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Subramaniam RM, Wilson RF, Turban S, et al. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Measures [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Jan. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 156.)

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Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Comparative Effectiveness of Preventive Measures [Internet].

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Appendix DList of Excluded Studies

Exclusion: Abstract Only

  1. Gandhi MR, Brown P, Romanowski CA, Morcos SK, Campbell S, el Nahas AM, Gray TA. The use of theophylline, an adenosine antagonist in the prevention of contrast media induced nephrotoxicity. Br J Radiol. 1992;65:838. [PubMed: 1393430]
  2. Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Dunnick NR, Dillman JR, Ellis JH. Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: Risk of intravenous low osmolality iodinated contrast material stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate. Abdominal Imaging. 2013;38:628.
  3. Sugioka J, Inagaki M, Fukuzawa S, Ikeda A, Okino S, Maekawa J, Maekawa S, Ichikawa S, Kuroiwa N, Okamoto S. Risk prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology (Switzerland). 2013;125:164.
  4. Fujimoto M, Waseda K, Takashima H, Maeda K, Asai K, Kuroda Y, Kosaka T, Kurita A, Kuhara Y, Ando H, Sakurai S, Kato D, Suzuki A, Nakano Y, Niwa T, Mukai K, Sato S, Mizuno T, Amano T. Effect of oral hydration on renal function after coronary catheterization. American Journal of Cardiology. 2013;111:89B.
  5. Habib M, Hillis A, Hamad A. The role of ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine or combination in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients with ischemic heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;163:S64.
  6. Habib M, Hillis A, Hamad A. Low dose of N-acetylcysteine plus ascorbic acid versus hydration with (saline 0.9%) for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;163:S81.
  7. Hamdi S, Selmi W, Hraiech A, Jomaa W, Hamda KB, Maatouk F. Prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronarography with ascorbic acid. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2013;6:S22.
  8. Samide J, Saad N, Abraham T, Balmir E. A retrospective evaluation on the usage of iodinated contrast media in an Urban hospital setting. Critical Care Medicine. 2012;40:265.
  9. Kooiman J, Sijpkens YW, Brulez HC, De Vries JPP, Hamming JF, Van DerMolen AJ, Aarts NJ, Cannegieter SC, Rabelink TJ, Huisman MV. Randomized study of short prehydration with sodium bicarbonate versus standard pre- and posthydration with sodium chloride to prevent contrast induced acute kidney injury: The Salina trial. Circulation. 2012;126 #pages#.
  10. Fayed AM. Human albumin versus isotonic sodium bicarbonate in prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2012;38:S243–S244.
  11. Qun X, Shijuan L. Protection of n-acetylcysteine for patients with contrast induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention treatment. Heart. 2012;98:E214.
  12. Li R, Chen H. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with ascorbic acid. Heart. 2012;98:E211. [PubMed: 22449658]
  13. Juch J, Le Noble J, Foudraine N. Incidence and prevention of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in the ICU: Preventive administration of Na+ bicarbonate is not effective. Single dose amino-glycoside is a major risk factor. Intensive Care Medicine. 2012;38:S46.
  14. Deray G, Marti-Bonmati L, Rouviere O, Bacigalupo L, Maes B, Hannedouche T, Vrtovsnik F, Rigothier C, Billiouw J, Campioni P. Renal safety evaluation after Gd-DOTA-enhanced-MRI compared with non-enhanced-MRI in patients at high risk of developing contrast medium induced nephropathy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 2012;56:90.
  15. Erturk M, Akbay E, Kurtulus G, Isiksacan N, Gul M, Akturk IF, Surgit O, Uzun F, Yildirim A, Uslu N. Effect of iv or oral N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency. European Heart Journal. 2012;33:77.
  16. Singh AK, Kari JA. 24-hour isotonic sodium choloride was better than 7-hour sodium bicarbonate for preventing CIN. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2012;157:JC1–9. [PubMed: 22801700]
  17. Brulotte V, Leblond FA, Elkouri S, Therasse E, Pichette V, Beaulieu P. Impact of sodium bicarbonate administration and N-acetylcysteine on the prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2012;29:66.
  18. Gu G, Lu R, Cui W, Liu F, Zhang Y, Yang X. Low-dose furosemide administered with adequate hydration prevents contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Circulation. 2012;125:e868. [PubMed: 23652778]
  19. Chatani K, Abdel-Wahab M, Toelg R, Geist V, Marwan M, Mostafa AE, Richardt G. Impact of iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast agents on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in unselected patients undergoing TAVI. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:N160.
  20. Lacquaniti A, Donato V, Rosaria Fazio M, Lucisano S, Cernaro V, Lupica R, Buemi M. Contrast media, nephrotoxicity and neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin: Between doubts and certainties. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2012;27:ii354–ii355.
  21. Traub S, Mitchell A, Jones AE, Tang A, O'Connor J, Kellum J, Shapiro N. A randomized trial of N-acetyl cysteine and saline versus normal saline alone to prevent contrast nephropathy in emergency department patients undergoing contrast enhanced computed tomography. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2012;19:S22.
  22. Chua BC, Aprjanto AS, Hamada N, Sultan S. Contrast Induced Nephropathy and Chronic Kidney Disease (CIN/CKD) as a consequence of utilising non ionic Iso-Osmolar Contrast Media (IOCM) versus Low- Osmolar Contrast Media (LOCM) following lower extremity endovascular revascularisation (EvR): A 5 years parallel group observational study. Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2012;181:S16–S17.
  23. Ebisawa S, Saigusa T, Odagiri K, Aso S, Aizawa K, Koshikawa M, Kasai H, Izawa A, Tomita T, Miyashita Y, Kumazaki S, Yaguchi T, Hioki H, Koyama J, Ikeda U, Kurita T, Kimura M, Suzuki T. Impact of minimum contrast media on percutaneous coronary intervention for preventing contrast induced nephropathy in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2011;124 #pages#.
  24. Mayaud N, Isaaz K, Mariat C, Cerisier A, Lamaud M, Richard L, Da A. Contrast induced nephropathy in patients with normal renal function undergoing complex PCI with high dose of contrast media: Predictive value of Cystatin C. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58:B138.
  25. Elshawadfy M, Oraby MA, Ismail HM, Maklady FA. Effectiveness of theophylline in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in risky Egyptian patients undergoing elective coronary angiography or percutaneous intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58:B136.
  26. Menozzi M, Magnavacchi P, Puggioni E, Valgimigli M, Vignali L, Guiducci V, Pignatelli G, Giacometti P, Manari A. Contrast induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. a randomized trial on hydration with saline or bicarbonate. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58:B137–B138.
  27. Momeni A, Ebrahimi A, Khaledi A. Comparison of three methods of contrast nephropathy prophylaxis in azotemic patients. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2011;5:10.
  28. Bajaj S, Sharma M, Parikh R, Patel S, Gupta N, Chandran C, Hamdan A, Shamoon F, Bikkina M. Contrast induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography. Chest. 2011;140 #pages#.
  29. Li W, Li D, Xu T, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Han F. Prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury with ascorbic acid and prostaglandin e1 in high risk factors patients undergoing PCI. Heart. 2011;97:A151.
  30. Miao Y, Yu-Jie Z. Efficacy of short-term high-dose atorvastatin for prevention of contrastinduced nephropathy in patients with st segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart. 2011;97:A229.
  31. Hou X, Wang YJ, Yin QX, Miao JL, Jiang H. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy comparison of two hydration regimens in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart. 2011;97:A230.
  32. Bertelli L, Sgura FA, Manicardi M, Campioli A, Spadafora G, Leuzzi C, Rossi R, BiondiZoccai G, Sangiorgi GM, Modena MG. Mid-term outcomes of iodixanol versus iomeprol contrast medium after primary angioplasty for st elevation myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 2011;32:881.
  33. Brueck M, Cengiz H, Boening A. Comparison of N-acetylcysteine or ascorbic acid versus placebo to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. European Heart Journal. 2011;32:261–262.
  34. Mockel M, Dumichen MJ, Friedrich K, Kuhnle Y, Vollert JO, Searle J, Combe V, Schwenke C, Schroder M. Invasive renal hemodynamics after left ventricular and coronary angiography with randomised use of different contrast media. EuroIntervention. 2011;7:M15.
  35. Li X, Wang Y, Fu N, Zhao R, Xiao J, Li Z, Cong H. Atorvastatin combining probucol can reduce the renal impairment induced with contrast-medium. EuroIntervention. 2011;7:M17.
  36. Chen Y, Hu S, Liu Y, Wang L, Fu G, He Q. A randomised, double-blinded comparison of lopromide and lodixanol in renally impaired patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation (DIRECT study). EuroIntervention. 2011;7:M11. [PubMed: 23045301]
  37. Min J, Ryan A, Spalding J. Renal morbidity, mortality, and costs in individuals undergoing invasive cardiac catheterization procedures with low-osmolar contrast media: A large retrospective database analysis. Value in Health. 2010;13:A351.
  38. Han Y, Wang S, Wang X, Li F, Zhao X, Jing Q. Contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary intervention in elderly, renally impaired patients: A randomised comparison of the renal safety of iodixanol and iopromide. EuroIntervention. 2010;6 #pages#.
  39. Rastelli S, Zanoli L, Marcantoni C, Blanco J, Tamburino C, Castellino P. Contrast media related risk of contrast induced nephropathy. NDT Plus. 2010;3:iii56. [PMC free article: PMC3290859] [PubMed: 22470377]
  40. El-Fishawy H, Shaheen N, Soliman A. Ascorbic acid and acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective aorto-iliac and coronary angioplasty. NDT Plus. 2010;3:iii300.
  41. Brar SS, Shen A-J, Jorgensen MB, Aharonian VJ, Koshkaryan V, Shah AI. A randomized controlled trial for the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate vs. sodium chloride in patients undergoing coronary angiography: 2-year results from the MEENA Trial. 2010.:B77. #journal#. #volume#.
  42. Lavenberg JG, Umscheid CA. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: acetylcysteine, sodium bicarbonate, or saline (Structured abstract). 2011. #journal#. #volume#. #pages#.

Exclusion: Followup less than one year

  1. McGillicuddy EA, Schuster KM, Kaplan LJ, Maung AA, Lui FY, Maerz LL, Johnson DC, Davis KA. Contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly trauma patients. J Trauma. 2010;68:294–7. [PubMed: 20154540]
  2. Nozue T, Michishita I, Iwaki T, Mizuguchi I, Miura M. Contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate ratio as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy developing after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Cardiol. 2009;54:214–20. [PubMed: 19782258]
  3. Khanal S, Attallah N, Smith DE, Kline-Rogers E, Share D, O'Donnell MJ, Moscucci M. Statin therapy reduces contrast-induced nephropathy: an analysis of contemporary percutaneous interventions. Am J Med. 2005;118:843–9. [PubMed: 16084176]

Exclusion: Unobtainable

  1. Rahman MM, Haque SS, Rokeya B, Siddique MA, Banerjee SK, Ahsan SA, Rahman F, Mahmood M, Ahmed K, Bhuiyan MM, Joarder AI, Debnath RC. Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy after coronary angiogram. Mymensingh Med J. 2012;21:292–9. [PubMed: 22561774]

Exclusion: No comparison group of interest

  1. Abe D, Sato A, Hoshi T, Kakefuda Y, Watabe H, Ojima E, Hiraya D, Harunari T, Takeyasu N, Aonuma K. Clinical Predictors of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Emergency Versus Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ J. 2013. #volume#. #pages#. [PubMed: 24107362]
  2. Tan N, Liu Y, Chen JY, Zhou YL, Li X, Li LW, Yu DQ, Chen ZJ, Liu XQ, Huang SJ. Use of the contrast volume or grams of iodine-to-creatinine clearance ratio to predict mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2013;165:600–8. [PubMed: 23537978]
  3. Burchardt P, Guzik P, Tabaczewski P, Synowiec T, Bogdan M, Faner P, Chmielarz-Sobocinska A, Palasz A. Early renal dysfunction after contrast media administration despite prophylactic hydration. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29:959–66. [PMC free article: PMC3701134] [PubMed: 23378157]
  4. Raposeiras-Roubin S, Abu-Assi E, Ocaranza-Sanchez R, Alvarez-Alvarez B, Cambeiro-Gonzalez C, Fandino-Vaquero R, Garcia-Castelo A, Garcia-Acuna JM, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR. Dosing of iodinated contrast volume: A new simple algorithm to stratify the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A New Simple Algorithm to Stratify the Risk of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013. #volume#. #pages#. [PubMed: 23362013]
  5. Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Benedetti G, Di Roma A, Colantonio R, Mancone M, Sardella G, Cibelli L, Ambrosino M, Polistena F, Pierucci A. Incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury associated with diagnostic or interventional coronary angiography. J Nephrol. 2012;25:1098–107. [PubMed: 22383347]
  6. Kanei Y, Ayabe K, Ratcliffe J, Vales L, Nakra N, Friedman P, Fox J. The impact of iso-osmolar contrast use in emergent percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Invasive Cardiol. 2011;23:448–50. [PubMed: 22045075]
  7. Gurm HS, Dixon SR, Smith DE, Share D, Lalonde T, Greenbaum A, Moscucci M. Renal function-based contrast dosing to define safe limits of radiographic contrast media in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:907–14. [PubMed: 21851878]
  8. Yoon HJ, Hur SH. Determination of safe contrast media dosage to estimated glomerular filtration rate ratios to avoid contrast-induced nephropathy after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Korean Circ J. 2011;41:265–71. [PMC free article: PMC3116105] [PubMed: 21731568]
  9. Wang XC, Fu XH, Wang YB, Jia XW, Wu WL, Gu XS, Zhang J, Su JL, Hao GZ, Jiang YF, Fan WZ, Li SQ. Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetics undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: role of the ratio of contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124:892–6. [PubMed: 21518598]
  10. Liu Y, Tan N, Zhou YL, He PC, Luo JF, Chen JY. The contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate ratio as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44:221–9. [PubMed: 21336957]
  11. Ribichini F, Graziani M, Gambaro G, Pasoli P, Pighi M, Pesarini G, Abaterusso C, Yabarek T, Brunelleschi S, Rizzotti P, Lupo A, Vassanelli C. Early creatinine shifts predict contrast-induced nephropathy and persistent renal damage after angiography. Am J Med. 2010;123:755–63. [PubMed: 20670731]
  12. Trivedi H, Foley WD. Contrast-induced nephropathy after a second contrast exposure. Ren Fail. 2010;32:796–801. [PubMed: 20662692]
  13. Brown JR, Robb JF, Block CA, Schoolwerth AC, Kaplan AV, O'Connor GT, Solomon RJ, Malenka DJ. Does safe dosing of iodinated contrast prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury? Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:346–50. [PMC free article: PMC4843793] [PubMed: 20587788]
  14. Worasuwannarak S, Pornratanarangsi S. Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization or PCI: role of volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio and iodine dose-to-creatinine clearance ratio. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93 Suppl 1:S29–34. [PubMed: 20364554]
  15. McGillicuddy EA, Schuster KM, Kaplan LJ, Maung AA, Lui FY, Maerz LL, Johnson DC, Davis KA. Contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly trauma patients. J Trauma. 2010;68:294–7. [PubMed: 20154540]
  16. Kim SM, Cha RH, Lee JP, Kim DK, Oh KH, Joo KW, Lim CS, Kim S, Kim YS. Incidence and outcomes of contrast-induced nephropathy after computed tomography in patients with CKD: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1018–25. [PubMed: 20097462]
  17. Kiski D, Stepper W, Brand E, Breithardt G, Reinecke H. Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or AT-1 blockers on frequency of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: a post-hoc analysis from the Dialysis-versus-Diuresis (DVD) trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:759–64. [PubMed: 19903660]
  18. Shamkhalova M, Zaitseva NV, Kurumova KO, Shestakova MV, Deev AD, Matskeplishvili ST, Tugeeva EF, Buziashvili IuI. [Contrast-induced nephropathy in coronarography of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: risk factors, prognostic significance, prophylactic approaches]. Ter Arkh. 2009;81:36–42. [PubMed: 19799198]
  19. Nozue T, Michishita I, Iwaki T, Mizuguchi I, Miura M. Contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate ratio as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy developing after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Cardiol. 2009;54:214–20. [PubMed: 19782258]
  20. Chong E, Poh KK, Shen L, Chai P, Tan HC. Diabetic patients with normal baseline renal function are at increased risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy post-percutaneous coronary intervention. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:250–4. [PubMed: 19352566]
  21. From AM, Bartholmai BJ, Williams AW, Cha SS, McDonald FS. Mortality associated with nephropathy after radiographic contrast exposure. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1095–100. [PubMed: 18828968]
  22. La Manna G, Pancaldi L, Dalmastri V, Cuna V, Capecchi A, Comai G, Persici E, Bacchi G, Cianciolo G, Lombardi A, Marrozzini C, Coli L, Stefoni S. Post-coronarography application of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in the prevention of contrast nephropathy in patients with complex multisystem deficiency. In Vivo. 2008;22:123–9. [PubMed: 18396794]
  23. Huber W, Jeschke B, Page M, Weiss W, Salmhofer H, Schweigart U, Ilgmann K, Reichenberger JB, Neu J, Classen M. Reduced incidence of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in ICU patients under theophylline prophylaxis: a prospective comparison to series of patients at similar risk. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27:1200–9. [PubMed: 11534569]
  24. Madyoon H, Croushore L, Weaver D, Mathur V. Use of fenoldopam to prevent radiocontrast nephropathy in high-risk patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;53:341–5. [PubMed: 11458411]
  25. Mikkonen R, Kontkanen T, Kivisaari L. Acute and late adverse reactions to low-osmolal contrast media. Acta Radiol. 1995;36:72–6. [PubMed: 7833173]
  26. Davidson CJ, Hlatky M, Morris KG, Pieper K, Skelton TN, Schwab SJ, Bashore TM. Cardiovascular and renal toxicity of a nonionic radiographic contrast agent after cardiac catheterization.A prospective trial. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:119–24. [PubMed: 2909204]
  27. Laskey WK, Jenkins C, Selzer F, Marroquin OC, Wilensky RL, Glaser R, Cohen HA, Holmes DR Jr. Volume-to-Creatinine Clearance Ratio. A Pharmacokinetically Based Risk Factor for Prediction of Early Creatinine Increase After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;50:584–590. [PubMed: 17692741]
  28. Drobnie-Kovac D, Cerne A, Kranjec I, Globokar-Zajec M. Effects of nonionic radiographic contrast media on renal function after cardiac catheterisation. Radiology and Oncology. 1996;30:95–99.
  29. Katholi RE, Taylor GJ, Woods WT, Womack KA, Katholi CR, McCann WP, Moses HW, Dove JT, Mikell FL, Woodruff RC, Miller BD, Schneider JA. Nephrotoxicity of nonionic low-osmolality versus ionic high-osmolality contrast media: A prospective double-blind randomized comparison in human beings. Radiology. 1993;186:183–187. [PubMed: 8416561]
  30. Conen D, Buerkle G, Perruchoud AP, Buettner HJ, Mueller C. Hypertension is an independent risk factor for contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. 2006.:237–41. #journal#. #volume#. [PubMed: 16298441]

Exclusion: No intervention of interest

  1. Rahman MM, Haque SS, Rokeya B, Siddique MA, Banerjee SK, Ahsan SA, Rahman F, Mahmood M, Ahmed K, Bhuiyan MM, Joarder AI, Debnath RC. Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast induced nephropathy after coronary angiogram. Mymensingh Med J. 2012;21:292–9. [PubMed: 22561774]
  2. Xu RH, Ma GZ, Cai ZX, Chen P, Zhu ZD, Wang WL. Combined use of hydration and alprostadil for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy following percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients. Exp Ther Med. 2013;6:863–867. [PMC free article: PMC3797303] [PubMed: 24137279]
  3. Abe D, Sato A, Hoshi T, Kakefuda Y, Watabe H, Ojima E, Hiraya D, Harunari T, Takeyasu N, Aonuma K. Clinical Predictors of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Emergency Versus Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circ J. 2013. #volume#. #pages#. [PubMed: 24107362]
  4. Capodanno D, Ministeri M, Cumbo S, Dalessandro V, Tamburino C. Volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio in patients undergoing coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention: Implications of varying definitions of contrast-induced nephropathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013. #volume#. #pages#. [PubMed: 23934631]
  5. Yamamoto M, Hayashida K, Mouillet G, Chevalier B, Meguro K, Watanabe Y, Dubois-Rande JL, Morice MC, Lefevre T, Teiger E. Renal function-based contrast dosing predicts acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:479–86. [PubMed: 23702012]
  6. Markota D, Markota I, Starcevic B, Tomic M, Prskalo Z, Brizic I. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with Na/K citrate. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2362–7. [PubMed: 23349296]
  7. Markota D, Markota I, Starcevic B, Tomic M, Prskalo Z, Brizic I. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with Na/K citrate. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2362–7. [PubMed: 23349296]
  8. Geng W, Fu XH, Gu XS, Wang YB, Wang XC, Li W, Jiang YF, Hao GZ, Fan WZ, Xue L. Preventive effects of anisodamine against contrast-induced nephropathy in type 2 diabetics with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:3368–72. [PubMed: 23044290]
  9. Geng W, Fu XH, Gu XS, Wang YB, Wang XC, Li W, Jiang YF, Hao GZ, Fan WZ, Xue L. Preventive effects of anisodamine against contrast-induced nephropathy in type 2 diabetics with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:3368–72. [PubMed: 23044290]
  10. Wang YB, Fu XH, Gu XS, Wang XC, Zhao YJ, Hao GZ, Jiang YF, Fan WZ, Wu WL, Li SQ, Xue L. Safety and efficacy of anisodamine on prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:1063–7. [PubMed: 22613532]
  11. Wang YB, Fu XH, Gu XS, Wang XC, Zhao YJ, Hao GZ, Jiang YF, Fan WZ, Wu WL, Li SQ, Xue L. Safety and efficacy of anisodamine on prevention of contrast induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl). 2012;125:1063–7. [PubMed: 22613532]
  12. Kitzler TM, Jaberi A, Sendlhofer G, Rehak GP, Binder C, Petnehazy E, Stacher R, Kotanko P. Efficacy of vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast induced kidney injury in patients with chronic kidney disease: a double blind, randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2012;124:312–9. [PubMed: 22527829]
  13. Wang XC, Fu XH, Wang YB, Jia XW, Wu WL, Gu XS, Zhang J, Su JL, Hao GZ, Jiang YF, Fan WZ, Li SQ. Prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetics undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: role of the ratio of contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124:892–6. [PubMed: 21518598]
  14. Liu Y, Tan N, Zhou YL, He PC, Luo JF, Chen JY. The contrast medium volume to estimated glomerular filtration rate ratio as a predictor of contrast-induced nephropathy after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44:221–9. [PubMed: 21336957]
  15. Saitoh T, Satoh H, Nobuhara M, Machii M, Tanaka T, Ohtani H, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Hayashi H. Intravenous glutathione prevents renal oxidative stress after coronary angiography more effectively than oral N-acetylcysteine. Heart Vessels. 2011;26:465–72. [PubMed: 21127883]
  16. Saitoh T, Satoh H, Nobuhara M, Machii M, Tanaka T, Ohtani H, Saotome M, Urushida T, Katoh H, Hayashi H. Intravenous glutathione prevents renal oxidative stress after coronary angiography more effectively than oral N-acetylcysteine. Heart Vessels. 2011;26:465–72. [PubMed: 21127883]
  17. Trivedi H, Foley WD. Contrast-induced nephropathy after a second contrast exposure. Ren Fail. 2010;32:796–801. [PubMed: 20662692]
  18. Yoshida S, Kamihata H, Nakamura S, Senoo T, Manabe K, Motohiro M, Sugiura T, Iwasaka T. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by chronic pravastatin treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency. J Cardiol. 2009;54:192–8. [PubMed: 19782255]
  19. Yoshida S, Kamihata H, Nakamura S, Senoo T, Manabe K, Motohiro M, Sugiura T, Iwasaka T. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by chronic pravastatin treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease and renal insufficiency. J Cardiol. 2009;54:192–8. [PubMed: 19782255]
  20. Chong E, Poh KK, Shen L, Chai P, Tan HC. Diabetic patients with normal baseline renal function are at increased risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy post-percutaneous coronary intervention. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:250–4. [PubMed: 19352566]
  21. Jo SH, Koo BK, Park JS, Kang HJ, Kim YJ, Kim HL, Chae IH, Choi DJ, Sohn DW, Oh BH, Park YB, Choi YS, Kim HS. N-acetylcysteine versus AScorbic acid for preventing contrast-Induced nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography NASPI study-a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2009;157:576–83. [PubMed: 19249432]
  22. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Vazquez-Rodriguez JM, Calvino-Santos R, Vazquez-Gonzalez N, Castro-Beiras A. Statin therapy and contrast-induced nephropathy after primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2009;134:430–1. [PubMed: 18466989]
  23. Patti G, Nusca A, Chello M, Pasceri V, D'Ambrosio A, Vetrovec GW, Di Sciascio G. Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and to improve long-term outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:279–85. [PubMed: 18237585]
  24. Patti G, Nusca A, Chello M, Pasceri V, D'Ambrosio A, Vetrovec GW, Di Sciascio G. Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and to improve long-term outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:279–85. [PubMed: 18237585]
  25. Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Ratnaike S, Reade MC, Bagshaw SM, Morgera S, Dragun D, Bellomo R. N-Acetylcysteine does not artifactually lower plasma creatinine concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1581–7. [PubMed: 18202091]
  26. Cheruvu B, Henning K, Mulligan J, Klippenstein D, Lawrence D, Gurtoo L, Gottlieb RH. Iodixanol: risk of subsequent contrast nephropathy in cancer patients with underlying renal insufficiency undergoing diagnostic computed tomography examinations. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31:493–8. [PubMed: 17882021]
  27. Coyle LC, Rodriguez A, Jeschke RE, Simon-Lee A, Abbott KC, Taylor AJ. Acetylcysteine In Diabetes (AID): a randomized study of acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast nephropathy in diabetics. Am Heart J. 2006;151:1032 e9–12. [PubMed: 16644332]
  28. Clavijo LC, Pinto TL, Kuchulakanti PK, Torguson R, Chu WW, Satler LF, Kent KM, Suddath WO, Waksman R, Pichard AD. Effect of a rapid intra-arterial infusion of dextrose 5% prior to coronary angiography on frequency of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:981–3. [PubMed: 16563900]
  29. Assadi F. Acetazolamide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: a new use for an old drug. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006;27:238–42. [PubMed: 16391986]
  30. Balderramo DC, Verdu MB, Ramacciotti CF, Cremona LS, Lemos PA, Orias M, Eduardo M Jr. Renoprotective effect of high periprocedural doses of oral N-acetylcysteine in patients scheduled to undergo a same-day angiography. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 2004;61:13–9. [PubMed: 16211988]
  31. Khanal S, Attallah N, Smith DE, Kline-Rogers E, Share D, O'Donnell MJ, Moscucci M. Statin therapy reduces contrast-induced nephropathy: an analysis of contemporary percutaneous interventions. Am J Med. 2005;118:843–9. [PubMed: 16084176]
  32. Gill NK, Piccione EA, Vido DA, Clark BA, Shannon RP. Gender as a risk factor for contrast nephropathy: effects of hydration and N-acetylcysteine. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27:554–8. [PMC free article: PMC6653884] [PubMed: 15553306]
  33. Gill NK, Piccione EA, Vido DA, Clark BA, Shannon RP. Gender as a risk factor for contrast nephropathy: effects of hydration and N-acetylcysteine. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27:554–8. [PMC free article: PMC6653884] [PubMed: 15553306]
  34. Bartholomew BA, Harjai KJ, Dukkipati S, Boura JA, Yerkey MW, Glazier S, Grines CL, O'Neill WW. Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1515–9. [PubMed: 15194023]
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  55. Baris N, Ozpelit E, BilginDogan N, Kangul H, Gul S, Akdeniz B, Guneri S. The effects of chronic usage of enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on contrast-induced nephropathy in low-risk patients. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi. 2013;13:245–250. [PubMed: 23261803]
  56. Habib M, Hillis A, Hamad A. The role of ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine or combination in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients with ischemic heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology. 2013;163:S64.
  57. Albabtain MA, Almasood A, Alshurafah H, Alamri H, Tamim H. Efficacy of ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or combination of both on top of saline hydration versus saline hydration alone on prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2013;26:90–96. [PubMed: 22994682]
  58. Albabtain MA, Almasood A, Alshurafah H, Alamri H, Tamim H. Efficacy of ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or combination of both on top of saline hydration versus saline hydration alone on prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Interventional Cardiology. 2013;26:90–96. [PubMed: 22994682]
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  60. Sadeghi MM, Gharipour M, Nilforoush P, Shamsolkotabi H, Sadeghi HM, Kiani A, Sadeghi PM, Farahmand N. Influence of the timing of cardiac catheterization and amount of contrast media on acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;16:502–508. [PMC free article: PMC3214355] [PubMed: 22091266]
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Exclusion: Does not apply to Key Questions (includes studies applicable to Key Questins 3 and 4)

  1. Rosenstock JL, Gilles E, Geller AB, Panagopoulos G, Mathew S, Malieckal D, DeVita MV, Michelis MF. Impact of heart failure on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;42:1049–54. [PubMed: 20602168]
  2. Kiski D, Stepper W, Breithardt G, Reinecke H. Impact of female gender on frequency of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: post hoc analysis of dialysis versus diuresis trial. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19:1363–8. [PubMed: 20545479]
  3. Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Ratnaike S, Reade MC, Bagshaw SM, Morgera S, Dragun D, Bellomo R. N-Acetylcysteine does not artifactually lower plasma creatinine concentration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1581–7. [PubMed: 18202091]
  4. Kapoor A, Kumar S, Gulati S, Gambhir S, Sethi RS, Sinha N. The role of theophylline in contrast-induced nephropathy: a case-control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1936–41. [PubMed: 12401850]
  5. Kapoor A, Sinha N, Sharma RK, Shrivastava S, Radhakrishnan S, Goel PK, Bajaj R. Use of dopamine in prevention of contrast induced acute renal failure--a randomised study. Int J Cardiol. 1996;53:233–6. [PubMed: 8793575]
  6. Kjaersgaard P, Jakobsen JA, Nossen JO, Berg KJ. Determination of glomerular filtration rate with Visipaque in patients with severely reduced renal function. Eur Radiol. 1996;6:865–71. [PubMed: 8972324]
  7. Donadio C, Tramonti G, Giordani R, Lucchetti A, Calderazzi A, Sbragia P, Bianchi C. Glomerular and tubular effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media (diatrizoate and iopamidol). Contrib Nephrol. 1988;68:212–9. [PubMed: 2906848]
  8. Baris N, Ozpelit E, Bilgin Dogan N, Kangul H, Gul S, Akdeniz B, Guneri S. The effects of chronic usage of enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on contrast-induced nephropathy in low-risk patients. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi. 2013;13:245–250. [PubMed: 23261803]
  9. Karlsberg RP, Dohad SY, Sheng R. Contrast mediuminduced acute kidney injury: Comparison of intravenous and intraarterial administration of iodinated contrast medium. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2011;22:1159–1165. [PubMed: 21570871]
  10. Laskey WK, Jenkins C, Selzer F, Marroquin OC, Wilensky RL, Glaser R, Cohen HA, Holmes DR Jr. Volume-to-Creatinine Clearance Ratio. A Pharmacokinetically Based Risk Factor for Prediction of Early Creatinine Increase After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2007;50:584–590. [PubMed: 17692741]
  11. Taliercio CP, Vlietstra RE, Ilstrup DM, Burnett JC, Menke KK, Stensrud SL, Holmes DR Jr. A randomized comparison of the nephrotoxicity of iopamidol and diatrizoate in high risk patients undergoing cardiac angiography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1991;17:384–390. [PubMed: 1991894]
  12. Kooiman J, Le Haen PA, Gezgin G, de Vries JP, Boersma D, Brulez HF, Sijpkens YW, van der Molen AJ, Cannegieter SC, Hamming JF, Huisman MV. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes after intra-arterial and intravenous contrast administration: risk comparison adjusted for patient characteristics by design. Am Heart J. 2013;165:793–99. 799 e1. [PubMed: 23622917]
  13. Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Cohan RH, Dillman JR, Myles JD, Ellis JH. Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material: risk stratification by using estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology. 2013;268:719–28. [PubMed: 23579046]
  14. Becker J, Babb J, Serrano M. Glomerular filtration rate in evaluation of the effect of iodinated contrast media on renal function. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:822–6. [PubMed: 23521455]
  15. Kidoh M, Nakaura T, Awai K, Matsunaga Y, Tanoue K, Harada K, Uemura S, Yamashita Y. Low-contrast dose protection protocol for diagnostic computed tomography in patients at high-risk for contrast-induced nephropathy. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2013;37:289–96. [PubMed: 23493222]
  16. Davenport MS, Khalatbari S, Dillman JR, Cohan RH, Caoili EM, Ellis JH. Contrast material-induced nephrotoxicity and intravenous low-osmolality iodinated contrast material. Radiology. 2013;267:94–105. [PMC free article: PMC3606541] [PubMed: 23360737]
  17. Ehrmann S, Badin J, Savath L, Pajot O, Garot D, Pham T, Capdevila X, Perrotin D, Lakhal K. Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: is iodinated contrast medium really harmful? Crit Care Med. 2013;41:1017–26. [PubMed: 23324952]
  18. LaBounty TM, Shah M, Raman SV, Lin FY, Berman DS, Min JK. Within-hospital and 30-day outcomes in 107,994 patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography with different low-osmolar iodinated contrast media. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:1594–9. [PubMed: 22440116]
  19. Dillman JR, al-Hawary M, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Kaza R, Myles JD, Khalatbari S, Francis IR. Comparative investigation of i.v. iohexol and iopamidol: effect on renal function in low-risk outpatients undergoing CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:392–7. [PubMed: 22268183]
  20. Bolognese L, Falsini G, Schwenke C, Grotti S, Limbruno U, Liistro F, Carrera A, Angioli P, Picchi A, Ducci K, Pierli C. Impact of iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast agents on contrast-induced nephropathy and tissue reperfusion in unselected patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (from the Contrast Media and Nephrotoxicity Following Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction [CONTRAST-AMI] Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:67–74. [PubMed: 21943940]
  21. Zo'o M, Hoermann M, Balassy C, Brunelle F, Azoulay R, Pariente D, Panuel M, Le Dosseur P. Renal safety in pediatric imaging: randomized, double-blind phase IV clinical trial of iobitridol 300 versus iodixanol 270 in multidetector CT. Pediatr Radiol. 2011;41:1393–400. [PMC free article: PMC3195264] [PubMed: 21713440]
  22. Shin DH, Choi DJ, Youn TJ, Yoon CH, Suh JW, Kim KI, Cho YS, Cho GY, Chae IH, Kim CH. Comparison of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:189–94. [PubMed: 21545991]
  23. Serafin Z, Karolkiewicz M, Gruszka M, Strozecki P, Lasek W, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G, Manitius J, Beuth W. High incidence of nephropathy in neurosurgical patients after intra-arterial administration of low-osmolar and iso-osmolar contrast media. Acta Radiol. 2011;52:422–9. [PubMed: 21498279]
  24. Preda L, Agazzi A, Raimondi S, Lanfranchi CF, Passerini R, Calvetta A, Martinelli G, Bellomi M. Effect on renal function of an iso-osmolar contrast agent in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Eur Radiol. 2011;21:63–9. [PubMed: 20680288]
  25. Karlsberg RP, Dohad SY, Sheng R. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) following intra-arterial administration of iodinated contrast media. J Nephrol. 2010;23:658–66. [PubMed: 20540038]
  26. Malhis M, Al-Bitar S, Al-Deen Zaiat K. The role of theophylline in prevention of radiocontrast media-induced nephropathy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010;21:276–83. [PubMed: 20228513]
  27. Ajami G, Derakhshan A, Amoozgar H, Mohamadi M, Borzouee M, Basiratnia M, Abtahi S, Cheriki S, Soltani M. Risk of nephropathy after consumption of nonionic contrast media by children undergoing cardiac angiography: a prospective study. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31:668–73. [PubMed: 20195852]
  28. Lima FO, Lev MH, Levy RA, Silva GS, Ebril M, de Camargo EC, Pomerantz S, Singhal AB, Greer DM, Ay H, Gonzalez RG, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Furie KL. Functional contrast-enhanced CT for evaluation of acute ischemic stroke does not increase the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:817–21. [PMC free article: PMC2873111] [PubMed: 20044502]
  29. Lima FO, Lev MH, Levy RA, Silva GS, Ebril M, de Camargo EC, Pomerantz S, Singhal AB, Greer DM, Ay H, Gonzalez RG, Koroshetz WJ, Smith WS, Furie KL. Functional contrast-enhanced CT for evaluation of acute ischemic stroke does not increase the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31:817–21. [PMC free article: PMC2873111] [PubMed: 20044502]
  30. Hernandez F, Mora L, Garcia-Tejada J, Velazquez M, Gomez-Blazquez I, Bastante T, Albarran A, Andreu J, Tascon J. Comparison of iodixanol and ioversol for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients after coronary angiography or angioplasty. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62:1373–80. [PubMed: 20038403]
  31. Laskey W, Aspelin P, Davidson C, Rudnick M, Aubry P, Kumar S, Gietzen F, Wiemer M. Nephrotoxicity of iodixanol versus iopamidol in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiographic procedures. Am Heart J. 2009;158:822–828 e3. [PubMed: 19853704]
  32. Solomon RJ, Mehran R, Natarajan MK, Doucet S, Katholi RE, Staniloae CS, Sharma SK, Labinaz M, Gelormini JL, Barrett BJ. Contrast-induced nephropathy and long-term adverse events: cause and effect? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1162–9. [PMC free article: PMC2709519] [PubMed: 19556381]
  33. Mehran R, Nikolsky E, Kirtane AJ, Caixeta A, Wong SC, Teirstein PS, Downey WE, Batchelor WB, Casterella PJ, Kim YH, Fahy M, Dangas GD. Ionic low-osmolar versus nonionic iso-osmolar contrast media to obviate worsening nephropathy after angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients: the ICON (Ionic versus non-ionic Contrast to Obviate worsening Nephropathy after angioplasty in chronic renal failure patients) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:415–21. [PubMed: 19463464]
  34. Chuang FR, Chen TC, Wang IK, Chuang CH, Chang HW, Ting-YuChiou T, Cheng YF, Lee WC, Chen WC, Yang KD, Lee CH. Comparison of iodixanol and iohexol in patients undergoing intravenous pyelography: a prospective controlled study. Ren Fail. 2009;31:181–8. [PubMed: 19288321]
  35. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Campodonico J, Lauri G, Marana I, De Metrio M, Moltrasio M, Grazi M, Rubino M, Veglia F, Fabbiocchi F, Bartorelli AL. Contrast volume during primary percutaneous coronary intervention and subsequent contrast-induced nephropathy and mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:170–7. [PubMed: 19189906]
  36. Nie B, Cheng WJ, Li YF, Cao Z, Yang Q, Zhao YX, Guo YH, Zhou YJ. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial on the efficacy and cardiorenal safety of iodixanol vs. iopromide in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:958–65. [PubMed: 19021282]
  37. Rudnick MR, Davidson C, Laskey W, Stafford JL, Sherwin PF. Nephrotoxicity of iodixanol versus ioversol in patients with chronic kidney disease: the Visipaque Angiography/Interventions with Laboratory Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency (VALOR) Trial. Am Heart J. 2008;156:776–82. [PubMed: 18946896]
  38. Juergens CP, Winter JP, Nguyen-Do P, Lo S, French JK, Hallani H, Fernandes C, Jepson N, Leung DY. Nephrotoxic effects of iodixanol and iopromide in patients with abnormal renal function receiving N-acetylcysteine and hydration before coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized trial. Intern Med J. 2009;39:25–31. [PubMed: 18771430]
  39. Kuhn MJ, Chen N, Sahani DV, Reimer D, van Beek EJ, Heiken JP, So GJ. The PREDICT study: a randomized double-blind comparison of contrast-induced nephropathy after low- or isoosmolar contrast agent exposure. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:151–7. [PubMed: 18562739]
  40. Nguyen SA, Suranyi P, Ravenel JG, Randall PK, Romano PB, Strom KA, Costello P, Schoepf UJ. Iso-osmolality versus low-osmolality iodinated contrast medium at intravenous contrast-enhanced CT: effect on kidney function. Radiology. 2008;248:97–105. [PubMed: 18483232]
  41. From AM, Bartholmai BJ, Williams AW, McDonald FS. Iodixanol compared to iohexol for contrast procedures: a case-matched retrospective cohort study. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:409–14. [PubMed: 18415784]
  42. Hardiek KJ, Katholi RE, Robbs RS, Katholi CE. Renal effects of contrast media in diabetic patients undergoing diagnostic or interventional coronary angiography. J Diabetes Complications. 2008;22:171–7. [PubMed: 18413220]
  43. Solomon RJ, Natarajan MK, Doucet S, Sharma SK, Staniloae CS, Katholi RE, Gelormini JL, Labinaz M, Moreyra AE. Cardiac Angiography in Renally Impaired Patients (CARE) study: a randomized double-blind trial of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2007;115:3189–96. [PubMed: 17562951]
  44. Feldkamp T, Baumgart D, Elsner M, Herget-Rosenthal S, Pietruck F, Erbel R, Philipp T, Kribben A. Nephrotoxicity of iso-osmolar versus low-osmolar contrast media is equal in low risk patients. Clin Nephrol. 2006;66:322–30. [PubMed: 17140161]
  45. Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS, Chen N, Sahani D, Soulez G, Heiken JP, Lepanto L, Ni ZH, Nelson R. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison of iodixanol and iopamidol. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:815–21. [PubMed: 17035872]
  46. Liss P, Persson PB, Hansell P, Lagerqvist B. Renal failure in 57 925 patients undergoing coronary procedures using iso-osmolar or low-osmolar contrast media. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1811–7. [PubMed: 17003814]
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  48. Jo SH, Youn TJ, Koo BK, Park JS, Kang HJ, Cho YS, Chung WY, Joo GW, Chae IH, Choi DJ, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB, Kim HS. Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:924–30. [PubMed: 16949481]
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Exclusion: No outcome of interest

  1. Bartholomew BA, Harjai KJ, Dukkipati S, Boura JA, Yerkey MW, Glazier S, Grines CL, O'Neill WW. Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1515–9. [PubMed: 15194023]
  2. Kolonko A, Wiecek A, Kokot F. The nonselective adenosine antagonist theophylline does prevent renal dysfunction induced by radiographic contrast agents. J Nephrol. 1998;11:151–6. [PubMed: 9650124]
  3. Furukawa T, Ueda J, Takahashi S, Sakaguchi K. Elimination of low-osmolality contrast media by hemodialysis. Acta Radiol. 1996;37:966–71. [PubMed: 8995475]
  4. Hayami S, Ishigooka M, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T, Nakada T, Mitobe K. Comparison of the nephrotoxicity between ioversol and iohexol. Int Urol Nephrol. 1996;28:615–9. [PubMed: 9061418]
  5. Kjaersgaard P, Jakobsen JA, Nossen JO, Berg KJ. Determination of glomerular filtration rate with Visipaque in patients with severely reduced renal function. Eur Radiol. 1996;6:865–71. [PubMed: 8972324]
  6. Mikkonen R, Kontkanen T, Kivisaari L. Acute and late adverse reactions to low-osmolal contrast media. Acta Radiol. 1995;36:72–6. [PubMed: 7833173]
  7. Fujimoto M, Waseda K, Takashima H, Maeda K, Asai K, Kuroda Y, Kosaka T, Kurita A, Kuhara Y, Ando H, Sakurai S, Kato D, Suzuki A, Nakano Y, Niwa T, Mukai K, Sato S, Mizuno T, Amano T. Effect of oral hydration on renal function after coronary catheterization. American Journal of Cardiology. 2013;111:89B.
  8. Sadeghi MM, Gharipour M, Nilforoush P, Shamsolkotabi H, Sadeghi HM, Kiani A, Sadeghi PM, Farahmand N. Influence of the timing of cardiac catheterization and amount of contrast media on acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2011;16:502–508. [PMC free article: PMC3214355] [PubMed: 22091266]
  9. Schild HH, Kuhl CK, Hubner-Steiner U, Bohm I, Speck U. Adverse events after unenhanced and monomeric and dimeric contrast-enhanced CT: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Radiology. 2006;240:56–64. [PubMed: 16720865]
  10. Oi H, Yamazaki H, Matsushita M. Delayed vs. immediate adverse reactions to ionic and non-ionic low- osmolality contrast media. Radiation Medicine - Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 1997;15:23–27. [PubMed: 9134581]

Exclusion: No original data

  1. Briguori C. Renalguard system in high-risk patients for contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2012;60:291–7. [PubMed: 22653043]
  2. Silva RG, Silva NG, Lucchesi F, Burdmann EA. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by use of bicarbonate solution: preliminary results and literature review. J Bras Nefrol. 2010;32:292–302. [PubMed: 21103694]
  3. Silva RG, Silva NG, Lucchesi F, Burdmann EA. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by use of bicarbonate solution: preliminary results and literature review. J Bras Nefrol. 2010;32:292–302. [PubMed: 21103694]
  4. Bolognese L, Falsini G, Grotti S, Limbruno U, Liistro F, Carrera A, Angioli P, Picchi A, Ducci K, Pierli C. The contrast media and nephrotoxicity following coronary revascularization by primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction study: design and rationale of the CONTRAST-AMI study. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2010;11:199–206. [PubMed: 19829124]
  5. Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Risk of contrast-medium-induced nephropathy in high-risk patients undergoing MDCT--a pooled analysis of two randomized trials. Eur Radiol. 2009;19:891–7. [PubMed: 19002467]
  6. Goldenberg I, Chonchol M, Guetta V. Reversible acute kidney injury following contrast exposure and the risk of long-term mortality. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29:136–44. [PubMed: 18753738]
  7. Goldenberg I, Chonchol M, Guetta V. Reversible acute kidney injury following contrast exposure and the risk of long-term mortality. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29:136–44. [PubMed: 18753738]
  8. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Vazquez-Rodriguez JM, Calvino-Santos R, Vazquez-Gonzalez N, Castro-Beiras A. Statin therapy and contrast-induced nephropathy after primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol. 2009;134:430–1. [PubMed: 18466989]
  9. Gandhi MR, Brown P, Romanowski CA, Morcos SK, Campbell S, el Nahas AM, Gray TA. The use of theophylline, an adenosine antagonist in the prevention of contrast media induced nephrotoxicity. Br J Radiol. 1992;65:838. [PubMed: 1393430]
  10. Teruel JL, Marcen R, Herrero JA, Felipe C, Ortuno J. An easy and effective procedure to prevent radiocontrast agent nephrotoxicity in high-risk patients. Nephron. 1989;51:282. [PubMed: 2915771]
  11. Teruel JL, Marcen R, Herrero JA, Felipe C, Ortuno J. An easy and effective procedure to prevent radiocontrast agent nephrotoxicity in high-risk patients. Nephron. 1989;51:282. [PubMed: 2915771]
  12. Uyarel H, Cam N, Ergelen M, Akkaya E, Ayhan E, Isik T, Cicek G, Gunaydin ZY, Osmonov D, Gul M, Demirci D, Guney MR, Ozturk R, Yekeler I. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: Incidence, a simple risk score, and prognosis. Archives of Medical Science. 2009;5:550–558.
  13. Erley CM. Prevention of contrast-media-induced renal impairment by adenosine antagonists in humans. Drug Development Research. 1998;45:172–175.
  14. Berns JS, Rudnick MR. Radiocontrast media associated nephrotoxicity. Kidney. 1992;24:3–6.
  15. Davidson CJ, Bashore TM. Comparison of ionic and low-osmolar contrast media during cardiac catheterization. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 1991;1:86–91. [PubMed: 21239336]

Exclusion: Qualitative study

  1. Oi H, Yamazaki H, Matsushita M. Delayed vs.immediate adverse reactions to ionic and non-ionic low- osmolality contrast media. Radiation Medicine - Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 1997;15:23–27. [PubMed: 9134581]

Exclusion: Study compared an intervention of interest to a comparator of interest, but the patient groups being compared were fundamentally different

  1. Calabr P, Bianchi R, Caprile M, Sordelli C, Cappelli Bigazzi M, Palmieri R, Gigantino G, Umongelli G, Capozzi G, Cuomo S, Calabro R. Use of NaCl saline hydration and N-Acetyl Cysteine to prevent contrast induced nephropathy in different populations of patients at high and low risk undergoing coronary artery angiography. Minerva Cardioangiologica. 2010;58:35–40. [PubMed: 20145594]

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