(Reason for exclusion appears in italics following each reference)

1.

Abrams P, Kaplan S, De Koning Gans HJ, et al. Safety and tolerability of tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder in men with bladder outlet obstruction. Journal of Urology. 2006 Mar;175(3 Pt 1):999–1004. discussion. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 16469601]

2.

Ahmed AF, Maarouf A, Shalaby E, et al. The impact of adding low-dose oral desmopressin therapy to tamsulosin therapy for treatment of nocturia owing to benign prostatic hyperplasia. World Journal of Urology. 2015;33(5):649–57. No interventions of interest. [PubMed: 25138579]

3.

Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, et al. Combination treatment with an alpha-blocker plus an anticholinergic for bladder outlet obstruction: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Journal of Urology. 2003 Jun;169(6):2253–6. Not RCT. [PubMed: 12771763]

4.

Auerbach SM, Gittelman M, Mazzu A, et al. Simultaneous administration of vardenafil and tamsulosin does not induce clinically significant hypotension in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2004 November;64(5):998–1003. Duration less than 4 weeks. [PubMed: 15533493]

5.

Bae JH, Kim SO, Yoo ES, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose propiverine in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia with storage symptoms: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded and multicenter clinical trial. Korean Journal of Urology. 2011 April;52(4):274–8. No interventions of interest. [PMC free article: PMC3085621] [PubMed: 21556215]

6.

Bechara A, Romano S, Casabe A, et al. Comparative efficacy assessment of tamsulosin vs. tamsulosin plus tadalafil in the treatment of LUTS/BPH. Pilot study. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2008 Sep;5(9):2170–8. Not RCT. [PubMed: 18638006]

7.

Chen JH, Yu QW, Shen J, et al. Effectiveness of combined therapy with terazosin and tolterodine for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science). 2011;31(6):809–12. Not available in English.

8.

Choi H, Kim JH, Shim JS, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 5-mg once-daily versus 5-mg alternate-day tadalafil in men with erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2015 Jan-Feb;27(1):33–7. Not RCT. [PubMed: 24990200]

9.

De Rose AF, Giglio M, Traverso P, et al. Combined oral therapy with sildenafil and doxazosin for the treament of non-organic erectile dysfunction refractory to sildenafil monotherapy. International Journal of Impotence Research. 2002 Feb;14(1):50–3. WOS:000173991500008. Not BPH. [PubMed: 11896478]

10.

Dimitropoulos K, Gravas S. Solifenacin/tamsulosin fixed-dose combination therapy to treat lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drug design, development & therapy. 2015;9:1707–16. Not RCT. [PMC free article: PMC4372012] [PubMed: 25834406]

11.

Donatucci CF, Brock GB, Goldfischer ER, et al. Tadalafil administered once daily for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 1-year, open-label extension study. BJU International. 2011 Apr;107(7):1110–6. Not RCT. [PubMed: 21244606]

12.

Gacci M, Corona G, Vignozzi L, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and Benign Prostatic Enlargement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BJU international. 2014. Not RCT. [PubMed: 24602293]

13.

Gacci M, Sebastianelli A, Salvi M, et al. Tolterodine in the Treatment of Male LUTS. Current Urology Reports. 2015 Sep;16(9):531. Not RCT. [PubMed: 26149965]

14.

Giuliano F, Oelke M, Jungwirth A, et al. Tadalafil once daily improves ejaculatory function, erectile function, and sexual satisfaction in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction: results from a randomized, placebo- and tamsulosin-controlled, 12-week double-blind study. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2013 Mar;10(3):857–65. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 23346990]

15.

Glina S, Roehrborn CG, Esen A, et al. Sexual function in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and prostatic enlargement secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tadalafil coadministered with finasteride. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2015 Jan;12(1):129–38. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 25353053]

16.

Guven EO, Balbay MD, Mete K, et al. Uroflowmetric assessment of acute effects of sildenafil on the voiding of men with erectile dysfunction and symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. International Urology & Nephrology. 2009;41(2):287–92. Duration less than 4 weeks. [PubMed: 18649004]

17.

Hakimi Z, Johnson M, Nazir J, et al. Drug treatment patterns for the management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia who have both storage and voiding symptoms: a study using the health improvement network UK primary care data. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2015 Jan;31(1):43–50. Not RCT. [PubMed: 25333647]

18.

Jin Z, Zhang ZC, Liu JH, et al. An open, comparative, multicentre clinical study of combined oral therapy with sildenafil and doxazosin GITS for treating Chinese patients with erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011 Jul;13(4):630–5. No interventions of interest. [PMC free article: PMC3739607] [PubMed: 21602833]

19.

Johnson ITM, Markland AD, Goode PS, et al. Efficacy of adding behavioural treatment or antimuscarinic drug therapy to alpha-blocker therapy in men with nocturia. BJU International. 2013 July;112(1):100–8. No interventions of interest. [PubMed: 23448285]

20.

Kaplan SA. Re: Effect of tadalafil once daily on prostate blood flow and perfusion in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Urology. 2015 May;193(5):1592–3. Not RCT. [PubMed: 25895781]

21.

Kraus SR, Dmochowski R, Albo ME, et al. Urodynamic standardization in a large-scale, multicenter clinical trial examining the effects of daily tadalafil in men with lower urinary tract symptoms with or without benign prostatic obstruction. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2010 June;29(5):741–7. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 20151469]

22.

MacDiarmid SA, Anderson RU, Armstrong RB, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended release oxybutynin for the treatment of urge incontinence: an analysis of data from 3 flexible dosing studies. Journal of Urology. 2005;174(4 Pt 1):1301–5. discussion 5. Not BPH. [PubMed: 16145407]

23.

Marks LS, Gittelman MC, Hill LA, et al. Silodosin in the treatment of the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 9-month, open-label extension study. Urology. 2009 Dec;74(6):1318–22. Not RCT. [PubMed: 19815265]

24.

Masumori N. Editorial Comment from Dr Masumori to Treatment satisfaction and clinically meaningful symptom improvement in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and prostatic enlargement secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: Secondary results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind study comparing finasteride plus tadalafil with finasteride plus placebo. International Journal of Urology. 2015 Jun;22(6):589. Not RCT. [PubMed: 25827235]

25.

Mathias SD, Crosby RD, Nazir J, et al. Validation of the Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Value in Health. 2014 Dec;17(8):823–9. Not RCT. [PubMed: 25498777]

26.

Ng CF, Wong A, Cheng CW, et al. Effect of vardenafil on blood pressure profile of patients with erectile dysfunction concomitantly treated with doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Urology. 2008 Sep;180(3):1042–6. Duration less than 4 weeks. [PubMed: 18639296]

27.

Nieminen T, Tammela TL, Koobi T, et al. The effects of tamsulosin and sildenafil in separate and combined regimens on detailed hemodynamics in patients with benign prostatic enlargement. Journal of Urology. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 1):2551–6. Duration less than 4 weeks. [PubMed: 17085157]

28.

Nishizawa O, Yamaguchi O, Takeda M, et al. Randomized controlled trial to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia with overactive bladder using an alpha-blocker combined with anticholinergics. LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. 2011 April;3(1):29–35. No interventions of interest. [PubMed: 26676349]

29.

Oh-Oka H. Editorial Comment from Dr Oh-oka to Treatment satisfaction and clinically meaningful symptom improvement in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and prostatic enlargement secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: Secondary results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind study comparing finasteride plus tadalafil with finasteride plus placebo. International Journal of Urology. 2015 Jun;22(6):588. Not RCT. [PubMed: 25827197]

30.

Perumal C, Chowdhury PS, Ananthakrishnan N, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of naftopidil and tamsulosin hydrochloride in medical treatment of benign prostatic enlargement. Urology annals. 2015;7(1):74–8. Not RCT. [PMC free article: PMC4310123] [PubMed: 25657550]

31.

Porst H, McVary KT, Montorsi F, et al. Effects of once-daily tadalafil on erectile function in men with erectile dysfunction and signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. European Urology. 2009 Oct;56(4):727–35. [Erratum appears in Eur Urol. 2011 Jun;59(6):1082] No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 19409693]

32.

Roehrborn CG, Kaminetsky JC, Auerbach SM, et al. Changes in peak urinary flow and voiding efficiency in men with signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia during once daily tadalafil treatment. BJU International. 2010 Feb;105(4):502–7. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 19732051]

33.

Rovner ES, Kreder K, Sussman DO, et al. Effect of tolterodine extended release with or without tamsulosin on measures of urgency and patient reported outcomes in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Journal of Urology. 2008 Sep;180(3):1034–41. No outcomes of interest. [PubMed: 18639297]

34.

Te AE. Should vardenafil be used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with BPH? Nature Clinical Practice Urology. 2008;5(10):536–7. Not RCT. [PubMed: 18711410]

35.

Oral desmopressin effective for nocturnal polyuria in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of the National Medical Association. 2011 May;103(5):461. No interventions of interest.

36.

Wang CJ, Lin YN, Huang SW, et al. Low dose oral desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. Journal of Urology. 2011 Jan;185(1):219–23. No interventions of interest. [PubMed: 21074790]

37.

Yalcinkaya FR, Davarci M, Akcin S, et al. Urodynamic evaluation of acute effects of sildenafil on voiding among males with erectile dysfunction and symptomatic benign prostate. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012 December;42(6):951–6. Duration less than 4 weeks.

38.

Yang Y, Zhao XF, Li HZ, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined therapy with terazosin and tolteradine for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective study. Chinese Medical Journal. 2007 Mar 5;120(5):370–4. Not RCT. [PubMed: 17376305]

39.

Yuan JQ, Mao C, Wong SY, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Monodrug Therapies for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Network Meta-analysis. Medicine. 2015 Jul;94(27):e974. Not RCT. [PMC free article: PMC4504542] [PubMed: 26166130]