NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Carson S, Lee N, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Newer Antihistamines: Final Report Update 2 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science University; 2010 May.
This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.
- 1.
- Liberat A, Altman D, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):W-65–W-94. [PubMed: 19622512]
- 2.
- Golightly LK, Greos LS. Second-generation antihistamines: actions and efficacy in the management of allergic disorders. Drugs. 2005;65(3):341–384. [PubMed: 15669879]
- 3.
- Baena-Cagnani CE. Safety and tolerability of treatments for allergic rhinitis in children. Drug Safety. 2004;27(12):883–898. [PubMed: 15366976]
- 4.
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Antihistamine Drugs. 2005. [Accessed Sept. 14, 2005]. http://online
.statref .com/document.aspx?fxid =1&docid=16. - 5.
- Handley DA, Magnetti A, Higgins AJ. Therapeutic advantages of third generation antihistamines. Expert Opin Inv Drug. 1998;7:1045–1054. [PubMed: 15992014]
- 6.
- Blaiss MS. Allergic rhinitis and impairment issues in schoolchildren: A consensus report. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(12):1937–1952. [PubMed: 15704310]
- 7.
- Blaiss M. Current concepts and therapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis in school-age children. Clin Ther. 2004;26(11):1876–1889. [PubMed: 15639699]
- 8.
- van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C, Passalacqua G, et al. Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 2000;55(2):116–134. [PubMed: 10726726]
- 9.
- Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. ARIA Workshop Group, World Health Organization. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(5 Suppl):S147–334. [PubMed: 11707753]
- 10.
- International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet. 1998;351(9111):1225–1232. [PubMed: 9643741]
- 11.
- Schoenwetter WF. Allergic rhinitis: epidemiology and natural history. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2000;21(1):1–6. [PubMed: 10748945]
- 12.
- Skoner DP. Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(1 Suppl):S2–8. [PubMed: 11449200]
- 13.
- Malone DC, Lawson KA, Smith DH, Arrighi HM, Battista C. A cost of illness study of allergic rhinitis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(1 Pt 1):22–27. [PubMed: 9003207]
- 14.
- McCrory DC, Williams JW, Dolor RJ, et al. Management of allergic rhinitis in the working-age population. 67. Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, (AHRQ); Mar, 2003.
- 15.
- Segura T, Casale TB. Allergic rhinitis: basic pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Can J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;4:318–330.
- 16.
- Galant SP, Wilkinson R. Clinical prescribing of allergic rhinitis medication in the preschool and young school-age child: what are the options? Biodrugs. 2001;15(7):453–463. [PubMed: 11520256]
- 17.
- Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics. 1994;94(6 Pt 1):895–901. [PubMed: 7971008]
- 18.
- Bousquet J, Duchateau J, Pignat JC, et al. Improvement of quality of life by treatment with cetirizine in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis as determined by a French version of the SF-36 questionnaire. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1996;98(2):309–316. [PubMed: 8757208]
- 19.
- Meltzer EO. Quality of life in adults and children with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(1 Suppl):S45–53. [PubMed: 11449206]
- 20.
- Settipane RA. Complications of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1999;20(4):209–213. [PubMed: 10476318]
- 21.
- American Academy of Allergy A, and Immunology. Overview of allergic diseases: diagnosis, management, and barriers to care. 2000.
- 22.
- Kozel MMA, Sabroe RA. Chronic urticaria: aetiology, management and current and future treatment options. Drugs. 2004;64(22):2515–2536. [PubMed: 15516152]
- 23.
- Kaplan AP. Chronic urticaria: pathogenesis and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3):465–474. quiz 475. [PubMed: 15356542]
- 24.
- Center for Reviews and Dissemination. CRD Report Number 4. 2nd edition. 2001. Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness: CRD’s guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews.
- 25.
- Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Current methods of the third U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20(3 Suppl):21–35.
- 26.
- Berger W, Hampel F Jr, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO. Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2006;97(3):375–381. [PubMed: 17042145]
- 27.
- Berger WE. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2003;91(2):205–211. [PubMed: 12952117]
- 28.
- Berger WE, Lumry WR, Meltzer EO, Pearlman DS. Efficacy of desloratadine, 5 mg, compared with fexofenadine, 180 mg, in patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings. 2006;27(3):214–223. [PubMed: 16913264]
- 29.
- Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, Ricca V, Passalacqua G, Danzig M, Canonica GW. Loratadine treatment of rhinitis due to pollen allergy reduces epithelial ICAM-1 expression. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(10):1175–1183. [PubMed: 9383258]
- 30.
- Corren J, Storms W, Bernstein J, Berger W, Nayak A, Sacks H. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal spray compared with oral cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther. 2005;27(5):543–553. [PubMed: 15978303]
- 31.
- Hampel F, Ratner P, Mansfield L, Meeves S, Liao Y, Georges G. Fexofenadine hydrochloride, 180 mg, exhibits equivalent efficacy to cetirizine, 10 mg, with less drowsiness in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2003;91(4):354–361. [PubMed: 14582814]
- 32.
- Howarth PH, Stern MA, Roi L, Reynolds R, Bousquet J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride (120 and 180 mg once daily) and cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(5):927–933. [PubMed: 10550734]
- 33.
- Prenner BM, Capano D, Harris AG. Efficacy and tolerability of loratadine versus fexofenadine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a double-blind comparison with crossover treatment of nonresponders. Clin Ther. 2000;22(6):760–769. [PubMed: 10929922]
- 34.
- Shah SR, Nayak A, Ratner P, Roland P, Michael Wall G. Effects of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray 0.6% in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled study in adolescents and adults. Clin Ther. 2009;31(1):99–107. [PubMed: 19243710]
- 35.
- UCBa. A monocenter, double-blind, randomized trial, with two parallel groups comparing the clinical efficacy of levocetirizine 5 mg capsules and desloratadine 5 mg capsules taken once a day over 3 weeks of treatment in adult subjects suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) due to grass pollen [completed] Clinical.Trials.gov. 2008:31.
- 36.
- Van Cauwenberge P, Juniper EF. Comparison of the efficacy, safety and quality of life provided by fexofenadine hydrochloride 120 mg, loratadine 10 mg and placebo administered once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(6):891–899. [PubMed: 10848909]
- 37.
- Bachert C, Kuna P, Sanquer F, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs desloratadine 5 mg in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients. Allergy. 2009;64(1):158–165. [PubMed: 19132976]
- 38.
- Demoly P, Dreyfus I, Dhivert-Donnadieu H, Mesbah K. Desloratadine for the treatment of cypress pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2009;103(3):260–266. [PubMed: 19788025]
- 39.
- Meltzer EO, Jalowayski AA, Vogt K, Iezzoni D, Harris AG. Effect of desloratadine therapy on symptom scores and measures of nasal patency in seasonal allergic rhinitis: results of a single-center, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2006;96(2):363–368. [PubMed: 16498861]
- 40.
- Pradalier A, Neukirch C, Dreyfus I, Devillier P. Desloratadine improves quality of life and symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2007;62(11):1331–1334. [PubMed: 17521311]
- 41.
- Mahmoud F, Arifhodzic N, Haines D, Novotney L. Levocetirizine modulates lymphocyte activation in patients with allergic rhinitis. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2008;108(2):149–156. [PubMed: 18946193]
- 42.
- Ucb. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of levocetirizine during 8 weeks preceding and following the anticipated onset of the grass pollen season in subjects suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis associated with pollen-induced asthma [completed] Clinical.Trials.gov. 2008:31.
- 43.
- Bernstein JA, Prenner B, Ferguson BJ, Portnoy J, Wheeler WJ, Sacks HJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of reformulated azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2009;23(5):512–517. [PubMed: 19807985]
- 44.
- Dorow P, Aurich R, Petzold U. Efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis compared to placebo and budesonide. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 1993;43(8):909–912. [PubMed: 8105785]
- 45.
- LaForce C, Dockhorn RJ, Prenner BM, et al. Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Astelin NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial.[see comment] Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 1996;76(2):181–188. [PubMed: 8595539]
- 46.
- Lumry W, Prenner B, Corren J, Wheeler W. Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray at a dose of 1 spray per nostril twice daily. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2007;99(3):267–272. [PubMed: 17910331]
- 47.
- Ratner PH, Findlay SR, Hampel F Jr, van Bavel J, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ. A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1994;94(5):818–825. [PubMed: 7963150]
- 48.
- Storms WW, Pearlman DS, Chervinsky P, et al. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal solution in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994;73(6):382–386. [PubMed: 8076537]
- 49.
- Hampel FC Jr, Ratner PH, Amar NJ, et al. Improved quality of life among seasonal allergic rhinitis patients treated with olopatadine HCl nasal spray 0.4% and olopatadine HCl nasal spray 0.6% compared with vehicle placebo. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings. 2006;27(3):202–207. [PubMed: 16913262]
- 50.
- Meltzer EO, Hampel FC, Ratner PH, et al. Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2005;95(6):600–606. [PubMed: 16400902]
- 51.
- Ratner PH, Hampel FC, Amar NJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis to mountain cedar. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2005;95(5):474–479. [PubMed: 16312171]
- 52.
- Martinez-Cocera C, De Molina M, Marti-Guadano E, et al. Rupatadine 10 mg and cetirizine 10 mg seasonal allergic rhinitis: A randomised, double-blind parallel study. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 2005;15(1):22–29. [PubMed: 15864879]
- 53.
- Hampel F, Howland W, Van Bavel J, Ratner P. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of ebastine (20 mg and 10 mg) to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 2004;14(1):56–63. [PubMed: 15160443]
- 54.
- van Adelsberg J, Philip G, Pedinoff AJ, et al. Montelukast improves symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis over a 4-week treatment period. Allergy. 2003;58(12):1268–1276. [PubMed: 14616102]
- 55.
- Saint-Martin F, Dumur JP, Perez I, Izquierdo I. French Rupatadine-Rhinitis Study Group. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, comparing the efficacy and safety of rupatadine (20 and 10 mg), a new PAF and H1 receptor-specific histamine antagonist, to loratadine 10 mg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology. 2004;14(1):34–40. [PubMed: 15160440]
- 56.
- Dockhorn RJ, Bergner A, Connell JT, et al. Safety and efficacy of loratadine (Sch-29851): a new non-sedating antihistamine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy. 1987;58(6):407–411. [PubMed: 2954497]
- 57.
- Ucb. A study evaluating the efficacy and safety of 5 mg levocetirizine oral tablets, once daily versus 10 mg loratadine oral tablets, once daily for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis [completed] Clinical.Trials.gov. 2008:31.
- 58.
- Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, et al. Desloratadine and levocetirizine improve nasal symptoms, airflow, and allergic inflammation in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. International Immunopharmacology. 2005;5(13–14):1800–1808. [PubMed: 16275616]
- 59.
- Berlin JM, Golden SJ, Teets S, Lehman EB, Lucas T, Craig TJ. Efficacy of a steroid nasal spray compared with an antihistamine nasal spray in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2000;100(7 Suppl):S8–13. [PubMed: 10948809]
- 60.
- Golden S, Teets SJ, Lehman EB, et al. Effect of topical nasal azelastine on the symptoms of rhinitis, sleep, and daytime somnolence in perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2000;85(1):53–57. [PubMed: 10923605]
- 61.
- Bruttmann G, Charpin D, Germouty J, Horak F, Kunkel G, Wittmann G. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of loratadine in perennial allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 1989;83(2 Pt 1):411–416. [PubMed: 2563743]
- 62.
- Ho C-Y, Tan C-T. Comparison of antileukotrienes and antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(4):439–443. [PubMed: 17882913]
- 63.
- Amat P, Novella A, Roma J, Valero A, Lluch M, Malet A. Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with cetirizine. Allergol Immunopathol. 1992;20(4):139–143. [PubMed: 1283054]
- 64.
- Holmberg K, Tonnel AB, Dreyfus I, et al. Desloratadine relieves nasal congestion and improves quality-of-life in persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2009;64(11):1663–1670. [PubMed: 19740126]
- 65.
- Kim K, Sussman G, Hebert J, Lumry W, Lutsky B, Gates D. Desloratadine therapy for symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2006;96(3):460–465. [PubMed: 16597081]
- 66.
- Simons FE, Prenner BM, Finn A Jr. Desloratadine Study Group. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(3):617–622. [PubMed: 12642846]
- 67.
- Canonica GW, Tarantini F, Compalati E, Penagos M. Efficacy of desloratadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Allergy. 2007;62(4):359–366. [PubMed: 17362245]
- 68.
- Pasquali M, Baiardini I, Rogkakou A, et al. Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(9):1161–1167. [PubMed: 16961716]
- 69.
- Bachert C, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, et al. Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004;114(4):838–844. [PubMed: 15480324]
- 70.
- Canonica WG, Bousquet J, Van Hammee G, et al. Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respiratory Medicine. 2006;100(10):1706–1715. [PubMed: 16723217]
- 71.
- Klimek L, Bachert C, Canonica GW, et al. Long-term treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis with levocetirizine - Improvements in activity and sleep items of the Rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ). Allergy and Clinical Immunology International. 2007;19(1):4.
- 72.
- Frolund L, Etholm B, Irander K, et al. A multicentre study of loratadine, clemastine and placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1990;45(4):254–261. [PubMed: 2143361]
- 73.
- Garg G, Thami GP. Comparative efficacy of cetirizine and levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2007;18(1):23–24. [PubMed: 17365263]
- 74.
- Guerra L, Vincenzi C, Marchesi E, et al. Loratadine and cetirizine in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology. 1994;3(2):148–152.
- 75.
- Handa S, Dogra S, Kumar B. Comparative efficacy of cetirizine and fexofenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2004;15(1):55–57. [PubMed: 14754652]
- 76.
- Potter PC, Kapp A, Maurer M, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of levocetirizine 5 mg and desloratadine 5 mg in chronic idiopathic urticaria patients. Allergy. 2009;64(4):596–604. [PubMed: 19053988]
- 77.
- Thomas J, Pandhi RK, Oberoi C, et al. A multicentric trial of loratadine and cetrizine in urticaria. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprology. 1998;64:12–15. [PubMed: 20921702]
- 78.
- Grob JJ, Auquier P, Dreyfus I, Ortonne JP. Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology. 2008;22(1):87–93. [PubMed: 18181978]
- 79.
- Kaplan AP, Spector SL, Meeves S, Liao Y, Varghese ST, Georges G. Once-daily fexofenadine treatment for chronic idiopathic urticaria: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2005;94(6):662–669. [PubMed: 15984599]
- 80.
- Kapp A, Pichler WJ. Levocetirizine is an effective treatment in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(4):469–474. [PubMed: 16650180]
- 81.
- Monroe E, Finn A, Patel P, et al. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine 5 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003;48(4):535–541. [PubMed: 12664016]
- 82.
- Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Barra L, Ferrannini A, Vacca A, Tursi A. Levocetirizine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(3):533–538. [PubMed: 16445787]
- 83.
- Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Soccio AL, Ferrannini A, Vacca A. Desloratadine in combination with montelukast suppresses the dermographometer challenge test papule, and is effective in the treatment of delayed pressure urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(6):1279–1282. [PubMed: 17107402]
- 84.
- Ortonne J-P, Grob J-J, Auquier P, Dreyfus I. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2007;8(1):37–42. [PubMed: 17298105]
- 85.
- Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Mansueto P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3):619–625. [PubMed: 15356567]
- 86.
- Juhlin L, Arendt C. Treatment of chronic urticaria with cetirizine dihydrochloride a non-sedating antihistamine. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119(1):67–71. [PubMed: 2900648]
- 87.
- Breneman DL. Cetirizine versus hydroxyzine and placebo in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ann Pharmacother. 1996;30(10):1075–1079. [PubMed: 8893110]
- 88.
- Kontou-Fili K, Maniatakou G, Demaka P, Gonianakis M, Paleologos G. Therapeutic effects of cetirizine in delayed pressure urticaria. Part 1. Ann Allergy. 1990;65(6):517–519. [PubMed: 1979476]
- 89.
- Kontou-Fili K, Maniatakou G, Demaka P, Gonianakis M, Palaiologos G, Aroni K. Therapeutic effects of cetirizine in delayed pressure urticaria: clinicopathologic findings. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991;24(6 Pt 2):1090–1093. [PubMed: 1677012]
- 90.
- Sharpe GR, Shuster S. The effect of cetirizine on symptoms and wealing in dermographic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(5):580–583. [PubMed: 8251355]
- 91.
- Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Burtin B, Rihoux JP, Czarnetzki BM. Efficacy of cetirizine in cholinergic urticaria. Acta Derm-Vernereol. 1995;75(2):147–149. [PubMed: 7604646]
- 92.
- Zuberbier T, Munzberger C, Haustein U, et al. Double-blind crossover study of high-dose cetirizine in cholinergic urticaria. Dermatology. 1996;193(4):324–327. [PubMed: 8993958]
- 93.
- Bender BG, Milgrom H. Comparison of the effects of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine on daytime alertness and performance in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2004;92(3):344–349. [PubMed: 15049399]
- 94.
- Segal AT, Meltzer EO, Lockey RF, et al. Once-Daily Cetirizine Is Safe and Effective for Children with Allergic Rhinitis with and without Intermittent Asthma. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 2003;16(4):265–274.
- 95.
- Allegra L, Paupe J, Wieseman HG, Baelde Y. Cetirizine for seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 2–6 years. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 1993;4(3):157–161. [PubMed: 8220804]
- 96.
- Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Ricca V, et al. Cetirizine treatment of allergic cough in children with pollen allergy. Allergy. 1997;52(7):752–754. [PubMed: 9265991]
- 97.
- Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Ricca V, et al. Cetirizine treatment of rhinitis in children with pollen allergy: evidence of its antiallergic activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(10):1160–1166. [PubMed: 9383256]
- 98.
- Masi M, Candiani R, van de Venne H. A placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhino-conjunctivitis in children aged 6 to 12 years. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 1993;4(4 Suppl):47–52. [PubMed: 8353660]
- 99.
- Pearlman DS, Lumry WR, Winder JA, Noonan MJ. Once-daily cetirizine effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 6 to 11 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Pediatr. 1997;36(4):209–215. [PubMed: 9114992]
- 100.
- Wahn U, Meltzer E, Finn AJ, Kowalski M, Decosta P, et al. Fexofenadine is efficacious and safe in children (aged 6–11 years) with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(4):763–769. [PubMed: 12704355]
- 101.
- Tinkelman DG, Kemp J, Mitchell DQ, Galant SP. Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children with cetirizine or chlorpheniramine: A multicenter study. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 1996;10(1):9–17.
- 102.
- Boner AL, Miglioranzi P, Richelli C, Marchesi E, Andreoli A. Efficacy and safety of loratadine suspension in the treatment of children with allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1989;44(6):437–441. [PubMed: 2572182]
- 103.
- Jordana G, Dolovich J, Briscoe MP, et al. Intranasal fluticasone propionate versus loratadine in the treatment of adolescent patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(2):588–595. [PubMed: 8621843]
- 104.
- Baelde Y, Dupont P. Cetirizine in children with chronic allergic rhinitis. Drug Investigation. 1992;4(6):466–472.
- 105.
- Ciprandi G, Tosca M, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Long-term cetirizine treatment reduces allergic symptoms and drug prescriptions in children with mite allergy. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2001;87(3):222–226. [PubMed: 11570619]
- 106.
- Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Milanese M, Ricca V. Cetirizine reduces cytokines and inflammatory cells in children with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allerg Immunol. 2004;36(6):237–240. [PubMed: 15329007]
- 107.
- Hsieh JC, Lue KH, Lai DS, Sun HL, Lin YH. A comparison of cetirizine and montelukast for treating childhood perennial allergic rhinitis. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 2004;17(1):59–69.
- 108.
- Jobst S, van den Wijngaart W, Schubert A, van de Venne H. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of three dose levels of cetirizine given once daily in children with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1994;49(8):598–604. [PubMed: 7653736]
- 109.
- Lai DS, Lue KH, Hsieh JC, Lin KL, Lee HS. The comparison of the efficacy and safety of cetirizine, oxatomide, ketotifen, and a placebo for the treatment of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2002;89(6):589–598. [PubMed: 12487225]
- 110.
- Sienra-Monge JJ, Gazca-Aguilar A, Del Rio-Navarro B. Double-blind comparison of cetirizine and loratadine in children ages 2 to 6 years with perennial allergic rhinitis. American Journal of Therapeutics. 1999;6(3):149–155. [PubMed: 10423657]
- 111.
- Yang YH, Lin YT, Lu MY, Tsai MJ, Chiang BL. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and randomized study of loratadine (Clarityne) syrup for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children aged 3 to 12 years. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001;19(3):171–175. [PubMed: 11826911]
- 112.
- Chen S-T, Lu K-H, Sun H-L, Chang W-T, Lue K-H, Chou M-C. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing montelukast and cetirizine for treating perennial allergic rhinitis in children aged 2–6 yr. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 2006;17(1):49–54. [PubMed: 16426255]
- 113.
- Ratner P, Hampel F, Van Bavel J, Howland W. Efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg compared to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2004;133(4):371–379. [PubMed: 15031611]
- 114.
- Lee C-F, Sun H-L, Lu K-H, Ku M-S, Lue K-H. The comparison of cetirizine, levocetirizine and placebo for the treatment of childhood perennial allergic rhinitis. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 2009;20(5):493–499. [PubMed: 19175892]
- 115.
- Herman D, Garay R, Le Gal M. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of azelastine nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997;39(1):1–8. [PubMed: 9051434]
- 116.
- La Rosa M, Leonardi S, Marchese G, et al. Double-blind multicenter study on the efficacy and tolerability of cetirizine compared with oxatomide in chronic idiopathic urticaria in preschool children. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2001;87(1):48–53. [PubMed: 11476462]
- 117.
- Simons FE. Prevention of acute urticaria in young children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(4):703–706. [PubMed: 11295661]
- 118.
- Meltzer EO, Garadi R, Laforce C, et al. Comparative study of sensory attributes of two antihistamine nasal sprays: olopatadine 0.6% and azelastine 0.1% Allergy & Asthma Proceedings. 2008;29(6):659–668. [PubMed: 19144261]
- 119.
- Gastpar H, Dorow P, Aurich R, Petzold U. Investigation of long-term efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 1993;43(7):771–776. [PubMed: 8103660]
- 120.
- Wober W, Diez Crespo C, Bahre M. Efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: large scale experience in community practice. Curr Med Res Opin. 1997;13(10):617–626. [PubMed: 9327196]
- 121.
- Schwarz EB, Moretti ME, Nayak S, Koren G. Risk of hypospadias in offspring of women using loratadine during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Safety. 2008;31(9):775–788. [PubMed: 18707192]
- 122.
- Bruttmann G, Arendt C, Bernheim J. Double-blind, placebo controlled comparison of cetirizine 2HC1 and terfenadine in atopic perennial rhinitis. Acta Therapeutica. 1989;15(1):99–109.
- 123.
- Raphael GD, Angello JT, Wu M-M, Druce HM. Efficacy of diphenhydramine vs desloratadine and placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis.[see comment] Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2006;96(4):606–614. [PubMed: 16680933]
- 124.
- Spector SL, Shikiar R, Harding G, Meeves S, Leahy MJ. The effect of fexofenadine hydrochloride on productivity and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Cutis. 2007;79(2):157–162. [PubMed: 17388220]
- 125.
- Layton D, Wilton L, Boshier A, Cornelius V, Harris S, Shakir SAW. Comparison of the risk of drowsiness and sedation between levocetirizine and desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Safety. 2006;29(10):897–909. [PubMed: 16970513]
- 126.
- Layton D, Wilton L, Shakir SAW. Examining the tolerability of the non-sedating antihistamine desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Safety. 2009;32(2):169–179. [PubMed: 19236123]
- 127.
- Pedersen L, Norgaard M, Skriver MV, Olsen J, Sorensen HT. Prenatal exposure to loratadine in children with hypospadias: a nested case-control study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. American Journal of Therapeutics. 2006;13(4):320–324. [PubMed: 16858167]
- 128.
- Weber-Schoendorfer C, Schaefer C. The safety of cetirizine during pregnancy. A prospective observational cohort study. Reproductive Toxicology. 2008;26(1):19–23. [PubMed: 18571373]
- 129.
- Finkle WD, Adams JL, Greenland S, Melmon KL. Increased risk of serious injury following an initial prescription for diphenhydramine. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2002;89(3):244–250. [PubMed: 12269643]
- 130.
- Mann RD, Pearce GL, Dunn N, Shakir S. Sedation with ‘non-sedating’ antihistamines: Four prescription-event monitoring studies in general practice. BMJ. 2000;320(7243):1184–1187. [PMC free article: PMC27362] [PubMed: 10784544]
- 131.
- Craig-McFeely PM, Acharya NV, Shakir SAW. Evaluation of the safety of fexofenadine from experience gained in general practice use in England in 1997. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;57(4):313–320. [PubMed: 11549210]
- 132.
- De Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LAG. Risk of ventricular arrhythmias associated with nonsedating antihistamine drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;47(3):307–313. [PMC free article: PMC2014229] [PubMed: 10215756]
- 133.
- Ucb. A multicentre, double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled study: evaluation of the efficacy and safety of levocetirizine 5 mg and desloratadine 5 mg administered orally as capsules once daily, in the morning, over 2 weeks in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis (AR) [completed] Clinical.Trials.gov. 2008:31.
- 134.
- UCBb. Study evaluating the efficacy and safety of 5 mg levocetirizine oral tablets, once daily versus 10 mg loratadine oral tablets, once daily for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) [completed] Clinical.Trials.gov. 2008:31.
- 135.
- Bender BG, Berning S, Dudden R, Milgrom H, Tran ZV. Sedation and performance impairment of diphenhydramine and second-generation antihistamines: a meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(4):770–776. [PubMed: 12704356]
- 136.
- Salmun LM, Gates D, Scharf M, Greiding L, Ramon F, Heithoff K. Loratadine versus cetirizine: assessment of somnolence and motivation during the workday. Clin Ther. 2000;22(5):573–582. [PubMed: 10868555]
- 137.
- Satish U, Streufert S, Dewan M, Voort SV. Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine. Allergy. 2004;59(4):415–420. [PubMed: 15005765]
- 138.
- Meltzer EO, Weiler JM, Widlitz MD. Comparative outdoor study of the efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety of cetirizine, loratadine, and placebo for seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(2):617–626. [PubMed: 8621847]
- 139.
- Berger WE, Schenkel EJ, Mansfield LE. Desloratadine Study Group. Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5 mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2002;89(5):485–491. [PubMed: 12452207]
- 140.
- Meltzer E. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily 5mg desloratadine, an H1-receptor antagonist, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: Assessment during the spring and fall allergy seasons. Clin Drug Invest. 2001;21(1):25–32.
- 141.
- Ring J, Hein R, Gauger A, Bronsky E, Miller B. Once-daily desloratadine improves the signs and symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40(1):72–76. [PubMed: 11277962]
- 142.
- Lal A. Effect of a few histamine1-antagonists on blood glucose in patients of allergic rhinitis. Indian J Otolaryngol. 2000;52(2):193–195. [PMC free article: PMC3451290] [PubMed: 23119674]
- 143.
- Zuberbier T, Ifflander J, Semmler C, Henz BM. Acute urticaria: clinical aspects and therapeutic responsiveness. Acta Derm-Vernereol. 1996;76(4):295–297. [PubMed: 8869688]
- 144.
- Graft DF, Bernstein DI, Goldsobe A, Meltzer EO, Portnoy J, Long J. Safety of fexofenadine in children treated for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2001;87(1):22–26. [PubMed: 11476456]
- 145.
- Milgrom H, Kittner B, Lanier R, Hampel FC. Safety and tolerability of fexofenadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children 2 to 5 years old. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2007;99(4):358–363. [PubMed: 17941284]
- 146.
- Potter PC. Paediatric Levocetirizine Study G. Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine on symptoms and health-related quality of life of children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2005;95(2):175–180. [PubMed: 16136768]
- 147.
- Simons FE. Prospective, long-term safety evaluation of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children with atopic dermatitis. ETAC Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(2 Pt 1):433–440. [PubMed: 10452767]
- 148.
- Simons FE, Silas P, Portnoy JM, et al. Safety of cetirizine in infants 6 to 11 months of age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(6):1244–1248. [PubMed: 12789224]
- 149.
- Winder JA, Noonan MJ, Lumry WR, Pearlman DS. Absence of QT(c) prolongation with cetirizine in children aged 6 to 11 years. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 1996;10(4):181–190.
- 150.
- Prenner B, Ballona R, Bueso A, et al. Safety of desloratadine syrup in children 6 months to younger than 2 years of age: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Pediatric Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 2006;19(2):91–99.
- 151.
- Simons FER. Early Prevention of Asthma in Atopic Children Study G. Safety of levocetirizine treatment in young atopic children: An 18-month study. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 2007;18(6):535–542. [PubMed: 17561929]
- 152.
- Wober W, Diez Crespo CD, Bahre M. Evaluation of the drug monitoring programme of azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children under 13 years of age. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 1997;47(7):841–844. [PubMed: 9272242]
- 153.
- Rossi GA, Tosca MA, Passalacqua G, Bianchi B, Le Grazie C, Canonica GW. Evidence of desloratadine syrup efficacy and tolerability in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2005;60(3):416–417. [PubMed: 15679739]
- 154.
- Delgado LF, Pferferman A, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Evaluation of the potential cardiotoxicity of the antihistamines terfenadine, astemizole, loratadine, and cetirizine in atopic children. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 1998;80(4):333–337. [PubMed: 9564984]
- 155.
- Grimfeld A, Holgate ST, Canonica GW, et al. Prophylactic management of children at risk for recurrent upper respiratory infections: the Preventia I Study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(11):1665–1672. [PubMed: 15544588]
- 156.
- Bloom M, Staudinger H, Herron J. Safety of desloratadine syrup in children. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(12):1959–1965. [PubMed: 15701213]
- 157.
- Diepgen TL. Long-term treatment with cetirizine of infants with atopic dermatitis: A multi-country, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (the ETAC trial) over 18 months. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology. 2002;13(4):278–286. [PubMed: 12390444]
- 158.
- Stevenson J, Cornah D, Evrard P, et al. Long-term evaluation of the impact of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine on the behavioral, cognitive, and psychomotor development of very young children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Research. 2002;52(2):251–257. [PubMed: 12149503]
- 159.
- Grant JA, Nicodemus CF, Findlay SR, et al. Cetirizine in patients with seasonal rhinitis and concomitant asthma: prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(5 Pt 1):923–932. [PubMed: 7751511]
- 160.
- Aaronson DW, Mitchell J, Hinton S, Evans C. Evaluation of cetirizine in patients with allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 1996;76(5):440–446. [PubMed: 8630718]
- 161.
- Blaiss MS. Food Drug Administration, Acaai A. Management of rhinitis and asthma in pregnancy. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 2003;90(6 Suppl 3):16–22. [PubMed: 12839108]
- 162.
- Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Aharonovich A, et al. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(6):1239–1243. [PubMed: 12789223]
- 163.
- Einarson A, Bailey B, Jung G, Spizzirri D, Baillie M, Koren G. Prospective controlled study of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in pregnancy. Ann Allerg Asthma Im. 1997;78(2):183–186. [PubMed: 9048526]
- 164.
- Moretti ME, Caprara D, Coutinho CJ, et al. Fetal safety of loratadine use in the first trimester of pregnancy: a multicenter study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(3):479–483. [PubMed: 12642825]
- 165.
- Wilton LV, Pearce GL, Martin RM, Mackay FJ, Mann RD. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(8):882–889. [PubMed: 9746382]
- 166.
- Seto A, Einarson T, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to antihistamines: Meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14(3):119–124. [PubMed: 9259911]
- 167.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of an association between loratadine and hypospadias--United States, 1997–2001. MMWR Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. 2004;53(10):219–221. [PubMed: 15029117]
- 168.
- Bernstein DI, Levy AL, Hampel FC, et al. Treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate significantly improves ocular symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34(6):952–957. [PubMed: 15196285]
- 169.
- Salmun LM, Herron JM, Banfield C, Padhi D, Lorber R, Affrime MB. The pharmacokinetics, electrocardiographic effects, and tolerability of loratadine syrup in children aged 2 to 5 years. Clin Ther. 2000;22(5):613–621. [PubMed: 10868558]
- References - Drug Class Review: Newer AntihistaminesReferences - Drug Class Review: Newer Antihistamines
Your browsing activity is empty.
Activity recording is turned off.
See more...