 28104736]

Joffe RT. The use of thyroid supplements to augment antidepressant medication. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 5:26–9; discussion 30-1. PMID: 9635545 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9635545]

Johnson SL, Fulford D. Preventing mania: a preliminary examination of the GOALS Program. Behavior Therapy. 2009 Jun;40(2):103–13. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.beth.2008.03.002. PMID: 19433142 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2847518] [PubMed: 19433142]

Jones RM, Thompson C, Bitter I. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of mania. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2006 Jan;21(1):1–9. PMID: 16487905 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16487905]

Jones S. Psychotherapy of bipolar disorder: A review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 2004;80(2–3):101–14. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0165-0327%2803%2900111-3. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15207923]

Jones S, McGrath E, Hampshire K, et al A randomised controlled trial of time limited CBT informed psychological therapy for anxiety in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:54. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-13-54. PMID: 23414176 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC3600033] [PubMed: 23414176]

Jones S, Mulligan LD, Law H, et al A randomised controlled trial of recovery focused CBT for individuals with early bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:204. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-12-204. PMID: 23171304 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3533930] [PubMed: 23171304]

Jones SH, Smith G, Mulligan LD, et al Recovery-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for recent-onset bipolar disorder: Randomized controlled pilot trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 01 Jan;206(1):58–66. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.113.141259. PMID: 601137212 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 25213157]

Juruena MF, Ottoni GL, Machado-Vieira R, et al Bipolar I and II disorder residual symptoms: oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine as add-on treatment to lithium in a double-blind, randomized trial. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 1;33(1):94–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.012. PMID: 19007842 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19007842]

Justo LP, Soares BG, Calil HM. Family interventions for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007(4):CD005167. PMID: 17943843 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6669265] [PubMed: 17943843]

Kakkar AK, Rehan HS, Unni KE, et al Comparative efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine versus divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2009 Apr;24(3):178–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.014. PMID: 19324530 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19324530]

Kantrowitz JT, Halberstam B, Gangwisch J. Single-dose ketamine followed by daily D-cycloserine in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015 Jun;76(6):737–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14l09527. PMID: 2015-34824-030Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26132675]

Kaptsan A, Yaroslavsky Y, Applebaum J, et al Right prefrontal TMS versus sham treatment of mania: a controlled study. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Feb;5(1):36–9. PMID: 12656936 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 12656936]

Kasper S, Calabrese JR, Johnson G, et al International consensus group on the evidence-based pharmacologic treatment of bipolar I and II depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 2008;69(10):1632–46. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v69n1014. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19192447]

Katagiri H, Takita Y, Tohen M, et al Safety and efficacy of olanzapine monotherapy and olanzapine with a mood stabilizer in 18-week treatment of manic/mixed episodes for Japanese patients with bipolar I disorder. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2012 May;28(5):701–13. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1185/03007995.2012.666961. PMID: 22356118 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 22356118]

Katagiri H, Tohen M, McDonnell DP, et al Efficacy and safety of olanzapine for treatment of patients with bipolar depression: Japanese subpopulation analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:138. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-13-138. PMID: 23672672 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3666902] [PubMed: 23672672]

Katz MM, Maas JW, Frazer A, et al Drug-induced actions on brain neurotransmitter systems and changes in the behaviors and emotions of depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994 Oct;11(2):89–100. PMID: 7530963 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7530963]

Keck PE, Jr. Long-term therapy of bipolar illness. Journal of Family Practice. 2003 Mar;Suppl:S18–21. PMID: 12676080 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12676080]

Keck PE, Jr. Defining and improving response to treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 15:25–9. PMID: 15554793 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15554793]

Keck PE, Jr. Bipolar depression: A new role for atypical antipsychotics? [References]. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7(Suppl4):34–40. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00213.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15948765]

Keck PE, Jr., Bowden CL, Meinhold JM, et al Relationship between serum valproate and lithium levels and efficacy and tolerability in bipolar maintenance therapy. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2005 2005;9(4):271–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/13651500500305622. PMID: 24930925 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 24930925]

Keck PE, Jr., Calabrese JR, McIntyre RS, et al Aripiprazole monotherapy for maintenance therapy in bipolar I disorder: a 100-week, double-blind study versus placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;68(10):1480–91. PMID: 17960961 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 17960961]

Keck PE, Jr., Corya SA, Altshuler LL, et al Analyses of treatment-emergent mania with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):611–6. PMID: 15889948 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15889948]

Keck PE, Jr., Marcus R, Tourkodimitris S, et al A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 Sep;160(9):1651–8. PMID: 12944341 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12944341]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL. Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 Apr;16(2 Suppl 1):15S–23S. PMID: 8707996 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8707996]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL. Carbamazepine and valproate in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 10:13–7. PMID: 12392348 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12392348]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL. Divalproex in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2003;37 Suppl 2:67–73. PMID: 15021862 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15021862]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL. New approaches in managing bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 1:13–8. PMID: 12625800 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12625800]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 6:74–81; discussion 2. PMID: 9674940 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9674940]

Keck PE, Jr., McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, et al Antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders and risk of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 4:33–8. PMID: 10739329 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10739329]

Keck PE, Jr., Mendlwicz J, Calabrese JR, et al A review of randomized, controlled clinical trials in acute mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 Sep;59 Suppl 1:S31–S7. PMID: 11121825 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11121825]

Keck PE, Jr., Nelson EB, McElroy SL. Advances in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2003 Apr 15;53(8):671–9. PMID: 12706953 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12706953]

Keck PE, Orsulak PJ, Cutler AJ, et al Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and lithium-controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009 Jan;112(1–3):36–49. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.05.014. PMID: 18835043 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 18835043]

Keck PE, Jr., Strawn JR, McElroy SL. Pharmacologic treatment considerations in co-occurring bipolar and anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67 Suppl 1:8–15. PMID: 16426111 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16426111]

Keck PE, Jr., Versiani M, Warrington L, et al Long-term safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in subpopulations of patients with bipolar mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;70(6):844–51. PMID: 19573482 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19573482]

Kelly T, Lieberman DZ. The Utility of Low-Dose Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Bipolar II and Bipolar NOS Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017 01 Feb;37(1):99–101. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000636. PMID: 613690731 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 27977470]

Kemp DE, Calabrese JR, Eudicone JM, et al Predictive value of early improvement in bipolar depression trials: a post-hoc pooled analysis of two 8-week aripiprazole studies. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2010;43(2):5–27. PMID: 21052040 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21052040]

Kemp DE, Muzina DJ, McIntyre RS, et al Bipolar depression: trial-based insights to guide patient care. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2008;10(2):181–92. PMID: 18689288 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3181875] [PubMed: 18689288]

Kemp DE, Sylvia LG, Calabrese JR, et al General medical burden in bipolar disorder: Findings from the LiTMUS comparative effectiveness trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2014 2014);129(1):24–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12101. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3789858] [PubMed: 23465084]

Kessing LV, Gerds TA, Feldt-Rasmussen B, et al Use of lithium and anticonvulsants and the rate of chronic kidney disease a nationwide population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 December;72(12):1182–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1834. PMID: 607152515 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26535805]

Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Christensen EM, et al The effects of centralised and specialised combined pharmacological and psychological intervention compared with decentralised and non-specialised treatment in the early course of severe unipolar and bipolar affective disorders-design of two randomised clinical trials. Trials [Electronic Resource]. 2011;12(1):32. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1745-6215-12-32. PMID: 21291564 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3045900] [PubMed: 21291564]

Kessing LV, Hansen HV, Christensen EM, et al Do young adults with bipolar disorder benefit from early intervention? Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014 Jan;152-154:403–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.10.001. PMID: 24268595 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 24268595]

Kessler U, Vaaler AE, Schoyen H, et al The study protocol of the Norwegian randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:16. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-10-16. PMID: 20178636 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2847998] [PubMed: 20178636]

Ketter TA, Amchin J, Frye MA, et al Long-term safety and efficacy of armodafinil in bipolar depression: A 6-month open-label extension study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 01 Jun;197:51–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2016.02.050. PMID: 608872019 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26970266]

Ketter TA, Brooks JO, 3rd, Hoblyn JC, et al Long-term effectiveness of quetiapine in bipolar disorder in a clinical setting. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2010 Oct;44(14):921–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.005. PMID: 20378127 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 20378127]

Ketter TA, Greist JH, Graham JA, et al The effect of dermatologic precautions on the incidence of rash with addition of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar I disorder: a randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;67(3):400–6. PMID: 16649826 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 16649826]

Ketter TA, Houston JP, Adams DH, et al Differential efficacy of olanzapine and lithium in preventing manic or mixed recurrence in patients with bipolar I disorder based on number of previous manic or mixed episodes. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;67(1):95–101. PMID: 16426094 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 16426094]

Ketter TA, Jenkins JB, Schroeder DH, et al Carbamazepine but not valproate induces bupropion metabolism. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 Oct;15(5):327–33. PMID: 8830063 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8830063]

Ketter TA, Jones M, Paulsson B. Rates of remission/euthymia with quetiapine monotherapy compared with placebo in patients with acute mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007;100 Suppl 1:S45–53. PMID: 17383011 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 17383011]

Ketter TA, Post RM, Parekh PI, et al Addition of monoamine oxidase inhibitors to carbamazepine: preliminary evidence of safety and antidepressant efficacy in treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 Oct;56(10):471–5. PMID: 7559374 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7559374]

Ketter TA, Sarma K, Silva R, et al LURASIDONE in the LONG-TERM TREATMENT of PATIENTS with BIPOLAR DISORDER: A 24-WEEK OPEN-LABEL EXTENSION STUDY. Depression and Anxiety. 2016 01 May;33(5):424–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/da.22479. PMID: 608756629 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC5069590] [PubMed: 26918425]

Ketter TA, Wang PW, Chandler RA, et al Dermatology precautions and slower titration yield low incidence of lamotrigine treatment-emergent rash. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):642–5. PMID: 15889953 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15889953]

Ketter TA, Yang R, Frye MA. Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar i disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 01 Aug;181:87–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.04.012. PMID: 2015012361 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25933099]

Khan A, Ginsberg LD, Asnis GM, et al Effect of lamotrigine on cognitive complaints in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;65(11):1483–90. PMID: 15554760 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 15554760]

Kikkawa A, Kitamura Y, Aiba T, et al Correlation between the efficacy of lamotrigine and the serum lamotrigine level during the remission phase of acute bipolar II depression: A naturalistic and unblinded prospective pilot study. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2017;40(4):413–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b16-00725. PMID: 615121800 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 28381796]

Kilbourne AM, Goodrich DE, Lai Z, et al Randomized controlled trial to assess reduction of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with bipolar disorder: the Self-Management Addressing Heart Risk Trial (SMAHRT). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;74(7):e655–62. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08082. PMID: 23945460 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC4154058] [PubMed: 23945460]

Kleindienst N, Greil W. Inter-episodic morbidity and drop-out under carbamazepine and lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine. 2002 Apr;32(3):493–501. PMID: 11989994 Over 20% schizoaffective [PubMed: 11989994]

Kleindienst N, Greil W. Are illness concepts a powerful predictor of adherence to prophylactic treatment in bipolar disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):966–74. PMID: 15291686 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15291686]

Kleindienst N, Severus WE, Greil W. Are serum lithium levels related to the polarity of recurrence in bipolar disorders? Evidence from a multicenter trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 May;22(3):125–31. PMID: 17414737 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17414737]

Kluwe-Schiavon B, Viola TW, Levandowski ML, et al A systematic review of cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 2015 October;37(4):194–201. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1590/2237-6089-2015-0006. PMID: 607358592 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26689387]

Kohler-Forsberg O, Sylvia L, Thase M, et al Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol do not affect 6-month mood-stabilizing treatment outcome among 482 patients with bipolar disorder. Depression and Anxiety. 2017 01 Mar;34(3):281–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/da.22601. PMID: 614328413 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 28135023]

Konovalov S, Muralee S, Tampi RR. Anticonvulsants for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A literature review. International Psychogeriatrics. 2008 2008);20(2):293–308. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1041610207006540. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18047764]

Koukopoulos A, De Chiara L, Koukopoulos AE, et al Three-year, naturalistic, mirror-image assessment of adding memantine to the treatment of 30 treatment-resistant patients with bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2015 01 Jan;76(1):e91–e7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08956. PMID: 25650685 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 25650685]

Kramlinger KG, Phillips KA, Post RM. Rash complicating carbamazepine treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 Dec;14(6):408–13. PMID: 7884021 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 7884021]

Kruger S, Trevor Young L, Braunig P. Pharmacotherapy of bipolar mixed states. Bipolar Disorders. 2005 Jun;7(3):205–15. PMID: 15898959 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15898959]

Kulkarni J, Berk M, Wang W, et al A four week randomised control trial of adjunctive medroxyprogesterone and tamoxifen in women with mania. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 May;43:52–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.004. PMID: 24703170 Over 20% schizoaffective [PubMed: 24703170]

Kulkarni J, Garland KA, Scaffidi A, et al A pilot study of hormone modulation as a new treatment for mania in women with bipolar affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 May;31(4):543–7. PMID: 16356651 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 16356651]

Kusalic M, Engelsmann F. Renal reactions to changes of lithium dosage. Neuropsychobiology. 1996;34(3):113–6. PMID: 8916067 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 8916067]

Kusumakar V, Yatham LN, Haslam DR, et al Treatment of mania, mixed state, and rapid cycling. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 1997 Aug;42 Suppl 2:79S–86S. PMID: 9288440 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9288440]

Ladea M, Sinca MC, Barbu CM, et al Clinical and therapeutical aspects of bipolar disorder: The switch on depakine chrono from other valproate treatments - Retrospective data collection. Farmacia. 2015 06 Aug;63(3):446–52. PMID: 605514200 No eligible outcomes reported

Lahera G, Benito A, Montes JM, et al Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Mar 20;146(1):132–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.06.032. PMID: 22840617 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22840617]

Lam DH, Burbeck R, Wright K, et al Psychological therapies in bipolar disorder: the effect of illness history on relapse prevention - a systematic review. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Aug;11(5):474–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00724.x. PMID: 19624386 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19624386]

Lam DH, McCrone P, Wright K, et al Cost-effectiveness of relapse-prevention cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: 30-month study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;186:500–6. PMID: 15928361 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 15928361]

Landin-Romero R, Novo P, Vicens V, et al EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;67(3):181–4. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000346654. PMID: 23548794 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23548794]

Lao KSJ, He Y, Wong ICK, et al Tolerability and Safety Profile of Cariprazine in Treating Psychotic Disorders, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CNS Drugs. 2016 01 Nov;30(11):1043–54. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s40263-016-0382-z. PMID: 611873767 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27550371]

Larsen ER, Saric K. Pregnancy and bipolar disorder: the risk of recurrence when discontinuing treatment with mood stabilisers: a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2016 17 Nov:1–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.60. PMID: 613273686 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27852343]

Latalova K. Insight in bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Quarterly. 2012 Sep;83(3):293–310. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s11126-011-9200-4. PMID: 22101737 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22101737]

Lauder S, Chester A, Castle D, et al A randomized head to head trial of MoodSwings​.net.au: an Internet based self-help program for bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Jan 15;171:13–21. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.08.008. PMID: 25282145 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 25282145]

Leadbetter R, Messenheimer J, Bentley B, et al Mood-stabilizing properties of lamotrigine: A review of data from controlled clinical trials. Psychiatric Annals. 2002 2002);32(12):766–72. Ineligible study design

Lee AA, Laurent SM, Wykes TL, et al Genetic attributions and mental illness diagnosis: effects on perceptions of danger, social distance, and real helping decisions. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2014 May;49(5):781–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00127-013-0764-1. PMID: 24068437 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC9981274] [PubMed: 24068437]

Lee JY, Harvey AG. Memory for therapy in bipolar disorder and Comorbid insomnia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2015;83(1):92–102. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1037/a0037911. PMID: 2015868969 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4323885] [PubMed: 25222800]

Leibenluft E, Turner EH, Feldman-Naim S, et al Light therapy in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder: preliminary results. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995;31(4):705–10. PMID: 8851643 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 8851643]

Lemoine P, Fondarai J, Faivre T. Valpromide increases amplitude of heart rate circadian rhythm in remitted bipolar and unipolar disorders. A placebo-controlled study. European Psychiatry. 2000 2000);15(7):424–32. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0924-9338%2800%2900513-7. PMID: 11112935 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 11112935]

Lepkifker E, Iancu I, Horesh N, et al Lithium therapy for unipolar and bipolar depression among the middle-aged and older adult patient subpopulation. Depression & Anxiety. 2007;24(8):571–6. PMID: 17133442 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17133442]

Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;163(2):232–9. PMID: 16449476 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16449476]

Levin JB, Sams J, Tatsuoka C, et al Use of automated medication adherence monitoring in bipolar disorder research: pitfalls, pragmatics, and possibilities. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2015 02 Apr;5(2):76–87. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/2045125314566807. PMID: 2015886937 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4521443] [PubMed: 26240747]

Levin JB, Tatsuoka C, Cassidy KA, et al Trajectories of medication attitudes and adherence behavior change in non-adherent bipolar patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;58:29–36. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.023. PMID: 25617964 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4369431] [PubMed: 25617964]

Levine J, Barak Y, Kofman O, et al Follow-up and relapse analysis of an inositol study of depression. Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences. 1995;32(1):14–21. PMID: 7622343 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 7622343]

Levine J, Shectman T, Lefkifker E, et al Inositol may reverse lithium-induced polydipsia but not polyuria. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 1997);12(5):459–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/%28SICI%291099-1077%28199709​/10%2912:5​%3C459::AID-HUP889%3E3.0.CO;2-K. No eligible outcomes reported

Levy NA, Janicak PG. Calcium channel antagonists for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Jun;2(2):108–19. PMID: 11252650 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11252650]

Li DJ, Tseng PT, Chen YW, et al Significant treatment effect of bupropion in patients with bipolar disorder but similar phase-shifting rate as other antidepressants: A meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Medicine (United States). 2016;95(13):e3165. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/MD.0000000000003165. PMID: 609693558 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4998539] [PubMed: 27043678]

Licht RW. Drug treatment of mania: a critical review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 Jun;97(6):387–97. PMID: 9669508 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9669508]

Licht RW, Gijsman H, Nolen WA, et al Are antidepressants safe in the treatment of bipolar depression? A critical evaluation of their potential risk to induce switch into mania or cycle acceleration. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2008 Nov;118(5):337–46. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01237.x. PMID: 18754834 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18754834]

Licht RW, Nielsen JN, Gram LF, et al Lamotrigine versus lithium as maintenance treatment in bipolar I disorder: an open, randomized effectiveness study mimicking clinical practice. The 6th trial of the Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG-6). Bipolar Disorders. 2010 Aug;12(5):483–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00836.x. PMID: 20712749 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20712749]

Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Brodersen A. Long-term outcome of patients with bipolar disorder commenced on lithium prophylaxis during hospitalization: a complete 15-year register-based follow-up. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Feb;10(1):79–86. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00499.x. PMID: 18199244 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18199244]

Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Kessing LV, et al Psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs: suggested guidelines from the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2003(419):1–22. PMID: 12974784 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12974784]

Lipkovich I, Citrome L, Perlis R, et al Early predictors of substantial weight gain in bipolar patients treated with olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006 Jun;26(3):316–20. PMID: 16702898 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16702898]

Lipkovich IA, Houston JP, Ahl J. Identifying patterns in treatment response profiles in acute bipolar mania: a cluster analysis approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-65. PMID: 18664256 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2515837] [PubMed: 18664256]

Lobban F, Taylor L, Chandler C, et al Enhanced relapse prevention for bipolar disorder by community mental health teams: cluster feasibility randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;196(1):59–63. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.109.065524. PMID: 20044662 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20044662]

Loebel A, Siu C, Pikalov A, et al Remission in lurasidone-treated patients with bipolar i depression: Post-hoc analysis of a 6-week, placebo-controlled trial followed by a 6-month extension. European Psychiatry. 2015 31 Mar;30:1148. PMID: 71930816 Ineligible study design

Loebel A, Siu C, Rajagopalan K, et al Recovery in bipolar depression: Post-hoc analysis of a placebo-controlled lurasidone trial followed by a long-term continuation study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 17 Aug;186:376–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.07.033. PMID: 2015301525 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26363720]

Lombardo I, Sachs G, Kolluri S, et al Two 6-week, randomized, double, blind, placebo-controlled studies of ziparsidone in outpatients with bipolar I depression: Did baseline characteristics impact trial outcome? [References]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012 2012);32(4):470–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e31825ccde5. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22722504]

Loo CK, Sainsbury K, Sheehan P, et al A comparison of RUL ultrabrief pulse (0.3 ms) ECT and standard RUL ECT. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 2008);11(7):883–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145708009292. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18752719]

Lorberg B, Youssef NA, Bhagwagar Z. Lamotrigine-associated rash: To rechallenge or not to rechallenge? [References]. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 2009);12(2):257–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145708009504. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18845017]

Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychological Medicine. 2010 Jan;40(1):9–24. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S003329170900590X. PMID: 19476688 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19476688]

Lyseng-Williamson KA, Perry CM. Aripiprazole: in acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(6):367–76; discussion 77-8. PMID: 15089107 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15089107]

Machado-Vieira R. Purinergic system in the treatment of bipolar disorder: Uric acid levels as a screening test in mania. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012 2012);32(5):735–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e318268391d. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22926622]

Machado-Vieira R, Andreazza AC, Viale CI, et al Oxidative stress parameters in unmedicated and treated bipolar subjects during initial manic episode: a possible role for lithium antioxidant effects. Neuroscience Letters. 2007 Jun 21;421(1):33–6. PMID: 17548157 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17548157]

Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA, Jr. Proof of concept trials in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a translational perspective in the search for improved treatments. Depression & Anxiety. 2011 Apr;28(4):267–81. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/da.20800. PMID: 21456037 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3071576] [PubMed: 21456037]

Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, et al Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003(1):CD004052. PMID: 12535506 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12535506]

Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J, et al Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001(3):CD003196. PMID: 11687047 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11687047]

Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, et al N-acetylcysteine for major depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2011 Dec;33(4):374–8. PMID: 22189927 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 22189927]

Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, et al N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroup analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Mar;129(1–3):317–20. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.08.001. PMID: 20800897 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 20800897]

Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, et al A preliminary investigation on the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine for mania or hypomania. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;47(6):564–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0004867413481631. PMID: 23493756 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 23493756]

Maidment I. Update on the use of new anticonvulsants as mood stabilisers. Psychiatric Bulletin. 1999 1999);23(9):554–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.9.554. Ineligible study design

Maidment ID. Gabapentin treatment for bipolar disorders. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Oct;35(10):1264–9. PMID: 11675857 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11675857]

Maidment ID. The use of topiramate in mood stabilization. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Jul–Aug;36(7–8):1277–81. PMID: 12086564 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12086564]

Maj M. Selection of the initial drug(s) in the treatment of bipolar disorder, depressed phase. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;25:66–77. PMID: 9344370 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9344370]

Maj M. The impact of lithium prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder: a review of the research evidence. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Jun;2(2):93–101. PMID: 11252656 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11252656]

Malhi GS, Adams D, Berk M. Is lithium in a class of its own? A brief profile of its clinical use. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;43(12):1096–104. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/00048670903279937. PMID: 20001408 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20001408]

Malhi GS, Adams D, Berk M. Medicating mood with maintenance in mind: bipolar depression pharmacotherapy. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Jun;11 Suppl 2:55–76. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00711.x. PMID: 19538686 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19538686]

Malhi GS, Bargh DM, Cashman E, et al The clinical management of bipolar disorder complexity using a stratified model. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 May;14 Suppl 2:66–89. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00993.x. PMID: 22510037 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22510037]

Malhi GS, Berk M, Bourin M, et al A typical mood stabilizers: a “typical role for atypical antipsychotics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2005(426):29–38. PMID: 16104066 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16104066]

Mallinger AG, Thase ME, Haskett R, et al Verapamil augmentation of lithium treatment improves outcome in mania unresponsive to lithium alone: preliminary findings and a discussion of therapeutic mechanisms. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Dec;10(8):856–66. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00636.x. PMID: 19594501 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC3387673] [PubMed: 19594501]

Marcus R. Aripiprazole improved time to any mood episode when added to mood stabilizer. Psychiatric Annals. 2011 2011);41(7):353. Ineligible study design

Martin DM, Chan H, Green MJ, et al Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to remediate cognitive function in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Brain Stimulation. 2015 March–April;8 (2):367–8. PMID: 71911914 Ineligible study design

Martinez JM, Marangell LB, Simon NM, et al Baseline predictors of serious adverse events at one year among patients with bipolar disorder in STEP-BD. Psychiatric Services. 2005 Dec;56(12):1541–8. PMID: 16339616 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16339616]

Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Di Nicola M, et al Quetiapine decreases alcohol consumption, craving, and psychiatric symptoms in dually diagnosed alcoholics. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 2008 2008);23(5):417–24. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/hup.944. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18425995]

Martinotti G, Sepede G, Signorelli M, et al Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine monotherapy in bipolar depression: a systematic review. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2013 Jun;14(8):1065–75. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1517/14656566.2013.783014. PMID: 23527943 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23527943]

Masand PS, Eudicone J, Pikalov A, et al Criteria for defining symptomatic and sustained remission in bipolar I disorder: a post-hoc analysis of a 26-week aripiprazole study (study CN138-010). Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2008;41(2):12–23. PMID: 18668014 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 18668014]

Mazza M, Di Nicola M, Martinotti G, et al Oxcarbazepine in bipolar disorder: a critical review of the literature. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Apr;8(5):649–56. PMID: 17376019 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17376019]

McCloud TL, Caddy C, Jochim J, et al Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in bipolar disorder in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015;9:CD011611. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD011611.pub2. PMID: 609677719 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26415966]

McClure D, Greenman SC, Koppolu SS, et al A Pilot Study of Safety and Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in Treatment of Bipolar II Depression. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 2015 Nov;203(11):827–35. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/NMD.0000000000000378. PMID: 26414234 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC4892785] [PubMed: 26414234]

McCormack PL, Wiseman LR. Olanzapine: a review of its use in the management of bipolar I disorder. Drugs. 2004;64(23):2709–26. PMID: 15537371 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15537371]

McDonell MG, Srebnik D, Angelo F, et al Randomized controlled trial of contingency management for stimulant use in community mental health patients with serious mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jan 1;170(1):94–101. PMID: 23138961 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC4242089] [PubMed: 23138961]

McElroy SL, Keck PE, Jr. Pharmacologic agents for the treatment of acute bipolar mania. Biological Psychiatry. 2000 Sep 15;48(6):539–57. PMID: 11018226 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11018226]

McElroy SL, Martens BE, Creech RS, et al Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 May;71(5):557–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.08m04854yel. PMID: 20361901 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20361901]

McElroy SL, Winstanley E, Mori N, et al A randomized, placebo-controlled study of zonisamide to prevent olanzapine-associated weight gain. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2012 Apr;32(2):165–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e3182488758. PMID: 22367654 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 22367654]

McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, Martens B, et al A randomized, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive ramelteon in ambulatory bipolar I disorder with manic symptoms and sleep disturbance. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2011 Jan;26(1):48–53. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0b013e3283400d35. PMID: 20861739 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 20861739]

McElroy SL, Zarate CA, Cookson J, et al A 52-week, open-label continuation study of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):204–10. PMID: 15003074 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 15003074]

McFarlane WR, Dixon L, Lukens E, et al Family psychoeducation and schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 2003 2003);29(2):223–45. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01202.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12728780]

McGee V, Whittingham P. Society for Neuroscience-38th Annual Meeting-Therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Idrugs. 2009 Jan;12(1):14–6. PMID: 19127498 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19127498]

McGirr A, Vohringer PA, Ghaemi SN, et al Safety and efficacy of adjunctive second-generation antidepressant therapy with a mood stabiliser or an atypical antipsychotic in acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 01 Dec;3(12):1138–46. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S2215-0366%2816%2930264-4. PMID: 613441082 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 28100425]

McIntyre R, Katzman M. The role of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression and anxiety disorders. Bipolar Disorders. 2003;5 Suppl 2:20–35. PMID: 14700010 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14700010]

McIntyre RS. Aripiprazole for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: A review. Clinical Therapeutics. 2010;32 Suppl 1:S32–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.022. PMID: 20152551 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20152551]

McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al Asenapine versus olanzapine in acute mania: a double-blind extension study. [Erratum appears in Bipolar Disord. 2010 Feb;12(1):112]. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Dec;11(8):815–26. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00749.x. PMID: 19832806 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19832806]

McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, et al Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010 Nov;126(3):358–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.04.005. PMID: 20537396 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20537396]

McIntyre RS, Konarski JZ, Jones M, et al Quetiapine in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: efficacy across a broad range of symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007;100 Suppl 1:S5–14. PMID: 17391773 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 17391773]

McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, et al Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Feb;5(1):28–35. PMID: 12656935 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12656935]

McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, et al Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: a preliminary single-blind study. Bipolar Disorders. 2002 Jun;4(3):207–13. PMID: 12180276 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12180276]

McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Lewis GF, et al Managing psychiatric disorders with antidiabetic agents: translational research and treatment opportunities. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Jul;7(10):1305–21. PMID: 16805717 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16805717]

McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, et al Aripiprazole: pharmacology and evidence in bipolar disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2007 May;8(7):1001–9. PMID: 17472545 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17472545]

McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, et al Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychological Medicine. 2001 2001);31(7):1141–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S0033291701004378. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11681540]

Meador KJ. Newer anticonvulsants: dosing strategies and cognition in treating patients with mood disorders and epilepsy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 8:30–4. PMID: 12892539 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12892539]

Mech AW. High-dose ziprasidone monotherapy in bipolar I disorder patients with depressed or mixed episodes. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 2008);28(2):240–1. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e31816745de. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18344739]

Mei-Dan E, Ray JG, Vigod SN. Perinatal outcomes among women with bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2015 Mar;212(3):367.e1–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.020. PMID: 25446660 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 25446660]

Meltzer HY. Focus on the metabolic consequences of long-term treatment with olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone: Are there differences? [References]. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 2005);8(2):153–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145705005183. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15780147]

Meltzer HY, Bonaccorso S, Bobo WV, et al A 12-month randomized, open-label study of the metabolic effects of olanzapine and risperidone in psychotic patients: influence of valproic acid augmentation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;72(12):1602–10. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m05997. PMID: 21813074 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 21813074]

Meric G, Gracitelli GC, Gortz S, et al Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation for bipolar reciprocal osteochondral lesions of the knee. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 Mar;43(3):709–14. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0363546514562549. PMID: 25573390 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 25573390]

Michalak EE, Guiraud-Diawara A, Sapin C. Asenapine treatment and health-related quality of life in patients experiencing bipolar I disorder with mixed episodes: post-hoc analyses of pivotal trials. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2014 Apr;30(4):711–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1185/03007995.2013.874988. PMID: 24329543 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 24329543]

Miklowitz DJ. Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;165(11):1408–19. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040488. PMID: 18794208 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2613162] [PubMed: 18794208]

Miklowitz DJ. Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder: A critical review of evidence for efficacy. Yatham, Lakshmi N [Ed]; Kusumakar, Vivek [Ed]. (2009). 2009 pp;Bipolar disorder:A clinician’s guide to treatment management (2nd ed.). (pp. 575–90). xvi. Ineligible study design

Milano W, Grillo F, Del Mastro A, et al Appropriate intervention strategies for weight gain induced by olanzapine: a randomized controlled study. Advances in Therapy. 2007 Jan–Feb;24(1):123–34. PMID: 17526469 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17526469]

Millar A, Espie CA, Scott J. The sleep of remitted bipolar outpatients: a controlled naturalistic study using actigraphy. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 Jun;80(2–3):145–53. PMID: 15207927 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 15207927]

Miller IW, Uebelacker LA, Keitner GI, et al Longitudinal course of bipolar I disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2004 Nov–Dec;45(6):431–40. PMID: 15526253 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15526253]

Minnai GP, Salis PG, Oppo R, et al Effectiveness of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Journal of ECT. 2011 Jun;27(2):123–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e3181dbf797. PMID: 20559148 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 20559148]

Mishory A, Winokur M, Bersudsky Y. Prophylactic effect of phenytoin in bipolar disorder: a controlled study. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Dec;5(6):464–7. PMID: 14636372 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 14636372]

Mishory A, Yaroslavsky Y, Bersudsky Y, et al Phenytoin as an antimanic anticonvulsant: a controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;157(3):463–5. PMID: 10698828 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10698828]

Miskowiak KW, Vinberg M, Macoveanu J, et al Effects of Erythropoietin on Hippocampal Volume and Memory in Mood Disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 15;78(4):270–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.013. PMID: 25641635 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 25641635]

Mitchell PB, Malhi GS. The expanding pharmacopoeia for bipolar disorder. Annual Review of Medicine. 2002;53:173–88. PMID: 11818469 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11818469]

Miziou S, Tsitsipa E, Moysidou S, et al Psychosocial treatment and interventions for bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2015;07 doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12991-015-0057-z. PMID: 605105502 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4493813] [PubMed: 26155299]

Mohan TS, Tharyan P, Alexander J, et al Effects of stimulus intensity on the efficacy and safety of twice-weekly, bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with antipsychotics in acute mania: a randomised controlled trial. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Mar;11(2):126–34. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00668.x. PMID: 19267695 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 19267695]

Mokhber N, Lane CJ, Azarpazhooh MR, et al Anticonvulsant treatments of dysphoric mania: A trial of gabapentin, lamotrigine and carbamazepine in Iran. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2008;4(1-B):227–34. No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC2515896] [PubMed: 18728802]

Moller HJ, Grunze H, Broich K. Do recent efficacy data on the drug treatment of acute bipolar depression support the position that drugs other than antidepressants are the treatment of choice? A conceptual review. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 2006 Feb;256(1):1–16. PMID: 16078087 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16078087]

Moncrieff J. Lithium revisited. A re-examination of the placebo-controlled trials of lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;167(5):569–73; discussion 73-4. PMID: 8564310 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8564310]

Moore DJ, Poquette A, Casaletto KB, et al Individualized Texting for Adherence Building (iTAB): Improving antiretroviral dose timing among HIV-infected persons with co-occurring bipolar disorder. AIDS and Behavior. 2015 Mar;19(3):459–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s10461-014-0971-0. PMID: 2014-55785-001Not bipolar disorder [PMC free article: PMC4359057] [PubMed: 25504449]

Moreno RA, Hanna MM, Tavares SM, et al A double-blind comparison of the effect of the antipsychotics haloperidol and olanzapine on sleep in mania. Brazilian Journal of Medical & Biological Research. 2007 Mar;40(3):357–66. PMID: 17334533 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 17334533]

Morriss RK, Faizal MA, Jones AP, et al Interventions for helping people recognise early signs of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007(1):CD004854. PMID: 17253526 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6544804] [PubMed: 17253526]

Morriss RK, Lobban F, Jones S, et al Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of group psychoeducation versus group support in the maintenance of bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:114. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-11-114. PMID: 21777426 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC3146925] [PubMed: 21777426]

Mueser KT, Pratt SI, Bartels SJ, et al Randomized trial of social rehabilitation and integrated health care for older people with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 2010 Aug;78(4):561–73. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1037/a0019629. PMID: 20658812 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC2931583] [PubMed: 20658812]

Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Retzow A, Henn FA, et al Valproate as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication for the treatment of acute episodes of mania: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. European Valproate Mania Study Group. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 Apr;20(2):195–203. PMID: 10770458 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10770458]

Mundo E, Cattaneo E, Zanoni S, et al The use of atypical antipsychotics beyond psychoses: Efficacy of quetiapine in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2006;2(2):139–48. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2147/nedt.2006.2.2.139. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2671777] [PubMed: 19412458]

Muralidharan K, Ali M, Silveira LE, et al Efficacy of second generation antipsychotics in treating acute mixed episodes in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 5, 2013;150(2):408–14. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.04.032. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23735211]

Murray G, Leitan ND, Berk M, et al Online mindfulness-based intervention for late-stage bipolar disorder: pilot evidence for feasibility and effectiveness. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Jun 1;178:46–51. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.02.024. PMID: 25795535 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25795535]

Muzina DJ, Calabrese JR. Maintenance therapies in bipolar disorder: focus on randomized controlled trials. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;39(8):652–61. PMID: 16050919 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16050919]

Muzina DJ, Elhaj O, Gajwani P, et al Lamotrigine and antiepileptic drugs as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2005(426):21–8. PMID: 15833097 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15833097]

Muzina DJ, El-Sayegh S, Calabrese JR. Antiepileptic drugs in psychiatry-focus on randomized controlled trial. Epilepsy Research. 2002 Jun;50(1–2):195–202. PMID: 12151129 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12151129]

Muzina DJ, Momah C, Eudicone JM, et al Aripiprazole monotherapy in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar I disorder: an analysis from a long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2008 May;62(5):679–87. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01735.x. PMID: 18373615 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC2324208] [PubMed: 18373615]

Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, et al Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Feb;5(1):40–7. PMID: 12656937 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12656937]

Nahas Z, Teneback C, Chae JH, et al Serial vagus nerve stimulation functional MRI in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Aug;32(8):1649–60. PMID: 17203016 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17203016]

Nakamura K, Iga J, Matsumoto N, et al Risk of bipolar disorder and psychotic features in patients initially hospitalised with severe depression. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 2015 Apr;27(2):113–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2014.42. PMID: 25529988 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 25529988]

Narendran R, Young CM, Valenti AM, et al Olanzapine therapy in treatment-resistant psychotic mood disorders: a long-term follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;62(7):509–16. PMID: 11488360 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 11488360]

Nasrallah HA, Brecher M, Paulsson B. Placebo-level incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) with quetiapine in controlled studies of patients with bipolar mania. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Oct;8(5 Pt 1):467–74. PMID: 17042884 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 17042884]

Nejtek VA, Avila M, Chen LA, et al Do atypical antipsychotics effectively treat co-occurring bipolar disorder and stimulant dependence? A randomized, double-blind trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;69(8):1257–66. PMID: 18681757 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 18681757]

Nemeroff CB. Use of atypical antipsychotics in refractory depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 8:13–21. PMID: 16336032 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16336032]

Nemeroff CB, Evans DL, Gyulai L, et al Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of major depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 2001);158(6):906–12. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.906. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 11384898]

Nery FG, Monkul ES, Hatch JP, et al Celecoxib as an adjunct in the treatment of depressive or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Human Psychopharmacology. 2008 Mar;23(2):87–94. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/hup.912. PMID: 18172906 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18172906]

Newcomer JW, Tsai J, Pikalov A, et al Effect of lurasidone on metabolic parameters in patients with bipolar depression. European Psychiatry. 2015 31 Mar;30:1140. PMID: 71931686 Ineligible study design

Ng F, Dodd S, Berk M. Atypical antipsychotics for bipolar disorder: Overblown or blown over? [References]. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 2007 2007);5(2):53–64. Ineligible study design

Nguyen LN, Guthrie SK. Risperidone treatment of bipolar mania. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2006 Apr;40(4):674–82. PMID: 16569811 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16569811]

Niciu MJ, Xu AJ, Lundin NB, et al Lithium and valproate levels do not correlate with ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2015 01 May;1):130S. PMID: 71846495 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4475570] [PubMed: 26137324]

Niedermier JA, Nasrallah HA. Clinical correlates of response to valproate in geriatric inpatients. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 Dec;10(4):165–8. PMID: 9988057 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9988057]

Nierenberg AA. An analysis of the efficacy of treatments for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008;69 Suppl 5:4–8. PMID: 19265634 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19265634]

Nierenberg AA, Adler LA, Peselow E, et al Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 1994);151(7):1069–72. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 8010365]

Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE, Gardner-Schuster EE, et al Vagus nerve stimulation: 2-year outcomes for bipolar versus unipolar treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2008 Sep 15;64(6):455–60. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.036. PMID: 18571625 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 18571625]

Nivoli AM, Murru A, Vieta E. Lithium: still a cornerstone in the long-term treatment in bipolar disorder? Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(1):27–35. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000314307. PMID: 20453532 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20453532]

No authorship i. 2nd Biennial Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders: Edinburgh, Scotland, 2-4 August 2006. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 2006);8(Suppl 1):1. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16903925]

Nolen WA, Bloemkolk D. Treatment of bipolar depression, a review of the literature and a suggestion for an algorithm. Neuropsychobiology. 2000;42 Suppl 1:11–7. PMID: 11093064 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11093064]

Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Hellemann G, et al Tranylcypromine vs. lamotrigine in the treatment of refractory bipolar depression: a failed but clinically useful study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2007 May;115(5):360–5. PMID: 17430413 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17430413]

Nolen WA, Weisler RH. The association of the effect of lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium plasma levels: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind study comparing switching to lithium or placebo in patients who responded to quetiapine (Trial 144). Bipolar Disorders. 2013 Feb;15(1):100–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12027. PMID: 23228201 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23228201]

Novick D, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Haro JM, et al Translation of randomised controlled trial findings into clinical practice: comparison of olanzapine and valproate in the EMBLEM study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2009 Jul;42(4):145–52. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1128115. PMID: 19585393 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19585393]

Novick D, Reed C, Haro JM, et al Comparison of olanzapine and risperidone in the EMBLEM Study: translation of randomized controlled trial findings into clinical practice. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2010 Sep;25(5):257–63. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0b013e32833b8fe4. PMID: 20531011 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 20531011]

Obrocea GV, Dunn RM, Frye MA, et al Clinical predictors of response to lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 2002 2002);51(3):253–60. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0006-3223%2801%2901206-9. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11839368]

O’Donnell M, Parker G, Proberts M, et al A study of client-focused case management and consumer advocacy: The Community and Consumer Service Project. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 1999);33(5):684–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00629.x. Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10544992]

Oertel-Knochel V, Reuter J, Reinke B, et al Association between age of disease-onset, cognitive performance and cortical thickness in bipolar disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:627–35. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.10.060. PMID: 25577157 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 25577157]

O’Garro-Moore JK, Adams AM, Abramson LY, et al Anxiety comorbidity in bipolar spectrum disorders: the mediational role of perfectionism in prospective depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:180–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.11.024. PMID: 25499686 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC4986825] [PubMed: 25499686]

Ohtani T, Nishimura Y, Takahashi K, et al Association between longitudinal changes in prefrontal hemodynamic responses and social adaptation in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 May 1;176:78–86. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2015.01.042. PMID: 25702603 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 25702603]

O’Malley AJ, Zelevinsky K, He Y, et al Do Patients at Sites With High RCT Enrollment Propensity Have Better Outcomes? Medical Care. 2015 Nov;53(11):989–95. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/MLR.0000000000000429. PMID: 26465127 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4672722] [PubMed: 26465127]

Ongur D, Lewandowski KE. Brain activation changes in psychotic disorders in response to targeted cognitive training. Biological Psychiatry. 2015 01 May;1):10S. PMID: 71846196 Ineligible study design

Oostervink F, Nolen WA, Kok RM, et al Two years’ outcome of acute mania in bipolar disorder: different effects of age and age of onset. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;30(2):201–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4128. PMID: 24798245 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 24798245]

Oquendo MA, Galfalvy HC, Currier D, et al Treatment of suicide attempters with bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial comparing lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior. [Erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;169(2):223]. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;168(10):1050–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010163. PMID: 21768611 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC3767999] [PubMed: 21768611]

Oral TE. Treatment of acute mania. Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2005 Aug;26 Suppl 1:9–25. PMID: 16361986 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16361986]

Ostacher M, Ng-Mak D, Patel P, et al Lurasidone compared to other atypical antipsychotic monotherapies for bipolar depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2017 06 Mar:1–11. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1080/15622975.2017.1285050. PMID: 614711266 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 28264635]

Ostacher MJ, Nierenberg AA, Rabideau D, et al A clinical measure of suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, and associated symptoms in bipolar disorder: Psychometric properties of the Concise Health Risk Tracking Self-Report (CHRT-SR). Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2015 Dec;71:126–33. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.004. PMID: 26476489 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6778403] [PubMed: 26476489]

Ostinelli EG, Cavallotti S, Castelnovo A, et al Asenapine in the Treatment of Acute Mania: A Real-World Observational Study With 6 Months Follow-Up. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 Oct;35(5):553–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000374. PMID: 26252438 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 26252438]

Ouyang WC, Hsu MC, Yeh IN, et al Efficacy and safety of combination of risperidone and haloperidol with divalproate in patients with acute mania. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2012 Sep;16(3):178–88. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/13651501.2011.644564. PMID: 22404731 Over 20% schizoaffective [PubMed: 22404731]

Owen RT. Extended-release carbamazepine for acute bipolar mania: a review. Drugs of Today. 2006 May;42(5):283–9. PMID: 16801991 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16801991]

Owen RT. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for bipolar depression and other mood disorders: a review. Drugs of Today. 2006 Mar;42(3):185–92. PMID: 16628260 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16628260]

Pacchiarotti I, Valenti M, Colom F, et al Differential outcome of bipolar patients receiving antidepressant monotherapy versus combination with an antimanic drug. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Mar;129(1–3):321–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.07.036. PMID: 20817267 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20817267]

Pae CU, Kim TS, Kim JJ, et al Long-term treatment of adjunctive quetiapine for bipolar mania. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;29(5):763–6. PMID: 15951090 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15951090]

Pae CU, Nassir Ghaemi S, Kim TS, et al Rapid titration versus conventional titration of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar mania: a preliminary trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2005 Nov;20(6):327–30. PMID: 16192842 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16192842]

Pae CU, Patkar AA, Gilmer W, et al Predictors of response to ziprasidone: Results from a 6-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for acute depressive mixed state. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012 2012);45(4):152–5. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1297984. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22294238]

Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Janney CA, et al Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: a placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy. Gabapentin Bipolar Disorder Study Group. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Sep;2(3 Pt 2):249–55. PMID: 11249802 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11249802]

Pappadopulos E, Newcomer JW, Kolluri S. Changes in weight, plasma lipids, and glucose in adults treated with ziprasidone: a comprehensive analysis of pfizer-initiated clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;73(6):e742–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10r06802. PMID: 22795213 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 22795213]

Parikh SV, Hawke LD, Zaretsky A, et al Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder and coping style modification: similar clinical outcomes, similar mechanisms? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2013 Aug;58(8):482–6. PMID: 23972110 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23972110]

Parikh SV, LeBlanc SR, Ovanessian MM. Advancing bipolar disorder: key lessons from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2010 Mar;55(3):136–43. PMID: 20370963 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20370963]

Park LT, Lener MS, Hopkins M, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study of riluzole monotherapy for acute bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017;37(3):355–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000693. PMID: 615006763 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC5392145] [PubMed: 28338546]

Patel R, Reiss P, Shetty H, et al Do antidepressants increase the risk of mania and bipolar disorder in people with depression? A retrospective electronic case register cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 14;5(12):e008341. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1136/bmjopen-2015-008341. PMID: 26667012 Not treating bipolar [PMC free article: PMC4679886] [PubMed: 26667012]

Patino LR, Rummelhoff ER, Blom T, et al A double-blind placebo-controlled study of exenatide for the treatment of weight gain associated with olanzapine in overweight or obese adults with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2015 01 May;1):132S. PMID: 71846499 Ineligible study design

Patkar AA, Pae CU, Vohringer PA, et al A 13-week, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of ziprasidone in bipolar spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 13 Jun;35(3):319–23. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000323. PMID: 25882763 (pubmed) 2015037995 (embase) Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 25882763]

Pazzaglia PJ, George MS, Post RM, et al Nimodipine increases CSF somatostatin in affectively ill patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995 Aug;13(1):75–83. PMID: 8526973 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 8526973]

Pazzaglia PJ, Post RM, Ketter TA, et al Nimodipine monotherapy and carbamazepine augmentation in patients with refractory recurrent affective illness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 Oct;18(5):404–13. PMID: 9790159 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 9790159]

Perlis RH, Adams DH, Fijal B, et al Genetic association of treatment response with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination or lamotrigine in bipolar I depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 2010);71(5):599–605. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.08m04632gre. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20021991]

Perlis RH, Sachs GS, Lafer B, et al Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: a reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;159(7):1155–9. PMID: 12091193 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12091193]

Perlis RH, Welge JA, Vornik LA, et al Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mania: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;67(4):509–16. PMID: 16669715 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16669715]

Peters S, Pontin E, Lobban F, et al Involving relatives in relapse prevention for bipolar disorder: a multi-perspective qualitative study of value and barriers. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:172. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-11-172. PMID: 22044486 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3247067] [PubMed: 22044486]

Petrakis I, Ralevski E, Nich C, et al Naltrexone and disulfiram in patients with alcohol dependence and current depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Apr;27(2):160–5. PMID: 17414239 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 17414239]

Petrakis IL, Nich C, Ralevski E. Psychotic spectrum disorders and alcohol abuse: a review of pharmacotherapeutic strategies and a report on the effectiveness of naltrexone and disulfiram. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006 Oct;32(4):644–54. PMID: 16887890 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC2632271] [PubMed: 16887890]

Petty F, Rush AJ, Davis JM, et al Plasma GABA predicts acute response to divalproex in mania. Biological Psychiatry. 1996 Feb 15;39(4):278–84. PMID: 8645774 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 8645774]

Pfennig A, Bschor T, Falkai P, et al The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder: recommendations from the current s3 guideline. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 2013 Feb;110(6):92–100. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3238/arztebl.2013.0092. PMID: 23451001 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3583180] [PubMed: 23451001]

Pies R. Combining lithium and anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;14(4):223–32. PMID: 12630658 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12630658]

Pikalov A, Tsai J, Mao Y, et al Long-term use of lurasidone in patients with bipolar disorder: safety and effectiveness over 2 years of treatment. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2017 01 Dec;5 (1) (no pagination)(9)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-017-0075-7. PMID: 614687852 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC5332323] [PubMed: 28168632]

Pillay SS, Stoll AL, Weiss MK, et al EEG abnormalities before clozapine therapy predict a good clinical response to clozapine. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 Mar;8(1):1–5. PMID: 8743641 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8743641]

Pini S, Abelli M, Cassano GB. The role of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2006 May;7(7):929–40. PMID: 16634715 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16634715]

Pompili M, Serafini G, Del Casale A, et al Improving adherence in mood disorders: the struggle against relapse, recurrence and suicide risk. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2009 2009);9(7):985–1004. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1586/ern.09.62. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19589049]

Pompili M, Venturini P, Innamorati M, et al The role of asenapine in the treatment of manic or mixed states associated with bipolar I disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2011 6, 2011;7(1):259–65. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3101886] [PubMed: 21654871]

Poole R, Simpson SA, Smith DJ. Internet-based psychoeducation for bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis of feasibility, acceptability and impact. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:139. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-12-139. PMID: 22971042 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3527357] [PubMed: 22971042]

Poolsup N, Li Wan Po A, de Oliveira IR. Systematic overview of lithium treatment in acute mania. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics. 2000 Apr;25(2):139–56. PMID: 10849192 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10849192]

Pope M, Dudley R, Scott J. Determinants of social functioning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 2007);9(1–2):38–44. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00323.x. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17391348]

Popovic D, Reinares M, Amann B, et al Number needed to treat analyses of drugs used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2011 Feb;213(4):657–67. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1007/s00213-010-2056-8. PMID: 21052983 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21052983]

Popovic D, Torrent C, Goikolea JM, et al Clinical implications of predominant polarity and the polarity index in bipolar disorder: a naturalistic study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2014 May;129(5):366–74. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/acps.12179. PMID: 23865756 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23865756]

Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al Rate of switch in bipolar patients prospectively treated with second-generation antidepressants as augmentation to mood stabilizers. Bipolar Disorders. 2001 Oct;3(5):259–65. PMID: 11912569 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11912569]

Post RM, Altshuler LL, Leverich GS, et al Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine, bupropion and sertraline. [Erratum appears in Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;189:569]. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;189:124–31. PMID: 16880481 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16880481]

Post RM, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, et al Drug-induced switching in bipolar disorder: Epidemiology and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs. 1997 1997);8(5):352–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/00023210-199708050-00002. Ineligible study design

Post RM, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, et al Emerging trends in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a selected review. Bipolar Disorders. 2000 Dec;2(4):305–15. PMID: 11252642 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11252642]

Post RM, Ketter TA, Denicoff K, et al The place of anticonvulsant therapy in bipolar illness. Psychopharmacology. 1996 Nov;128(2):115–29. PMID: 8956373 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8956373]

Post RM, Ketter TA, Pazzaglia PJ, et al Rational polypharmacy in the bipolar affective disorders. Epilepsy Research - Supplement. 1996;11:153–80. PMID: 9294735 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9294735]

Post RM, Leverich GS, Nolen WA, et al A re-evaluation of the role of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression: data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Dec;5(6):396–406. PMID: 14636363 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14636363]

Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, et al Metformin for olanzapine-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2011 Mar;71(3):377–82. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03783.x. PMID: 21284696 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3045546] [PubMed: 21284696]

Praharaj SK, Ram D, Arora M. Efficacy of high frequency (rapid) suprathreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right prefrontal cortex in bipolar mania: a randomized sham controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009 Oct;117(3):146–50. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.12.020. PMID: 19178948 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19178948]

Pratoomsri W, Yatham LN, Bond DJ, et al Oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2006 Jul;51(8):540–5. PMID: 16933591 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16933591]

Proudfoot J, Parker G, Manicavasagar V, et al Effects of adjunctive peer support on perceptions of illness control and understanding in an online psychoeducation program for bipolar disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012 Dec 15;142(1–3):98–105. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.04.007. PMID: 22858215 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22858215]

Proudfoot JG, Jayawant A, Whitton AE, et al Mechanisms underpinning effective peer support: a qualitative analysis of interactions between expert peers and patients newly-diagnosed with bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:196. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-12-196. PMID: 23140497 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3549948] [PubMed: 23140497]

Rabheru K. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (M-ECT) after acute response: examining the evidence for who, what, when, and how? Journal of ECT. 2012 Mar;28(1):39–47. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e3182455758. PMID: 22330700 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22330700]

Rajagopalan K, Bacci ED, Ng-Mak D, et al Effects on health-related quality of life in patients treated with lurasidone for bipolar depression: Results from two placebo controlled bipolar depression trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 23 May;16 (1) (no pagination)(157)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12888-016-0865-y. PMID: 610427781 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4877991] [PubMed: 27215976]

Rakofsky JJ, Dunlop BW. Treating nonspecific anxiety and anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar disorder: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;72(1):81–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.09r05815gre. PMID: 21208580 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21208580]

Rapinesi C, Bersani FS, Kotzalidis GD, et al Maintenance deep transcranial magnetic stimulation sessions are associated with reduced depressive relapses in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression. Frontiers in Neurology. 2015;6(FEB)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3389/fneur.2015.00016. PMID: 2015896165 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC4321576] [PubMed: 25709596]

Rasgon N. The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and antiepileptic drugs: a review of the evidence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2004 Jun;24(3):322–34. PMID: 15118487 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15118487]

Rasgon NL, Altshuler LL, Gudeman D, et al Medication status and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 Mar;61(3):173–8. PMID: 10817101 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10817101]

Redden L, Pritchett Y, Robieson W, et al Suicidality and divalproex sodium: Analysis of controlled studies in multiple indications. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2011 18, 2011;10:1. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-10-1. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3032763] [PubMed: 21244672]

Reinares M, Colom F, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al Impact of caregiver group psychoeducation on the course and outcome of bipolar patients in remission: a randomized controlled trial. [Erratum appears in Bipolar Disord. 2008 Jul;10(5):657]. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Jun;10(4):511–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00588.x. PMID: 18452447 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18452447]

Reinares M, Rosa AR, Franco C, et al A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Mar;16(2):485–96. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145712000491. PMID: 22575611 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22575611]

Reinares M, Vieta E, Colom F, et al Impact of a psychoeducational family intervention on caregivers of stabilized bipolar patients. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2004 Sep–Oct;73(5):312–9. PMID: 15292629 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 15292629]

Rendell JM, Geddes JR. Risperidone in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(4):CD004999. PMID: 17054229 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17054229]

Rendell JM, Gijsman HJ, Bauer MS, et al Risperidone alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(1):CD004043. PMID: 16437472 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6984671] [PubMed: 16437472]

Rendell JM, Gijsman HJ, Keck P, et al Olanzapine alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003(3):CD004040. PMID: 12918000 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6984669] [PubMed: 12918000]

Riemann D, Konig A, Hohagen F, et al How to preserve the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation: A comparison of sleep phase advance and sleep phase delay. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience. 1999;249(5):231–7. PMID: 10591988 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10591988]

Rifkin A, Doddi S, Karajgi B, et al Dosage of haloperidol for mania. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;165(1):113–6. PMID: 7953013 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 7953013]

Rihmer Z, Gonda X. The effect of pharmacotherapy on suicide rates in bipolar patients. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2012 Mar;18(3):238–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00261.x. PMID: 22070662 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6493529] [PubMed: 22070662]

Rosa AR, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, et al Is anticonvulsant treatment of mania a class effect? Data from randomized clinical trials. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 2011 Jun;17(3):167–77. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00089.x. PMID: 20015083 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6493801] [PubMed: 20015083]

Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, Berk M, et al Anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disorders. 2016 01 Mar;18(2):89–101. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12373. PMID: 609161232 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26990051]

Rouillon F, Gorwood P. The use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 5:32–9; discussion 40-1. PMID: 9635546 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9635546]

Royal A, New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Bipolar D. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 May;38(5):280–305. PMID: 15144505 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15144505]

Ruchlewska A, Mulder CL, Smulders R, et al The effects of crisis plans for patients with psychotic and bipolar disorders: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:41. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-41. PMID: 19589145 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2716324] [PubMed: 19589145]

Rusner M, Berg M, Begley C. Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and childbirth: A systematic review of outcomes. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016 28 Oct;16 (1) (no pagination)(331)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s12884-016-1127-1. PMID: 612941750 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC5084442] [PubMed: 27793111]

Sacchetti E, Galluzzo A, Valsecchi P. Oral ziprasidone in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorders: a critical review. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 2011 Mar;4(2):163–79. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1586/ecp.10.139. PMID: 22115400 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22115400]

Sachs G, Bowden C, Calabrese JR, et al Effects of lamotrigine and lithium on body weight during maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Apr;8(2):175–81. PMID: 16542188 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16542188]

Sachs G, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al Quetiapine with lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disorders. 2004 Jun;6(3):213–23. PMID: 15117400 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 15117400]

Sachs GS, Gardner-Schuster EE. Adjunctive treatment of acute mania: a clinical overview. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 2007(434):27–34. PMID: 17688460 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17688460]

Sachs GS, Gaulin BD, Gutierrez-Esteinou R, et al Antimanic response to aripiprazole in bipolar I disorder patients is independent of the agitation level at baseline. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;68(9):1377–83. PMID: 17915976 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 17915976]

Sachs GS, Grossman F, Ghaemi SN, et al Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;159(7):1146–54. PMID: 12091192 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12091192]

Sachs GS, Lafer B, Stoll AL, et al A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 Sep;55(9):391–3. PMID: 7929019 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 7929019]

Sachs GS, Thase ME. Bipolar disorder therapeutics: maintenance treatment. Biological Psychiatry. 2000 Sep 15;48(6):573–81. PMID: 11018228 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11018228]

Sajatovic M, Calabrese JR, Mullen J. Quetiapine for the treatment of bipolar mania in older adults. Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Sep;10(6):662–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00614.x. PMID: 18837860 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18837860]

Sajatovic M, Davies M, Bauer MS, et al Attitudes regarding the collaborative practice model and treatment adherence among individuals with bipolar disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2005 Jul–Aug;46(4):272–7. PMID: 16175758 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16175758]

Sajatovic M, Dines P, Fuentes-Casiano E, et al Asenapine in the treatment of older adults with bipolar disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015 01 Jul;30(7):710–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4213. PMID: 2015118224 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4830381] [PubMed: 25335125]

Sajatovic M, Elhaj O, Youngstrom EA, et al Treatment adherence in individuals with rapid cycling bipolar disorder: Results from a clinical-trial setting. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 2007);27(4):412–4. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/01.jcp.0000280310.50871.ff. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17632236]

Sajatovic M, Gildengers A, Al Jurdi RK, et al Multisite, open-label, prospective trial of lamotrigine for geriatric bipolar depression: A preliminary report. Bipolar Disorders. 2011 2011);13(3):294–302. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00923.x. PMID: 21676132 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3610426] [PubMed: 21676132]

Sajatovic M, Levin J, Tatsuoka C, et al Customized adherence enhancement for individuals with bipolar disorder receiving antipsychotic therapy. Psychiatric Services. 2012 Feb 1;63(2):176–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ps.201100133. PMID: 22302337 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22302337]

Sajatovic M, Ramsay E, Nanry K, et al Lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder or dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;22(10):945–50. PMID: 17326238 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17326238]

Sakinofsky I. Treating suicidality in depressive illness. Part 2: does treatment cure or cause suicidality? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2007 Jun;52(6 Suppl 1):85S–101S. PMID: 17824355 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17824355]

Saksa JR, Baker CB, Woods SW. Mood-stabilizer-maintained, remitted bipolar patients: taper and discontinuation of adjunctive antipsychotic medication. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2004 May–Jun;26(3):233–6. PMID: 15121352 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15121352]

Salloum IM, Cornelius JR, Daley DC, et al Efficacy of valproate maintenance in patients with bipolar disorder and alcoholism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;62(1):37–45. PMID: 15630071 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 15630071]

Salloum IM, Cornelius JR, Douaihy A, et al Patient characteristics and treatment implications of marijuana abuse among bipolar alcoholics: results from a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Addictive Behaviors. 2005 Oct;30(9):1702–8. PMID: 16098680 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16098680]

Salvi V, Fagiolini A, Swartz HA, et al The use of antidepressants in bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;69(8):1307–18. PMID: 18681751 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18681751]

Sampogna G, Del Vecchio V, Luciano M, et al Efficacy of psychoeducational family intervention in bipolar I disorder: Results from a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. European Psychiatry. 2015 31 Mar;30:554. PMID: 71931264 Ineligible study design

Sanchez-Moreno J, Bonnin C, Gonzalez-Pinto A, et al Do patients with bipolar disorder and subsyndromal symptoms benefit from functional remediation? A 12-month follow-up study. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017 April;27(4):350–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.01.010. PMID: 614182952 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 28126401]

Sanchez-Moreno J, Martinez-Aran A, Gadelrab HF, et al The role and impact of contextual factors on functioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Disability & Rehabilitation. 2010;32 Suppl 1:S94–S104. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/09638288.2010.520810. PMID: 20883145 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20883145]

Sanford M, Keating GM. Quetiapine: a review of its use in the management of bipolar depression. CNS Drugs. 2012 May 1;26(5):435–60. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.2165/11203840-000000000-00000. PMID: 22519923 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22519923]

Sanger TM, Tohen M, Vieta E, et al Olanzapine in the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder with a history of rapid cycling. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 Jan;73(1–2):155–61. PMID: 12507748 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 12507748]

Saroukhani S, Emami-Parsa M, Modabbernia A, et al Aspirin for treatment of lithium-associated sexual dysfunction in men: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disorders. 2013 2013);15(6):650–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12108. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 23924261]

Sarris J, Lake J, Hoenders R. Bipolar disorder and complementary medicine: current evidence, safety issues, and clinical considerations. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 2011 Oct;17(10):881–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0481. PMID: 22010777 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22010777]

Schaffer A, Zuker P, Levitt A. Randomized, double-blind pilot trial comparing lamotrigine versus citalopram for the treatment of bipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2006 Nov;96(1–2):95–9. PMID: 16820213 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 16820213]

Scherk H, Pajonk FG, Leucht S. Second-generation antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):442–55. PMID: 17404121 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17404121]

Schottle D, Huber CG, Bock T, et al Psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: a review of the most recent studies. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;24(6):549–55. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCO.0b013e32834b7c5f. PMID: 21918448 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21918448]

Scogin F, Morthland M, Kaufman A, et al Improving quality of life in diverse rural older adults: a randomized trial of a psychological treatment. Psychology & Aging. 2007 Dec;22(4):657–65. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1037/0882-7974.22.4.657. PMID: 18179286 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 18179286]

Scott J, Colom F. Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2005 Jun;28(2):371–84. PMID: 15826737 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15826737]

Scott J, Colom F, Vieta E. A meta-analysis of relapse rates with adjunctive psychological therapies compared to usual psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Feb;10(1):123–9. PMID: 16787554 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16787554]

Scott J, Etain B. Which psychosocial interventions in bipolar depression? Encephale. 2011 Dec;37 Suppl 3:S214–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0013-7006(11)70056-2. PMID: 22212878 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22212878]

Searson R, Mansell W, Lowens I, et al Think Effectively About Mood Swings (TEAMS): a case series of cognitive-behavioural therapy for bipolar disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;43(2):770–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.001. PMID: 22104659 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22104659]

Selten JP, Lundberg M, Rai D, et al Risks for nonaffective psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder in young people with autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 May;72(5):483–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3059. PMID: 25806797 6 Pediatric [PubMed: 25806797]

Seo HJ, Chiesa A, Lee SJ, et al Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine: results from 12 placebo-controlled clinical trials and clinical implications. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2011 Jan–Feb;34(1):39–47. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/WNF.0b013e3182055c07. PMID: 21242744 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21242744]

Serafini G, Pompili M, Del Casale A, et al Duloxetine versus venlafaxine in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. Clinica Terapeutica. 2010;161(4):321–7. PMID: 20931154 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 20931154]

Serra G, Koukopoulos A, De Chiara L, et al Three-year, naturalistic, mirror-image assessment of adding memantine to the treatment of 30 treatment-resistant patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;76(1):e91–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08956. PMID: 25650685 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25650685]

Serra G, Koukopoulos A, De Chiara L, et al Features preceding diagnosis of bipolar versus major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 1;173:134–42. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.10.050. PMID: 25462407 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25462407]

Severus WE, Grunze H, Kleindienst N, et al Is the prophylactic antidepressant efficacy of lithium in bipolar I disorder dependent on study design and lithium level? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2005 Oct;25(5):457–62. PMID: 16160621 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16160621]

Severus WE, Kleindienst N, Seemuller F, et al What is the optimal serum lithium level in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder-a review? Bipolar Disorders. 2008 Mar;10(2):231–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00475.x. PMID: 18271901 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18271901]

Shafti SS, Shahveisi B. Comparison between lithium and valproate in the treatment of acute mania. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 2008);28(6):718–20. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e31818ce5ba. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19011453]

Shakeri J, Khanegi M, Golshani S, et al Effects of omega-3 supplement in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2016(pagination)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4103/2008-7802.182734. PMID: 610426806 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC4882968] [PubMed: 27280013]

Shan GW, Makmor-Bakry M, Omar MS. Long term use of lithium and factors associated with treatment response among patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatria Danubina. 2016 Jun;28(2):146–53. PMID: 27287789 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 27287789]

Shansis FM, Reche M, Capp E. Evaluating response to mood stabilizers in patients with mixed depression: A study of agreement between three different mania rating scales and a depression rating scale. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 01 Jun;197:1–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2016.02.064. PMID: 608820721 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26950019]

Sharma V, Sharma P. Peripartum-onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in women with bipolar disorder - A case series. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 2015 July 01;6:120–3. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jocrd.2015.07.002. PMID: 2015198049 Ineligible study design

Sharma V, Yatham LN, Haslam DR, et al Continuation and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 1997 Aug;42 Suppl 2:92S–100S. PMID: 9288442 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9288442]

Shashidhara M, Sushma BR, Viswanath B, et al Comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder in patients with bipolar-I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:367–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.12.019. PMID: 25545603 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 25545603]

Shelton RC, Stahl SM. Risperidone and paroxetine given singly and in combination for bipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;65(12):1715–9. PMID: 15641878 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 15641878]

Shen GH, Sylvia LG, Alloy LB, et al Lifestyle regularity and cyclothymic symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2008 Apr;64(4):482–500. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20440. PMID: 18322928 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18322928]

Shi L, Namjoshi MA, Swindle R, et al Effects of olanzapine alone and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination on health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar depression: secondary analyses of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. [Erratum appears in Clin Ther. 2004 Nov;26(11):1934]. Clinical Therapeutics. 2004 Jan;26(1):125–34. PMID: 14996525 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14996525]

Shi L, Schuh LM, Trzepacz PT, et al Improvement of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale cognitive score associated with olanzapine treatment of acute mania. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2004 Sep;20(9):1371–6. PMID: 15383185 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 15383185]

Shine B, McKnight RF, Leaver L, et al Long-term effects of lithium on renal, thyroid, and parathyroid function: a retrospective analysis of laboratory data. Lancet. 2015 Aug 1;386(9992):461–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0140-6736(14)61842-0. PMID: 26003379 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26003379]

Shopsin B, Gershon S, Thompson H, et al Psychoactive drugs in mania. A controlled comparison of lithium carbonate, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Jan;32(1):34–42. PMID: 1089401 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 1089401]

Sidor MM, Macqueen GM. Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;72(2):156–67. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.09r05385gre. PMID: 21034686 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21034686]

Sienaert P, Vansteelandt K, Demyttenaere K, et al Ultra-brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder: differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Jun;11(4):418–24. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00702.x. PMID: 19500095 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 19500095]

Sikdar S, Kulhara P, Avasthi A, et al Combined chlorpromazine and electroconvulsive therapy in mania. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;164(6):806–10. PMID: 7952988 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 7952988]

Silva MT, Zimmermann IR, Galvao TF, et al Olanzapine plus fluoxetine for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Apr 25;146(3):310–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.11.001. PMID: 23218251 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23218251]

Simhandl C, Konig B, Amann BL. A prospective 4-year naturalistic follow-up of treatment and outcome of 300 bipolar I and II patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;75(3):254–62; quiz 63. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08601. PMID: 24717379 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 24717379]

Simhandl C, Radua J, Konig B, et al The prevalence and effect of life events in 222 bipolar I and II patients: a prospective, naturalistic 4 year follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Jan 1;170:166–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.08.043. PMID: 25240845 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 25240845]

Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, et al Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;161(12):2222–9. PMID: 15569893 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 15569893]

Simons W, Dierick M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2005;6(1):6–25. PMID: 16097402 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16097402]

Simpson S, Barnes E, Griffiths E, et al The Bipolar Interactive Psychoeducation (BIPED) study: trial design and protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:50. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-50. PMID: 19674448 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2734537] [PubMed: 19674448]

Singh JB, Zarate CA, Jr. Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder: a review of controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders. 2006 Dec;8(6):696–709. PMID: 17156156 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17156156]

Small JG, Klapper MH, Marhenke JD, et al Lithium combined with carbamazepine or haloperidol in the treatment of mania. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995;31(2):265–72. PMID: 7491378 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 7491378]

Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, et al Effectiveness of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 Jun;9(4):394–412. PMID: 17547586 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17547586]

Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, et al Acute bipolar mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of co-therapy vs. monotherapy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2007 Jan;115(1):12–20. PMID: 17201861 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17201861]

Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, et al Pharmacological interventions for acute bipolar mania: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 Sep;9(6):551–60. PMID: 17845269 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17845269]

Soares-Weiser K, Bravo Vergel Y, Beynon S, et al A systematic review and economic model of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions for preventing relapse in people with bipolar disorder. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2007 Oct;11(39):iii–iv, ix–206. PMID: 17903393 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17903393]

Sokolski KN. Adjunctive aripiprazole in bipolar I depression. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Jan;41(1):35–40. PMID: 17190849 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17190849]

Solmi M, Veronese N, Zaninotto L, et al Lamotrigine compared to placebo and other agents with antidepressant activity in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression: A comprehensive meta-analysis of efficacy and safety outcomes in short-term trials. CNS Spectrums. 2016 01 Oct;21(5):403–18. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1092852916000523. PMID: 612523889 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27686028]

Solomon DA, Keitner GI, Miller IW, et al Course of illness and maintenance treatments for patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;56(1):5–13. PMID: 7836345 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7836345]

Solomon DA, Keitner GI, Ryan CE, et al Lithium plus valproate as maintenance polypharmacy for patients with bipolar I disorder: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 Feb;18(1):38–49. PMID: 9472841 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9472841]

Solomon DA, Ristow WR, Keller MB, et al Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;153(10):1301–7. PMID: 8831438 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 8831438]

Solomon DA, Ryan CE, Keitner GI, et al A pilot study of lithium carbonate plus divalproex sodium for the continuation and maintenance treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;58(3):95–9. PMID: 9108809 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 9108809]

Spaulding T, Westlund R, Thomason C, et al Adjunctive treatment for mood stabilization of patients with bipolar I disorder treated with lamotrigine. Cns Spectrums. 2006 Sep;11(9):711–6; quiz 9. PMID: 16946696 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16946696]

Spina E, Perugi G. Antiepileptic drugs: indications other than epilepsy. Epileptic Disorders. 2004 Jun;6(2):57–75. PMID: 15246950 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15246950]

Srisurapanont M, Yatham LN, Zis AP. Treatment of acute bipolar depression: a review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 1995 Nov;40(9):533–44. PMID: 8574989 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 8574989]

Srivastava S, Ketter TA. Clinical relevance of treatments for acute bipolar disorder: balancing therapeutic and adverse effects. Clinical Therapeutics. 2011 Dec;33(12):B40–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.clinthera.2011.11.020. PMID: 22177379 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22177379]

Stahl S, Lombardo I, Loebel A, et al Efficacy of ziprasidone in dysphoric mania: pooled analysis of two double-blind studies. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010 Apr;122(1–2):39–45. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2009.06.023. PMID: 19616304 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19616304]

Stange JP, Sylvia LG, da Silva Magalhaes PV, et al Extreme attributions predict transition from depression to mania or hypomania in bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2013 2013);47(10):1329–36. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.016. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3743936] [PubMed: 23791456]

Stedman M, Pettinati HM, Brown ES, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with quetiapine as adjunct therapy with lithium or divalproex in bipolar I patients with coexisting alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 2010 Oct;34(10):1822–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01270.x. PMID: 20626727 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 20626727]

Stoner SC, Nelson LA, Lea JW, et al Historical review of carbamazepine for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Pharmacotherapy:The Journal of Human Pharmacology & Drug Therapy. 2007 Jan;27(1):68–88. PMID: 17192163 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17192163]

Stoner SC, Pace HA. Asenapine: a clinical review of a second-generation antipsychotic. Clinical Therapeutics. 2012 May;34(5):1023–40. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.clinthera.2012.03.002. PMID: 22494521 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22494521]

Storosum JG, Wohlfarth T, Gispen-de Wied CC, et al Suicide risk in placebo-controlled trials of treatment for acute manic episode and prevention of manic-depressive episode. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):799–802. PMID: 15800158 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15800158]

Suppes T. Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of bipolar disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 Dec;22(6):599–609. PMID: 12454560 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12454560]

Suppes T, Brown E, Schuh LM, et al Rapid versus non-rapid cycling as a predictor of response to olanzapine and divalproex sodium for bipolar mania and maintenance of remission: post hoc analyses of 47-week data. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2005 Dec;89(1–3):69–77. PMID: 16253344 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 16253344]

Suppes T, Eudicone J, McQuade R, et al Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in subpopulations with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Apr;107(1–3):145–54. PMID: 17904226 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 17904226]

Suppes T, Kelly DI, Hynan LS, et al Comparison of two anticonvulsants in a randomized, single-blind treatment of hypomanic symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 May;41(5):397–402. PMID: 17464731 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 17464731]

Suppes T, Ketter TA, Gwizdowski IS, et al First controlled treatment trial of bipolar II hypomania with mixed symptoms: quetiapine versus placebo. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Aug 15;150(1):37–43. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.02.031. PMID: 23521871 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 23521871]

Suppes T, Marangell LB, Bernstein IH, et al A single blind comparison of lithium and lamotrigine for the treatment of bipolar II depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Dec;111(2–3):334–43. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.02.004. PMID: 18358540 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC2646842] [PubMed: 18358540]

Suppes T, Rush AJ, Dennehy EB, et al Texas Medication Algorithm Project, phase 3 (TMAP-3): clinical results for patients with a history of mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;64(4):370–82. PMID: 12716236 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 12716236]

Suppes T, Rush AJ, Jr., Kraemer HC, et al Treatment algorithm use to optimize management of symptomatic patients with a history of mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 Feb;59(2):89–96; quiz 7-8. PMID: 9501899 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9501899]

Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, et al Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1164–9. PMID: 10450255 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 10450255]

Sussman N, Mullen J, Paulsson B, et al Rates of remission/euthymia with quetiapine in combination with lithium/divalproex for the treatment of acute mania. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007;100 Suppl 1:S55–63. PMID: 17383736 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 17383736]

Swainston Harrison T, Keating GM. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules : in bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(8):709–16. PMID: 16097852 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16097852]

Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al Differential effect of number of previous episodes of affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1264–6. PMID: 10450271 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10450271]

Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al Mania: differential effects of previous depressive and manic episodes on response to treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 Jun;101(6):444–51. PMID: 10868467 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10868467]

Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, et al Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;54(1):37–42. PMID: 9006398 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 9006398]

Swann AC, Petty F, Bowden CL, et al Mania: gender, transmitter function, and response to treatment. Psychiatry Research. 1999 Oct 18;88(1):55–61. PMID: 10641586 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10641586]

Swartz HA, Frank E. Psychotherapy for bipolar depression: a phase-specific treatment strategy? Bipolar Disorders. 2001 Feb;3(1):11–22. PMID: 11256459 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11256459]

Swartz HA, Frank E, Cheng Y. A randomized pilot study of psychotherapy and quetiapine for the acute treatment of bipolar II depression. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 Mar;14(2):211–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00988.x. PMID: 22420597 Less than 11 subjects per arm [PMC free article: PMC3307150] [PubMed: 22420597]

Sylvia LG, Ametrano RM, Nierenberg AA. Exercise treatment for bipolar disorder: potential mechanisms of action mediated through increased neurogenesis and decreased allostatic load. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics. 2010;79(2):87–96. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000270916. PMID: 20051706 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20051706]

Sylvia LG, Peters AT, Deckersbach T, et al Nutrient-based therapies for bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2012 2012);82(1):10–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1159/000341309. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23147067]

Sylvia LG, Rabideau DJ, Nierenberg AA, et al The effect of personalized guideline-concordant treatment on quality of life and functional impairment in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014 1, 2014;169:144–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.08.019. PMID: 25194782 Ineligible intervention [PMC free article: PMC4172551] [PubMed: 25194782]

Sylvia LG, Shelton RC, Kemp DE, et al Medical burden in bipolar disorder: Findings from the Clinical and Health Outcomes Initiative in Comparative Effectiveness for Bipolar Disorder study (Bipolar CHOICE). Bipolar Disorders. 2015 01 Mar;17(2):212–23. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12243. Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 25130321]

Szegedi A, Zhao J, McIntyre RS. Early improvement as a predictor of acute treatment outcome in manic or mixed episodes in bipolar-1 disorder: A pooled, post hoc analysis from the asenapine development program. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 25, 2013;150(3):745–52. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2013.01.024. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23473546]

Szegedi A, Zhao J, van Willigenburg A, et al Effects of asenapine on depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes: a post hoc analysis of two 3-week clinical trials. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:101. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-11-101. PMID: 21689438 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3152513] [PubMed: 21689438]

Szentagotai A, David D. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: a quantitative meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2010 Jan;71(1):66–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4088/JCP.08r04559yel. PMID: 19852904 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19852904]

Szuba MP, Amsterdam JD. Rapid Antidepressant Response After Nocturnal TRH Administration in Patients With Bipolar Type I and Bipolar Type II Major Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2005 2005);25(4):325–30. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/01.jcp.0000169037.17884.79. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 16012274]

Tada M, Uchida H, Mizushima J, et al Antidepressant dose and treatment response in bipolar depression: Reanalysis of the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) data. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2015 01 Sep;68:151–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.015. PMID: 2015230798 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 26228414]

Tamayo JM, Mazzotti G, Tohen M, et al Outcomes for Latin American versus White patients suffering from acute mania in a randomized, double-blind trial comparing olanzapine and haloperidol. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2007 Apr;27(2):126–34. PMID: 17414234 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 17414234]

Tamayo JM, Mejia-Rodriguez D, Navarro-Montoya AM, et al Therapy of No-Type I bipolar spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2013 2013);9(1):41–50. Ineligible study design

Tamayo JM, Sutton VK, Mattei MA, et al Effectiveness and safety of the combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine in outpatients with bipolar depression: an open-label, randomized, flexible-dose study in Puerto Rico. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2009 Aug;29(4):358–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ad223f. PMID: 19593175 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2797124] [PubMed: 19593175]

Tamayo JM, Zarate CA, Jr., Vieta E, et al Level of response and safety of pharmacological monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I disorder phases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jul;13(6):813–32. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145709991246. PMID: 20128953 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3005373] [PubMed: 20128953]

Tarr GP, Glue P, Herbison P. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilizer and second generation antipsychotic monotherapy for acute mania-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Nov;134(1–3):14–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2010.11.009. PMID: 21145595 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21145595]

Thase ME. Quetiapine monotherapy for bipolar depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2008;4(1A):21–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S1162. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2515925] [PubMed: 18728771]

Thase ME, Bowden CL, Nashat M, et al Aripiprazole in bipolar depression: a pooled, post-hoc analysis by severity of core depressive symptoms. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 2012 Jun;16(2):121–31. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/13651501.2011.632680. PMID: 22296512 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22296512]

Thase ME, Jonas A, Khan A, et al Aripiprazole monotherapy in nonpsychotic bipolar I depression: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. [Erratum appears in J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Feb;29(1):38]. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 Feb;28(1):13–20. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/jcp.0b013e3181618eb4. PMID: 18204335 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 18204335]

Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH, et al Efficacy of Quetiapine Monotherapy in Bipolar I and II Depression: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study (The BOLDER II Study). Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2006 2006);26(6):600–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/01.jcp.0000248603.76231.b7. No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 17110817]

Thirthalli J, Prasad MK, Gangadhar BN. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in bipolar disorder: A narrative review of literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2012 2012);5(1):11–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.ajp.2011.12.002. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26878941]

Todd NJ, Solis-Trapala I, Jones SH, et al An online randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of ‘Living with Bipolar’: a web-based self-management intervention for bipolar disorder: trial design and protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2012 Jul;33(4):679–88. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.cct.2012.02.011. PMID: 22387150 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22387150]

Tohen M, Baker RW, Altshuler LL, et al Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 2002);159(6):1011–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.1011. Duplicate reference [PubMed: 12042191]

Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL, et al Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 1999);156(5):702–9. PMID: 10327902 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 10327902]

Tohen M, Sniadecki J, Sutton VK, et al Number needed to treat or harm analyses of olanzapine for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2009 Dec;29(6):520–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e3181bfe128. PMID: 19910715 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19910715]

Tohen M, Sutton VK, Calabrese JR, et al Maintenance of response following stabilization of mixed index episodes with olanzapine monotherapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bipolar 1 disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009 Jul;116(1–2):43–50. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2008.11.003. PMID: 19054570 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19054570]

Tohen M, Zarate CA, Jr. Antipsychotic agents and bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 1:38–48; discussion 9. PMID: 9448668 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 9448668]

Tolliver BK, Desantis SM, Brown DG, et al A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of acamprosate in alcohol-dependent individuals with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Bipolar Disorders. 2012 Feb;14(1):54–63. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00973.x. PMID: 22329472 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22329472]

Tolliver BK, McRae AL, Verduin ML, et al Reversible elevation of triglycerides in dual-diagnosis patients taking aripiprazole: A case series. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2008 2008);28(4):464–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e31817efb99. PMID: 18626281 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18626281]

Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Floris G. Long-term clinical effectiveness of lithium maintenance treatment in types I and II bipolar disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry - Supplementum. 2001 Jun;41:s184–90. PMID: 11450181 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11388960]

Torrent C, Bonnin Cdel M, Martinez-Aran A, et al Efficacy of functional remediation in bipolar disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 1;170(8):852–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070971. PMID: 23511717 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23511717]

Torrey EF, Davis JM. Adjunct treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: what to try when you are out of ideas. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. 2012 Jan;5(4):208–16. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.3371/CSRP.5.4.5. PMID: 22182458 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22182458]

Tsai AC, Rosenlicht NZ, Jureidini JN, et al Aripiprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a critical review of the evidence and its dissemination into the scientific literature. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science. 2011 May;8(5):e1000434. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1371/journal.pmed.1000434. PMID: 21559324 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3086871] [PubMed: 21559324]

Tseng PT, Chen YW, Tu KY, et al Light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar depression: A meta-analytic study. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 01 Jun;26(6):1037–47. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.001. PMID: 609105359 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26993616]

Tundo A, Calabrese JR, Proietti L, et al Variation in response to short-term antidepressant treatment between patients with continuous and non-continuous cycling bipolar disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:126–30. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.11.036. PMID: 25497468 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 25497468]

Ukaegbu C, Banks JB, Carter NJ. What drugs are best for bipolar depression? [References]. The Journal of Family Practice. 2008 2008);57(9):606–8. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18786334]

Ulcickas Yood M, Delorenze G, Quesenberry CP, Jr., et al Epidemiologic study of aripiprazole use and the incidence of suicide events. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety. 2010 Nov;19(11):1124–30. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1002/pds.2047. PMID: 20925132 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 20925132]

Ummar S, Dorai B, Ramanathan S. Distressing cutaneous lesion among bipolar affective disorder patients on lithium therapy: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 October–December;58(4):383–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.4103/0019-5545.196708. PMID: 614018225 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC5270262] [PubMed: 28196994]

Unholzer S, Haen E. Retrospective analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring data for treatment of bipolar disorder with lamotrigine. [Erratum appears in Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015 Nov;48(7):296; PMID: 26630654]. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015 Sep;48(6):211–4. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1559635. PMID: 26252722 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26252722]

Valenti M, Benabarre A, Garcia-Amador M, et al Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of mixed states in bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2008 Jan;23(1):53–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.011. PMID: 18191551 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 18191551]

Valenti M, Pacchiarotti I, Undurraga J, et al Risk factors for rapid cycling in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2015 01 Aug;17(5):549–59. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12288. PMID: 2015769954 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25682854]

van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG, et al Efficacy and safety of two treatment algorithms in bipolar depression consisting of a combination of lithium, lamotrigine or placebo and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2010 Sep;122(3):246–54. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01537.x. PMID: 20136801 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 20136801]

van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG, et al Long-term outcome of bipolar depressed patients receiving lamotrigine as add-on to lithium with the possibility of the addition of paroxetine in nonresponders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a novel design. Bipolar Disorders. 2011 Feb;13(1):111–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00887.x. PMID: 21320258 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 21320258]

van der Loos ML, Mulder PG, Hartong EG, et al Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;70(2):223–31. PMID: 19200421 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19200421]

van der Voort TY, van Meijel B, Goossens PJ, et al Collaborative care for patients with bipolar disorder: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:133. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/1471-244X-11-133. PMID: 21849078 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3170590] [PubMed: 21849078]

Van Dijk S, Jeffrey J, Katz MR. A randomized, controlled, pilot study of dialectical behavior therapy skills in a psychoeducational group for individuals with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 Mar 5;145(3):386–93. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.05.054. PMID: 22858264 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 22858264]

Van Lieshout RJ, MacQueen GM. Efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilisers in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;196(4):266–73. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.108.057612. PMID: 20357301 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20357301]

Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Rao SK, et al Tiagabine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012;12:CD004694. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD004694.pub3. PMID: 23235614 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC7388918] [PubMed: 23235614]

Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Rao SN, et al Tiagabine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011(12):CD005173. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD005173.pub3. PMID: 22161389 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22161389]

Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Vasudev K, et al Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011(12):CD004857. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD004857.pub2. PMID: 22161387 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22161387]

Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Watson S, et al Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008(1):CD005171. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1002/14651858.CD005171.pub2. PMID: 18254071 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC6956443] [PubMed: 18254071]

Vasudev K, Macritchie K, Geddes J, et al Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(1):CD003384. PMID: 16437453 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16437453]

Vazquez GH, Tondo L, Undurraga J, et al Overview of antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Aug;16(7):1673–85. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145713000023. PMID: 23428003 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23428003]

Vedula SS, Bero L, Scherer RW, et al Outcome reporting in industry-sponsored trials of gabapentin for off-label use. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009 Nov 12;361(20):1963–71. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0906126. PMID: 19907043 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19907043]

Veeh J, Kopf J, Kittel-Schneider S, et al Cognitive remediation for bipolar patients with objective cognitive impairment: a naturalistic study. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2017 01 Dec;5 (1) (no pagination)(8)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-017-0079-3. PMID: 615340856 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC5389951] [PubMed: 28168631]

Versiani M, Cheniaux E, Landeira-Fernandez J. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Journal of ECT. 2011 Jun;27(2):153–64. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YCT.0b013e3181e6332e. PMID: 20562714 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20562714]

Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Hennen J, et al Comparison of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar I manic patients during treatment with olanzapine: analysis of pooled data. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;65(10):1420–8. PMID: 15491248 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 15491248]

Vieta E, Durgam S, Lu K, et al Effect of cariprazine across the symptoms of mania in bipolar I disorder: Analyses of pooled data from phase II/III trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Nov;25(11):1882–91. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.020. PMID: 26419293 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 26419293]

Vieta E, Goldberg JF, Mullen J, et al Quetiapine in the treatment of acute mania: target dose for efficacious treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2007;100 Suppl 1:S23–31. PMID: 17382403 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17382403]

Vieta E, Gunther O, Locklear J, et al Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Sep;14(8):1029–49. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1017/S1461145711000885. PMID: 21733231 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21733231]

Vieta E, Locklear J, Gunther O, et al Treatment options for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2010 Oct;30(5):579–90. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f15849. PMID: 20814319 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 20814319]

Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Goikolea JM, et al A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;63(6):508–12. PMID: 12088162 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12088162]

Vieta E, Mullen J, Brecher M, et al Quetiapine monotherapy for mania associated with bipolar disorder: combined analysis of two international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2005 Jun;21(6):923–34. PMID: 15969892 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 15969892]

Vieta E, Ramey T, Keller D, et al Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute mania: a 12-week, placebo-controlled, haloperidol-referenced study. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2010 Apr;24(4):547–58. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1177/0269881108099418. PMID: 19074536 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 19074536]

Vieta E, Suppes T, Ekholm B, et al Long-term efficacy of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex on mixed symptoms in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012 Dec 15;142(1–3):36–44. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.04.014. PMID: 23062763 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 23062763]

Vik A, Ravindran A, Shiah IS, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive calcitonin nasal spray in acute refractory mania. Bipolar Disorders. 2013 2013);15(4):359–64. PMID: 23551803 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 23551803]

Vik A, Yatham LN. Calcitonin and bipolar disorder: a hypothesis revisited. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 1998 Mar;23(2):109–17. PMID: 9549251 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC1188909] [PubMed: 9549251]

Viktorin A, Ryden E, Thase ME, et al The risk of treatment-emergent mania with methylphenidate in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017 01 Apr;174(4):341–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16040467. PMID: 27690517 PMID/615229531 Embase No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC6641557] [PubMed: 27690517]

Visser HM, Van Der Mast RC. Bipolar disorder, antidepressants and induction of hypomania or mania. A systematic review. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2005;6(4):231–41. PMID: 16272078 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16272078]

Vita A, De Peri L, Siracusano A, et al Efficacy and tolerability of asenapine for acute mania in bipolar I disorder: Meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trials. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2013 2013);28(5):219–27. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/YIC.0b013e32836290d2. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 23719049]

Vohringer PA, Ostacher MJ, El-Mallakh RS, et al Antidepressants in Type II Versus Type i Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Discontinuation Trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 12 Oct;35(5):605–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000384. PMID: 2015371706 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC4553065] [PubMed: 26267418]

Walton SA, Berk M, Brook S. Superiority of lithium over verapamil in mania: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;57(11):543–6. PMID: 8968305 Not treating bipolar [PubMed: 8968305]

Wang PW, Ketter TA. Clinical use of carbamazepine for bipolar disorders. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Dec;6(16):2887–902. PMID: 16318439 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16318439]

Wang PW, Ketter TA, Becker OV, et al New anticonvulsant medication uses in bipolar disorder. Cns Spectrums. 2003 Dec;8(12):930–2, 41–7. PMID: 14978468 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 14978468]

Wang Z, Gao K, Kemp DE, et al Lamotrigine adjunctive therapy to lithium and divalproex in depressed patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder and a recent substance use disorder: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2010;43(4):5–21. PMID: 21240149 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC3442254] [PubMed: 21240149]

Warrington L, Lombardo I, Loebel A, et al Ziprasidone for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(10):835–49. PMID: 17850172 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17850172]

Watson S, Gallagher P, Porter RJ, et al A randomized trial to examine the effect of mifepristone on neuropsychological performance and mood in patients with bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 1;72(11):943–9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.029. PMID: 22770649 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 22770649]

Weber B, Jermann F, Gex-Fabry M, et al Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility trial. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2010 Oct;25(6):334–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.03.007. PMID: 20561769 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 20561769]

Weisler RH. Carbamazepine extended-release capsules in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2006 2006);2(1):3–11. Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC2671727] [PubMed: 19412441]

Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Cutler AJ, et al Efficacy and safety of once- versus twice-daily carbamazepine extended-release capsules for the treatment of manic symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry. 2008 2008);5(3):35–48. PMID: 22778707 Over 50% dropout rate [PMC free article: PMC3392099] [PubMed: 22778707]

Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Ketter TA, et al A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;65(4):478–84. PMID: 15119909 Over 50% dropout rate [PubMed: 15119909]

Weisler RH, Keck PE, Jr., Swann AC, et al Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. [Erratum appears in J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 May;66(5):659]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;66(3):323–30. PMID: 15766298 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 15766298]

Welge JA, Keck PE, Jr., Meinhold JM. Predictors of response to treatment of acute bipolar manic episodes with divalproex sodium or placebo in 2 randomized, controlled, parallel-group trials. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2004 Dec;24(6):607–12. PMID: 15538121 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15538121]

Welten CC, Koeter MW, Wohlfarth TD, et al Does Insight Affect the Efficacy of Antipsychotics in Acute Mania?: An Individual Patient Data Regression Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2016 Feb;36(1):71–6. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000435. PMID: 26647231 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 26647231]

Welten CCM, Koeter MWJ, Wohlfarth TD, et al Early nonresponse in the antipsychotic treatment of acute mania: A criterion for reconsidering treatment? Results from an individual patient data Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2016 September;77(9):e1117–e23. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15r10051. PMID: 612499219 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27780320]

Wesseloo R, Liu X, Clark CT, et al Risk of postpartum episodes in women with bipolar disorder after lamotrigine or lithium use during pregnancy: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017 15 Aug;218:394–7. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2017.04.070. PMID: 616031023 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC5530731] [PubMed: 28501739]

Wheeler AL, Wessa M, Szeszko PR, et al Further neuroimaging evidence for the deficit subtype of schizophrenia: a cortical connectomics analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 May;72(5):446–55. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3020. PMID: 25786193 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 25786193]

Whiskey E, Taylor D. Pramipexole in unipolar and bipolar depression. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2004 2004);28(12):438–40. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.12.438. Ineligible study design

Wilcox J. Divalproex sodium in the treatment of aggressive behavior. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;6(1):17–20. PMID: 7951640 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 7951640]

Williams JM, Alatiq Y, Crane C, et al Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in bipolar disorder: preliminary evaluation of immediate effects on between-episode functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008 Apr;107(1–3):275–9. PMID: 17884176 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PMC free article: PMC2881943] [PubMed: 17884176]

Wilson KC, Scott M, Abou-Saleh M, et al Long-term effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy and lithium therapy on depression in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;167(5):653–8. PMID: 8564323 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 8564323]

Wilting I, Heerdink ER, Mersch PP, et al Association between lithium serum level, mood state, and patient-reported adverse drug reactions during long-term lithium treatment: a naturalistic follow-up study. Bipolar Disorders. 2009 Jun;11(4):434–40. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00699.x. PMID: 19500096 Bipolar not analyzed separately [PubMed: 19500096]

Winsberg ME, DeGolia SG, Strong CM, et al Divalproex therapy in medication-naive and mood-stabilizer-naive bipolar II depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 Dec;67(1–3):207–12. PMID: 11869770 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11869770]

Woo YS, Bahk WM, Jon DI, et al Rash in adult patients receiving lamotrigine to treat bipolar I disorder in Korea: a multicenter, prospective, naturalistic, open-label trial. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2009 Oct 1;33(7):1147–52. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.010. PMID: 19540298 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19540298]

Woo YS, Shim IH, Wang HR, et al A diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder predicts diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder: a 5-year retrospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 15;174:83–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.11.034. PMID: 25486276 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25486276]

Worthington MA, El-Mallakh RS. A naturalistic retrospective review of weight gain in bipolar patients treated with second generation antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015 Apr;35(2):192–3. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1097/JCP.0000000000000271. PMID: 2015-13623-015Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25587693]

Wu CS, Hsieh MH, Tang CH, et al Comparative effectiveness of long-acting injectable risperidone vs. long-acting injectable first-generation antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016 Jun;197:189–95. doi: https://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2016.03.043. PMID: 26994437 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 26994437]

Wu CS, Wang SC, Yeh IJ, et al Comparative risk of seizure with use of first- And Second-Generation antipsychotics in patients with Schizophrenia and mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2016 May;77(5):e573–e9. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09898. PMID: 610733712 Ineligible intervention [PubMed: 27249081]

Wu F, Laber EB, Lipkovich IA, et al Who will benefit from antidepressants in the acute treatment of bipolar depression? A reanalysis of the STEP-BD study by Sachs et al. 2007, using Q-learning. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 2015;3(1)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1186/s40345-014-0018-5. PMID: 2015897901 No eligible outcomes reported [PMC free article: PMC4383759] [PubMed: 25844303]

Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Schachat C, et al Rapid and sustained antidepressant response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 1;66(3):298–301. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.018. PMID: 19358978 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 19358978]

Xia G, Gajwani P, Muzina DJ, et al Treatment-emergent mania in unipolar and bipolar depression: focus on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Feb;11(1):119–30. PMID: 17335643 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17335643]

Xu AJ, Niciu MJ, Lundin NB, et al Lithium and valproate levels do not correlate with ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Neural Plasticity. 2015;2015(858251)doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1155/2015/858251. PMID: 2015155220 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC4475570] [PubMed: 26137324]

Yaroslavsky Y, Grisaru N, Chudakov B, et al Is TMS therapeutic in mania as well as in depression? Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology - Supplement. 1999;51:299–303. PMID: 10590963 Not bipolar disorder [PubMed: 10590963]

Yatham LN. Mood stabilization and the role of antipsychotics. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 Aug;17 Suppl 3:S21–7. PMID: 12570068 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12570068]

Yatham LN. A clinical review of aripiprazole in bipolar depression and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011 Jan;128 Suppl 1:S21–8. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/S0165-0327(11)70005-2. PMID: 21220077 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21220077]

Yatham LN, Binder C, Riccardelli R, et al Risperidone in acute and continuation treatment of mania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Jul;18(4):227–35. doi: 10.1097/01.yic.0000074990.54339.e3. PMID: 12817157 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12817157] [CrossRef]

Yatham LN, Calabrese JR, Kusumakar V. Bipolar depression: criteria for treatment selection, definition of refractoriness, and treatment options. Bipolar Disorders. 2003 Apr;5(2):85–97. PMID: 12680897 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12680897]

Yatham LN, Fountoulakis KN, Rahman Z, et al Efficacy of aripiprazole versus placebo as adjuncts to lithium or valproate in relapse prevention of manic or mixed episodes in bipolar I patients stratified by index manic or mixed episode. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013 May;147(1–3):365–72. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2012.11.042. PMID: 23290791 Duplicate reference [PubMed: 23290791]

Yatham LN, Kusumakar V, Calabrese JR, et al Third generation anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review of efficacy and summary of clinical recommendations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 Apr;63(4):275–83. PMID: 12000201 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 12000201]

Yatham LN, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al Agomelatine or placebo as adjunctive therapy to a mood stabiliser in bipolar I depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;208(1):78–86. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1192/bjp.bp.114.147587. PMID: 25999335 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25999335]

Ye BY, Jiang ZY, Li X, et al Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating bipolar disorder: An updated meta-analysis with randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2016 01 Aug;70(8):351–61. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12399. PMID: 611542365 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 27177717]

Yildiz A, Vieta E, Leucht S, et al Efficacy of antimanic treatments: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Jan;36(2):375–89. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.192. PMID: 20980991 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3055677] [PubMed: 20980991]

Yoldi-Negrete M, Flores-Ramos M, Rodriguez-Ramirez AM, et al The use of quetiapine for comorbid bipolar and obsessive compulsive disorders. Current Psychopharmacology. 2015 01 Aug;4(2):103–11. PMID: 608569783 Ineligible study design

Young AH, Cookson J, Elliott B, et al Managing the aftermath of mania - Newcastle, 2 September 2005: Consensus Meeting Statement. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006 Mar;20(2 Suppl):51–4. PMID: 16551673 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16551673]

Young AH, Gallagher P, Watson S, et al Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Aug;29(8):1538–45. PMID: 15127079 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15127079]

Young AH, Geddes JR, Macritchie K, et al Tiagabine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(3):CD005173. PMID: 16856081 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16856081]

Young AH, Geddes JR, Macritchie K, et al Tiagabine in the treatment of acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder: efficacy and acceptability. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006(3):CD004694. PMID: 16856056 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 16856056]

Young AH, McElroy SL, Olausson B, et al A randomised, placebo-controlled 52-week trial of continued quetiapine treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2014 2014);15(2):96–112. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.3109/15622975.2012.665177. PMID: 22404704 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 22404704]

Young LT, Joffe RT, Robb JC, et al Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):124–6. PMID: 10618026 No eligible outcomes reported [PubMed: 10618026]

Young RC, Schulberg HC, Gildengers AG, et al Conceptual and methodological issues in designing a randomized, controlled treatment trial for geriatric bipolar disorder: GERI-BD. Bipolar Disorders. 2010 Feb;12(1):56–67. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00779.x. PMID: 20148867 Ineligible study design [PMC free article: PMC3039416] [PubMed: 20148867]

Zarate CA, Jr. Antipsychotic drug side effect issues in bipolar manic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 8:52–61; discussion 2-3. PMID: 10811244 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 10811244]

Zarate CA, Jr., Payne JL, Singh J, et al Pramipexole for bipolar II depression: a placebo-controlled proof of concept study. Biological Psychiatry. 2004 Jul 1;56(1):54–60. PMID: 15219473 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 15219473]

Zarate CA, Jr., Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. [Erratum appears in Bipolar Disord. 2007 Dec;9(8):932]. Bipolar Disorders. 2007 Sep;9(6):561–70. PMID: 17845270 Fewer than 11 subjects per arm [PubMed: 17845270]

Zarate CA, Jr., Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ. Clozapine in severe mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 Sep;56(9):411–7. PMID: 7665540 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 7665540]

Zaretsky AE, Rizvi S, Parikh SV. How well do psychosocial interventions work in bipolar disorder? [References]. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. 2007 2007);52(1):14–21. Ineligible study design [PubMed: 17444074]

Zerjav-Lacombe S, Tabarsi E. Lamotrigine: a review of clinical studies in bipolar disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2001 May;46(4):328–33. PMID: 11387788 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 11387788]

Zeschel E, Bingmann T, Bechdolf A, et al Temperament and prodromal symptoms prior to first manic/hypomanic episodes: results from a pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015 Mar 1;173:39–44. doi: http://dx​.doi.org/10​.1016/j.jad.2014.10.031. PMID: 25462394 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 25462394]

Zupancic ML. Role of atypical antipsychotics in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011 May;23(2):141–9. PMID: 21547275 Ineligible study design [PubMed: 21547275]