Exclusion Codes

1. - Not available in English
2. - Wrong Outcome(s)
3. - Wrong or No Intervention
4. - Wrong Population
5. - Wrong Publication Type
6. - Wrong Study Design
7. - Wrong Comparison or No Comparison
8. - Does Not Answer a KQ

1.

Pneumonia: 3 days of antibiotics for uncomplicated course. Journal of hospital medicine : an official publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine. 2006;(6):387. PMID: CN-00574952. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 17219539]

2.

Abbas AM, Taylor MC, Newby D, et al. Ceftazidime: a new approach in the treatment of moderate and severe infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983 Jul;12 Suppl A:147–52. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 6352615]

3.

Alvarez-Lerma F, Insausti-Ordeñana J, Jordá-Marcos R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of piperacillin/tazobactam versus ceftazidime in association with amikacin for treating nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care patients: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Intensive Care Med. 2001;(3):493–502. PMID: CN-00355757. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 11355117]

4.

Andrews R, Fasoli R, Scoggins WG, et al. Combined aztreonam and gentamicin therapy for pseudomonal lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Ther. 1994 Mar-Apr;16(2):236–52. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 8062319]

5.

Bagg R. Antibiotic treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia in adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1978 Jul;4(4):297–9. Exclusion Code: 5. [PubMed: 308503]

6.

Balderson BJ, Yates ME, Patil NP, et al. Evaluation of doripenem utilization and susceptibilities at a large urban hospital. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011 Dec;33(6):958–63. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 21984226]

7.

Bartel K, Habash T, Lugauer S, et al. Optimal tobramycin dosage in patients with cystic fibrosis--evidence for predictability based on previous drug monitoring. Infection. 1999;27(4-5):268–71. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 10885841]

8.

Bassetti M, Righi E, Fasce R, et al. Efficacy of ertapenem in the treatment of early ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in an intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Aug;60(2):433–5. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 17540673]

9.

Bauer KA, West JE, O'Brien JM, et al. Extended-infusion cefepime reduces mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jul;57(7):2907–12. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC3697364] [PubMed: 23571547]

10.

Beaucaire G, Leroy O, Beuscart C, et al. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy, and practical aspects of amikacin given once daily for severe infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991 May;27 Suppl C:91–103. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 1856149]

11.

Belliveau PP, Freeman CD, Nicolau DP, et al. Serum bactericidal activity of ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone against pathogens associated with community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonias. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996 May 1;53(9):1024–7. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 8744464]

12.

Benko AS, Cappelletty DM, Kruse JA, et al. Continuous infusion versus intermittent administration of ceftazidime in critically ill patients with suspected gram-negative infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Mar;40(3):691–5. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC163181] [PubMed: 8851594]

13.

Benko R, Matuz M, Doro P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Aug;30(2):162–8. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 17570646]

14.

Bernhardt LL. Cefadroxil in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. J Int Med Res. 1980;8(Suppl 1):98–100. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 7439514]

15.

Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect. 2008 Jun;56(6):432–6. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 18501431]

16.

Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, et al. High-dose ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39(1):38–43. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 17366011]

17.

Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, Hammel JP, et al. Pharmacological and patient-specific response determinants in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia treated with tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Feb;56(2):1065–72. Exclusion Code: 2. [PMC free article: PMC3264202] [PubMed: 22143524]

18.

Boccazzi A, Langer M, Mandelli M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of aztreonam and penetration into the bronchial secretions of critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1989 Mar;23(3):401–7. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 2732121]

19.

Bolivar R, Fainstein V, Elting L, et al. Cefoperazone for the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Mar-Apr;5 Suppl 1:S181–7. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 6221389]

20.

Boselli E, Breilh D, Caillault-Sergent A, et al. Alveolar diffusion and pharmacokinetics of linezolid administered in continuous infusion to critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 May;67(5):1207–10. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 22351682]

21.

Boselli E, Breilh D, Djabarouti S, et al. Reliability of mini-bronchoalveolar lavage for the measurement of epithelial lining fluid concentrations of tobramycin in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Sep;33(9):1519–23. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 17530217]

22.

Boselli E, Breilh D, Rimmele T, et al. Alveolar concentrations of piperacillin/tazobactam administered in continuous infusion to patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2008 May;36(5):1500–6. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 18434883]

23.

Boselli E, Breilh D, Saux MC, et al. Pharmacokinetics and lung concentrations of ertapenem in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Dec;32(12):2059–62. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 17039351]

24.

Bradsher RW. Ceftriaxone (Ro 13-9904) therapy of serious infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jul;22(1):36–42. Exclusion Code: 3. [PMC free article: PMC183670] [PubMed: 6289739]

25.

Bruch HP, Kujath P. Study of cefotaxime twice daily for the therapy of postoperative pneumonia. The German Cefotaxime Study Group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 May-Jun;22(1-2):203–7. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 7587041]

26.

Buck C, Bertram N, Ackermann T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin-tazobactam: intermittent dosing versus continuous infusion. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005 Jan;25(1):62–7. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 15620828]

27.

Buising KL, O'Reilly MA, Paull AE, et al. Legionella pneumophila: not just pneumonia. Med J Aust. 2001 May 7;174(9):476–7. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 11386595]

28.

Burgess DS. Curbing Resistance Development: Maximizing the Utility of Available Agents. J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15:S5. Exclusion Code: 5. [PMC free article: PMC10437894] [PubMed: 19505173]

29.

Burkhardt O, Kumar V, Katterwe D, et al. Ertapenem in critically ill patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia: pharmacokinetics with special consideration of free-drug concentration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Feb;59(2):277–84. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 17185298]

30.

Calbo E, Alsina M, Rodriguez-Carballeira M, et al. Systemic expression of cytokine production in patients with severe pneumococcal pneumonia: effects of treatment with a beta-lactam versus a fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jul;52(7):2395–402. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC2443896] [PubMed: 18426893]

31.

Cano EL, Haque NZ, Welch VL, et al. Incidence of nephrotoxicity and association with vancomycin use in intensive care unit patients with pneumonia: retrospective analysis of the IMPACT-HAP Database. Clin Ther. 2012 Jan;34(1):149–57. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 22284995]

32.

Carbon C. Prospective randomized phase II study of intravenous cefpirome 1g or 2g bd in the treatment of hospitalized patients with different infections. Cefpirome Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1992 Apr;29 Suppl A:87–94. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 1601764]

33.

Chan JD, Pham TN, Wong J, et al. Clinical outcomes of linezolid vs vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis. J Intensive Care Med. 2011 Nov-Dec;26(6):385–91. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 21606058]

34.

Chandorkar G, Huntington JA, Gotfried MH, et al. Intrapulmonary penetration of ceftolozane/tazobactam and piperacillin/tazobactam in healthy adult subjects. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Oct;67(10):2463–9. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 22773741]

35.

Chapuis TM, Giannoni E, Majcherczyk PA, et al. Prospective monitoring of cefepime in intensive care unit adult patients. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R51. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC2887166] [PubMed: 20359352]

36.

Chastre J, Wunderink R, Prokocimer P, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous infusion of doripenem versus imipenem in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4):1089–96. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 18379232]

37.

Choi EY, Huh JW, Lim CM, et al. Relationship between the MIC of vancomycin and clinical outcome in patients with MRSA nosocomial pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Apr;37(4):639–47. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 21253703]

38.

Chung J, Oh JM, Cho EM, et al. Optimal dose of vancomycin for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in critically ill patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011 Nov;39(6):1030–7. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 22165354]

39.

Cies JJ, Shankar V. Nephrotoxicity in Patients with Vancomycin Trough Concentrations of 1520g/ml in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. 33:392. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 23471688]

40.

Cipolle RJ, Seifert RD, Zaske DE, et al. Hospital acquired gram-negative pneumonias: response rate and dosage requirements with individualized tobramycin therapy. Ther Drug Monit. 1980;2(4):359–63. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 7222190]

41.

Combes A, Luyt CE, Fagon JY, et al. Impact of piperacillin resistance on the outcome of Pseudomonas ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2006;(12):1970–8. PMID: CN-00585884. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 16957901]

42.

Combes A, Luyt CE, Fagon JY, et al. Impact of methicillin resistance on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Oct 1;170(7):786–92. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 15242840]

43.

Correa Lima MB, Louro E, Netto AR, et al. Multicentre trial with cephacetrile in the treatment of severe infections. Arzneimittelforschung. 1974 Sep;24(9b):1515–23. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 4479817]

44.

Crandon JL, Bulik CC, Kuti JL, et al. Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Mar;54(3):1111–6. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC2825990] [PubMed: 20038614]

45.

Croce MA, Fabian TC, Stewart RM, et al. Empiric monotherapy versus combination therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in trauma patients. J Trauma. 1993 Aug;35(2):303–9. discussion 9-11. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 8355313]

46.

Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Mosca A, et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):1720–6. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC3357480] [PubMed: 22423120]

47.

Dallas J, Brown SM, Hock K, et al. Diagnostic utility of plasma procalcitonin for nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit setting. Respir Care. 2011 Apr;56(4):412–9. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 21255510]

48.

Damas P, Garweg C, Monchi M, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy: a randomised pilot study on the evolution of inflammatory parameters after ventilator associated pneumonia [ISRCTN31976779] Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R52. Exclusion Code: 2. [PMC free article: PMC1550875] [PubMed: 16569261]

49.

Dartois N, Castaing N, Gandjini H, et al. Tigecycline versus levofloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: European experience. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2008:28–35. PMID: CN-00680424. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 19036672]

50.

Davidson R, Cavalcanti R, Brunton JL, et al. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 7;346(10):747–50. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 11882730]

51.

Davies BI, Maesen FP, Teengs JP. Aztreonam in patients with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: failure to prevent emergence of pneumococcal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1985 Mar;15(3):375–84. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 3922936]

52.

De Jongh R, Hens R, Basma V, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of temocillin, a directed spectrum penicillin for intensive care patients with nosocomial pneumonia: stability, compatibility, population pharmacokinetic studies and breakpoint selection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Feb;61(2):382–8. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 18070831]

53.

Debon R, Breilh D, Boselli E, et al. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ciprofloxacin (500 mg/5 mL) oral suspension in critically ill patients with severe bacterial pneumonia: a comparison of two dosages. J Chemother. 2002 Apr;14(2):175–80. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 12017373]

54.

Dimopoulos G, Poulakou G, Pneumatikos IA, et al. Short- vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2013 Dec;144(6):1759–67. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 23788274]

55.

Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C, et al. Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;189(9):1590–7. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 15116294]

56.

Dulhunty JM, Roberts JA, Davis JS, et al. Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: A multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(2):236–44. PMID: CN-00913082. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 23074313]

57.

Duszynska W, Taccone FS, Switala M, et al. Continuous infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study on efficacy and costs. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012 Feb;39(2):153–8. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 22154855]

58.

Eachempati SR, Hydo LJ, Shou J, et al. Does de-escalation of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia affect the likelihood of recurrent pneumonia or mortality in critically ill surgical patients? J Trauma. 2009 May;66(5):1343–8. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 19430237]

59.

El Solh AA, Choi G, Schultz MJ, et al. Clinical and hemostatic responses to treatment in ventilator-associated pneumonia: role of bacterial pathogens. Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb;35(2):490–6. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 17205031]

60.

Erard V, Lamy O, Bochud PY, et al. Full-course oral levofloxacin for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2004;(2):82–8. PMID: CN-00471723. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 14727149]

61.

Erttmann M, Ullmann U, Koch EM. Results of a clinical and pharmacokinetic study of ceftazidime in patients with postoperative pneumonia on assisted ventilation. J Hosp Infect. 1990 Apr;15 Suppl A:55–9. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 1971646]

62.

Fainstein V, Bolivar R, Elting L, et al. Ceftizoxime in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1982 Nov;10 Suppl C:167–73. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 6296002]

63.

Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Colistin: The revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(Sep):1333–41. Exclusion Code: 5. [PubMed: 15825037]

64.

Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, et al. Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;56(2):272–82. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 23074314]

65.

Fass RJ. Treatment of mixed bacterial infections with clindamycin and gentamicin. J Infect Dis. 1977 Mar;135 Suppl:S74–9. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 403243]

66.

Feld R, Valdivieso M, Bodey GP, et al. A comparative trial of sisomicin therapy by intermittent versus continuous infusion. Am J Med Sci. 1977 Sep-Oct;274(2):179–88. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 602958]

67.

Fernandez de Gatta MM, Mendez ME, Romano S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in intensive care unit patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1996 Dec;21(6):417–21. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 9201569]

68.

Fiala M, Chatterjee SN. Antibiotic blood concentrations in patients successfully treated with tobramycin. Postgrad Med J. 1981 Sep;57(671):548–51. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC2426172] [PubMed: 7329892]

69.

Fink MP, Snydman DR, Niederman MS, et al. Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem-cilastatin. The Severe Pneumonia Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;(3):547–57. PMID: CN-00101939. Exclusion Code: 3. [PMC free article: PMC284496] [PubMed: 8203853]

70.

Flint LM, Gott J, Short L, et al. Serum level monitoring of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Limitations in intensive care unit-related bacterial pneumonia. Arch Surg. 1985 Jan;120(1):99–103. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 3966875]

71.

Follath F, Bindschedler M, Wenk M, et al. Use of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;5(2):236–40. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 2941289]

72.

Fong IW, Vandenbroucke A, Simbul M. Penetration of enoxacin into bronchial secretions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;(5):748–51. PMID: CN-00048984. Exclusion Code: 3. [PMC free article: PMC174826] [PubMed: 3475036]

73.

Furtado GH, Gales AC, Perdiz LB, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by SPM-1-producing and non-producing imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011 Oct;44(5):604–6. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 22031077]

74.

Georges B, Conil JM, Cougot P, et al. Cefepime in critically ill patients: continuous infusion vs. an intermittent dosing regimen. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Aug;43(8):360–9. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 16119511]

75.

Georges B, Conil JM, Ruiz S, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice via Monte Carlo simulations. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;(4):588–96. PMID: CN-00832394. Exclusion Code: 4. [PMC free article: PMC3376435] [PubMed: 21988468]

76.

Georges B, Conil JM, Ruiz S, et al. Ceftazidime dosage regimen in intensive care unit patients: from a population pharmacokinetic approach to clinical practice via Monte Carlo simulations. 73:588. Exclusion Code: 6. [PMC free article: PMC3376435] [PubMed: 21988468]

77.

Giamarellou H, Galanakis N, Dendrinos C, et al. Evaluation of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;5(2):232–5. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 2941288]

78.

Greenberg RN, Martin E. Pneumococcal pneumonia in adults treated at University of Kentucky Medical Center, 1995-1998: implications of pathogen resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 May;28(5):1160–2. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 10452654]

79.

Greenberg RN, Reilly PM, Luppen KL, et al. Treatment of serious gram-negative infections with aztreonam. J Infect Dis. 1984 Nov;150(5):623–30. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 6541672]

80.

Gryglicka B, Wegrzyn-Szkutnik I, Michnar M, et al. Evaluation of an anti-chlamydial antibiotic therapy influence on asthma patients. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med. 2003;58(1):444–51. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 15315030]

81.

Hamilton LA, Christopher Wood G, Magnotti LJ, et al. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia with high-dose vancomycin or linezolid. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Jun;72(6):1478–83. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 22695410]

82.

Hammer GS, Ribner BS, Meyers BR, et al. Clinical studies with cefazolin: a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Mt Sinai J Med. 1975 Mar-Apr;42(2):142–9. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 1079566]

83.

Hansman D, Glasgow H, Sturt J, et al. Increased resistance to penicillin of pneumococci isolated from man. N Engl J Med. 1971 Jan 28;284(4):175–7. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 4395334]

84.

Hansmann Y, Doyle A, Remy V, et al. An outbreak of Pneumococcal pneumonia among residents of a retirement home in France during October 2003. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006 Nov;27(11):1252–4. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 17080386]

85.

Haque NZ, Arshad S, Peyrani P, et al. Analysis of pathogen and host factors related to clinical outcomes in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 May;50(5):1640–4. Exclusion Code: 6. [PMC free article: PMC3347104] [PubMed: 22337980]

86.

Haque NZ, Zuniga LC, Peyrani P, et al. Relationship of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration to mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, or health-care-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2010 Dec;138(6):1356–62. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 20558550]

87.

Haranaga S, Tateyama M, Higa F, et al. Intravenous ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin in the treatment of Legionella pneumonia. Intern Med. 2007;46(7):353–7. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 17409596]

88.

Hermsen ED, Hanson M, Sankaranarayanan J, et al. Clinical outcomes and nephrotoxicity associated with vancomycin trough concentrations during treatment of deep-seated infections. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010 Jan;9(1):9–14. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 20021290]

89.

Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, et al. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Oct 23;166(19):2138–44. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 17060545]

90.

Hiraki Y, Tsuji Y, Matsumoto K, et al. Influence of linezolid clearance on the induction of thrombocytopenia and reduction of hemoglobin. Am J Med Sci. 2011 Dec;342(6):456–60. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 21681075]

91.

Hirata-Dulas CA, Stein DJ, Guay DR, et al. A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Oct;39(10):979–85. Exclusion Code: 7. [PubMed: 1918785]

92.

Hodges GR, Saslaw S. Experiences with cefazolin: a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Am J Med Sci. 1973 Jan;265(1):23–32. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 4692994]

93.

Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al. Vancomycin AUC/MIC ratio and 30-day mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1654–63. Exclusion Code: 7. [PMC free article: PMC3623342] [PubMed: 23335735]

94.

Hsaiky L, Murray KP, Kokoska L, et al. Standard versus prolonged doripenem infusion for treatment of gram-negative infections. Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Jul-Aug;47(7-8):999–1006. Exclusion Code: 3. [PubMed: 23821611]

95.

Hutschala D, Skhirtladze K, Zuckermann A, et al. In vivo measurement of levofloxacin penetration into lung tissue after cardiac surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Dec;49(12):5107–11. Exclusion Code: 6. [PMC free article: PMC1315976] [PubMed: 16304179]

96.

Ikegame S, Wakamatsu K, Kumazoe H, et al. A retrospective analysis of 111 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia: clinical features and prognostic factors. Intern Med. 2012;51(1):37–43. Exclusion Code: 4. [PubMed: 22214621]

97.

Imberti R, Cusato M, Villani P, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest. 2010 Dec;138(6):1333–9. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 20558557]

98.

Iwamoto T, Kagawa Y, Kojima M. Clinical efficacy of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients receiving vancomycin. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Jun;26(6):876–9. Exclusion Code: 6. [PubMed: 12808304]

99.

Japoni A, Vazin A, Davarpanah MA, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in Iranian intensive care units. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011 Apr;5(4):286–93. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 21537070]

100.

Jaruratanasirikul S, Aeinlang N, Jullangkoon M, et al. Pharmacodynamics of imipenem in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013 May;96(5):551–7. Exclusion Code: 2. [PubMed: 23745309]

101.

Jaruratanasirikul S, Sriwiriyajan S, Punyo J. Comparison of the pharmacodynamics of meropenem in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia following administration by 3-hour infusion or bolus injection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Apr;49(4):1337–9. Exclusion Code: 2. [PMC free article: PMC1068632] [PubMed: 15793108]

102.

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