Garcia JJ, Lobato JP, Garrido SL, Fernandez ME, Eyaralar JR. Biological therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. Atencion Farmaceutica: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2008;10(98):100–11.

Rau R, Wassenberg S, Zeidler H. Low Dose Prednisolone Therapy (LDPT) Retards Radiographically Detectable Destruction in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis--Preliminary Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel, Double Blind Study. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie. 2000;59(Supple 2):II/90–6. [PubMed: 11155812]

Sander O, Rau R. Treatment of Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis With a Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptor Fusion Protein (Tnfr 55-Igg1) - a Monocentric Observation in 80 Patients. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. 1998;57(5):307–11. [PubMed: 9864836]

Schnabel A, Reinhold K, Willmann V, Dihlmann W, Gross W. Side Effects and Efficacy of 15 Mg and 25 Mg Methotrexate Per Week in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Z RHEUMATOL. 1994;53(3):142–9. [PubMed: 8091868]

Aletaha D, Funovits J, Breedveld FC, Sharp J, Smolen JS, et al. Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Progression in Sustained Remission Is Determined by Disease Activity Levels Preceding the Period of Radiographic Assessment. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2009:1242. [PubMed: 19404938]

Aletaha D, Funovits J, Keystone EC, Smolen JS. Disease activity early in the course of treatment predicts response to therapy after one year in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Oct;56(10):3226–35. [PubMed: 17907167]

Ang DC, Paulus HE, Louie JS. Patient’s ethnicity does not influence utilization of effective therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 May;33(5):870–8. [PubMed: 16652419]

Aslanidis S, Pyrpasopoulou A, Douma S, Petidis K. Is it safe to readminister tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists following tuberculosis flare? Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan;58(1):327–8. [PubMed: 18163500]

Bacquet-Deschryver H, Jouen F, Quillard M, Menard JF, Goeb V, Lequerre T, et al. Impact of three anti-TNFalpha biologics on existing and emergent autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthropathy patients. J Clin Immunol. 2008 Sep;28(5):445–55. [PubMed: 18587633]

Baskan BM, Sivas F, Alemdaroglu E, Duran S, Ozoran K. Association of bone mineral density and vertebral deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Apr;27(6):579–84. [PubMed: 17287933]

Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, et al. Targeting Interleukin-15 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Proof-of-Concept Study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2005;52(9):2686–92. [PubMed: 16142748]

Bendtzen K, Geborek P, Svenson M, Larsson L, Kapetanovic MC, Saxne T. Individualized monitoring of drug bioavailability and immunogenicity in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with the tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Dec;54(12):3782–9. [PubMed: 17133559]

Bingham ICO, Looney RJ, Deodhar A, Halsey N, Greenwald M, Codding C, et al. Immunization responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab: Results from a controlled clinical trial. 2010. [PubMed: 20039397]

Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Caporali R, Alpini C, Avalle S, Epis OM, Klersy C, et al. High IgA rheumatoid factor levels are associated with poor clinical response to tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Mar;66(3):302–7. [PMC free article: PMC1856018] [PubMed: 17079248]

Breedveld F, Agarwal S, Yin M, Ren S, Li NF, Shaw TM, et al. Rituximab pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: B-cell levels do not correlate with clinical response. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Sep;47(9):1119–28. [PubMed: 17766699]

Breedveld FC, Han C, Bala M, van der Heijde D, Baker D, Kavanaugh AF, et al. Association Between Baseline Radiographic Damage and Improvement in Physical Function After Treatment of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2005;64(1):52–5. [PMC free article: PMC1755174] [PubMed: 15286005]

Buch MH, Seto Y, Bingham SJ, Bejarano V, Bryer D, White J, et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of infliximab treatment outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: defining subtypes of nonresponse and subsequent response to etanercept. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):42–8. [PubMed: 15641046]

Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. Effects of low dose methotrexate on the bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1997 Aug;24(8):1489–94. [PubMed: 9263140]

Carmona L, Hernandez-Garcia C, Vadillo C, Pato E, Balsa A, Gonzalez-Alvaro I, et al. Increased risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003 Jul;30(7):1436–9. [PubMed: 12858438]

Cassell S, Kavanaugh AF. Therapies for psoriatic nail disease. A systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul;33(7):1452–6. [PubMed: 16724366]

Cella D, Yount S, Sorensen M, Chartash E, Sengupta N, Grober J. Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Scale relative to other instrumentation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005 May;32(5):811–9. [PubMed: 15868614]

Chung CP, Russell AS, Segami MI, Ugarte CA. The effect of low-dose prednisone on bone mineral density in Peruvian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2005 Mar;25(2):114–7. [PubMed: 14628151]

Chung CP, Thompson JL, Koch GG, Amara I, Strand V, Pincus T. Are American College of Rheumatology 50% response criteria superior to 20% criteria in distinguishing active aggressive treatment in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials reported since 1997? A meta-analysis of discriminant capacities. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2006;65(12):1602–7. [PMC free article: PMC1798472] [PubMed: 16504992]

Coates LC, Helliwell PS. Validation of Minimal Disease Activity Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis Using Interventional Trial Data. Arthritis Care and Research. 2010;62:965. [PubMed: 20589696]

Colwell CW Jr, Robinson CA, Stevenson DD, Vint VC, Morris BA. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in patients with inflammatory arthritis or asthma receiving corticosteroid therapy. Orthopedics. 1996 Nov;19(11):941–6. [PubMed: 8936529]

Cooper C, Coupland C, Mitchell M. Rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid therapy and hip fracture. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995 Jan;54(1):49–52. [PMC free article: PMC1005512] [PubMed: 7880122]

Criswell LA, Lum RF, Turner KN, Woehl B, Zhu Y, Wang J, et al. The influence of genetic variation in the HLA-DRB1 and LTA-TNF regions on the response to treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate or etanercept. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Sep;50(9):2750–6. [PubMed: 15457442]

Cui J, Saevarsdottir S, Thomson B, Padyukov L, van der Helm-van Mil AH, Nititham J, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis risk allele PTPRC is also associated with response to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2010:1849–61. 2010/03/24 ed. [PMC free article: PMC3652476] [PubMed: 20309874]

Cunnane G, Madigan A, Murphy E, FitzGerald O, Bresnihan B. The effects of treatment with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on the inflamed synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Jan;40(1):62–9. [PubMed: 11157143]

Curkendall S, Patel V, Gleeson M, Campbell RS, Zagari M, Dubois R. Compliance with biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: do patient out-of-pocket payments matter? Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Oct 15;59(10):1519–26. [PubMed: 18821651]

Cypiene A, Laucevicius A, Venalis A, Ryliskyte L, Dadoniene J, Petrulioniene Z, et al. Non-invasive assessment of arterial stiffness indices by applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNF-alpha blocker remicade (infliximab). Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2007;50:119–22. [PubMed: 18605247]

Dahlqvist SR, Engstrand S, Berglin E, Johnson O. Conversion towards an atherogenic lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients during long-term infliximab therapy. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006 Mar–Apr;35(2):107–11. [PubMed: 16641043]

de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, Verpoort KN, Schreuder GM, Ewals JA, Terwiel JP, et al. Progression of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis: association with HLA-DRB1, rheumatoid factor, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in relation to different treatment strategies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 May;58(5):1293–8. [PubMed: 18438829]

Dervieux T, Greenstein N, Kremer J. Pharmacogenomic and metabolic biomarkers in the folate pathway and their association with methotrexate effects during dosage escalation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3095–103. [PubMed: 17009228]

di Comite G, Marinosci A, Di Matteo P, Manfredi A, Rovere-Querini P, Baldissera E, et al. Neuroendocrine modulation induced by selective blockade of TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:428–37. [PubMed: 16855170]

Doan QV, Chiou CF, Dubois RW. Review of eight pharmacoeconomic studies of the value of biologic DMARDs (adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy (USA). 2006 Jul 01;12(Jul):555–69. [PMC free article: PMC10437502] [PubMed: 16981801]

Eklund KK, Leirisalo-Repo M, Ranta P, Maki T, Kautiainen H, Hannonen P, et al. Serum IL-1beta levels are associated with the presence of erosions in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007 Sep–Oct;25(5):684–9. [PubMed: 18078614]

Ernestam S, Hafstrom I, Werner S, Carlstrom K, Tengstrand B. Increased DHEAS levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumor necrosis factor antagonists: evidence for improved adrenal function. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jul;34(7):1451–8. [PubMed: 17477470]

Felder M, Ruegsegger P. Bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--effect of steroids measured by low dose quantitative computed tomography. Rheumatol Int. 1991;11(1):41–4. [PubMed: 1866572]

Finckh A, Bansback N, Marra CA, Anis AH, Liang MH, et al. et al. Treatment of Very Early Rheumatoid Arthritis With Symptomatic Therapy, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, or Biologic Agents A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine (USA). 2009;151:612. [PubMed: 19884622]

Finckh A, Simard JF, Gabay C, Guerne PA. Evidence for differential acquired drug resistance to anti-tumour necrosis factor agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jun;65(6):746–52. [PMC free article: PMC1798167] [PubMed: 16339288]

Frey N, Grange S, Woodworth T. Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Tocilizumab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (USA). 2010;50:754–66. [PubMed: 20097931]

Garnero P, Tabassi NC, Voorzanger-Rousselot N. Circulating dickkopf-1 and radiological progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept. J Rheumatol. 2008 Dec;35(12):2313–5. [PubMed: 18843784]

Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T, Smolen JS. Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. 2010. [PubMed: 20039425]

Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T, Smolen JS. Rapid and Sustained Improvement in Bone and Cartilage Turnover Markers With the Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor Tocilizumab Plus Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate Results From a Substudy of the Multicenter Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Tocilizumab in Inadequate Responders to Methotrexate Alone. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2010;62:33. [PubMed: 20039425]

Garton MJ, Reid DM. Bone mineral density of the hip and of the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the spine in men with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of low-dose corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Feb;36(2):222–8. [PubMed: 8431212]

Genant HK. Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Radiologic Progression and Correlation of Genant/Sharp and Larsen Scoring Methods. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. 2001;30(5 Suppl 2):26–32. [PubMed: 11357169]

Georgiadis AN, Papavasiliou EC, Lourida ES, Alamanos Y, Kostara C, Tselepis AD, et al. Atherogenic lipid profile is a feature characteristic of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: effect of early treatment--a prospective, controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(3):R82. [PMC free article: PMC1526648] [PubMed: 16646989]

Gibofsky A, Palmer WR, Goldman JA, Lautzenheiser RL, Markenson JA, Weaver A, et al. Real-world utilization of DMARDs and biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: the RADIUS (Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug Intervention and Utilization Study) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Jan;22(1):169–83. [PubMed: 16393443]

Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, Kerstens PJ, Grillet BA, de Jager MH, et al. Patient preferences for treatment: report from a randomised comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis (BeSt trial). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Sep;66(9):1227–32. [PMC free article: PMC1955131] [PubMed: 17405834]

Gonnet-Gracia C, Barnetche T, Richez C, Blanco P, Dehais J, Schaeverbeke T. Anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-DNA and C4 complement evolution in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis treated with TNF-alpha blockers. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 May–Jun;26(3):401–7. [PubMed: 18578960]

Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Descalzo MA, Carmona L. Trends towards an improved disease state in rheumatoid arthritis over time: Influence of new therapies and changes in management approach: Analysis of the EMECAR cohort. Arthritis Research and Therapy. 2008;10(6) [PMC free article: PMC2656242] [PubMed: 19036152]

Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Garcia-Porrua C, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism-Arthritis Care and Research. 2006 Jan 01;55(Jan):150–3. [PubMed: 16463428]

Gotzsche PC, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, Svendsen A, Beier J, Faarvang KL, et al. Randomized, Placebo Controlled Tial of Withdrawal of Slow-Acting Antirheumatic Drugs and of Observer Bias in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 1996;25(4):194–0. [PubMed: 8792795]

Grassi W, De Angelis R, Cervini C. Corticosteroid prescribing in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17(3):223–6. [PubMed: 9694057]

Grijalva CG, Chung CP, Stein CM, Mitchel EF Jr, Griffin MR. Changing patterns of medication use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a Medicaid population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jul;47(7):1061–4. [PMC free article: PMC4819998] [PubMed: 18499716]

Guler-Yuksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, van Groenendael JH, Mallee C, et al. Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Mar;68(3):330–6. [PubMed: 18375540]

Guler-Yuksel M, Bijsterbosch J, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Hulsmans HM, de Beus WM, et al. Changes in bone mineral density in patients with recent onset, active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jun;67(6):823–8. [PubMed: 17644545]

Guler-Yuksel M, Bijsterbosch J, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Ronday HK, Peeters AJ, et al. Bone mineral density in patients with recently diagnosed, active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov;66(11):1508–12. [PMC free article: PMC2111640] [PubMed: 17456523]

Haagsma CJ, Blom HJ, van Riel PL, van’t Hof MA, Giesendorf BA, van Oppenraaij-Emmerzaal D, et al. Influence of Sulphasalazine, Methotrexate, and the Combination of Both on Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1999;58(2):79–84. [PMC free article: PMC1752831] [PubMed: 10343521]

Hafstrom I, Rohani M, Deneberg S, Wornert M, Jogestrand T, Frostegard J. Effects of low-dose prednisolone on endothelial function, atherosclerosis, and traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--a randomized study. J Rheumatol. 2007 Sep;34(9):1810–6. [PubMed: 17696277]

Hall GM, Daniels M, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Oct;37(10):1499–505. [PubMed: 7945476]

Hall GM, Spector TD, Delmas PD. Markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of corticosteroids and hormone replacement therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1995 Jul;38(7):902–6. [PubMed: 7612039]

Hall GM, Spector TD, Griffin AJ, Jawad AS, Hall ML, Doyle DV. The effect of rheumatoid arthritis and steroid therapy on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Nov;36(11):1510–6. [PubMed: 8240428]

Halpern MT, Cifaldi MA, Kvien TK. Impact of adalimumab on work participation in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of an open-label extension study and a registry-based control group. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun;68(6):930–7. [PMC free article: PMC2674552] [PubMed: 18829616]

Halvorsen EH, Haavardsholm EA, Pollmann S, Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Kvien TK, et al. Serum IgG antibodies to peptidylarginine deiminase 4 predict radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha blocking agents. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Feb;68(2):249–52. [PubMed: 18723564]

Hansen M, Florescu A, Stoltenberg M, Podenphant J, Pedersen-Zbinden B, Horslev-Petersen K, et al. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Influence of disease activity, duration of the disease, functional capacity, and corticosteroid treatment. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996;25(6):367–76. [PubMed: 8996471]

Hashimoto J, Garnero P, van der Heijde D, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, et al. A combination of biochemical markers of cartilage and bone turnover, radiographic damage and body mass index to predict the progression of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Modern rheumatology / the Japan Rheumatism Association. 2009;19(3):273–82. [PubMed: 19452245]

Hashimoto J, Garnero P, van der Heijde D, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, et al. Humanized anti-interleukin-6-receptor antibody (tocilizumab) monotherapy is more effective in slowing radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at high baseline risk for structural damage evaluated with levels of biomarkers, radiography, and BMI: data from the SAMURAI study. Mod Rheumatol. 2010 Jun 24 [PMC free article: PMC3036807] [PubMed: 20574648]

Hatemi G, Melikoglu M, Fresko I, Masatlioglu S, Tascilar K, Yazici H. Infliximab does not suppress the tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative). J Rheumatol. 2007 Mar;34(3):474–80. [PubMed: 17299840]

Haugeberg G, Orstavik RE, Uhlig T, Falch JA, Halse JI, Kvien TK. Bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population-based cohort of 366 patients followed up for two years. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jul;46(7):1720–8. [PubMed: 12124854]

Haugeberg G, Strand A, Kvien T, Kirwan J. Reduced Loss of Hand Bone Density With Prednisolone in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Archives of internal medicine. 2005;165(11):1293–7. [PubMed: 15956010]

Helliwell PS. Therapies for dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis. A systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul;33(7):1439–41. [PubMed: 16724369]

Hirano Y, Kojima T, Kanayama Y, Shioura T, Hayashi M, Kida D, et al. Influences of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents on postoperative recovery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2010:495–500. 2010/01/14 ed. [PubMed: 20069328]

Hornung N, Ellingsen T, Attermann J, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Poulsen JH. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate (MTX): concentrations of steady-state erythrocyte MTX correlate to plasma concentrations and clinical efficacy. J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep;35(9):1709–15. [PubMed: 18634162]

Hu CP, Xu ZH, Rahman MU, Davis HM, Zhou HH. A latent variable approach for modeling categorical endpoints among patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with golimumab plus methotrexate. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (USA). 2010;37:309–21. [PubMed: 20635122]

Imrich R, Vigas M, Rovensky J, Aldag JC, Masi AT. Adrenal plasma steroid relations in glucocorticoid-naive premenopausal rheumatoid arthritis patients during insulin-induced hypoglycemia test compared to matched normal control females. Endocr Regul. 2009 Apr;43(2):65–73. [PubMed: 19856711]

James HM, Gillis D, Hissaria P, Lester S, Somogyi AA, Cleland LG, et al. Common polymorphisms in the folate pathway predict efficacy of combination regimens containing methotrexate and sulfasalazine in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Apr;35(4):562–71. [PubMed: 18322994]

Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, Cobby M, Bresnihan B, Aitchison R, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 May;43(5):1001–9. [PubMed: 10817552]

Jonsdottir T, Forslid J, van Vollenhoven A, Harju A, Brannemark S, Klareskog L, et al. Treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha antagonists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis induces anticardiolipin antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1075–8. [PMC free article: PMC1755142] [PubMed: 15066863]

Josipovic B. Levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in female patients with early stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 22;876:145–7. [PubMed: 10415602]

Kahn KL, MacLean CH, Liu H, Rubenstein LZ, Wong AL, Harker JO, et al. Application of explicit process of care measurement to rheumatoid arthritis: Moving from evidence to practice. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Dec 15;55(6):884–91. [PubMed: 17139665]

Kahn KL, MacLean CH, Wong AL, Rubenstein LZ, Liu H, Fitzpatrick DM, et al. Assessment of American College of Rheumatology quality criteria for rheumatoid arthritis in a pre-quality criteria patient cohort. Arthritis Care and Research. 2007;57(5):707–15. [PubMed: 17530663]

Kaine JL, Kivitz AJ, Birbara C, Luo AY. Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab. J Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;34(2):272–9. [PubMed: 17304653]

Kalla AA, Meyers OL, Kotze TJ, Laubscher R. Corticosteroid therapy and bone mass--comparison of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. S Afr Med J. 1994 Jul;84(7):404–9. [PubMed: 7709304]

Kievit W, Fransen J, Oerlemans AJ, Kuper HH, van der Laar MA, de Rooij DJ, et al. The efficacy of anti-TNF in rheumatoid arthritis, a comparison between randomised controlled trials and clinical practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov;66(11):1473–8. [PMC free article: PMC2111629] [PubMed: 17426065]

Klarenbeek NB, van der Kooij SM, Huizinga TJ, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, Hulsmans HM, van Krugten MV, et al. Blood pressure changes in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis treated with four different treatment strategies: a post hoc analysis from the BeSt trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2010;(7):1342–5. [PubMed: 20472597]

Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S, Domyslawska I, Chwiecko J. Regulation of serum chemokines following infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Sep–Oct;24(5):529–33. [PubMed: 17181921]

Kobelt G, Eberhardt K, Geborek P. TNF inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: costs and outcomes in a follow up study of patients with RA treated with etanercept or infliximab in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Jan;63(1):4–10. [PMC free article: PMC1754715] [PubMed: 14672883]

Kopp S, Alstergren P, Ernestam S, Nordahl S, Bratt J. Interleukin-1beta influences the effect of infliximab on temporomandibular joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006 May–Jun;35(3):182–8. [PubMed: 16766364]

Korczowska I, Olewicz-Gawlik A, Trefler J, Hrycaj P, Krzysztof Lacki J. Does low-dose and short-term glucocorticoids treatment increase the risk of osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis female patients? Clin Rheumatol. 2008 May;27(5):565–72. [PubMed: 17909741]

Korthals-de Bos I, Van Tulder M, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Ader HJ, Bibo J, et al. Indirect and Total Costs of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomized Comparison of Combined Step-Down Prednisolone, Methotrexate, and Sulfasalazine With Sulfasalazine Alone. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(9):1709–16. [PubMed: 15338488]

Kraan MC, Reece RJ, Barg EC, Smeets TJ, Farnell J, Rosenburg R, et al. Modulation of Inflammation and Metalloproteinase Expression in Synovial Tissue by Leflunomide and Methotrexate in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Findings in a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Design Clinical Trial in Thirty-Nine Patients at Two Centers. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2000;43(8):1820–30. [PubMed: 10943872]

Kristensen LE, Christensen R, Bliddal H, Geborek P, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Saxne T. The number needed to treat for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab based on ACR50 response in three randomized controlled trials on established rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2007:411–7. [PubMed: 18092260]

Kroot EJ, van Gestel AM, Swinkels HL, Albers MM, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Chronic comorbidity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a descriptive study. J Rheumatol. 2001 Jul;28(7):1511–7. [PubMed: 11469455]

Kuuliala A, Leirisalo-Repo M, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Nissila M, Kautiainen H, et al. Serum Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor Predicts Early Remission in Patients With Recent-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With a Single Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2005;23(2):243–6. [PubMed: 15895898]

Lacroix BD, Lovern MR, Stockis A, Sargentini-Maier ML, Karlsson MO, Friberg LE. A pharmacodynamic Markov mixed-effects model for determining the effect of exposure to certolizumab pegol on the ACR20 score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Oct;86(4):387–95. [PubMed: 19626001]

Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. The case of the misleading funnel plot. British Medical Journal. 2006;333(7568):597–600. [PMC free article: PMC1570006] [PubMed: 16974018]

Lodder MC, de Jong Z, Kostense PJ, Molenaar ET, Staal K, Voskuyl AE, et al. Bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation between disease severity and low bone mineral density. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Dec;63(12):1576–80. [PMC free article: PMC1754831] [PubMed: 15547081]

Macias I, Garcia-Perez S, Ruiz-Tudela M, Medina F, Chozas N, Giron-Gonzalez JA. Modification of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines and vascular-related molecules by tumor necrosis factor-a blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005 Nov;32(11):2102–8. [PubMed: 16265686]

Maetzel A, Strand V, Tugwell P, Wells G, Bombardier C. Economic Comparison of Leflunomide and Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: an Evaluation Based on a 1-Year Randomised Controlled Trial. PharmacoEconomics. 2002;20(1):61–70. [PubMed: 11817993]

Marcora SM, Chester KR, Mittal G, Lemmey AB, Maddison PJ. Randomized phase 2 trial of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy for cachexia in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1463–72. [PubMed: 17158431]

Marotte H, Pallot-Prades B, Grange L, Tebib J, Gaudin P, Alexandre C, et al. The shared epitope is a marker of severity associated with selection for, but not with response to, infliximab in a large rheumatoid arthritis population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar;65(3):342–7. [PMC free article: PMC1798045] [PubMed: 16096333]

Maxwell JR, Potter C, Hyrich KL, Barton A, Worthington J, Isaacs JD, et al. Association of the tumour necrosis factor-308 variant with differential response to anti-TNF agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Nov 15;17(22):3532–8. [PubMed: 18713756]

Mease PJ, Wei N, Fudman EJ, Kivitz AJ, Schechtman J, Trapp RG, et al. Safety, tolerability, and clinical outcomes after intraarticular injection of a recombinant adeno-associated vector containing a tumor necrosis factor antagonist gene: Results of a phase 1/2 study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010;37(4):692–703. [PubMed: 20032102]

Ollendorf DA, Klingman D, Hazard E, Ray S. Differences in annual medication costs and rates of dosage increase between tumor necrosis factor-antagonist therapies for rheumatoid arthritis in a managed care population. Clinical Therapeutics. 2009;31(4):825–35. [PubMed: 19446156]

Ollendorf DA, Peterson AN, Doyle J, Huse DM. Impact of leflunomide versus biologic agents on the costs of care for rheumatoid arthritis in a managed care population. Am J Manag Care. 2002 May;8(7 Suppl):S203–13. [PubMed: 12022236]

Oren C, Mendelbaum M, Paran D. Vaccination against influenza in rheumatoid arthritis patients: The effect of rituximab on the humoral response. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 [PubMed: 17981914]

Pincus T, Marcum SB, Callahan LF. Longterm drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in seven rheumatology private practices: II. Second line drugs and prednisone. J Rheumatol. 1992 Dec;19(12):1885–94. [PubMed: 1294735]

Potter C, Hyrich KL, Tracey A, Lunt M, Plant D, Symmons DP, et al. Association of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide positivity, but not carriage of shared epitope or PTPN22 susceptibility variants, with anti-tumour necrosis factor response in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:69–74. [PMC free article: PMC2596303] [PubMed: 18375541]

Quinn MA, Conaghan PG, O’Connor PJ, Karim Z, Greenstein A, Brown A, et al. Very early treatment with infliximab in addition to methotrexate in early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis reduces magnetic resonance imaging evidence of synovitis and damage, with sustained benefit after infliximab withdrawal: results from a twelve-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):27–35. [PubMed: 15641102]

Rajakulendran S, Gadsby K, Deighton C. Rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol, leflunomide and methotrexate. Can changes to the BSR guidelines for leflunomide and methotrexate on alcohol consumption be justified? Musculoskeletal Care. 2008 Dec;6(4):233–45. [PubMed: 18702106]

Roux CH, Brocq O, Breuil V, Albert C, Euller-Ziegler L. Safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthropathies with concurrent B or C chronic hepatitis. Rheumatology. 2006 Oct 01;45(Oct):1294–7. [PubMed: 16603583]

Saliu OY, Sofer C, Stein DS, Schwander SK, Wallis RS. Tumor-necrosis-factor blockers: differential effects on mycobacterial immunity. J Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;194(4):486–92. [PubMed: 16845632]

Sanmarti R, Gomez-Centeno A, Ercilla G, Larrosa M, Vinas O, Vazquez I, et al. Prognostic factors of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: a two year prospective study after a structured therapeutic strategy using DMARDs and very low doses of glucocorticoids. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Jul;26(7):1111–8. [PMC free article: PMC9110530] [PubMed: 17109060]

Scheinberg M, Guedes-Barbosa LS, Mangueira C, Rosseto EA, Mota L, Oliveira AC, et al. Yellow fever revaccination during infliximab therapy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010:896–8. 2010/06/11 ed. [PubMed: 20535801]

Sennels H, Sorensen S, Ostergaard M, Knudsen L, Hansen M, Skjodt H, et al. Circulating levels of osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, total soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis randomized to etanercept alone or in combination with methotrexate. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008 Jul–Aug;37(4):241–7. [PubMed: 18612923]

Seriolo B, Paolino S, Sulli A, Fasciolo D, Cutolo M. Effects of anti-TNF-alpha treatment on lipid profile in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:414–9. [PubMed: 16855168]

Seriolo B, Paolino S, Sulli A, Ferretti V, Cutolo M. Bone metabolism changes during anti-TNF-alpha therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:420–7. [PubMed: 16855169]

Smolen JS, van der Heijde DM, Aletaha D, Xu S, Han J, Baker D, et al. Progression of radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: independence of erosions and joint space narrowing. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2009;68(10):1535–40. [PubMed: 18957487]

Soderlin MK, Geborek P. Changing pattern in the prescription of biological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. A 7-year follow-up of 1839 patients in southern Sweden. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2008;67(1):37–42. [PubMed: 19623680]

Sokka T, Kautiainen H, Toloza S, Makinen H, Verstappen SM, Lund Hetland M, et al. QUEST-RA: quantitative clinical assessment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen in standard rheumatology care in 15 countries. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov;66(11):1491–6. [PMC free article: PMC2111618] [PubMed: 17412740]

Sokka T, Mottonen T, Hannonen P. Mortality in early “sawtooth” treated rheumatoid arthritis patients during the first 8–14 years. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999;28(5):282–7. [PubMed: 10568424]

Sokka T, Pincus T. Contemporary disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis in a US private practice: methotrexate as the anchor drug in 90% and new DMARD in 30% of patients. J Rheumatol. 2002 Dec;29(12):2521–4. [PubMed: 12465145]

Strand V, Cohen S, Crawford B, Smolen JS, Scott DL, et al. Patient-reported outcomes better discriminate active treatment from placebo in randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2004 May 01;43(May):640–7. [PubMed: 15039493]

Strober B, Teller C, Yamauchi P, Miller JL, Hooper M, Yang YC, et al. Effects of etanercept on C-reactive protein levels in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Aug;159(2):322–30. [PubMed: 18503600]

Stubenrauch K, Wessels U, Birnboeck H, Ramirez F, Jahreis A, Schleypen J. Subset analysis of patients experiencing clinical events of a potentially immunogenic nature in the pivotal clinical trials of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis: Evaluation of an antidrug antibody ELISA using clinical adverse event-driven immunogenicity testing. Clinical Therapeutics. 2010;32(9):1597–609. [PubMed: 20974317]

Suissa S, Ernst P, Hudson M. TNF-alpha antagonists and the prevention of hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008;21(1):234–8. [PubMed: 17517530]

Symmons D, Tricker K, Harrison M, Roberts C, Davis M, Dawes P, et al. Patients with stable long-standing rheumatoid arthritis continue to deteriorate despite intensified treatment with traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs - Results of the British Rheumatoid Outcome Study Group randomized controlled clinical trial. Rheumatology. 2006;45(5):558–65. [PubMed: 16263778]

Tan RJ, Gibbons LJ, Potter C, Hyrich KL, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, et al. Investigation of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes identifies association of AFF3 and CD226 variants with response to anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1029–35. 2010/05/07 ed. [PMC free article: PMC2930850] [PubMed: 20444755]

Tang B, Rahman M, Waters HC, Callegari P. Treatment persistence with adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab in combination with methotrexate and the effects on health care costs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ther. 2008 Jul;30(7):1375–84. [PubMed: 18691998]

Tascioglu F, Oner C, Armagan O. The effect of low-dose methotrexate on bone mineral density in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2003 Sep;23(5):231–5. [PubMed: 14504915]

Tikly M, Zannettou N, Hopley M. A longitudinal study of rheumatoid arthritis in South Africans. MedGenMed. 2003 Feb 5;5(1):2. [PubMed: 12827063]

Toms TE, Panoulas VF, John H, Douglas KM, Kitas GD. Methotrexate therapy associates with reduced prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis patients over the age of 60- more than just an anti-inflammatory effect? A cross sectional study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(4):R110. [PMC free article: PMC2745792] [PubMed: 19607680]

Torikai E, Kageyama Y, Takahashi M, Nagano A. The effect of methotrexate on bone metabolism markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2006;16(6):350–4. [PubMed: 17164995]

Toubi E, Kessel A, Slobodin G, Boulman N, Pavlotzky E, Zisman D, et al. Changes in macrophage function after rituximab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Jun;66(6):818–20. [PMC free article: PMC1954671] [PubMed: 17148544]

van der Bijl AE, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Ten Wolde S, Han KH, van Krugten MV, et al. Infliximab and methotrexate as induction therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jul;56(7):2129–34. [PubMed: 17599726]

van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Settas L, Pedersen R, et al. Presentation and analysis of data on radiographic outcome in clinical trials: experience from the TEMPO study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):49–60. [PubMed: 15641062]

Verhoeven AC, Bibo JC, Boers M, Engel GL, van der Linden S. Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Utility of Combination Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Randomized Comparison of Combined Step-Down Prednisolone, Methotrexate and Sulphasalazine With Sulphasalazine Alone. British journal of rheumatology. 1998;37(10):1102–9. [PubMed: 9825750]

Verhoeven AC, Boers M, te Koppele JM, van der Laan WH, Markusse HM, Geusens P, et al. Bone turnover, joint damage and bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis treated with combination therapy including high-dose prednisolone. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Nov;40(11):1231–7. [PubMed: 11709606]

Visvanathan S, Marini JC, Smolen JS, Clair EW, Pritchard C, Shergy W, et al. Changes in biomarkers of inflammation and bone turnover and associations with clinical efficacy following infliximab plus methotrexate therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007 Jul;34(7):1465–74. [PubMed: 17552048]

Visvanathan S, Wagner C, Rojas J, Kay J, Dasgupta B, Matteson EL, et al. E-selectin, interleukin 18, serum amyloid a, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 are associated with clinical response to golimumab plus methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;36(7):1371–9. [PubMed: 19487269]

Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, Stecher VJ, Turnbull BA, Kern PA. Cholesterol-lowering effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatic disease: reversal of deleterious effects of steroids on lipids. Am J Med. 1990 Sep;89(3):322–6. [PubMed: 2393036]

Wells G, Li T, Tugwell P. Investigation into the impact of abatacept on sleep quality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and the validity of the MOS-Sleep questionnaire Sleep Disturbance Scale. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Oct;69(10):1768–73. [PubMed: 20610444]

Wells GA, Boers M, Li T, Tugwell PS. Investigating the validity of the minimal disease activity state for patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with abatacept. J Rheumatol. 2009 Feb;36(2):260–5. [PubMed: 19208559]

Wells GA, Sultan SA, Chen L. Indirect evidence: Indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2009.

Weng HH, Ranganath VK, Khanna D, Oh M. Western Consortium P. et al. Equivalent Responses to Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Initiated at Any Time During the First 15 Months After Symptom Onset in Patients with Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010;37:550–7. [PMC free article: PMC3413376] [PubMed: 20110517]

Wolbink GJ, Vis M, Lems W, Voskuyl AE, Dijkmans B, et al. Development of antiinfliximab antibodies and relationship to clinical response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 Mar 01;54(Mar):711–5. [PubMed: 16508927]

Wu E, Chen L, Birnbaum H, Yang E, Cifaldi M. Cost of care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TNF-antagonist therapy using claims data. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Aug;23(8):1749–59. [PubMed: 17588306]

Wu E, Chen L, Birnbaum H, Yang E, Cifaldi M. Retrospective claims data analysis of dosage adjustment patterns of TNF antagonists among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2008;24(8):2229–40. [PubMed: 18577308]

Yamanaka H, Inoue E, Singh G, Tanaka E, Nakajima A, Taniguchi A, et al. Improvement of disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis patients from 2000 to 2006 in a large observational cohort study IORRA in Japan. Mod Rheumatol. 2007;17(4):283–9. [PubMed: 17694260]

Yazici Y, Krasnokutsky S, Barnes JP, Hines PL, Wang J, Rosenblatt L. Changing patterns of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor use in 9074 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009 May;36(5):907–13. [PubMed: 19332636]

Yee CS, Filer A, Pace A, Douglas K, Situnayake D, Rowe IF. The prevalence of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the West Midlands fulfilling the BSR criteria for anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy: an out-patient study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Jul;42(7):856–9. [PubMed: 12730544]

Zink A, Strangfeld A, Schneider M, Herzer P, Listing J, et al. Effectiveness of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis in an observational cohort study - Comparison of patients according to their eligibility for major randomized clinical trials. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 Nov 01;54(Nov):3399–407. [PubMed: 17075823]

Adams J, Burridge J, Mullee M, Hammond A, Cooper C. The clinical effectiveness of static resting splints in early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology. 2008;47(10):1548–53. [PubMed: 18701540]

Anderson JJ, O’Neill A, Woodworth T, Haddad J, Sewell KL, Moreland LW. Health Status Response of Rheumatoid Arthritis to Treatment With Dab486il-2. Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 1996;9(2):112–9. [PubMed: 8970269]

Bae SC, Corzillius M, Kuntz KM, Liang MH. Cost-effectiveness of low dose corticosteroids versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COX-2 specific inhibitors in the long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Jan;42(1):46–53. [PubMed: 12509612]

Bakker MF, Jacobs JWG, Welsing PMJ, Van Der Werf JH, Linn-Rasker SP, Van Der Veen MJ, et al. Are switches from oral to subcutaneous methotrexate or addition of ciclosporin to methotrexate useful steps in a tight control treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis? A post hoc analysis of the CAMERA study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2010;69(10):1849–52. [PubMed: 20511610]

Bejarano V, Conaghan PG, Proudman SM, Buch MH, Brown AK, Emery P. Long-term efficacy and toxicity of ciclosporin A in combination with methotrexate in poor prognosis rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2009;68(5):761–3. [PubMed: 19366897]

Blyth T, Hunter JA, Stirling A. Pain relief in the rheumatoid knee after steroid injection. A single-blind comparison of hydrocortisone succinate, and triamcinolone acetonide or hexacetonide. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 May;33(5):461–3. [PubMed: 8173851]

Capell H, Marabani M, Madhok R, Torley H, Hunter J. Degree and Extent of Response to Sulphasalazine or Penicillamine Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Routine Clinical Environment Over a Two-Year Period. The Quarterly journal of medicine. 1990;75(276):335–44. [PubMed: 1974723]

Capell HA, Madhok R, Hunter JA, Porter D, Morrison E, Larkin J, et al. Lack of radiological and clinical benefit over two years of low dose prednisolone for rheumatoid arthritis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Jul;63(7):797–803. [PMC free article: PMC1755058] [PubMed: 15194574]

Capell HA, Murphy EA, Hunter JA. Rheumatoid arthritis: workload and outcome over 10 years. Q J Med. 1991 Jun;79(290):461–76. [PubMed: 1946927]

Choy EH, Kingsley GH, Khoshaba B, Pipitone N, Scott DL. A Two Year Randomised Controlled Trial of Intramuscular Depot Steroids in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Have Shown an Incomplete Response to Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(9):1288–93. [PMC free article: PMC1755652] [PubMed: 15760929]

Choy EHS, Scott DL, Kingsley GH, Williams P, Wojtulewski J, Papasavvas G, et al. Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis Early With Disease Modifying Drugs Reduces Joint Damage: a Randomised Double Blind Trial of Sulphasalazine Vs Diclofenac Sodium. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2002;20(3):351–8. [PubMed: 12102471]

Cohen SB, Cheng TT, Chindalore V, Damjanov N, Burgos-Vargas R, Delora P, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of pamapimod, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, in a double-blind, methotrexate-controlled study of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Feb;60(2):335–44. [PubMed: 19180516]

Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, et al. Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 May;58(5):1299–309. [PubMed: 18438830]

Conaghan PG, O’Connor P, McGonagle D, Astin P, Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, et al. Elucidation of the relationship between synovitis and bone damage: a randomized magnetic resonance imaging study of individual joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jan;48(1):64–71. [PubMed: 12528105]

Damjanov N, Kauffman RS, Spencer-Green GT. Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of VX-702, a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, in rheumatoid arthritis: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May;60(5):1232–41. [PubMed: 19404957]

Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Frequency of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with controls: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Sep;46(9):2287–93. [PubMed: 12355475]

Eberhardt R, Kruger K, Reiter W, Gross W, Zwingers T. Long-term therapy with the new glucocorticosteroid deflazacort in rheumatoid arthritis. Double-blind controlled randomized 12-months study against prednisone. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994 May;44(5):642–7. [PubMed: 8024639]

Egsmose C, TMH, Andersen LS, Beier JM, Christensen L, Ejstrup L, et al. Limited Effect of Sulphasalazine Treatment in Reactive Arthritis. A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1997;56(1):32–6. [PMC free article: PMC1752243] [PubMed: 9059138]

Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF. The efficacy and toxicity of combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Oct;37(10):1487–91. [PubMed: 7945474]

Ferraz MB, Pinheiro GR, Helfenstein M, Albuquerque E, Rezende C, Roimicher L, et al. Combination Therapy With Methotrexate and Chloroquine in Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Multicenter Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. 1994;23(5):231–6. [PubMed: 7973475]

Finckh A, Liang MH, Van Herckenrode CM, De Pablo P. Long-term impact of early treatment on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: Ameta-analysis. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2006;55(6):86–172. [PubMed: 17139662]

Fraser AD, van Kuijk AWR, Westhovens R, Karim Z, Wakefield R, Gerards AH, et al. A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicentre Trial of Combination Therapy With Methotrexate Plus Ciclosporin in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(6):859–64. [PMC free article: PMC1755527] [PubMed: 15528283]

Furtado RN, Oliveira LM, Natour J. Polyarticular corticosteroid injection versus systemic administration in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2005 Sep;32(9):1691–8. [PubMed: 16142862]

Gerlag DM, Hollis S, Layton M, Vencovsky J, Szekanecz Z, Braddock M, et al. Preclinical and clinical investigation of a CCR5 antagonist, AZD5672, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2010;62(11):3154–60. [PubMed: 20662070]

Gøtzsche P, Johansen H. Short-Term Low-Dose Corticosteroids Vs Placebo and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;2005(1) [PubMed: 12535392]

Gough A, Sheeran T, Arthur V, Panayi G, Emery P. Adverse interaction between intramuscular methylprednisolone and sulphasalazine in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. A pilot study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994;23(1):46–8. [PubMed: 7906428]

Graell E, Vazquez I, Larrosa M, Rodriguez-Cros JR, Hernandez MV, Gratacos J, et al. Disability measured by the modified health assessment questionnaire in early rheumatoid arthritis: Prognostic factors after two years of follow-up. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2009;27(2):284–91. [PubMed: 19473570]

Graudal N, Juergens G. Similar Effects of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, Glucocorticoids, and Biologic Agents on Radiographic Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Meta-Analysis of 70 Randomized Placebo-Controlled or Drug-Controlled Studies, Including 112 Comparisons. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2010;62:2852. [PubMed: 20560138]

Gray RE, Doherty SM, Galloway J, Coulton L, de Broe M, Kanis JA. A double-blind study of deflazacort and prednisone in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Mar;34(3):287–95. [PubMed: 2003854]

Griffith SM, Fisher J, Clarke S, Montgomery B, Jones PW, Saklatvala J, et al. Do Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Established on Methotrexate and Folic Acid 5 Mg Daily Need to Continue Folic Acid Supplements Long Term? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(10):1102–9. [PubMed: 11035130]

Hannonen P, Mottonen T, Hakola M, Oka M. Sulfasalazine in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. A 48-Week Double-Blind, Prospective, Placebo-Controlled Study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 1993;36(11):1501–9. [PubMed: 7902092]

Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Horslev-Petersen K, Grp CS, et al. Combination treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and intraarticular betamethasone compared with methotrexate and intraarticular betamethasone in early active rheumatoid arthritis - An investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 May 01;54(May):1401–9. [PubMed: 16645967]

Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Lottenburger T, Ellingsen T, Andersen LS, et al. Combination treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and intraarticular betamethasone compared with methotrexate and intraarticular betamethasone in early active rheumatoid arthritis: an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May;54(5):1401–9. [PubMed: 16645967]

Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Lottenburger T, Hansen I, Andersen LS, et al. Aggressive combination therapy with intra-articular glucocorticoid injections and conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis: second-year clinical and radiographic results from the CIMESTRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jun;67(6):815–22. [PubMed: 17878209]

Hetland ML, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Ostergaard M, Ejbjerg BJ, Jacobsen S, et al. Radiographic progression and remission rates in early rheumatoid arthritis - MRI bone oedema and anti-CCP predicted radiographic progression in the 5-year extension of the double-blind randomised CIMESTRA trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Oct;69(10):1789–95. [PubMed: 20444751]

Hu D, Bao C, Chen S, Gu J, Li Z, Sun L, et al. A comparison study of a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR:Fc) and methotrexate in treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in China. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jan;29(3):297–303. [PubMed: 18704426]

Ichikawa Y, Saito T, Yamanaka H, Akizuki M, Kondo H, Kobayashi S, et al. Clinical activity after 12 weeks of treatment with nonbiologics in early rheumatoid arthritis may predict articular destruction 2 years later. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010;37(4):723–9. [PubMed: 20194455]

Jessop JD, O’Sullivan MM, Lewis PA, Williams LA, Camilleri JP, Plant MJ, et al. A Long-Term Five-Year Randomized Controlled Trial of Hydroxychloroquine, Sodium Aurothiomalate, Auranofin and Penicillamine in the Treatment of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. British journal of rheumatology. 1998;37(9):992–1002. [PubMed: 9783766]

Jeurissen ME, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, Doesburg WH, Mulder J, Rasker JJ, et al. Methotrexate versus azathioprine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Aug;34(8):961–72. [PubMed: 1859490]

Johnsen AK, Schiff MH, Mease PJ, Moreland LW, Maier AL, Coblyn JS, et al. Comparison of 2 doses of etanercept (50 vs 100 mg) in active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized double blind study. J Rheumatol. 2006 Apr;33(4):659–64. [PubMed: 16482646]

Katchamart W, Trudeau J, Phumethum V, Bombardier C. Methotrexate monotherapy versus methotrexate combination therapy with non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;4:CD008495. [PMC free article: PMC8946299] [PubMed: 20393970]

Kavanaugh A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A, Shen YK, Lee S, Gottlieb AB. Effect of ustekinumab on physical function and health-related quality of life in patients with psoriatic arthritis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2010;26(10):2385–92. [PubMed: 20831455]

Kawai S, Hashimoto H, Kondo H, Murayama T, Abe T, et al. Comparison of tacrolimus and mizoribine in a randomized, double-blind controlled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2006 Nov 01;33(Nov):2153–61. [PubMed: 16960930]

Kirwan J, Byron M, Watt I. The Relationship Between Soft Tissue Swelling, Joint Space Narrowing and Erosive Damage in Hand X-Rays of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40(3):688–95. [PubMed: 11285377]

Kirwan JR. The effect of glucocorticoids on joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. The Arthritis and Rheumatism Council Low-Dose Glucocorticoid Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 20;333(3):142–6. [PubMed: 7791815]

Kremer J, Ritchlin C, Mendelsohn A, Baker D, Kim L, Xu Z, et al. Golimumab, a new human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, administered intravenously in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Forty-eight-week efficacy and safety results of a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010:917–28. 2010/02/05 ed. [PubMed: 20131276]

Lambert CM, Sandhu S, Lochhead A, Hurst NP, McRorie E, Dhillon V. Dose Escalation of Parenteral Methotrexate in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis That Has Been Unresponsive to Conventional Doses of Methotrexate: a Randomized, Controlled Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(2):364–71. [PubMed: 14872477]

Lard LR, Visser H, Speyer I, vander Horst-Bruinsma IE, Zwinderman AH, Breedveld FC, et al. Early versus delayed treatment in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of two cohorts who received different treatment strategies. Am J Med. 2001 Oct 15;111(6):446–51. [PubMed: 11690569]

Lerndal T, Svensson B. A Clinical Study of Cph 82 Vs Methotrexate in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(3):316–20. [PubMed: 10788542]

Lu LJ, Bao CD, Dai M, Teng JL, Fan W, Du F, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with T-614 compared with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jul 15;61(7):979–87. [PubMed: 19565542]

Ma MH, Kingsley GH, Scott DL. A systematic comparison of combination DMARD therapy and tumour necrosis inhibitor therapy with methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:91–8. [PubMed: 19917618]

Messina OD, Barreira JC, Zanchetta JR, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Bogado CE, Sebastian ON, et al. Effect of low doses of deflazacort vs prednisone on bone mineral content in premenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992 Oct;19(10):1520–6. [PubMed: 1464862]

Migliore A, Bizzi E, Massafra U, Vacca F, Martin Martin LS, Ferlito C, et al. Can Cyclosporine-A associated to methotrexate maintain remission induced by anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis patients? (Cynar pilot study). Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010 Jul–Sep;23(3):783–90. [PubMed: 20943048]

Mladenovic V, Domljan Z, Rozman B, Jajic I, Mihajlovic D, Dordevic J, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Leflunomide in the Treatment of Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase Ii Study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 1995;38(11):1595–603. [PubMed: 7488280]

Moreland L, RG, King K, Chase W, Weisman M, Greco T, et al. Results of a Phase-I/II Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Recombinant Human Interleukin-11 (Rhil-11) in the Treatment of Subjects With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Res. 2001;3(4):247–52. [PMC free article: PMC34114] [PubMed: 11438043]

Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Humanized Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody: a Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(6):1761–9. [PubMed: 15188351]

Paulus HE, Di Primeo D, Sanda M, Lynch JM, Schwartz BA, Sharp JT, et al. Progression of radiographic joint erosion during low dose corticosteroid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000 Jul;27(7):1632–7. [PubMed: 10914843]

Peltomaa R, Paimela L, Helve T, Leirisalo-Repo M. Comparison of Intramuscular Gold and Sulphasalazine in the Treatment of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. A One Year Prospective Study. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. 1995;24(6):330–5. [PubMed: 8610215]

Perdriger A, Mariette X, Kuntz JL, Brocq O, Kara-Terki R, Loet XL, et al. Safety of infliximab used in combination with leflunomide or azathioprine in daily clinical practice. J Rheumatol. 2006 May;33(5):865–9. [PubMed: 16652418]

Plant M, O’Sullivan MM, Lewis P, Camilleri J, Coles E, Jessop J. What Factors Influence Functional Ability in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Do They Alter Over Time? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(9):1181–5. [PubMed: 15972357]

Porter D, McInnes I, Hunter J, Capell H. Outcome of second line therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1994;53(12):812–5. [PMC free article: PMC1005481] [PubMed: 7864689]

Sany J, Kaiser MJ, Jorgensen C, Trape G. Study of the tolerance of infliximab infusions with or without betamethasone premedication in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1647–9. [PMC free article: PMC1755274] [PubMed: 16227416]

Suarez Almazor M, Belseck E, Shea BJ, Homik J, Wells G, Tugwell P. Antimalarials for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000;2000(4) [PubMed: 11034691]

Suarez Almazor M, Belseck E, Shea BJ, Tugwell P, Wells G. Methotrexate for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998;1998(2) [PMC free article: PMC7047550] [PubMed: 10796400]

Suarez Almazor M, Belseck E, Shea BJ, Tugwell P, Wells G. Sulfasalazine for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998;1998(2) [PMC free article: PMC7047550] [PubMed: 10796400]

Suarez Almazor M, Spooner C, Belseck E. Azathioprine for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000;2000(4) [PubMed: 11034720]

Sugimori S, Watanabe T, Tabuchi M, Kameda N, Machida H, Okazaki H, et al. Evaluation of small bowel injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by capsule endoscopy: effects of anti-rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Digestion. 2008;78(4):208–13. [PubMed: 19142000]

Tak PP, Thurlings RM, Rossier C, Nestorov I, Dimic A, Mircetic V, et al. Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase Ib, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating, single- and repeated-dose study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2008;58(1):61–72. [PubMed: 18163485]

Tebib JG, Manil LM, Modder G, Verrier P, De Rycke Y, Bonmartin A, et al. Better Results With Rhenium-186 Radiosynoviorthesis Than With Cortivazol in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Ra): a Two-Year Follow-up Randomized Controlled Multicentre Study. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2004;22(5):609–16. [PubMed: 15485015]

The Australian Multicentre Clinical Trial Group. Sulfasalazine in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992;7;19(11):1672. [PubMed: 1362778]

Tsakonas E, Fitzgerald AA, Fitzcharles MA, Cividino A, Thorne JC, M’Seffar A, et al. Consequences of delayed therapy with second-line agents in rheumatoid arthritis: a 3 year followup on the hydroxychloroquine in early rheumatoid arthritis (HERA) study. J Rheumatol. 2000 Mar;27(3):623–9. [PubMed: 10743799]

van der Heide A, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, Heurkens AH, van Booma-Frankfort C, van der Veen MJ, et al. The effectiveness of early treatment with “second-line” antirheumatic drugs. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Apr 15;124(8):699–707. [PubMed: 8633829]

van Everdingen AA, Jacobs JWG, Siewertsz Van Reesema DR, Bijlsma JWJ. Low-Dose Prednisone Therapy for Patients With Early Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Efficacy, Disease-Modifying Properties, and Side Effects: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2002;136(1):1–12. [PubMed: 11777359]

van Everdingen AA, Siewertsz van Reesema DR, Jacobs JWG, Bijlsma JWJ. Low-Dose Glucocorticoids in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Discordant Effects on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures? Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2003;21(2):155–60. [PubMed: 12747268]

van Jaarsveld CH, Jacobs JW, van der Veen MJ, Blaauw AA, Kruize AA, Hofman DM, et al. Aggressive Treatment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000;59(6):468–77. [PMC free article: PMC1753160] [PubMed: 10834865]

van Jaarsveld CH, Jahangier ZN, Jacobs JW, Blaauw AA, van Albada-Kuipers GA, ter Borg EJ, et al. Toxicity of Anti-Rheumatic Drugs in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(12):1374–82. [PubMed: 11136881]

van Schaardenburg D, Valkema R, Dijkmans BA, Papapoulos S, Zwinderman AH, Han KH, et al. Prednisone Treatment of Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis. Disease Activity and Bone Mass in Comparison With Chloroquine Treatment. Arthritis and rheumatism. 1995;38(3):334–42. [PubMed: 7880187]

Verhoeven AC, Boers M, Tugwell P. Combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: updated systematic review. Br J Rheumatol. 1998 Jun;37(6):612–9. [PubMed: 9667614]

Verstappen S, van Albada Kuipers G, Bijlsma J, Blaauw A, Schenk Y, Haanen H, et al. A Good Response to Early Dmard Treatment of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in the First Year Predicts Remission During Follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(1):38–43. [PMC free article: PMC1755186] [PubMed: 15130899]

Verstappen SMM, Jacobs JWG, Bijlsma JWJ, Heurkens AHM, van Booma-Frankfort C, Borg EJt, et al. Five-Year Followup of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients After Early Treatment With Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Versus Treatment According to the Pyramid Approach in the First Year. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2003;48(7):1797–807. [PubMed: 12847672]

Wallberg-Jonsson S, Ohman ML, Dahlqvist SR. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Northern Sweden. J Rheumatol. 1997 Mar;24(3):445–51. [PubMed: 9058647]

Wallen Margaret M, Gillies D. Intra-articular steroids and splints/rest for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006;(1) [PMC free article: PMC8453330] [PubMed: 16437446]

Wassenberg S, Rau R, Steinfeld P, Zeidler H. Very Low-Dose Prednisolone in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Retards Radiographic Progression Over Two Years: a Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2005;52(11):3371–80. [PubMed: 16255011]

Weinblatt ME, Kaplan H, Germain BF, Merriman RC, Solomon SD, Wall B, et al. Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Effects on Disease Activity in a Multicenter Prospective Study. The Journal of rheumatology. 1991;18(3):334–8. [PubMed: 1856803]

Wolfe F, Hawley DJ. The comparative risk and predictors of adverse gastrointestinal events in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a prospective 13 year study of 2131 patients. J Rheumatol. 2000 Jul;27(7):1668–73. [PubMed: 10914849]

Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T. Sleep disturbance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation by medical outcomes study and visual analog sleep scales. J Rheumatol. 2006 Oct;33(10):1942–51. [PubMed: 16960928]

Zhang LL, Wei W, Xiao F, Xu JH, Bao CD, Ni LQ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled clinical trial of chicken type II collagen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jul 15;59(7):905–10. [PubMed: 18576295]

Abe T, Takeuchi T, Miyasaka N, Hashimoto H, Kondo H, Ichikawa Y, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of infliximab combined with low dose methotrexate in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jan;33(1):37–44. [PubMed: 16395748]

Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA. Aiming at low disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with initial combination therapy or initial monotherapy strategies: the BeSt study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Nov–Dec;24(6 Suppl 43):S-77–82. [PubMed: 17083767]

Alonso-Ruiz A, Pijoan JI, Ansuategui E, Urkaregi A, Calabozo M, Quintana A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and safety. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2008 [PMC free article: PMC2377247] [PubMed: 18419803]

Anis A, Zhang W, Emery P, Sun H, Singh A, Freundlich B, et al. The effect of etanercept on work productivity in patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: results from the COMET study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009:1283–9. [PubMed: 19690125]

Askling J, Fored CM, Baecklund E, Brandt L, Backlin C, Ekbom A, et al. Haematopoietic malignancies in rheumatoid arthritis: lymphoma risk and characteristics after exposure to tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Oct;64(10):1414–20. [PMC free article: PMC1755232] [PubMed: 15843454]

Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L, Coster L, et al. Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jul;52(7):1986–92. [PubMed: 15986370]

Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, Baecklund E, Bertilsson L, Feltelius N, et al. Risks of solid cancers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and after treatment with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Oct;64(10):1421–6. [PMC free article: PMC1755244] [PubMed: 15829572]

Askling J, van Vollenhoven RF, Granath F, Raaschou P, Fored CM, Baecklund E, et al. Cancer risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies: does the risk change with the time since start of treatment? Arthritis Rheum. 2009:3180–9. [PubMed: 19877027]

Baecklund E, Iliadou A, Askling J, Ekbom A, Backlin C, Granath F, et al. Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):692–701. [PubMed: 16508929]

Bathon JM, Fleischmann RM, Van der Heijde D, Tesser JR, Peloso PM, Chon Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of etanercept treatment in elderly subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 Feb;33(2):234–43. [PubMed: 16465653]

Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, et al. A comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 30;343(22):1586–93. [PubMed: 11096165]

Bazzani C, Filippini M, Caporali R, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Favalli EG, Marchesoni A, et al. Anti-TNFalpha therapy in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients: Clinical outcomes. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2009:260–5. [PubMed: 19027090]

Bejarano V, Quinn M, Conaghan PG, Reece R, Keenan AM, Walker D, et al. Effect of the early use of the anti-tumor necrosis factor adalimumab on the prevention of job loss in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:1467–74. [PubMed: 18821658]

Bergman GJ, Hochberg MC, Boers M, Wintfeld N, Kielhorn A, Jansen JP. Indirect comparison of tocilizumab and other biologic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010:425–41. [PubMed: 20223500]

Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O, et al. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;50(6):1959–66. [PubMed: 15188373]

Bernatsky S, Habel Y, Rahme E. Observational Studies of Infections in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Metaanalysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010:928–31. [PubMed: 20360181]

Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Suissa S. Anti-rheumatic drug use and risk of serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007:1157–60. [PubMed: 17478469]

Blumenauer B, Judd M, Cranney A, Burls A, Coyle D, Hochberg M, et al. Etanercept for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;2003(3) [PubMed: 14584021]

Blumenauer B, Judd M, Wells G, Burls A, Cranney A, Hochberg M, et al. Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2002;2002(3) [PMC free article: PMC8729322] [PubMed: 12137712]

Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MA, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, et al. Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1997 Aug 2;350(9074):309–18. [PubMed: 9251634]

Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006 May 17;295(19):2275–85. [PubMed: 16705109]

Bongartz T, Warren FC, Mines D, Matteson EL, Abrams KR, Sutton AJ. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancies: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:1177–83. [PubMed: 19019889]

Boss B, Neeck G, Engelhardt B, Riedel W. Influence of corticosteroids on neutrophils, lymphocytes, their subsets, and T-cell activity markers in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, compared to healthy controls. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999 Jun 22;876:198–200. [PubMed: 10415610]

Brassard P, Kezouh A, Suissa S. Antirheumatic drugs and the risk of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006:717–22. [PubMed: 16912945]

Brassard P, Lowe AM, Bernatsky S, Kezouh A, Suissa S. Rheumatoid arthritis, its treatments, and the risk of tuberculosis in Quebec, Canada. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:300–4. [PubMed: 19248128]

Breedveld FC, Emery P, Keystone E, Patel K, Furst DE, Kalden JR, et al. Infliximab in active early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004:149–55. [PMC free article: PMC1754899] [PubMed: 14722203]

Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, et al. The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jan;54(1):26–37. [PubMed: 16385520]

Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, Doherty M, Domljan Z, Emery P, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum. 1998:2196–204. [PubMed: 9870876]

Brown SL, Greene MH, Gershon SK, Edwards ET, Braun MM. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy and lymphoma development: twenty-six cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Dec;46(12):3151–8. [PubMed: 12483718]

Burmester GR, Mariette X, Montecucco C, Monteagudo-Saez I, Malaise M, Tzioufas AG, et al. Adalimumab alone and in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice: the Research in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (ReAct) trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007:732–9. [PMC free article: PMC1954645] [PubMed: 17329305]

Cannon GW, Holden WL, Juhaeri J, Dai W, Scarazzini L, Stang P. Adverse events with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD): a cohort study of leflunomide compared with other DMARD. J Rheumatol. 2004 Oct;31(10):1906–11. [PubMed: 15468352]

Capell H, Madhok R, Porter D, Munro R, McInnes I, Hunter J, et al. Combination therapy with sulphasalazine and methotrexate is more effective than either drug alone in rheumatoid arthritis (ra) patients with a suboptimal response to sulphasalazine: Results from the double blind placebo controlled mascot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 August 22;2006 ard.2006.057133. [PMC free article: PMC1798490] [PubMed: 16926184]

Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F. Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol. 2005 Nov;32(11):2130–5. [PubMed: 16265690]

Chakravarty EF, Sanchez-Yamamoto D, Bush TM. The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcomes. J Rheumatol. 2003 Feb;30(2):241–6. [PubMed: 12563675]

Cheifetz A, Smedley M, Martin S, Reiter M, Leone G, Mayer L, et al. The incidence and management of infusion reactions to infliximab: a large center experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jun;98(6):1315–24. [PubMed: 12818276]

Chopra A, Saluja M, Lagu-Joshi V, Sarmukadam S. Leflunomide (Arava) is a useful DMARD in Indian (Asian) patients: a clinic-based observational study of 1-year treatment. Clin Rheumatol. 2008:1039–44. [PubMed: 18470473]

Choy EH, Smith CM, Farewell V, Walker D, Hassell A, Chau L, et al. Factorial randomised controlled trial of glucocorticoids and combination disease modifying drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:656–63. [PubMed: 17768173]

Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, Fasanmade AA, Willerson JT. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003 Jul 1;107(25):3133–40. [PubMed: 12796126]

Clark W, Jobanputra P, Barton P, Burls A. The clinical and cost-effectiveness of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in adults: a systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2004 May;8(18):iii–iv. ix–x, 1–105. [PubMed: 15130461]

Cohen S, Cannon G, Schiff M, Weaver A, Fox R, Olsen N, et al. Two-Year, Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Treatment of Active Rheumatoid Arthritis With Leflunomide Compared With Methotrexate. Utilization of Leflunomide in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial Investigator Group. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2001;44(9):1984–92. [PubMed: 11592358]

Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Mar;46(3):614–24. [PubMed: 11920396]

Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, Dougados M, Furie RA, Genovese MC, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2006:2793–806. [PubMed: 16947627]

Cohen SB, Keystone E, Genovese MC, Emery P, Peterfy C, Tak PP, et al. Continued inhibition of structural damage over 2 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab in combination with methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1158–61. 2010/05/05 ed. [PMC free article: PMC2935326] [PubMed: 20439295]

Cohen SB, Moreland LW, Cush JJ, Greenwald MW, Block S, Shergy WJ, et al. A multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial of anakinra (Kineret), a recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with background methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1062–8. [PMC free article: PMC1755108] [PubMed: 15082469]

Cohen SB, Woolley JM, Chan W. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra improves functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003 Feb;30(2):225–31. [PubMed: 12563672]

Cole J, Busti A, Kazi S. The incidence of new onset congestive heart failure and heart failure exacerbation in Veteran’s Affairs patients receiving tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Rheumatol Int. 2007:369–73. [PubMed: 17028862]

Combe B, Codreanu C, Fiocco U, Gaubitz M, Geusens PP, Kvien TK, et al. Efficacy, safety and patient-reported outcomes of combination etanercept and sulfasalazine versus etanercept alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind randomised 2-year study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:1146–52. [PMC free article: PMC2689524] [PubMed: 18794178]

Combe B, Codreanu C, Fiocco U, Gaubitz M, Geusens PP, Kvien TK, et al. Etanercept and sulfasalazine, alone and combined, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite receiving sulfasalazine: A double-blind comparison. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2006;65(10):1357–62. [PMC free article: PMC1798315] [PubMed: 16606651]

Curtis JR, Kramer JM, Martin C, Saag KG, Patkar N, Shatin D, et al. Heart failure among younger rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s patients exposed to TNF-alpha antagonists. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007:1688–93. [PMC free article: PMC2442887] [PubMed: 17938138]

Curtis JR, Patkar N, Xie A, Martin C, Allison JJ, Saag M, et al. Risk of serious bacterial infections among rheumatoid arthritis patients exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1125–33. [PubMed: 17393394]

Curtis JR, Xi J, Patkar N, Xie A, Saag KG, Martin C. Drug-specific and time-dependent risks of bacterial infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:4226–7. [PMC free article: PMC2561262] [PubMed: 18050253]

Dass S, Bowman SJ, Vital EM, Ikeda K, Pease CT, Hamburger J, et al. Reduction of fatigue in Sjogren syndrome with rituximab: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Nov;67(11):1541–4. [PubMed: 18276741]

Davaine AC, Saraux A, Prigent S, Kupfer-Bessaguet I, Roswag D, Plantin P, et al. Cutaneous events during treatment of chronic inflammatory joint disorders with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha: a cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 Dec;22(12):1471–7. [PubMed: 18713230]

De Bandt M, Sibilia J, Le Loet X, Prouzeau S, Fautrel B, Marcelli C, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: a French national survey. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(3):R545–51. [PMC free article: PMC1174953] [PubMed: 15899041]

de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, Lems WF, Laan RF, Houben HH, et al. Prevalence of vertebral deformities and symptomatic vertebral fractures in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Dec;40(12):1375–83. [PubMed: 11752508]

De Stefano R, Frati E, Nargi F, Baldi C, Menza L, Hammoud M, et al. Comparison of combination therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: leflunomide-anti-TNF-alpha versus methotrexate-anti-TNF-alpha. Clin Rheumatol. 2010:517–24. 2010/01/19 ed. [PubMed: 20082236]

den Broeder AA, Creemers MC, Fransen J, de Jong E, de Rooij DJ, Wymenga A, et al. Risk factors for surgical site infections and other complications in elective surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with special attention for anti-tumor necrosis factor: a large retrospective study. J Rheumatol. 2007:689–95. [PubMed: 17117492]

Devine EB, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Sullivan SD. Effectiveness of biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis: an indirect comparisons approach. Pharmacotherapy. 2011:39–51. [PubMed: 21182357]

Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, Lunt M, Galloway J, Ustianowski A, et al. Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:522–8. [PMC free article: PMC2927681] [PubMed: 19854715]

Dixon WG, Watson K, Lunt M, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Symmons DP. Rates of serious infection, including site-specific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul 25;54(8):2368–76. [PubMed: 16868999]

Dixon WG, Watson KD, Lunt M, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Symmons DPM, et al. Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007:2905–12. [PMC free article: PMC2435427] [PubMed: 17763428]

Doran MF, Crowson CS, Pond GR, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Predictors of infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Sep;46(9):2294–300. [PubMed: 12355476]

Dougados M, Combe B, Cantagrel A, Goupille P, Olive P, Schattenkirchner M, et al. Combination Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomised, Controlled, Double Blind 52 Week Clinical Trial of Sulphasalazine and Methotrexate Compared With the Single Components. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1999;58(4):220–5. [PMC free article: PMC1752864] [PubMed: 10364900]

Duclos M, Gossec L, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Salliot C, Luc M, Guignard S, et al. Retention rates of tumor necrosis factor blockers in daily practice in 770 rheumatic patients. J Rheumatol. 2006:2433–8. [PubMed: 17014004]

Duftner C, Dejaco C, Larcher H, Schirmer M, Herold M. Biologicals in rheumatology: Austrian experiences from a rheumatic outpatient clinic. Rheumatol Int. 2008 Nov;29(1):69–73. [PubMed: 18504584]

Edwards CJ, Cooper C, Fisher D, Field M, van Staa TP, Arden NK. The importance of the disease process and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment in the development of septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1151–7. [PubMed: 17907232]

Edwards JC, Szczepanski L, Szechinski J, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Emery P, Close DR, et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 17;350(25):2572–81. [PubMed: 15201414]

Emery P, Breedveld F, van der Heijde D, Ferraccioli G, Dougados M, Robertson D, et al. Two-year clinical and radiographic results with combination etanercept-methotrexate therapy versus monotherapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year, double-blind, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010:674–82. 2010/02/27 ed. [PubMed: 20187135]

Emery P, Breedveld FC, Hall S, Durez P, Chang DJ, Robertson D, et al. Comparison of methotrexate monotherapy with a combination of methotrexate and etanercept in active, early, moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (COMET): a randomised, double-blind, parallel treatment trial. Lancet. 2008:375–82. [PubMed: 18635256]

Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gomor B, et al. A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide and Methotrexate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(6):655–65. [PubMed: 10888712]

Emery P, Deodhar A, Rigby WF, Isaacs JD, Combe B, Racewicz AJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of different doses and retreatment of rituximab: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial in patients who are biological naive with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate (Study Evaluating Rituximab’s Efficacy in MTX iNadequate rEsponders (SERENE)). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1629–35. 2010/05/22 ed. [PMC free article: PMC2938895] [PubMed: 20488885]

Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Schechtman J, Grp DS, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment - Results of a phase IIb randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006:1390–400. [PubMed: 16649186]

Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, Schechtman J, Szczepanski L, Kavanaugh A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006:1390–400. [PubMed: 16649186]

Emery P, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Hsia EC, Strusberg I, Durez P, et al. Golimumab, a human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, injected subcutaneously every four weeks in methotrexate-naive patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: twenty-four-week results of a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of golimumab before methotrexate as first-line therapy for early-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:2272–83. [PubMed: 19644849]

Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, et al. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:1516–23. [PMC free article: PMC3811149] [PubMed: 18625622]

Emery P, Kosinski M, Li T, Martin M, Russell AS, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients with abatacept and methotrexate significantly improved health-related quality of life. Journal of Rheumatology. 2006:681–9. [PubMed: 16568505]

Faarvang K, Egsmose C, Kryger P, Podenphant J, Ingeman Nielsen M, Hansen TM. Hydroxychloroquine and Sulphasalazine Alone and in Combination in Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomised Double Blind Trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1993;52(10):711–5. [PMC free article: PMC1005166] [PubMed: 7903034]

Feagan BG, Yan S, Bala M, Bao W, Lichtenstein GR. The effects of infliximab maintenance therapy on health-related quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;98(10):2232–8. [PubMed: 14572573]

Feltelius N, Fored CM, Blomqvist P, Bertilsson L, Geborek P, Jacobsson LT, et al. Results from a nationwide postmarketing cohort study of patients in Sweden treated with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Feb;64(2):246–52. [PMC free article: PMC1755333] [PubMed: 15208177]

Fernandez-Nebro A, Irigoyen MV, Urena I, Belmonte-Lopez MA, Coret V, Jimenez-Nunez FG, et al. Effectiveness, predictive response factors, and safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies in anti-TNF-naive rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007:2334–42. [PubMed: 17985409]

Fernandez-Nebro A, Tomero E, Ortiz-Santamaria V, Castro MC, Olive A, de Haro M, et al. Treatment of rheumatic inflammatory disease in 25 patients with secondary amyloidosis using tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Am J Med. 2005 May;118(5):552–6. [PubMed: 15866260]

Finckh A, Ciurea A, Brulhart L, Kyburz D, Moller B, Dehler S, et al. B cell depletion may be more effective than switching to an alternative anti-tumor necrosis factor agent in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1417–23. [PubMed: 17469098]

Finckh A, Ciurea A, Brulhart L, Moller B, Walker UA, Courvoisier D, et al. Which subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis benefits from switching to rituximab versus alternative anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents after previous failure of an anti-TNF agent? Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:387–93. [PMC free article: PMC2800201] [PubMed: 19416802]

Finckh A, Dehler S, Gabay C. The effectiveness of leflunomide as a co-therapy of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:33–9. [PubMed: 18230627]

Fleischmann R, Baumgartner SW, Weisman MH, Liu T, White B, Peloso P. Long term safety of etanercept in elderly subjects with rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006:379–84. [PMC free article: PMC1798057] [PubMed: 16150792]

Fleischmann R, Vencovsky J, van Vollenhoven RF, Borenstein D, Box J, Coteur G, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol monotherapy every 4 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis failing previous disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy: the FAST4WARD study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun;68(6):805–11. [PMC free article: PMC2674555] [PubMed: 19015206]

Fleischmann RM, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Weaver AL, Moreland LW, Schiff MH, et al. Response to etanercept (Enbrel) in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective analysis of clinical trial results. J Rheumatol. 2003 Apr;30(4):691–6. [PubMed: 12672185]

Fleischmann RM, Schechtman J, Bennett R, Handel ML, Burmester GR, Tesser J, et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A large, international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Apr;48(4):927–34. [PubMed: 12687534]

Fleischmann RM, Tesser J, Schiff MH, Schechtman J, Burmester GR, Bennett R, et al. Safety of extended treatment with anakinra in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Aug;65(8):1006–12. [PMC free article: PMC1798263] [PubMed: 16396977]

Flendrie M, Creemers MC, Welsing PM, den Broeder AA, van Riel PL. Survival during treatment with tumour necrosis factor blocking agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Nov;62(Suppl 2):ii30–3. [PMC free article: PMC1766750] [PubMed: 14532145]

Flendrie M, Creemers MC, Welsing PM, van Riel PL. The influence of previous and concomitant leflunomide on the efficacy and safety of infliximab therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; a longitudinal observational study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Apr;44(4):472–8. [PubMed: 15598707]

Flendrie M, Vissers WH, Creemers MC, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC, van Riel PL. Dermatological conditions during TNF-alpha-blocking therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(3):R666–76. [PMC free article: PMC1174960] [PubMed: 15899052]

Fouache D, Goeb V, Massy-Guillemant N, Avenel G, Vittecoq O, et al. Paradoxical adverse events of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for spondyloarthropathies: a retrospective study. Rheumatology. 2009;761 [PubMed: 19395543]

Franklin J, Lunt M, Bunn D, Symmons D, Silman A. Risk and predictors of infection leading to hospitalisation in a large primary-care-derived cohort of patients with inflammatory polyarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Mar;66(3):308–12. [PMC free article: PMC1856002] [PubMed: 16984941]

Fuerst M, Mohl H, Baumgartel K, Ruther W. Leflunomide increases the risk of early healing complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Rheumatol Int. 2006:1138–42. [PubMed: 16736164]

Furst DE, Schiff MH, Fleischmann RM, Strand V, Birbara CA, Compagnone D, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, and concomitant standard antirheumatic therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of STAR (Safety Trial of Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis). J Rheumatol. 2003 Dec;30(12):2563–71. [PubMed: 14719195]

Galloway JB, Hyrich KL, Mercer LK, Dixon WG, Fu B, Ustianowski AP, et al. Anti-TNF therapy is associated with an increased risk of serious infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially in the first 6 months of treatment: updated results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register with special emphasis on risks in the elderly. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2011:124–31. [PMC free article: PMC3105607] [PubMed: 20675706]

Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Jonas BL, Thieda P, Lohr KN. The comparative efficacy and safety of biologics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol. 2006 [PubMed: 17225293]

Gaujoux-Viala C, Smolen JS, Landewe R, Dougados M, Kvien TK, Mola EM, et al. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jun;69(6):1004–9. [PubMed: 20447954]

Geborek P, Bladstrom A, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Tumour necrosis factor blockers do not increase overall tumour risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but may be associated with an increased risk of lymphomas. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 May;64(5):699–703. [PMC free article: PMC1755491] [PubMed: 15695534]

Geborek P, Crnkic M, Petersson IF, Saxne T. Etanercept, infliximab, and leflunomide in established rheumatoid arthritis: clinical experience using a structured follow up programme in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Sep;61(9):793–8. [PMC free article: PMC1754224] [PubMed: 12176803]

Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Martin RW, Whitmore JB, et al. Longterm safety, efficacy, and radiographic outcome with etanercept treatment in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005 Jul;32(7):1232–42. [PubMed: 15996057]

Genovese MC, Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, et al. Etanercept versus methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: two-year radiographic and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jun;46(6):1443–50. [PubMed: 12115173]

Genovese MC, Cohen S, Moreland L, Lium D, Robbins S, Newmark R, et al. Combination therapy with etanercept and anakinra in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have been treated unsuccessfully with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1412–9. [PubMed: 15146410]

Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, Da Silva NA, Alecock E, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: The tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2008:2968–80. [PubMed: 18821691]

Ghosh B, Halder S, Ghosh A, Dhar S. Early rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical and therapeutic evaluation in a tertiary care centre in India. Indian Journal of Rheumatology. 2008:48–51.

Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Nov;52(11):3381–90. [PubMed: 16258899]

Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, Van Zeben D, Kerstens PJSM, Hazes JMW, et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2007:406–15. [PubMed: 17371885]

Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Valverde VR, Mola EM, Montero MD. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk: a multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug;48(8):2122–7. [PubMed: 12905464]

Greenberg JD, Reed G, Kremer JM, Tindall E, Kavanaugh A, Zheng C, et al. Association of methotrexate and tumour necrosis factor antagonists with risk of infectious outcomes including opportunistic infections in the CORRONA registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:380–6. [PMC free article: PMC2861900] [PubMed: 19359261]

Grijalva CG, Chung CP, Arbogast PG, Stein CM, Mitchel EF Jr, Griffin MR. Assessment of adherence to and persistence on disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Med Care. 2007:S66–76. [PubMed: 17909386]

Grijalva CG, Kaltenbach L, Arbogast PG, Mitchel EF, Griffin MR. Initiation of rheumatoid arthritis treatments and the risk of serious infections. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010:82–90. [PMC free article: PMC2909794] [PubMed: 19906833]

Guignard S, Gossec L, Bandinelli F, Dougados M. Comparison of the clinical characteristics of vasculitis occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment or not in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A systematic review of 2707 patients, 18 vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008:S23–9. [PubMed: 18799049]

Haagsma C, van Riel P, de Jong A, van de Putte L. Combination of Sulphasalazine and Methotrexate Versus the Single Components in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, 52 Week Clinical Trial. British journal of rheumatology. 1997;36(10):1082–8. [PubMed: 9374925]

Hafstrem I, Albertsson K, Boonen A, Van Der Heijde D, Landewe R, Svensson B. Remission achieved after 2 years treatment with low-dose prednisolone in addition to diseasemodifying anti-rheumatic drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with reduced joint destruction still present after 4 years: An open 2-year continuation study. 2009. [PubMed: 18420939]

Hansen M, Podenphant J, Florescu A, Stoltenberg M, Borch A, Kluger E, et al. A Randomised Trial of Differentiated Prednisolone Treatment in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical Benefits and Skeletal Side Effects. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1999;58(11):713–8. [PMC free article: PMC1752793] [PubMed: 10531077]

Harley CR, Frytak JR, Tandon N. Treatment compliance and dosage administration among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving infliximab, etanercept, or methotrexate. Am J Manag Care. 2003 Oct;9(6 Suppl):S136–43. [PubMed: 14577718]

Harrison MJ, Dixon WG, Watson KD, King Y, Groves R, Hyrich KL, et al. Rates of new-onset psoriasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:209–15. [PMC free article: PMC2605571] [PubMed: 18385277]

Hassett AL, Li T, Buyske S, Savage SV, Gignac MA. The multi-faceted assessment of independence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: preliminary validation from the ATTAIN study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008:1443–53. [PubMed: 18402714]

Heiberg MS, Rødevand E, Mikkelsen K, Kaufmann C, Didriksen A, Mowinckel P, et al. Adalimumab and methotrexate is more effective than adalimumab alone in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis: Results from a 6-month longitudinal, observational, multicentre study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2006:1379–83. [PMC free article: PMC1798316] [PubMed: 16679432]

Helliwell PS, Ibrahim G. Ethnic differences in responses to disease modifying drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Oct;42(10):1197–201. [PubMed: 12810940]

Hetland ML, Christensen IJ, Tarp U, Dreyer L. All Dept Rheumatology D. et al. Direct Comparison of Treatment Responses, Remission Rates, and Drug Adherence in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Adalimumab, Etanercept, or Infliximab Results From Eight Years of Surveillance of Clinical Practice in the Nationwide Danish DANBIO Registry. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2010:22–32. [PubMed: 20039405]

Hjardem E, Ostergaard M, Podenphant J, Tarp U, Andersen LS, Bing J, et al. Do rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical practice benefit from switching from infliximab to a second tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor? Ann Rheum Dis. 2007:1184–9. [PMC free article: PMC1955158] [PubMed: 17389656]

Hochberg MC, Tracy JK, Hawkins-Holt M, Flores RH. Comparison of the efficacy of the tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab when added to methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003. 2003;62(Suppl 2):ii13–6. [PMC free article: PMC1766753] [PubMed: 14532140]

Hoff M, Kvien TK, Kalvesten J, Elden A, Haugeberg G. Adalimumab therapy reduces hand bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis: explorative analyses from the PREMIER study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:1171–6. [PMC free article: PMC2689520] [PubMed: 18801760]

Hyrich KL, Lunt M, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Silman AJ. Outcomes after switching from one anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agent to a second anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large UK national cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:13–20. [PubMed: 17195186]

Hyrich KL, Symmons DP, Watson KD, Silman AJ. Comparison of the response to infliximab or etanercept monotherapy with the response to cotherapy with methotrexate or another disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May 30;54(6):1786–94. [PubMed: 16736520]

Hyrich KL, Watson KD, Silman AJ, Symmons DP, Register BSRB. Predictors of response to anti-TNF-alpha therapy among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Rheumatology. 2006:1558–65. [PubMed: 16705046]

Iwatani M, Inoue E, Nakamura T, Nakajima A, Hara M, Tomatsu T, et al. Efficacy profile of bucillamine in rheumatoid arthritis patients in a large observational cohort study, IORRA. Mod Rheumatol. 2006:376–80. [PubMed: 17165000]

Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005 Jul;32(7):1213–8. [PubMed: 15996054]

Jones G. The AMBITION trial: tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2010:189–95. 2010/04/21 ed. [PubMed: 20402381]

Jones G, Sebba A, Gu J, Lowenstein MB, Calvo A, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Comparison of tocilizumab monotherapy versus methotrexate monotherapy in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis: The AMBITION study. 2010. [PMC free article: PMC3747519] [PubMed: 19297346]

Karanikolas G, Charalambopoulos D, Vaiopoulos G, Andrianakos A, Rapti A, Karras D, et al. Adjunctive anakinra in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate, or leflunomide, or cyclosporin-A monotherapy: a 48-week, comparative, prospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008:1384–8. [PubMed: 18603660]

Karlsson JA, Kristensen LE, Kapetanovic MC, Gulfe A, Saxne T, Geborek P. Treatment response to a second or third TNF-inhibitor in RA: results from the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group Register. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008:507–13. [PubMed: 18304941]

Karstila KL, Rantalaiho VM, Mustonen JT, Mottonen TT, Hannonen PJ, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Renal safety of initial combination versus single DMARD therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: an 11-year experience from the FIN-RACo Trial. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010:73–8. 2010/03/30 ed. [PubMed: 20346242]

Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2385–92. [PubMed: 15571587]

Kavanaugh A, Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, Li J, Freundlich B, Hooper M. Improvements in clinical response between 12 and 24 weeks in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on etanercept therapy with or without methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:1444–7. [PMC free article: PMC2566536] [PubMed: 18535115]

Kavanaugh A, Smolen JS, Emery P, Purcaru O, Keystone E, Richard L, et al. Effect of certolizumab pegol with methotrexate on home and work place productivity and social activities in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:1592–600. [PubMed: 19877104]

Kavanaugh A, St Clair EW, McCune WJ, Braakman T, Lipsky P. Chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000 Apr;27(4):841–50. [PubMed: 10782805]

Kawakami K, Ikari K, Kawamura K, Tsukahara S, Momohara S, et al. Complications and features after joint surgery in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers: perioperative interruption of tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers decreases complications? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010:341–7. [PubMed: 19965973]

Kay J, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B, Nash P, Durez P, Hall S, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with methotrexate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:964–75. [PubMed: 18383539]

Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 11;345(15):1098–104. [PubMed: 11596589]

Kekow J, Moots RJ, Emery P, Durez P, Koenig A, Singh A, et al. Patient-reported outcomes improve with etanercept plus methotrexate in active early rheumatoid arthritis and the improvement is strongly associated with remission: The COMET trial. 2010. [PubMed: 19293160]

Keystone E, Burmester GR, Furie R, Loveless JE, Emery P, Kremer J, et al. Improvement in patient-reported outcomes in a rituximab trial in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:785–93. [PubMed: 18512710]

Keystone E, Emery P, Peterfy CG, Tak PP, Cohen S, Genovese MC, et al. Rituximab inhibits structural joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitor therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:216–21. [PubMed: 18388156]

Keystone E, Freundlich B, Schiff M, Li J, Hooper M. Patients with moderate rheumatoid arthritis (RA) achieve better disease activity states with etanercept treatment than patients with severe RA. J Rheumatol. 2009:522–31. [PubMed: 19228659]

Keystone E, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, Hsia EC, Hall S, Miranda PC, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: 52-week results of the GO-FORWARD study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2010:1129–35. [PubMed: 20444749]

Keystone E, Heijde D, Mason D Jr, Landewe R, Vollenhoven RV, Combe B, et al. Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:3319–29. [PubMed: 18975346]

Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, Hsia EC, Hall ST, Miranda PC, et al. Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor {alpha} given by monthly subcutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:789–96. [PMC free article: PMC2674549] [PubMed: 19066176]

Keystone EC, Kavanaugh AF, Sharp JT, Tannenbaum H, Hua Y, Teoh LS, et al. Radiographic, clinical, and functional outcomes of treatment with adalimumab (a human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant methotrexate therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 May;50(5):1400–11. [PubMed: 15146409]

Kievit W, Adang EM, Fransen J, Kuper HH, van de Laar MA, Jansen TL, et al. The effectiveness and medication costs of three anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis from prospective clinical practice data. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:1229–34. [PubMed: 18174220]

Kim HY, Lee SK, Song YW, Yoo DH, Koh EM, Yoo B, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of the human anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody adalimumab administered as subcutaneous injections in Korean rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2007:9–16.

Kimel M, Cifaldi M, Chen N, Revicki D. Adalimumab plus methotrexate improved SF-36 scores and reduced the effect of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on work activity for patients with early RA. J Rheumatol. 2008:206–15. [PubMed: 18085743]

Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD006356. [PMC free article: PMC6465045] [PubMed: 17253590]

Kirwan JR, Hallgren R, Mielants H, Wollheim F, Bjorck E, Persson T, et al. A Randomised Placebo Controlled 12 Week Trial of Budesonide and Prednisolone in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2004:63–6. 688–95. [PMC free article: PMC1755023] [PubMed: 15140776]

Klareskog L, van der Heijde D, de Jager JP, Gough A, Kalden J, Malaise M, et al. Therapeutic effect of the combination of etanercept and methotrexate compared with each treatment alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Feb 28;363(9410):675–81. [PubMed: 15001324]

Korpela M, Laasonen L, Hannonen P, Kautiainen H, Leirisalo-Repo M, Hakala M, et al. Retardation of Joint Damage in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis by Initial Aggressive Treatment With Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: Five-Year Experience From the Fin-Raco Study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(7):2072–81. [PubMed: 15248204]

Kosinski M, Kujawski SC, Martin R, Wanke LA, Buatti MC, Ware JE Jr, et al. Health-related quality of life in early rheumatoid arthritis: impact of disease and treatment response. Am J Manag Care. 2002 Mar;8(3):231–40. [PubMed: 11915973]

Kremer JL, Blanco R, Brzosko M, Burgos-Vargas R, Halland AM, Vernon E, et al. Tocilizumab inhibits structural joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate responses to methotrexate at 1 year: The LITHE study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 [PubMed: 21360490]

Kremer JM, Dougados M, Emery P, Durez P, Sibilia J, Shergy W, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the selective costimulation modulator abatacept: twelve-month results of a phase iib, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Aug;52(8):2263–71. [PubMed: 16052582]

Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Westhovens R, et al. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis - A randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine (USA). 2006:865–76. [PubMed: 16785475]

Kremer JM, Genovese MC, Cannon GW, Caldwell JR, Cush JJ, Furst DE, et al. Concomitant Leflunomide Therapy in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Stable Doses of Methotrexate. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2002;137(9):726–33. [PubMed: 12416946]

Kremer JM, Westhovens R, Leon M, Di Giorgio E, Alten R, Steinfeld S, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig. N Engl J Med. 2003:1907–15. [PubMed: 14614165]

Kristensen LE, Saxne T, Geborek P. The LUNDEX, a new index of drug efficacy in clinical practice: results of a five-year observational study of treatment with infliximab and etanercept among rheumatoid arthritis patients in southern Sweden. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb;54(2):600–6. [PubMed: 16447237]

Kristensen LE, Saxne T, Nilsson JA, Geborek P. Impact of concomitant DMARD therapy on adherence to treatment with etanercept and infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a six-year observational study in southern Sweden. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006:R174. [PMC free article: PMC1794519] [PubMed: 17121678]

Kuriya B, Arkema EV, Bykerk VP, Keystone EC. Efficacy of initial methotrexate monotherapy versus combination therapy with a biological agent in early rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of clinical and radiographic remission. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1298–304. 2010/04/28 ed. [PubMed: 20421343]

Kwon HJ, Cote TR, Cuffe MS, Kramer JM, Braun MM. Case reports of heart failure after therapy with a tumor necrosis factor antagonist. Ann Intern Med. 2003 May 20;138(10):807–11. [PubMed: 12755552]

Lacaille D, Guh DP, Abrahamowicz M, Anis AH, Esdaile JM. Use of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and risk of infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:1074–81. [PubMed: 18668604]

Lan JL, Chou SJ, Chen DY, Chen YH, Hsieh TY, Young M Jr. A comparative study of etanercept plus methotrexate and methotrexate alone in Taiwanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Formos Med Assoc. 2004 Aug;103(8):618–23. [PubMed: 15340661]

Landewe RB, Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Westhovens R, van de Laar MA, Markusse HM, et al. COBRA combination therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: long-term structural benefits of a brief intervention. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Feb;46(2):347–56. [PubMed: 11840436]

Langer HE, Missler-Karger B. Kineret: efficacy and safety in daily clinical practice: an interim analysis of the Kineret response assessment initiative (kreative) protocol. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2003;23(4):119–28. [PubMed: 15224501]

Larsen A, Kvien TK, Schattenkirchner M, Rau R, Scott DL, Smolen JS, et al. Slowing of Disease Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients During Long-Term Treatment With Leflunomide or Sulfasalazine. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. 2001;30(3):135–42. [PubMed: 11469522]

Lebwohl M, Blum R, Berkowitz E, Kim D, Zitnik R, Osteen C, et al. No evidence for increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving etanercept for up to 5 years. Arch Dermatol. 2005 Jul;141(7):861–4. [PubMed: 16027301]

Lee JH, Slifman NR, Gershon SK, Edwards ET, Schwieterman WD, Siegel JN, et al. Life-threatening histoplasmosis complicating immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists infliximab and etanercept. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Oct;46(10):2565–70. [PubMed: 12384912]

Lee YH, Woo JH, Rho YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Meta-analysis of the combination of TNF inhibitors plus MTX compared to MTX monotherapy, and the adjusted indirect comparison of TNF inhibitors in patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology international. 2008:553–9. [PubMed: 17943257]

Leombruno JP, Einarson TR, Keystone EC. The safety of anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments in rheumatoid arthritis: meta and exposure-adjusted pooled analyses of serious adverse events. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:1136–45. [PubMed: 18753157]

Li P, Blum MA, Von Feldt J, Hennessy S, Doshi JA. Adherence, discontinuation, and switching of biologic therapies in medicaid enrollees with rheumatoid arthritis. Value Health. 2010:805–12. 2010/11/09 ed. [PubMed: 21054657]

Li T, Gignac M, Wells G, Shen S, Westhovens R. Decreased external home help use with improved clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis: an exploratory analysis of the Abatacept in Inadequate responders to Methotrexate (AIM) trial. Clin Ther. 2008:734–48. [PubMed: 18498922]

Listing J, Strangfeld A, Kary S, Rau R, von Hinueber U, Stoyanova-Scholz M, et al. Infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Nov;52(11):3403–12. [PubMed: 16255017]

Listing J, Strangfeld A, Kekow J, Schneider M, Kapelle A, Wassenberg S, et al. Does tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition promote or prevent heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2008:667–77. [PubMed: 18311816]

Listing J, Strangfeld A, Rau R, Kekow J, Gromnica-Ihle E, Klopsch T, et al. Clinical and functional remission: even though biologics are superior to conventional DMARDs overall success rates remain low--results from RABBIT, the German biologics register. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(3):R66. [PMC free article: PMC1526636] [PubMed: 16600016]

Maetzel A, Wong A, Strand V, Tugwell P, Wells G, Bombardier C. Meta-analysis of treatment termination rates among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Sep;39(9):975–81. [PubMed: 10986302]

Maillefert JF, Combe B, Goupille P, Cantagrel A, Dougados M. Long Term Structural Effects of Combination Therapy in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Five Year Follow up of a Prospective Double Blind Controlled Study. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2003;62(8):764–6. [PMC free article: PMC1754629] [PubMed: 12860733]

Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Davis D, Macfarlane JD, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Sep;41(9):1552–63. [PubMed: 9751087]

Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Furst D, Weisman MH, et al. Sustained improvement over two years in physical function, structural damage, and signs and symptoms among patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab and methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr;50(4):1051–65. [PubMed: 15077287]

Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, et al. Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2006:2817–29. [PubMed: 16947782]

Malysheva OA, Wahle M, Wagner U, Pierer M, Arnold S, Hantzschel H, et al. Low-dose prednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis: adverse effects of various disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. J Rheumatol. 2008:979–85. [PubMed: 18412314]

Marchesoni A, Zaccara E, Gorla R, Bazzani C, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, et al. TNF-alpha antagonist survival rate in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients observed under conditions of standard clinical practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009:837–46. [PubMed: 19758236]

Mariette X, Tubach F, Bagheri H, Bardet M, Berthelot JM, Gaudin P, et al. Lymphoma in patients treated with anti-TNF: Results of the 3-year prospective French RATIO registry. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2010:400–8. [PMC free article: PMC2925048] [PubMed: 19828563]

Martinez Lopez JA, Loza E, Carmona L. Systematic review on the safety of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis regarding the reproductive system (fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009:678–84. [PubMed: 19772806]

Mathias SD, Colwell HH, Miller DP, Moreland LW, Buatti M, Wanke L. Health-related quality of life and functional status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis randomly assigned to receive etanercept or placebo. Clin Ther. 2000 Jan;22(1):128–39. [PubMed: 10688396]

Mattey DL, Brownfield A, Dawes PT. Relationship between pack-year history of smoking and response to tumor necrosis factor antagonists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009:1180–7. [PubMed: 19447930]

McDonald JR, Zeringue AL, Caplan L, Ranganathan P, Xian H, Burroughs TE, et al. Herpes zoster risk factors in a national cohort of veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009:1364–71. [PMC free article: PMC2743911] [PubMed: 19368499]

Mease PJ, Revicki DA, Szechinski J, Greenwald M, Kivitz A, Barile-Fabris L, et al. Improved health-related quality of life for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving rituximab: Results of the Dose-Ranging Assessment: International Clinical Evaluation of Rituximab in Rheumatoid Arthritis (DANCER) Trial. J Rheumatol. 2008:20–30. [PubMed: 18050385]

Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD005121. [PubMed: 19160248]

Mertz LE, Blair JE. Coccidioidomycosis in rheumatology patients: incidence and potential risk factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007:343–57. [PubMed: 17363440]

Michaud K, Wolfe F. The association of rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with sinus disease. J Rheumatol. 2006:2412–5. [PubMed: 17143978]

Migliore A, Bizzi E, Lagana B, Altomonte L, Zaccari G, Granata M, et al. The safety of anti-TNF agents in the elderly. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009:415–26. 2009/06/10 ed. [PubMed: 19505394]

Miyasaka N. Clinical investigation in highly disease-affected rheumatoid arthritis patients in Japan with adalimumab applying standard and general evaluation: the CHANGE study. Mod Rheumatol. 2008:252–62. [PMC free article: PMC2668560] [PubMed: 18330677]

Mohan AK, Cote TR, Block JA, Manadan AM, Siegel JN, Braun MM. Tuberculosis following the use of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):295–9. [PubMed: 15306993]

Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, Oliverio PJ, Sandberg G, Crayton H, et al. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Dec;44(12):2862–9. [PubMed: 11762947]

Moreland LW, Baumgartner SW, Schiff MH, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Weaver AL, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 17;337(3):141–7. [PubMed: 9219699]

Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Bulpitt KJ, et al. Etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 16;130(6):478–86. [PubMed: 10075615]

Moreland LW, Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Kremer JM, Martin RW, Schiff MH, et al. Etanercept treatment in adults with established rheumatoid arthritis: 7 years of clinical experience. J Rheumatol. 2006 May;33(5):854–61. [PubMed: 16541481]

Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissila M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M, et al. Comparison of Combination Therapy With Single-Drug Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Randomised Trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9164):1568–73. [PubMed: 10334255]

Nadareishvili Z, Michaud K, Hallenbeck JM, Wolfe F. Cardiovascular, rheumatologic, and pharmacologic predictors of stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested, case-control study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:1090–6. [PMC free article: PMC2778069] [PubMed: 18668583]

Nagashima M, Matsuoka T, Saitoh K, Koyama T, Kikuchi O, Yoshino S. Treatment continuation rate in relation to efficacy and toxicity in long-term therapy with low-dose methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and bucillamine in 1,358 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006:260–7. [PubMed: 16870092]

Nam JL, Winthrop KL, van Vollenhoven RF, Pavelka K, Valesini G, Hensor EM, et al. Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of RA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:976–86. [PubMed: 20447957]

Nannini C, Cantini F, Niccoli L, Cassara E, Lally EV, et al. Single-Center Series and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Malignancies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Ankylosing Spondylitis Receiving Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Therapy: Is There a Need for More Comprehensive Screening Procedures? Arthritis and Rheumatism-Arthritis Care and Research. 2009:801. [PubMed: 19479708]

Naranjo A, Sokka T, Descalzo MA, Calvo-Alen J, Horslev-Petersen K, Luukkainen RK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008:R30. [PMC free article: PMC2453774] [PubMed: 18325087]

Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, et al. Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x ray reader-blinded randomised controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007:1162–7. [PMC free article: PMC1955155] [PubMed: 17485422]

Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J, et al. Study of active controlled tocilizumab monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate (SATORI): significant reduction in disease activity and serum vascular endothelial growth factor by IL-6 receptor inhibition therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2009:12–9. [PMC free article: PMC2638601] [PubMed: 18979150]

Nuki G, Bresnihan B, Bear MB, McCabe D. Long-term safety and maintenance of clinical improvement following treatment with anakinra (recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: extension phase of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Nov;46(11):2838–46. [PubMed: 12428223]

O’Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N, Drymalski W, Palmer W, Eckhoff PJ, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 16;334(20):1287–91. [PubMed: 8609945]

O’Dell JR, Leff R, Paulsen G, Haire C, Mallek J, Eckhoff PJ, et al. Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With Methotrexate and Hydroxychloroquine, Methotrexate and Sulfasalazine, or a Combination of the Three Medications: Results of a Two-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2002;46(5):1164–70. [PubMed: 12115219]

O’Dell JR, Petersen K, Leff R, Palmer W, Schned E, Blakely K, et al. Etanercept in combination with sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, or gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 Feb;33(2):213–8. [PubMed: 16358366]

Osiri M, Deesomchok U, Tugwell P. Disease activity and functional changes of RA patients receiving different DMARDs in clinical practice. Clinical Rheumatology. 2006:721–7. [PubMed: 16365685]

Osiri M, Shea B, Welch V, Suarez Almazor Maria E, Strand V, Tugwell P, et al. Leflunomide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 2002.

Pallavicini FB, Caporali R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Bazzani C, Gorla R, et al. Tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapy and cancer development: analysis of the LORHEN registry. Autoimmun Rev. 2010:175–80. [PubMed: 19647103]

Pan SM, Dehler S, Ciurea A, Ziswiler HR, Gabay C, Finckh A. Comparison of drug retention rates and causes of drug discontinuation between anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:560–8. [PubMed: 19405000]

Puechal X, Miceli-Richard C, Mejjad O, Lafforgue P, Marcelli C, Solau-Gervais E, et al. Anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment in patients with refractory systemic vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jun;67(6):880–4. [PubMed: 18037625]

Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Julkunen H, et al. Impact of Initial Aggressive Drug Treatment With a Combination of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on the Development of Work Disability in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Five-Year Randomized Followup Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(1):55–62. [PubMed: 14730599]

Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trial Archive Group. The Effect of Age and Renal Function on the Efficacy and Toxicity of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(2):218–23. [PubMed: 7738941]

Russell AS, Wallenstein GV, Li T, Martin MC, Maclean R, Blaisdell B, et al. Abatacept improves both the physical and mental health of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have inadequate response to methotrexate treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Feb;66(2):189–94. [PMC free article: PMC1798514] [PubMed: 16984942]

Saag KG, Koehnke R, Caldwell JR, Brasington R, Burmeister LF, Zimmerman B, et al. Low dose long-term corticosteroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of serious adverse events. Am J Med. 1994 Feb;96(2):115–23. [PubMed: 8109596]

Salliot C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:25–32. [PMC free article: PMC2596305] [PubMed: 18203761]

Salliot C, Gossec L, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Luc M, Duclos M, Guignard S, et al. Infections during tumour necrosis factor-{alpha} blocker therapy for rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a systematic retrospective study of 709 patients. Rheumatology. 2006 July 31;2006:kel236. [PubMed: 16880188]

Salliot C, Gossec L, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Luc M, Duclos M, Guignard S, et al. Infections during tumour necrosis factor-α blocker therapy for rheumatic diseases in daily practice: A systematic retrospective study of 709 patients. Rheumatology. 2007:327–34. [PubMed: 16880188]

Schafer JA, Kjesbo NK, Gleason PP. Formulary review of 2 new biologic agents: tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis and ustekinumab for plaque psoriasis. J Manag Care Pharm. 2010 Jul–Aug;16(6):402–16. [PMC free article: PMC10437992] [PubMed: 20635831]

Schaible TF. Long term safety of infliximab. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000 Sep;14(Suppl C):29C–32C. [PubMed: 11023558]

Schiff M, Keiserman M, Codding C, Songcharoen S, Berman A, Nayiager S, et al. Efficacy and safety of abatacept or infliximab vs placebo in ATTEST: a phase III, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:1096–103. [PMC free article: PMC2564802] [PubMed: 18055472]

Schiff MH, Burmester GR, Kent JD, Pangan AL, Kupper H, Fitzpatrick SB, et al. Safety analyses of adalimumab (HUMIRA) in global clinical trials and US postmarketing surveillance of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jul;65(7):889–94. [PMC free article: PMC1798196] [PubMed: 16439435]

Schiff MH, DiVittorio G, Tesser J, Fleischmann R, Schechtman J, Hartman S, et al. The safety of anakinra in high-risk patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: six-month observations of patients with comorbid conditions. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;50(6):1752–60. [PubMed: 15188350]

Schipper LG, Fransen J, Barrera P, den Broeder AA, Van Riel PL. Methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis after failure to sulphasalazine: to switch or to add? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009:1247–53. [PubMed: 19638454]

Schipper LG, Fransen J, Barrera P, Van Riel PL. Methotrexate in combination with sulfasalazine is more effective in rheumatoid arthritis patients who failed sulfasalazine than in patients naive to both drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009:828–33. [PubMed: 19458163]

Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Weinblatt ME, Katz JN, Avorn J, Sax PE, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1754–64. [PubMed: 17530704]

Schoels M, Kapral T, Stamm T, Smolen JS, Aletaha D. Step-up combination versus switching of non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a retrospective observational study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007:1059–65. [PMC free article: PMC1954688] [PubMed: 17307765]

Scott DL, Smolen JS, Kalden JR, van de Putte LB, Larsen A, Kvien TK, et al. Treatment of Active Rheumatoid Arthritis With Leflunomide: Two Year Follow up of a Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial Versus Sulfasalazine. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2001;60(10):913–23. [PMC free article: PMC1753377] [PubMed: 11557646]

Seong SS, Choi CB, Woo JH, Bae KW, Joung CL, Uhm WS, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA): effects of RA itself and of tumor necrosis factor blockers. J Rheumatol. 2007 Apr;34(4):706–11. [PubMed: 17309133]

Setoguchi S, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Levin R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist use and heart failure in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am Heart J. 2008:336–41. [PMC free article: PMC3257055] [PubMed: 18657665]

Setoguchi S, Solomon DH, Weinblatt ME, Katz JN, Avorn J, Glynn RJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist use and cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Sep;54(9):2757–64. [PubMed: 16947774]

Sharp JT, Strand V, Leung H, Hurley F, Loew-Friedrich I. Treatment With Leflunomide Slows Radiographic Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From Three Randomized Controlled Trials of Leflunomide in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2000;43(3):495–505. [PubMed: 10728741]

Shin IS, Baer AN, Kwon HJ, Papadopoulos EJ, Siegel JN. Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher syndromes occurring with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May;54(5):1429–34. [PubMed: 16645971]

Sichletidis L, Settas L, Spyratos D, Chloros D, Patakas D. Tuberculosis in patients receiving anti-TNF agents despite chemoprophylaxis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006 Oct;10(10):1127–32. [PubMed: 17044206]

Signorovitch JE, Wu EQ, Yu AP, Gerrits CM, Mulani PM, et al. Comparative Effectiveness Without Head-to-Head Trials A Method for Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparisons Applied to Psoriasis Treatment with Adalimumab or Etanercept. PharmacoEconomics (New Zealand). 2010;28:935–45. [PubMed: 20831302]

Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA, Suarez-Almazor ME, Tugwell P, et al. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: a Cochrane overview. Canadian Medical Association Journal (Canada). 2009:787. [PMC free article: PMC2780484] [PubMed: 19884297]

Singh JA, Noorbaloochi S, Singh G. Golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010:CD008341. 2010/01/22 ed. [PubMed: 20091667]

Singh Jasvinder A, Beg S, Lopez-Olivo Maria A. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010. Tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis. [PubMed: 20614469]

Singh Jasvinder A, Christensen R, Wells George A, Suarez-Almazor Maria E, Buchbinder R, Lopez-Olivo Maria A, et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. [PMC free article: PMC10636593] [PubMed: 19821440]

Slifman NR, Gershon SK, Lee JH, Edwards ET, Braun MM. Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agents. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Feb;48(2):319–24. [PubMed: 12571839]

Smitten AL, Choi HK, Hochberg MC, Suissa S, Simon TA, Testa MA, et al. The risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1431–8. [PubMed: 18050184]

Smitten AL, Choi HK, Hochberg MC, Suissa S, Simon TA, Testa MA, et al. The risk of hospitalized infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008:387–93. [PubMed: 18260176]

Smolen J, Landewe RB, Mease P, Brzezicki J, Mason D, Luijtens K, et al. Efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: the RAPID 2 study. A randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:797–804. [PMC free article: PMC2674556] [PubMed: 19015207]

Smolen JS. Efficacy and Safety of the New Dmard Leflunomide: Comparison to Placebo and Sulfasalazine in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology Supplement. 1999;112:15–21. [PubMed: 10668523]

Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, et al. Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2008:987–97. [PubMed: 18358926]

Smolen JS, Han C, Bala M, Maini RN, Kalden JR, van der Heijde D, et al. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement: a detailed subanalysis of data from the anti-tumor necrosis factor trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005:1020–30. [PubMed: 15818697]

Smolen JS, Han C, van der Heijde D, Emery P, Bathon JM, Keystone E, et al. Infliximab treatment maintains employability in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):716–22. [PubMed: 16508932]

Smolen JS, Han C, van der Heijde DM, Emery P, Bathon JM, Keystone E, et al. Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus methotrexate: the impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor blockade. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:823–7. [PubMed: 18593759]

Smolen JS, Kalden JR, Scott DL, Rozman B, Kvien TK, Larsen A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide Compared With Placebo and Sulphasalazine in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Double-Blind, Randomised, Multicentre Trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9149):259–66. [PubMed: 9929017]

Smolen JS, Kay J, Doyle MK, Landewe R, Matteson EL, Wollenhaupt J, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (GO-AFTER study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet. 2009:210–21. [PubMed: 19560810]

Soderlin MK, Lindroth Y, Jacobsson LT. Trends in medication and health-related quality of life in a population-based rheumatoid arthritis register in Malmo, Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007:1355–8. [PubMed: 17567634]

Sokolove J, Strand V, Greenberg JD, Curtis JR, Kavanaugh A, Kremer JM, et al. Risk of elevated liver enzymes associated with TNF inhibitor utilisation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1612–7. 2010/05/08 ed. [PubMed: 20448284]

Solomon DH, Avorn J, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Schneeweiss S, et al. Immunosuppressive medications and hospitalization for cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006:3790–8. [PubMed: 17136752]

St Clair EW, van der Heijde DM, Smolen JS, Maini RN, Bathon JM, Emery P, et al. Combination of infliximab and methotrexate therapy for early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Nov;50(11):3432–43. [PubMed: 15529377]

Strand V, Balbir-Gurman A, Pavelka K, Emery P, Li N, Yin M, et al. Sustained benefit in rheumatoid arthritis following one course of rituximab: improvements in physical function over 2 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006:1505–13. [PubMed: 17062648]

Strand V, Cohen S, Schiff M, Weaver A, Fleischmann R, Cannon G, et al. Treatment of Active Rheumatoid Arthritis With Leflunomide Compared With Placebo and Methotrexate. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999;159(21):2542–50. [PubMed: 10573044]

Strand V, Tugwell P, Bombardier C, Maetzel A, Crawford B, Dorrier C, et al. Function and health-related quality of life: results from a randomized controlled trial of leflunomide versus methotrexate or placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Leflunomide Rheumatoid Arthritis Investigators Group. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Sep;42(9):1870–8. [PubMed: 10513801]

Strangfeld A, Hierse F, Rau R, Burmester GR, Krummel-Lorenz B, Demary W, et al. Risk of incident or recurrent malignancies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to biologic therapy in the German biologics register RABBIT. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010:R5. 2010/01/13 ed. [PMC free article: PMC2875631] [PubMed: 20064207]

Strangfeld A, Listing J, Herzer P, Liebhaber A, Rockwitz K, Richter C, et al. Risk of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents. Jama. 2009:737–44. [PubMed: 19224750]

Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum. 2006:531–6. [PubMed: 16874796]

Suissa S, Ernst P, Hudson M, Bitton A, Kezouh A. Newer disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and the risk of serious hepatic adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 2004 Jul 15;117(2):87–92. [PubMed: 15234643]

Suissa S, Hudson M, Ernst P. Leflunomide use and the risk of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May;54(5):1435–9. [PubMed: 16645972]

Svensson B, Ahlmen M, Forslind K. Treatment of early RA in clinical practice: a comparative study of two different DMARD/corticosteroid options. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 May–Jun;21(3):327–32. [PubMed: 12846051]

Svensson B, Boonen A, Albertsson K, van der Heijde D, Keller C, Hafstrom I. Low-Dose Prednisolone in Addition to the Initial Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug in Patients With Early Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Reduces Joint Destruction and Increases the Remission Rate: a Two-Year Randomized Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2005;52(11):3360–70. [PubMed: 16255010]

Tesser J, Fleischmann R, Dore R, Bennett R, Solinger A, Joh T, et al. Concomitant Medication Use in a Large, International, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Trial of Anakinra, a Recombinant Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(4):649–54. [PubMed: 15088288]

Todoerti M, Scire CA, Boffini N, Bugatti S, Montecucco C, Caporali R. Early disease control by low-dose prednisone comedication may affect the quality of remission in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010:139–45. 2010/04/20 ed. [PubMed: 20398020]

Tran S, Hooker RS, Cipher DJ, Reimold A. Patterns of Biologic Agent Use in Older Males with Inflammatory Diseases An Institution-Focused, Observational Post-Marketing Study. Drugs and Aging (New Zealand). 2009 Jul;26:607. [PubMed: 19655827]

van de Putte LB, Atkins C, Malaise M, Sany J, Russell AS, van Riel PL, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as monotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis for whom previous disease modifying antirheumatic drug treatment has failed. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 May;63(5):508–16. [PMC free article: PMC1755008] [PubMed: 15082480]

van de Putte LB, Rau R, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Malaise MG, van Riel PL, et al. Efficacy and safety of the fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in DMARD refractory patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 12 week, phase II study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Dec;62(12):1168–77. [PMC free article: PMC1754401] [PubMed: 14644854]

van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Boers M, Landewe R, Codreanu C, Bolosiu HD, et al. Comparison of different definitions to classify remission and sustained remission: 1 year TEMPO results. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1582–7. [PMC free article: PMC1755254] [PubMed: 15860509]

van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Landewe R, Bruyn GA, Cantagrel A, Durez P, et al. Disease remission and sustained halting of radiographic progression with combination etanercept and methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:3928–39. [PubMed: 18050208]

van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Codreanu C, Bolosiu H, Melo-Gomes J, et al. Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate, alone and combined, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: two-year clinical and radiographic results from the TEMPO study, a double-blind, randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Apr;54(4):1063–74. [PubMed: 16572441]

van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, Singh A, Tornero J, Melo-Gomes J, Codreanu C, et al. Patient reported outcomes in a trial of combination therapy with etanercept and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis: the TEMPO trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar;65(3):328–34. [PMC free article: PMC1798055] [PubMed: 16079172]

van der Kooij SM, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, Ewals JA, Han KH, Hazes JM, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in a randomized trial comparing four different treatment strategies in recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan 15;61(1):4–12. [PubMed: 19116965]

van der Kooij SM, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Guler-Yuksel M, Zwinderman AH, Kerstens PJ, et al. Drug-free remission, functioning and radiographic damage after 4 years of response-driven treatment in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009:914–21. [PubMed: 18662933]

Van Der Kooij SM, Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Peeters AJ, Van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, et al. Probability of continued low disease activity in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis treated according to the disease activity score. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2008:266–9. [PubMed: 17947301]

van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JW, Dijkmans BA, Voskuyl AE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006:R151. [PMC free article: PMC1779436] [PubMed: 16984661]

van Riel PL, Taggart AJ, Sany J, Gaubitz M, Nab HW, Pedersen R, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination etanercept and methotrexate versus etanercept alone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate: The ADORE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Feb 7 [PMC free article: PMC1798368] [PubMed: 16464988]

Van Riel PLCM, Freundlich B, MacPeek D, Pedersen R, Foehl JR, Singh A. Patient-reported health outcomes in a trial of etanercept monotherapy versus combination therapy with etanercept and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis: The ADORE trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2008:1104–10. [PubMed: 17666447]

van Vollenhoven RF, Cifaldi MA, Ray S, Chen N, Weisman MH. Improvement in work place and household productivity for patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab plus methotrexate: work outcomes and their correlations with clinical and radiographic measures from a randomized controlled trial companion study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010:226–34. 2010/03/02 ed. [PubMed: 20191522]

van Vollenhoven RF, Ernestam S, Geborek P, Petersson IF, Coster L, Waltbrand E, et al. Addition of infliximab compared with addition of sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (Swefot trial): 1-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009:459–66. [PubMed: 19665644]

Wailoo A, Brennan A, Bansback N, Nixon R, Wolfe F, Michaud K. Modeling the cost effectiveness of etanercept, adalimumab and anakinra compared to infliximab in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Medicare program. AHRQ Technology Assessment Program. 2006

Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, Hanson ME, Beenhouwer DO. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;38(9):1261–5. [PubMed: 15127338]

Wasserman MJ, Weber DA, Guthrie JA, Bykerk VP, Lee P, Keystone EC. Infusion-related reactions to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a clinical practice setting: relationship to dose, antihistamine pretreatment, and infusion number. J Rheumatol. 2004 Oct;31(10):1912–7. [PubMed: 15468353]

Weaver AL, Lautzenheiser RL, Schiff MH, Gibofsky A, Perruquet JL, Luetkemeyer J, et al. Real-world effectiveness of select biologic and DMARD monotherapy and combination therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the RADIUS observational registry. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Jan;22(1):185–98. [PubMed: 16393444]

Weinblatt M, Combe B, Covucci A, Aranda R, Becker JC, Keystone E. Safety of the selective costimulation modulator abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving background biologic and nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A one-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug 31;54(9):2807–16. [PubMed: 16947384]

Weinblatt M, Schiff M, Goldman A, Kremer J, Luggen M, Li T, et al. Selective costimulation modulation using abatacept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis while receiving etanercept: a randomised clinical trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2007:228–34. [PMC free article: PMC1798511] [PubMed: 16935912]

Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Kavanaugh AF, Chartash EK, Segurado OG. Long term efficacy and safety of adalimumab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARMADA 4 year extended study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jun;65(6):753–9. [PMC free article: PMC1798163] [PubMed: 16308341]

Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, Moreland LW, Weisman MH, Birbara CA, et al. Adalimumab, a fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients taking concomitant methotrexate: the ARMADA trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jan;48(1):35–45. [PubMed: 12528101]

Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, et al. A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 28;340(4):253–9. [PubMed: 9920948]

Weisman MH, Paulus HE, Burch FX, Kivitz AJ, Fierer J, Dunn M, et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded study evaluating the safety of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and concomitant comorbid diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007:1122–5. [PubMed: 17470434]

Wells G, Li T, Maxwell L, Maclean R, Tugwell P. Responsiveness of patient reported outcomes including fatigue, sleep quality, activity limitation, and quality of life following treatment with abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008:260–5. [PubMed: 17846044]

Wendling D, Streit G, Toussirot E, Prati C. Herpes zoster in patients taking TNFalpha antagonists for chronic inflammatory joint disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Oct;75(5):540–3. [PubMed: 18674945]

Westhovens R, Cole JC, Li T, Martin M, Sherrer Y, et al. Improved health-related quality of life for rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with abatacept who have inadequate response to anti-TNF therapy in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomized clinical trial. Rheumatology. 2006:1238–46. [PubMed: 16567357]

Westhovens R, Robles M, Ximenes AC, Nayiager S, Wollenhaupt J, Durez P, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognostic factors. 2009. [PMC free article: PMC2770104] [PubMed: 19124524]

Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, Berman A, Strusberg I, Geusens P, et al. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Apr;54(4):1075–86. [PubMed: 16572442]

Wiens A, Correr CJ, Pontarolo R, Venson R, Quinalha JV, Otuki MF. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol. 2009:337–44. [PubMed: 19751268]

Wiens A, Venson R, Correr CJ, Otuki MF, Pontarolo R. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010:339–53. 2010/03/26 ed. [PubMed: 20334454]

Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: associations with prednisone, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb;54(2):628–34. [PubMed: 16447241]

Wolfe F, Caplan L, Michaud K. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment and the risk of severe interstitial lung disease. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007:172–8. [PubMed: 17657669]

Wolfe F, Michaud K. Lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in 18,572 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun;50(6):1740–51. [PubMed: 15188349]

Wolfe F, Michaud K. Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med. 2004 Mar 1;116(5):305–11. [PubMed: 14984815]

Wolfe F, Michaud K. The effect of methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis in 19,562 patients during 89,710 person-years of observation. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:1433–9. [PubMed: 17469100]

Wolfe F, Michaud K. Biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy: Analyses from a large US observational study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2007:2886–95. [PubMed: 17729297]

Wolfe F, Michaud K, Anderson J, Urbansky K. Tuberculosis infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of infliximab therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Feb;50(2):372–9. [PubMed: 14872478]

Zhang FC, Hou Y, Huang F, Wu DH, Bao CD, Ni LQ, et al. Infliximab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: A preliminary study from China. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2006:127–30.

Zink A, Listing J, Kary S, Ramlau P, Stoyanova-Scholz M, Babinsky K, et al. Treatment continuation in patients receiving biological agents or conventional DMARD therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Sep;64(9):1274–9. [PMC free article: PMC1755655] [PubMed: 15708884]

Cochrane Collaboration guidelines.

Anakinra (Kineret) for rheumatoid arthritis. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2002 Feb 18;44(1124):18–9. [PubMed: 11856953]

Is it true that vaccines may not be safe for people with rheumatoid arthritis (which I have)? Does that mean I shouldn’t get a flu shot? Johns Hopkins Med Lett Health After. 2004 Oct;5017(8):8. [PubMed: 15602782]

First Latin American position paper on the pharmacological treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2006 Jan 01;45(JUN):7–2. [PubMed: 16709584]

Screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. 2006.

Rituxan (Rituximab) [Package Insert] 2008.

Aletaha D, Smolen JS. The definition and measurement of disease modification in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 2006;32(1):9–44. [PubMed: 16504819]

Anandacoomarasamy A, Kannangara S, Barnsley L. Cutaneous vasculitis associated with infliximab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med J. 2005 Oct;35(10):638–40. [PubMed: 16207269]

Andres E, Limbach FX, Goichot B, Sibilia J. Silent thyroiditis associated with etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):565. [PMC free article: PMC1754134] [PubMed: 12006340]

Arend SM, Kuijper EJ, Allaart CF, Muller WH, Van Dissel JT. Cavitating pneumonia after treatment with infliximab and prednisone. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;23(8):638–41. [PubMed: 15278730]

Armstrong DJ, McCarron MT, Wright GD. Successful treatment of rheumatoid vasculitis-associated foot-drop with infliximab. J Rheumatol. 2005 Apr;32(4):759. author reply -60. [PubMed: 15801041]

Arnold EL, Khanna D, Paulus H, Goodman MP. Acute injection site reaction to intraarticular etanercept administration. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jul;48(7):2078–9. [PubMed: 12847708]

Ashok D, Ayliffe WH, Kiely PD. Necrotizing scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: long-term remission with high-dose infliximab therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Jul;44(7):950–1. [PubMed: 15827040]

Asli B, Wechsler B, Lemaitre C. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23;348(4):359–61. author reply -61. [PubMed: 12540654]

Assous N, Gossec L, Dougados M, Kahan A, Allanore Y. Efficacy of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory or with contra-indication to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha drugs in daily practice: An open label observational study [3] Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2007;25(3) [PubMed: 17631755]

Bankhurst AD. Etanercept and methotrexate combination therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 Nov–Dec;17(6 Suppl 18):S69–72. [PubMed: 10589361]

Bartke U, Venten I, Kreuter A, Gubbay S, Altmeyer P, Brockmeyer NH. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis treated with infliximab. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Apr;150(4):784–6. [PubMed: 15099388]

Bennett AN, Wong M, Zain A, Panayi G, Kirkham B. Adalimumab-induced asthma. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Sep;44(9):1199–200. [PubMed: 15870147]

Bermas BL. Use of immunosuppressive drugs in pregnancy and lactation. 2007.

Bleumink GS, ter Borg EJ, Ramselaar CG, Ch Stricker BH. Etanercept-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Nov;40(11):1317–9. [PubMed: 11709621]

Boatright MD, Wang BW. Clinical infection with Strongyloides sterocoralis following etanercept use for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr;52(4):1336–7. [PubMed: 15818680]

Bravo Vergel Y, Palmer S, Erhorn S, Young V, Brent S, Dyker A, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriatic arthritis. Health Technology Assessment. 2010

Brocq O, Albert C, Roux C, Gerard D, Breuil V, Ziegler LE. Adalimumab in rheumatoid arthritis after failed infliximab and/or etanercept therapy: experience with 18 patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2004 Nov;71(6):601–3. [PubMed: 15589452]

Brodszky V, Pentek M, Gulacsi L. Efficacy of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in psoriatic arthritis based on ACR50 response after 24 weeks of treatment. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep–Oct;37(5):399–400. [PubMed: 18821278]

Bruce SP, Boyce EG. Update on abatacept: A selective costimulation modulator for rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2007;41(7–8):1153–62. [PubMed: 17609234]

Burls A, Clark WK, Jobanputra P. Anakinra for Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;2005(1)

Chevillotte-Maillard H, Ornetti P, Mistrih R, Sidot C, Dupuis J, Dellas JA, et al. Survival and safety of treatment with infliximab in the elderly population. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 May;44(5):695–6. [PubMed: 15705631]

Clelland S, Hunek JR. Etanercept injection site reaction. Dermatol Nurs. 2005 Oct;17(5):375. [PubMed: 16294944]

Clunie G, Voules S, Watts R. Dose reduction of etanercept--can we treat more patients using a fixed budget? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Apr;42(4):600–1. [PubMed: 12649411]

Cobo Ibanez T, Yehia Tayel M, Balsa Criado A, Hernandez Sanz A, Martin Mola E. Safety and efficacy of leflunomide and infliximab versus methotrexate and infliximab combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Nov;44(11):1467–8. [PubMed: 16174647]

Cocito D, Bergamasco B, Tavella A, Poglio F, Paolasso I, Costa P, et al. Multifocal motor neuropathy during treatment with infliximab. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2005 Dec;10(4):386–7. [PubMed: 16279990]

Cohen CD, Horster S, Sander CA, Bogner JR. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with tumour necrosis factor alpha neutralising therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Jul;62(7):684. [PMC free article: PMC1754589] [PubMed: 12810439]

Cohen JD, Zaltni S, Kaiser MJ, Bozonnat MC, Jorgensen C, Daures JP, et al. Secondary addition of methotrexate to partial responders to etanercept alone is effective in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Feb;63(2):209–10. [PMC free article: PMC1754885] [PubMed: 14722213]

Cohen MD, Conn DL. Benefits of low-dose corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis. Bull Rheum Dis. 1997 Jun;46(4):4–7. [PubMed: 9188203]

Combe B, Landewe R, Lukas C, Bolosiu HD, Breedveld F, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis: Report of a task force of the European Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2007;66(1):34–45. [PMC free article: PMC1798412] [PubMed: 16396980]

Cunnane G, Warnock M, Fye KH, Daikh DI. Accelerated nodulosis and vasculitis following etanercept therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Aug;47(4):445–9. [PubMed: 12209493]

Das P, Raghu P, Amit Kumar D, Garg P. Strongyloides hyperinfection in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Surg Pathol. 2007 Oct;15(4):391–2. [PubMed: 17913948]

Day R. Adverse reactions to TNF-alpha inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2002 Feb 16;359(9306):540–1. [PubMed: 11867103]

De Bandt M, Vittecoq O, Descamps V, Le Loet X, Meyer O. Anti-TNF-alpha-induced systemic lupus syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2003 Feb;22(1):56–61. [PubMed: 12605321]

Deighton CM, George E, Kiely PDW, Ledingham J, Luqmani RA, Scott DGI. Updating the British Society for Rheumatology guidelines for anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in adult rheumatoid arthritis (again). Rheumatology. 2006;45(6):649–52. [PubMed: 16527881]

Duggan ST, Keam SJ. Certolizumab Pegol In Rheumatoid Arthritis. BioDrugs (New Zealand). 2009 Jun;23:407. [PubMed: 19894782]

Dumont-Berset M, Laffitte E, Gerber C, Dudler J, Panizzon RG. Eczematous drug eruption after infliximab. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Dec;151(6):1272–3. [PubMed: 15606528]

Emery P. Disease Modification in Rheumatoid Arthritis With Leflunomide. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology Supplement. 1999;112(9):9–14. [PubMed: 10668522]

Emery P, Genovese MC, Fleischmann RM, Matteson EL, Hsia EC, Xu S, et al. Efficacy of Golimumab, a human anti-TNF(alpha) antibody, by baseline CRP level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from three phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Rheumatology. 2010:i101.

Favalli EG, Arreghini M, Arnoldi C, Panni B, Marchesoni A, Tosi S, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha switching in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr 15;51(2):301–2. [PubMed: 15077278]

Fleischmann R. The clinical efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010 May;10(5):773–86. [PubMed: 20230188]

Franklin CM. Clinical experience with soluble TNF p75 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Dec;29(3):172–81. [PubMed: 10622681]

Furst DE. Anakinra: review of recombinant human interleukin-I receptor antagonist in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ther. 2004 Dec;26(12):1960–75. [PubMed: 15823761]

Furst DE, Keystone EC, Kirkham B, Fleischmann R, Mease P, Breedveld FC, et al. Updated consensus statement on biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2008. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2008;67(SUPPL 3) [PubMed: 19022808]

Gadadhar H, Hawkins S, Huffstutter JE, Panda M. Cutaneous mucormycosis complicating methotrexate, prednisone, and infliximab therapy. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Dec;13(6):361–2. [PubMed: 18176152]

Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): A randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb;58(2 Suppl):S126–35. [PubMed: 18240203]

Goldenberg MM. Etanercept, a novel drug for the treatment of patients with severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Ther. 1999 Jan;21(1):75–87. discussion 1–2. [PubMed: 10090426]

Golding A, Haque UJ, Giles JT. Rheumatoid arthritis and reproduction. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007 May;33(2):319–43. vi–vii. [PubMed: 17499710]

Gupta N, Fox CM, Grisolano SW. Disseminated histoplasmosis with colonic ulcers in a patient receiving infliximab. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Sep;70(3):597–8. [PubMed: 19573865]

Health Technology A. Adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, rituximab and abatacept for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis after the failure of a TNF inhibitor: a systematic review and economic evaluation (Project record). Health Technology Assessment. 2010 [PMC free article: PMC4781257] [PubMed: 21439251]

Health Technology A. The clinical and cost effectiveness of etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab - psoriatic arthritis (guidance review 104 and 125) (Project record). Health Technology Assessment. 2010

Hewlett S, Hehir M, Kirwan JR. Measuring fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review of scales in use. Arthritis Care and Research. 2007;57(3):429–39. [PubMed: 17394228]

Hirche D, Rubbert A, Lunau L, Krieg T, Eming SA. Successful treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis-associated leg ulcerations with adalimumab. Br J Dermatol. 2005 May;152(5):1062–4. [PubMed: 15888173]

Hong BK, Kumar C, Marottoli RA. “MAC” attack. Am J Med” 2009 Dec;122(12):1096–8. [PubMed: 19958886]

Horng MS. Early rheumatoid arthritis: Is there a best treatment? Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management. 2007;14(5):233–4.

Hoshida Y, Yamamoto S, Wada N, Xu JX, Sasaki T, Aozasa K. Infliximab-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Int J Hematol. 2005 May;81(4):356–7. [PubMed: 15914370]

Hrycaj P, Korczowska I, Lacki JK. Severe Parkinson’s disease in rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 May;42(5):702–3. [PubMed: 12709557]

Inoue K, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Yoshikawa T. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors on lung lesions with rheumatoid arthritis. Chest. 2003 Jul;124(1):413–4. author reply 4. [PubMed: 12853558]

Josefina M, Ana CJ, Ariel V, Silvio AA. Development of pseudogout during etanercept treatment. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Jun;13(3):177. [PubMed: 17551392]

Ju JH, Kim SI, Lee JH, Lee SI, Yoo WH, Choe JY, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease associated with leflunomide treatment in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:2094–6. [PubMed: 17530652]

Kaiser MJ, Bozonnat MC, Jorgensen C, Daures JP, Sany J. Effect of etanercept on tenosynovitis and nodules in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Feb;46(2):559–60. [PubMed: 11840464]

Kelaidi C, Tulliez M, Lecoq-Lafon C, Pham XV, Kahan A, Dreyfus F, et al. Long-term remission of an EBV-positive B cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with rheumatoid arthritis under methotrexate with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) monotherapy. Leukemia. 2002 Oct;16(10):2173–4. [PubMed: 12357380]

Kemp E, Nielsen H, Petersen LJ, Gam AN, Dahlager J, Horn T, et al. Newer immunomodulating drugs in rheumatoid arthritis may precipitate glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2001 Jan;55(1):87–8. [PubMed: 11200876]

Kempeni J. Preliminary results of early clinical trials with the fully human anti-TNFalpha monoclonal antibody D2E7. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999 November 1;58(90001):70i–2. 1999. [PMC free article: PMC1766582] [PubMed: 10577977]

Kempeni J. Update on D2E7: a fully human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 November 1;59(90001):44i–5. 2000. [PMC free article: PMC1766613] [PubMed: 11053087]

Kirwan J. Early rheumatoid arthritis: combination therapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and low-dose glucocorticoids? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006 Apr;2(4):182–3. [PubMed: 16932680]

Kirwan J, Shea B, Boers M. Glucocorticoids for Slowing Radiological Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;2005(1) [PMC free article: PMC6465045] [PubMed: 17253590]

Korkmaz C, Kasifoglu T, Yasar B. Acceleration of left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension after TNF-alpha blocker. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Jun;39(6):1138–9. [PubMed: 15870136]

Kramer N, Chuzhin Y, Kaufman LD, Ritter JM, Rosenstein ED. Methotrexate pneumonitis after initiation of infliximab therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Dec 15;47(6):670–1. [PubMed: 12522843]

Krathen MS, Gottlieb AB, Mease PJ. Pharmacologic Immunomodulation and Cutaneous Malignancy in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis, and Psoriatic Arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010;37:2205–15. [PubMed: 20810498]

Kremer J, Westhovens R, Luggen M. Long-term efficacy and safety of abatacept through 3 years of treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients in the AIM and ATTAIN trials [abstract]. American College of Rheumatology Meeting.

Kremer JM. Safety, efficacy, and mortality in a long-term cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate: followup after a mean of 13.3 years. Arthritis Rheum. 1997 May;40(5):984–5. [PubMed: 9153566]

Kreuter A, Rose C, Zillikens D, Altmeyer P. Bullous rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 May;52(5):916–8. [PubMed: 15858492]

Kucharz EJ, Gozdzik J, Kopec M, Kotulska A, Lewicki M, Pieczyrak R, et al. A single infusion of infliximab increases the serum endostatin level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 Mar–Apr;21(2):273–4. [PubMed: 12747296]

Kurschat P, Rubbert A, Poswig A, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Krieg T, Hunzelmann N. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Jun;44(6):1052. [PubMed: 11369924]

Liberopoulos EN, Drosos AA, Elisaf MS. Exacerbation of tuberculosis enteritis after treatment with infliximab. Am J Med. 2002 Nov;113(7):615. [PubMed: 12459414]

Lindsay K, Gough A. Psoriatic arthritis, methotrexate and the liver - Are rheumatologists putting their patients at risk? Rheumatology. 2008;47(7):939–41. [PubMed: 18474510]

Looney RJ. B cell-targeted therapy for rheumatoid arthritis - An update on the evidence. Drugs (New Zealand). 2006 May 01;66(May):625–39. [PubMed: 16620141]

Luqmani R, Hennell S, Estrach C, Birrell F. Audit Working G. et al. British society for rheumatology and british health professionals in rheumatology guideline for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (the first two years). Rheumatology. 2006 Sep 01;45(Sep):1167–9. [PubMed: 16844700]

Manadan AM, Block JA, Sequeira W. Mycobacteria tuberculosis peritonitis associated with etanercept therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 Jul–Aug;21(4):526. [PubMed: 12942713]

Mang R, Stege H, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J. Response of severe psoriasis to infliximab. Dermatology. 2002;204(2):156–7. [PubMed: 11937748]

Marchesoni A, Puttini PS, Gorla R, Caporali R, Arnoldi C, Atzeni F, et al. Cyclosporine in addition to infliximab and methotrexate in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Nov–Dec;23(6):916–7. [PubMed: 16396721]

Matsui T, Komiya A, Shimada K, Nakayama H, Tohma S. Neutrophil CD64 as a marker of infection in patients treated with tocilizumab. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19(6):696–7. [PubMed: 19728012]

Maxwell L, Singh Jasvinder A. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(3) [PMC free article: PMC6464777] [PubMed: 19821401]

McCain ME, Quinet RJ, Davis WE. Etanercept and infliximab associated with cutaneous vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002 Jan;41(1):116–7. [PubMed: 11792895]

Mease P. Psoriatic arthritis update. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases. 2006;64(1–2):25–31. [PubMed: 17121486]

Mease PJ. Cytokine Blockers in Psoriatic Arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2001;60(Suppl 3):iii37–40. [PMC free article: PMC1766666] [PubMed: 11890650]

Michaelsson G, Kajermo U, Michaelsson A, Hagforsen E. Infliximab can precipitate as well as worsen palmoplantar pustulosis: possible linkage to the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the normal palmar eccrine sweat duct? Br J Dermatol. 2005 Dec;153(6):1243–4. [PubMed: 16307676]

Misery L, Perrot JL, Gentil-Perret A, Pallot-Prades B, Cambazard F, Alexandre C. Dermatological complications of etanercept therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Feb;146(2):334–5. [PubMed: 11903255]

Molloy E, Ramakrishnan S, Murphy E, Barry M. Morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid patients during treatment with adalimumab and infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 Apr;43(4):522–3. [PubMed: 15024136]

Montagna GL, Malesci D, Buono R, Valentini G. Asthenoazoospermia in patients receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor {alpha} agents. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1667. [PMC free article: PMC1755281] [PubMed: 16227427]

Murphy FT, Enzenauer RJ, Battafarano DF, David-Bajar K. Etanercept-associated injection-site reactions. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Apr;136(4):556–7. [PubMed: 10768663]

Musial J, Undas A, Celinska-Lowenhoff M. Polymyositis associated with infliximab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 Dec;42(12):1566–8. [PubMed: 14645861]

Nakelchik M, Mangino JE. Reactivation of histoplasmosis after treatment with infliximab. Am J Med. 2002 Jan;112(1):78. [PubMed: 11812415]

Nikas SN, Temekonidis TI, Zikou AK, Argyropoulou MI, Efremidis S, Drosos AA. Treatment of resistant rheumatoid arthritis by intra-articular infliximab injections: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Jan;63(1):102–3. [PMC free article: PMC1754709] [PubMed: 14672902]

Nikas SN, Voulgari PV, Takalou IP, Katsimbri P, Drosos AA. Healing of psoriatic skin lesions, and improvement of psoriatic arthritis resistant to immunosuppressive drugs, after infliximab treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Nov;64(11):1665–7. [PMC free article: PMC1755277] [PubMed: 16227426]

Novak S, Cikes N. Infliximab-induced lupus or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) unmasked by infliximab. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004 Mar–Apr;22(2):268. [PubMed: 15083903]

Ornetti P, Solau E, Gaudin P, Sibilia J, Berthelot JM, Puechal X, et al. Increase in methotrexate dose in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have an inadequate response to infliximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Sep;64(9):1379–80. [PMC free article: PMC1755656] [PubMed: 16100349]

Ostor AJ, Crisp AJ, Somerville MF, Scott DG. Fatal exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis associated fibrosing alveolitis in patients given infliximab. BMJ. 2004 Nov 27;329(7477):1266. [PMC free article: PMC534441] [PubMed: 15564258]

Ostrov BE. Beneficial effect of etanercept on rheumatoid lymphedema. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Jan;44(1):240–1. [PubMed: 11212167]

Pagliano P, Attanasio V, Fusco U, Mohamed DA, Rossi M, Faella FS. Does etanercept monotherapy enhance the risk of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Apr;63(4):462–3. [PMC free article: PMC1754950] [PubMed: 15020347]

Parekh K, Ching D, Rahman MU, Stamp LK. Onset of Wegener’s granulomatosis during therapy with golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: a rare adverse event? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Sep;49(9):1785–7. [PubMed: 20403913]

Pisoni L, Murgo A, Paresce E, Zeni S, Fantini F. Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide in the clinical practice. A different experience [1] Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2007;25(1) [PubMed: 17418002]

Popovic M, Stefanovic D, Pejnovic N, Popovic R, Glisic B, Obradovic S, et al. Comparative study of the clinical efficacy of four DMARDs (leflunomide, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and levamisole) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Transplant Proc. 1998 Dec;30(8):4135–6. [PubMed: 9865325]

Provenzano G, Termini A, Le Moli C, Rinaldi F. Efficacy of infliximab in psoriatic arthritis resistant to treatment with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: an open pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Jul;62(7):680–1. [PMC free article: PMC1754582] [PubMed: 12810436]

Racunica T, Cassidy D, Cicuttini F, Hall A. Trouble with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, not just tuberculosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010:770–4. 2010/06/11 ed. [PubMed: 20535787]

Radovits BJ, Kievit W, Laan RF. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists in the management of rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly: a review of their efficacy and safety. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(8):647–64. [PubMed: 19685931]

Rahman N, Healy C, Flint SR, Stassen LF. Cautionary note: a possible association between oral squamous cell carcinoma and tumor necrosis factor antagonists; need for oral screening. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Jun;16(4):197–9. [PubMed: 20511984]

Reddy AR, Backhouse OC. Does etanercept induce uveitis? Br J Ophthalmol. 2003 Jul;87(7):925. [PMC free article: PMC1771735] [PubMed: 12812909]

Richter C, Wanke L, Steinmetz J, Reinhold-Keller E, Gross WL. Mononeuritis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis responds to etanercept. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Dec;39(12):1436–7. [PubMed: 11136899]

Rimar D, Rozenbaum M, Slobodin G, Boulman N, Rosner I. Etanercept related pseudo-empyema in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2010:547–9. 2010/02/04 ed. [PubMed: 20127398]

Rinaldi F, Provenzano G, Termini A, Spinello M, La Seta F. Long term infliximab treatment for severe psoriatic arthritis: evidence of sustained clinical and radiographic response. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Sep;64(9):1375–6. [PMC free article: PMC1755641] [PubMed: 16100346]

Robinson V, Boers M, Brooks P, Francis D, Wells GA, et al. Patient-reported pain is central to OMERACT rheumatology core measurement sets. Drug Information Journal (USA). 2006 Jan 01;40(Jan):111–6.

Roux CH, Brocq O, Breuil V, Albert C, Euller-Ziegler L. Pregnancy in rheumatology patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy. Rheumatology. 2007;46(4):695–8. [PubMed: 17158212]

Rozman B. Clinical Experience With Leflunomide in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 1998;52(Suppl):27–32. [PubMed: 9666415]

Ruiz Garcia V, Burls A, Cabello López Juan CL, Fry-Smith Anne FS, Gálvez Munoz José G, Jobanputra P, et al. Certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(1) [PubMed: 21328299]

Russell E, Zeihen M, Wergin S, Litton T. Patients receiving etanercept may develop antibodies that interfere with monoclonal antibody laboratory assays. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Apr;43(4):944. [PubMed: 10765944]

Salli A, Sahin N, Paksoy Y, Kucuksarac S, Ugurlu H. Treatment of periodontoid pannus with infliximab in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Aug;15(5):250–1. [PubMed: 19590438]

Scott DL, Kingsley GH. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):704–12. [PubMed: 16914706]

Sholsberg J, Jackson R. Best evidence topic report. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections in acute rheumatoid monoarthritides. Emerg Med J. 2004 Mar;21(2):204. [PMC free article: PMC1726294] [PubMed: 14988353]

Simpson D, Scott LJ. Adalimumab : in psoriatic arthritis. Drugs. 2006;66(11):1487–96. [PubMed: 16906782]

Singh Jasvinder A, Beg S, Lopez-Olivo Maria A. Tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis. 2010 [PubMed: 20614469]

Smith D, Letendre S. Viral pneumonia as a serious complication of etanercept therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jan 15;136(2):174. [PubMed: 11790076]

Smolen JS, Landewe R, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, Emery P, Gaujoux-Viala C, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:964–75. [PMC free article: PMC2935329] [PubMed: 20444750]

Soliotis F, Glover M, Jawad AS. Severe skin reaction after leflunomide and etanercept in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Sep;61(9):850–1. [PMC free article: PMC1754223] [PubMed: 12176818]

Strand. Improved health-related quality of life with effective disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: Evidence from randomized controlled trials (American Journal of Managed Care). American Journal of Managed Care. 2008;14(4):234. [PubMed: 18415967]

Suresh R, Gupta S, Sathananthan R. Sulphasalazine induced three-week syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Sep;15(6):311–2. [PubMed: 19734741]

Sweet BV. Abatacept. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (USA). 2006 Jan 01;63(Jan):2065–77. [PubMed: 17057043]

Tack CJ, Kleijwegt FS, Van Riel PL, Roep BO. Development of type 1 diabetes in a patient treated with anti-TNF-alpha therapy for active rheumatoid arthritis. Diabetologia. 2009 Jul;52(7):1442–4. [PMC free article: PMC2688610] [PubMed: 19440690]

Tateiwa T, Shinmura K, Ko M, Mibe J, Yamamoto K. Iliopectineal bursitis associated with rapid destruction of a rheumatoid hip joint. J Orthop Sci. 2009 Jul;14(4):455–8. [PubMed: 19662482]

Van Rijthoven AW, Bijlsma JW, Canninga-Van Dijk M, Derksen RH, Van Roon JA. Onset of systemic lupus erythematosus after conversion of infliximab to adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis with a pre-existing anti-dsDNA antibody level. Rheumatology. 2006 Oct 01;45(Oct):1317–9. [PubMed: 16844698]

Vis M, Voskuyl AE, Wolbink GJ, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF. Bone mineral density in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Feb;64(2):336–7. [PMC free article: PMC1755334] [PubMed: 15647447]

Vis M, Wolbink GJ, Lodder MC, Kostense PJ, van de Stadt RJ, de Koning MH, et al. Early changes in bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Oct;48(10):2996–7. [PubMed: 14558111]

Voulgari PV, Venetsanopoulou AI, Epagelis EK, Alamanos Y, Takalou I, Drosos AA. Infliximab in refractory psoriatic arthritis with severe psoriasis: a 2-year experience. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Feb;66(2):270–1. [PMC free article: PMC1798489] [PubMed: 17068063]

Yazici Y, Erkan D, Lockshin MD. Etanercept in the treatment of severe, resistant psoriatic arthritis: continued efficacy and changing patterns of use after two years. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Jan–Feb;20(1):115. [PubMed: 11892697]

Summaries for patients. Tumor necrosis factor antagonists and heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2003 May 20;138(10):I48. [PubMed: 12755581]

Abramovits W, Arrazola P, Gupta AK. Enbrel (etanercept). Skinmed. 2004 Nov–Dec;3(6):333–5. [PubMed: 15538082]

Agarwal S, Zaman T, Handa R. Retention rates of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Singapore Med J. 2009:686–92. [PubMed: 19644623]

Aggarwal A, Panda S, Misra R. Effect of etanercept on matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor: a time kinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Jul;63(7):891–2. [PMC free article: PMC1755062] [PubMed: 15194595]

Aggarwal R, Manadan AM, Poliyedath A, Sequeira W, Block JA. Safety of Etanercept in Patients at High Risk for Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Infections. Journal of Rheumatology. 2009 May;36:914. [PubMed: 19332623]

Alcorn N, Saunders S, Madhok R. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Leflunomide An Appraisal of Leflunomide in Rheumatoid Arthritis 10 Years After Licensing. Drug Safety (New Zealand). 2009 Dec;32:1123. [PubMed: 19916579]

Amichai B, Gat A, Grunwald MH. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation during therapy with hydroxychloroquine. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Apr;13(2):113. [PubMed: 17414546]

Ang HT, Helfgott S. Do the clinical responses and complications following etanercept or infliximab therapy predict similar outcomes with the other tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2003 Nov;30(11):2315–8. [PubMed: 14677170]

Antoni C, Dechant C, Hanns-Martin Lorenz PD, Wendler J, Ogilvie A, Lueftl M, et al. Open-label study of infliximab treatment for psoriatic arthritis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of reduction of inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Oct 15;47(5):506–12. [PubMed: 12382299]

Antoni C, Kalden J. Combination Therapy of the Chimeric Monoclonal Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Antibody (Infliximab) With Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 1999;17(6 Suppl 18):S73–7. [PubMed: 10589362]

Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, van der Heijde D, Beutler A, Keenan G, Zhou B, et al. Two-year efficacy and safety of infliximab treatment in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: findings of the Infliximab Multinational Psoriatic Arthritis Controlled Trial (IMPACT). J Rheumatol. 2008 May;35(5):869–76. [PubMed: 18381786]

Argyropoulou MI, Glatzouni A, Voulgari PV, Xydis VG, Nikas SN, Efremidis SC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of hand synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab. Joint Bone Spine. 2005 Dec;72(6):557–61. [PubMed: 16376805]

Arif S, Cox P, Afzali B, Lombardi G, Lechler RI, Peakman M, et al. Anti-TNFalpha therapy--killing two birds with one stone? Lancet. 2010:2278. 2010/07/09 ed. [PubMed: 20609973]

Augustsson J, Eksborg S, Ernestam S, Gullstrom E, van Vollenhoven R. Low-dose glucocorticoid therapy decreases risk for treatment-limiting infusion reaction to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Nov;66(11):1462–6. [PMC free article: PMC2111638] [PubMed: 17502359]

Augustsson J, Neovius M, Cullinane-Carli C, Eksborg S, van Vollenhoven RF. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor antagonists increase their participation in the workforce: potential for significant long-term indirect cost gains (data from a population-based registry). Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:126–31. [PubMed: 19470527]

Bansback NJ, Ara R, Barkham N, Brennan A, Emery P, et al. Estimating the cost and health status consequences of treatment with TNF antagonists in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology. 2006 Aug 01;45(Aug):1029–38. [PubMed: 16782734]

Barra L, Pope JE, Payne M. Real-world anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: cost-effectiveness based on number needed to treat to improve health assessment questionnaire. J Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;36(7):1421–8. [PubMed: 19487267]

Barrera P, van der Maas A, van Ede AE, Kiemeney BALM, Laan RFJM, van de Putte LBA, et al. Drug Survival, Efficacy and Toxicity of Monotherapy With a Fully Human Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor-a Antibody Compared With Methotrexate in Long-Standing Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology. 2002:430–9. [PubMed: 11961174]

Bathon JM, Fleischmann RM, van der Heijde DM, Tesser JR, White B, et al. Safety and efficacy of etanercept treatment in elderly subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2006 Feb 01;33(Feb):234–43. [PubMed: 16465653]

Baumgartner SW, Fleischmann RM, Moreland LW, Schiff MH, Markenson J, Whitmore JB. Etanercept (Enbrel) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with recent onset versus established disease: improvement in disability. J Rheumatol. 2004 Aug;31(8):1532–7. [PubMed: 15290731]

Berends MAM, Snoek J, De Jong EMGJ, Van De Kerkhof PCM, Van Oijen MGH, Van Krieken JH, et al. Liver injury in long-term methotrexate treatment in psoriasis is relatively infrequent. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2006;24(5):805–11. [PubMed: 16918884]

Bibbo C, Goldberg JW. Infectious and healing complications after elective orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery during tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition therapy. Foot Ankle Int. 2004 May;25(5):331–5. [PubMed: 15134615]

Bingham CO, Ince A, Haraoui B, Keystone EC, Baumgartner S, et al. Effectiveness and safety of etanercept in subjects with RA who have failed infliximab therapy: 16-week, open-label, observational study. Current Medical Research and Opinion (England). 2009:1131. [PubMed: 19317607]

Bliddal H, Terslev L, Qvistgaard E, Konig M, Holm CC, Rogind H, et al. A randomized, controlled study of a single intra-articular injection of etanercept or glucocorticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006 Sep–Oct;35(5):341–5. [PubMed: 17062431]

Blom M, Kievit W, Fransen J, Kuper IH, den Broeder AA, De Gendt CM, et al. The reason for discontinuation of the first tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocking agent does not influence the effect of a second TNF blocking agent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009 Oct;36(10):2171–7. [PubMed: 19723902]

Blom M, Kievit W, Kuper HH, Jansen TL, Visser H, den Broeder AA, et al. Frequency and effectiveness of dose increase of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in daily clinical practice. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Sep;62(9):1335–41. [PubMed: 20506128]

Bodur H, Ataman S, Akbulut L, Evcik D, Kavuncu V, Kaya T, et al. Characteristics and medical management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Sep;27(9):1119–25. [PubMed: 18357499]

Boesen M, Boesen L, Jensen KE, Cimmino MA, Torp-Pedersen S, Terslev L, et al. Clinical outcome and imaging changes after intraarticular (IA) application of etanercept or methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis: magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound-Doppler show no effect of IA injections in the wrist after 4 weeks. J Rheumatol. 2008 Apr;35(4):584–91. [PubMed: 18322991]

Bohanec Grabar P, Rozman B, Tomsic M, Suput D, Logar D, Dolzan V. Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2 and the toxicity of leflunomide treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Sep;64(9):871–6. [PubMed: 18496682]

Bologna C, Jorgensen C, Sany J. Association of methotrexate and corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1996 Jul–Aug;14(4):401–6. [PubMed: 8871839]

Bombardieri S, Ruiz AA, Fardellone P, Geusens P, McKenna F, Unnebrink K, et al. Effectiveness of adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis in patients with a history of TNF-antagonist therapy in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jul;46(7):1191–9. [PubMed: 17504821]

Bongartz T. Tocilizumab for rheumatoid and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Lancet. 2008;(9617):961–3. [PubMed: 18358909]

Borah BJ, Huang XY, Zarotsky V, Globe D. Trends in RA patients’ adherence to subcutaneous anti-TNF therapies and costs. Current Medical Research and Opinion (England). 2009 Jun:1365. [PubMed: 19425902]

Boyce EG, Halilovic J, Stan-Ugbene O. Golimumab: Review of the Efficacy and Tolerability of a Recently Approved Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Inhibitor. Clinical Therapeutics (USA). 2010;32:1681–703. [PubMed: 21194591]

Braun-Moscovici Y, Markovits D, Rozin A, Toledano K, Nahir AM, Balbir-Gurman A. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: 6 year experience of a single center in northern Israel and possible impact of health policy on results. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008 Apr;10(4):277–81. [PubMed: 18548981]

Bresnihan B, Newmark R, Robbins S, Genant HK. Effects of anakinra monotherapy on joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Extension of a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004 Jun;31(6):1103–11. [PubMed: 15170922]

Brocq O, Roux CH, Albert C, Breuil V, Aknouche N, Ruitord S, et al. TNFalpha antagonist continuation rates in 442 patients with inflammatory joint disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2007:148–54. [PubMed: 17368068]

Buch MH, Bingham SJ, Bejarano V, Bryer D, White J, Reece R, et al. Therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: outcome of infliximab failures switched to etanercept. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Apr 15;57(3):448–53. [PubMed: 17394231]

Buchbinder R, Barber M, Heuzenroeder L, Wluka AE, Giles G, Hall S, et al. Incidence of melanoma and other malignancies among rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jun 15;59(6):794–9. [PubMed: 18512713]

Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. Effects of low dose corticosteroids on the bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1995 Jun;22(6):1055–9. [PubMed: 7674230]

Bukhari MA, Wiles NJ, Lunt M, Harrison BJ, Scott DG, Symmons DP, et al. Influence of disease-modifying therapy on radiographic outcome in inflammatory polyarthritis at five years: results from a large observational inception study. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Jan;48(1):46–53. [PubMed: 12528102]

Burmester GR, Ferraccioli G, Flipo RM, Monteagudo-Saez I, Unnebrink K, Kary S, et al. Clinical remission and/or minimal disease activity in patients receiving adalimumab treatment in a multinational, open-label, twelve-week study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan 15;59(1):32–41. [PubMed: 18163417]

Cacace E, Anedda C, Ruggiero V, Fornasier D, Denotti A, Perpignano G. Etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis: Long term anti-inflammatory efficacy in clinical practice. European Journal of Inflammation. 2006;4(3):171–6.

Calguneri M, Pay S, Caliskaner Z, Apras S, Kiraz S, Ertenli I, et al. Combination Therapy Versus Monotherapy for the Treatment of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 1999;17(6):699–704. [PubMed: 10609068]

Campion GV, Lebsack ME, Lookabaugh J, Gordon G, Catalano M. Dose-range and dose-frequency study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The IL-1Ra Arthritis Study Group. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Jul;39(7):1092–101. [PubMed: 8670316]

Cantini F, Niccoli L, Nannini C, Cassara E, Pasquetti P, Olivieri I, et al. Frequency and duration of clinical remission in patients with peripheral psoriatic arthritis requiring second-line drugs. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008:872–6. [PubMed: 18400836]

Carmona L, Descalzo MÃ, Perez-Pampin E, Ruiz-Montesinos D, Erra A, Cobo T, et al. All-cause and cause-specific mortality in rheumatoid arthritis are not greater than expected when treated with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2007;66(7):880–5. [PMC free article: PMC1955107] [PubMed: 17324968]

Cassano N, Galluccio A, De Simone C, Loconsole F, Massimino SD, Plumari A, et al. Influence of body mass index, comorbidities and prior systemic therapies on the response of psoriasis to adalimumab: an exploratory analysis from the APHRODITE data. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2008 Oct–Dec;22(4):233–7. [PubMed: 19036225]

Cauza E, Spak M, Cauza K, Hanusch-Enserer U, Dunky A, Wagner E. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis vulgaris with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor infliximab. Rheumatol Int. 2002 Nov;22(6):227–32. [PubMed: 12426660]

Chambers CD, Johnson DL, Robinson LK, Braddock SR, Xu R, Lopez-Jimenez J, et al. Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 2010:1494–503. 2010/02/05 ed. [PMC free article: PMC3633589] [PubMed: 20131283]

Chen DY, Chou SJ, Hsieh TY, Chen YH, Chen HH, Hsieh CW, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative study of human anti-TNF antibody adalimumab in combination with methotrexate and methotrexate alone in Taiwanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. 2009. [PubMed: 19369178]

Ciconelli R, Ferraz M, Visioni R, Oliveira L, Atra E. A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Sulphasalazine Combined With Pulses of Methylprednisolone or Placebo in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. British journal of rheumatology. 1996;35(2):150–4. [PubMed: 8612028]

Cohen G, Courvoisier N, Cohen JD, Zaltni S, Sany J, Combe B. The efficiency of switching from infliximab to etanercept and vice-versa in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Nov–Dec;23(6):795–800. [PubMed: 16396697]

Cohen JD, Dougados M, Goupille P, Cantagrel A, Meyer O, Sibilia J, et al. Health assessment questionnaire score is the best predictor of 5-year quality of life in early rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;33(10):1936–41. [PubMed: 16924692]

Cole JC, Li T, Lin P, MacLean R, Wallenstein GV. Treatment impact on estimated medical expenditure and job loss likelihood in rheumatoid arthritis: re-examining quality of life outcomes from a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial with abatacept. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jul;47(7):1044–50. [PubMed: 18487628]

Contreras-Yanez I, Ponce De Leon S, Cabiedes J, Rull-Gabayet M, Pascual-Ramos V. Inadequate therapy behavior is associated to disease flares in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have achieved remission with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Oct;340(4):282–90. [PubMed: 20881757]

Covelli M, Scioscia C, Iannone F, Lapadula G. Repeated infusions of low-dose infliximab plus methotrexate in psoriatic arthritis: immediate benefits are not maintained after discontinuation of infliximab. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005 Mar–Apr;23(2):145–51. [PubMed: 15895882]

Criswell L, Saag K, Sems KM, Welch V, Shea B, Wells George A, et al. Moderate-term, low-dose corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. 1998. [PMC free article: PMC8406983] [PubMed: 10796420]

Cuchacovich M, Ferreira L, Aliste M, Soto L, Cuenca J, Cruzat A, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and influence of -308 TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism on the responsiveness to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(4):228–32. [PubMed: 15370717]

Curtis JR, Martin C, Saag KG, Patkar NM, Kramer J, Shatin D, et al. Confirmation of administrative claims-identified opportunistic infections and other serious potential adverse events associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Mar 15;57(2):343–6. [PubMed: 17330283]

Davis JM 3rd, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Therneau TM, et al. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Mar;56(3):820–30. [PubMed: 17330254]

De Felice C, Mazzotta A, Esposito M, Bianchi L, Chimenti S. High-dose initiation of etanercept in psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis: efficacy, safety and impact on patients’ quality of life. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17(6):355–8. [PubMed: 17853309]

De Filippis L, Caliri A, Anghelone S, Scibilia G, Lo Gullo R, Bagnato G. Improving outcomes in tumour necrosis factor a treatment: comparison of the efficacy of the tumour necrosis factor a blocking agents etanercept and infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Panminerva Med. 2006:129–35. [PubMed: 16953150]

De Rycke L, Baeten D, Kruithof E, Van den Bosch F, De Keyser F, et al. Infliximab, but not etanercept, induces IgM anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies as main antinuclear reactivity - Biologic and clinical implications in autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2005 Jul 01;52(Jul):2192–201. [PubMed: 15986349]

De Rycke L, Baeten D, Kruithof E, Van den Bosch F, Veys EM, De Keyser F. Infliximab, but not etanercept, induces IgM anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies as main antinuclear reactivity: biologic and clinical implications in autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jul;52(7):2192–201. [PubMed: 15986349]

del Porto F, Aloe L, Lagana B, Triaca V, Nofroni I, D’Amelio R. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNF-alpha blockers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Jun;1069:438–43. [PubMed: 16855171]

Delabaye I, De Keyser F. 74-week follow-up of safety of infliximab in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(3):R121. [PMC free article: PMC2911915] [PubMed: 20569501]

den Broeder A, van de Putte L, Rau R, Schattenkirchner M, Van Riel P, Sander O, et al. A single dose, placebo controlled study of the fully human anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody adalimumab (D2E7) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002 Nov;29(11):2288–98. [PubMed: 12415583]

Dohn UM, Skjodt H, Hetland ML, Vestergaard A, Moller JM, Knudsen LS, et al. No erosive progression revealed by MRI in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with etanercept, even in patients with persistent MRI and clinical signs of joint inflammation. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Nov;26(11):1857–61. [PubMed: 17332974]

Dore RK, Mathews S, Schechtman J, Surbeck W, Mandel D, Patel A, et al. The immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of etanercept liquid administered once weekly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007 Jan–Feb;25(1):40–6. [PubMed: 17417989]

Ducoulombier V, Solau E, Coquerelle P, Houvenagel E, Siame JL, Desprez X, et al. Long-term results of infliximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: experience acquired by the North-Pas-de-Calais hospital network. Joint Bone Spine. 2007 Jan;74(1):56–9. [PubMed: 17182267]

Dunne CA, Moran CJ, Thompson PW. The effect of regular intramuscular corticosteroid therapy on bone mineral density in rheumatoid patients. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(1):48–9. [PubMed: 7863279]

Durez P, Malghem J, Nzeusseu Toukap A, Depresseux G, Lauwerys BR, Westhovens R, et al. Treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized magnetic resonance imaging study comparing the effects of methotrexate alone, methotrexate in combination with infliximab, and methotrexate in combination with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone. Arthritis Rheum. 2007:3919–27. [PubMed: 18050189]

Durez P, Nzeusseu Toukap A, Lauwerys BR, Manicourt DH, Verschueren P, Westhovens R, et al. A randomised comparative study of the short term clinical and biological effects of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1069–74. [PMC free article: PMC1755125] [PubMed: 15308515]

Durez P, Van den Bosch F, Corluy L, Veys EM, De Clerck L, Peretz A, et al. A dose adjustment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis not optimally responding to a standard dose of infliximab of 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks can be effective: a Belgian prospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Apr;44(4):465–8. [PubMed: 15695306]

Eder L, Chandran V, Schentag CT, Shen H, Cook RJ, Gladman DD. Time and predictors of response to tumour necrosis factor-(alpha) blockers in psoriatic arthritis: An analysis of a longitudinal observational cohort. Rheumatology. 2010;49(7):1361–6. [PubMed: 20385615]

Egnatios G, Warthan MM, Pariser R, Hood AF. Pustular psoriasis following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with TNF-alpha inhibitors. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Oct;7(10):975–7. [PubMed: 19112764]

Emery P, Genovese MC, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp JT, Sasso EH, et al. Less Radiographic Progression with Adalimumab Plus Methotrexate Versus Methotrexate Monotherapy Across the Spectrum of Clinical Response in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology. 2009;1429 [PubMed: 19369462]

Farahani P, Levine M, Gaebel K, Wang EC, Khalidi N. Community-based evaluation of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 Apr;33(4):665–70. [PubMed: 16568506]

Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF. The comparative efficacy and toxicity of second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Results of two metaanalyses. Arthritis Rheum. 1990 Oct;33(10):1449–61. [PubMed: 1977391]

Fernandez-Espartero MC, Perez-Zafrilla B, Naranjo A, Esteban C, Ortiz AM, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Demyelinating Disease in Patients Treated with TNF Antagonists in Rheumatology: Data from BIOBADASER, a Pharmacovigilance Database, and a Systematic Review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010:330–7. [PubMed: 20864146]

Ferri C, Ferraccioli G, Ferrari D, Galeazzi M, Lapadula G, Montecucco C, et al. Safety of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol. 2008 Oct;35(10):1944–9. [PubMed: 18688917]

Fiehn C, Jacki S, Heilig B, Lampe M, Wiesmuller G, Richter C, et al. Eight versus 16-week re-evaluation period in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with leflunomide or methotrexate accompanied by moderate dose prednisone. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Aug;27(10):975–9. [PubMed: 17429636]

Finckh A, Simard JF, Duryea J, Liang MH, Huang J, Daneel S, et al. The effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in preventing progressive radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jan;54(1):54–9. [PubMed: 16385495]

Fischer P. Resolution of treatment-related arthralgias and serologic findings with a switch of TNF antagonist therapies in a patient with psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Oct;13(5):294–5. [PubMed: 17921804]

Fleischmann R. Safety and efficacy of etanercept in the elderly. Aging Health. 2006;2(2):189–97.

Fleischmann RM, Cohen SB, Moreland LW, Schiff M, Mease PJ, Smith DB, et al. Methotrexate dosage reduction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis beginning therapy with infliximab: the Infliximab Rheumatoid Arthritis Methotrexate Tapering (iRAMT) trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Aug;21(8):1181–90. [PubMed: 16083527]

Frankel EH, Strober BE, Crowley JJ, Fivenson DP, Woolley JM, Yu EB, et al. Etanercept improves psoriatic arthritis patient-reported outcomes: results from EDUCATE. Cutis. 2007 Apr;79(4):322–6. [PubMed: 17500381]

Fries JF, Williams CA, Morfeld D, Singh G, Sibley J. Reduction in long-term disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-based treatment strategies. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Apr;39(4):616–22. [PubMed: 8630111]

Furst D, Erikson N, Clute L, Koehnke R, Burmeister L, Kohler J. Adverse Experience With Methotrexate During 176 Weeks of a Longterm Prospective Trial in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 1990;12:1628–35. [PubMed: 2084236]

Furst DE, Gaylis N, Bray V, Olech E, Yocum D, Ritter J, et al. Open-label, pilot protocol of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who switch to infliximab after an incomplete response to etanercept: the opposite study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007:893–9. [PMC free article: PMC1955098] [PubMed: 17412737]

Furuya T, Kotake S, Inoue E, Nanke Y, Yago T, Hara M, et al. Risk factors associated with incident fractures in Japanese men with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective observational cohort study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2008;26(5):499–505. [PubMed: 18758909]

Furuya T, Kotake S, Inoue E, Nanke Y, Yago T, Kobashigawa T, et al. Risk factors associated with incident clinical vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective 54-month observational study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2007;34(2):303–10. [PubMed: 17143973]

Genant HK, Peterfy CG, Westhovens R, Becker JC, Aranda R, Vratsanos G, et al. Abatacept inhibits progression of structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2007;67(8):1084–9. [PMC free article: PMC2569144] [PubMed: 18086727]

Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Sherrer Y, Kremer J, et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 15;353(11):1114–23. [PubMed: 16162882]

Genovese MC, Schiff M, Luggen M, Becker JC, Aranda R, Teng J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the selective co-stimulation modulator abatacept following 2 years of treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr;67(4):547–54. [PubMed: 17921185]

George D, Kadlubek P, Batra D, Goldberg G. Infliximab dose and charge escalation patterns in managed care. Manag Care Interface. 2004;(Suppl A):5–8. [PubMed: 15198423]

Gibson JN, Poyser NL, Morrison WL, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ. Muscle protein synthesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effect of chronic corticosteroid therapy on prostaglandin F2 alpha availability. Eur J Clin Invest. 1991 Aug;21(4):406–12. [PubMed: 1936108]

Giles JT, Bartlett SJ, Gelber AC, Nanda S, Fontaine K, Ruffing V, et al. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and risk of serious postoperative orthopedic infection in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Apr 15;55(2):333–7. [PubMed: 16583385]

Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Choy EH, Ritchlin CT, Perdok RJ, Sasso EH. Risk factors for radiographic progression in psoriatic arthritis: subanalysis of the randomized controlled trial ADEPT. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(3):R113. [PMC free article: PMC2911906] [PubMed: 20537151]

Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Ritchlin CT, Choy EH, Sharp JT, Ory PA, et al. Adalimumab for long-term treatment of psoriatic arthritis: forty-eight week data from the adalimumab effectiveness in psoriatic arthritis trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):476–88. [PubMed: 17265483]

Gladman DD, Sampalis JS, Illouz O, Guerette B, Investigators AS. Responses to Adalimumab in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis Who Have Not Adequately Responded to Prior Therapy: Effectiveness and Safety Results From an Open-label Study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2010;37:1898. [PubMed: 20595284]

Goekoop-Ruiterman YPM, De Vries-Bouwstra JK, Kerstens PJSM, Nielen MMJ, Vos K, Van Schaardenburg D, et al. DAS-driven therapy versus routine care in patients with recent-onset active rheumatoid arthritis. 2010. [PubMed: 19155234]

Goldman JA, Xia HA, White B, Paulus H. Evaluation of a modified ACR20 scoring system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Dec;65(12):1649–52. [PMC free article: PMC1798470] [PubMed: 17105853]

Gonzalez-Lopez MA, Blanco R, Gonzalez-Vela MC, Fernandez-Llaca H, Rodriguez-Valverde V. Development of sarcoidosis during etanercept therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct 15;55(5):817–20. [PubMed: 17013853]

Gottenberg JE, Ravaud P, Bardin T, Cacoub P, Cantagrel A, Combe B, et al. Risk factors for severe infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab in the autoimmunity and rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Sep;62(9):2625–32. [PubMed: 20506353]

Gottlieb AB, Kircik L, Eisen D, Jackson JM, Boh EE, Strober BE, et al. Use of etanercept for psoriatic arthritis in the dermatology clinic: the Experience Diagnosing, Understanding Care, and Treatment with Etanercept (EDUCATE) study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17(6):343–52. [PubMed: 17853307]

Gran JT, Myklebust G. Toxicity of sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. Possible protective effect of rheumatoid factors and corticosteroids. Scand J Rheumatol. 1993;22(5):229–32. [PubMed: 7901898]

Gratacos J, Casado E, Real J, Torre-Alonso JC. Prediction of major clinical response (ACR50) to infliximab in psoriatic arthritis refractory to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Apr;66(4):493–7. [PMC free article: PMC1856049] [PubMed: 17179176]

Greenberg JD, Kishimoto M, Strand V, Cohen SB, Olenginski TP, Harrington T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist responsiveness in a United States rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Am J Med. 2008 Jun;121(6):532–8. [PMC free article: PMC2587326] [PubMed: 18501236]

Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, et al. Effect of a Treatment Strategy of Tight Control for Rheumatoid Arthritis (the Ticora Study): a Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9430):263–9. [PubMed: 15262104]

Grijalva CG, Kaltenbach L, Arbogast PG, Mitchel EF Jr, Griffin MR. Adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and the effects of exposure misclassification on the risk of hospital admission. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010:730–4. 2010/03/02 ed. [PMC free article: PMC2945370] [PubMed: 20191470]

Haagsma C, van Riel P, van de Putte L. Combining Sulphasalazine and Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Early Clinical Impressions. British journal of rheumatology. 1995;34(Suppl 2):104–8. [PubMed: 8535640]

Haagsma CJ, van Riel PL, de Rooij DJ, Vree TB, Russel FJ, van’t Hof MA, et al. Combination of Methotrexate and Sulphasalazine Vs Methotrexate Alone: a Randomized Open Clinical Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Resistant to Sulphasalazine Therapy. British journal of rheumatology. 1994;33(11):1049–55. [PubMed: 7981992]

Hafstrom I, Albertsson K, Boonen A, van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Svensson B. Remission achieved after 2 years treatment with low-dose prednisolone in addition to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with reduced joint destruction still present after 4 years: an open 2-year continuation study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Apr;68(4):508–13. [PubMed: 18420939]

Hall SJ, Hickling P. Failure of etanercept to control extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;13(1):54. [PubMed: 17278957]

Hamilton TK. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis and recalcitrant skin disease with combination therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Nov;7(11):1089–93. [PubMed: 19110745]

Han C, Rahman MU, Doyle MK, Bathon JM, Smolen J, Kavanaugh A, et al. Association of anemia and physical disability among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007 Nov;34(11):2177–82. [PubMed: 17937474]

Han C, Smolen J, Kavanaugh A, St Clair EW, Baker D, Bala M. Comparison of employability outcomes among patients with early or long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Apr 15;59(4):510–4. [PubMed: 18383415]

Harrison MJ, Kim CA, Silverberg M, Paget SA. Does age bias the aggressive treatment of elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2005 Jul;32(7):1243–8. [PubMed: 15996058]

Haugeberg G, Conaghan PG, Quinn M, Emery P. Bone loss in patients with active early rheumatoid arthritis: infliximab and methotrexate compared with methotrexate treatment alone. Explorative analysis from a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Dec;68(12):1898–901. [PubMed: 19386610]

Hazes JM, Taylor P, Strand V, Purcaru O, Coteur G, Mease P. Physical function improvements and relief from fatigue and pain are associated with increased productivity at work and at home in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with certolizumab pegol. Rheumatology. 2010;49(10):1900–10. [PMC free article: PMC2936945] [PubMed: 20547658]

Heiberg MS, Kaufmann C, Rodevand E, Mikkelsen K, Koldingsnes W, Mowinckel P, et al. The comparative effectiveness of anti-TNF therapy and methotrexate in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 6 month results from a longitudinal, observational, multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Aug;66(8):1038–42. [PMC free article: PMC1954690] [PubMed: 17213251]

Heiberg MS, Koldingsnes W, Mikkelsen K, Rodevand E, Kaufmann C, Mowinckel P, et al. The comparative one-year performance of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: results from a longitudinal, observational, multicenter study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb 15;59(2):234–40. [PubMed: 18240258]

Helliwell PS, Taylor WJ. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis with disease modifying drugs -- comparison of drugs and adverse reactions. J Rheumatol. 2008 Mar;35(3):472–6. [PubMed: 18203324]

Herenius MM, Hoving JL, Sluiter JK, Raterman HG, Lems WF, Dijkmans BA, et al. Improvement of work ability, quality of life, and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with adalimumab. J Occup Environ Med. 2010 Jun;52(6):618–21. [PubMed: 20523240]

Heytman M, Ahern MJ, Smith MD, Roberts-Thomson PJ. The longterm effect of pulsed corticosteroids on the efficacy and toxicity of chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1994 Mar;21(3):435–41. [PubMed: 8006886]

Higashida J, Wun T, Schmidt S, Naguwa SM, Tuscano JM. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. J Rheumatol. 2005 Nov;32(11):2109–15. [PubMed: 16265687]

Hirose W, Nishikawa K, Hirose M, Nanki T, Sugimoto H. Response of early active rheumatoid arthritis to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. Mod Rheumatol. 2009;19(1):20–6. [PubMed: 18762862]

Hoekstra M, van Ede A, Haagsma C, van de Laar M, Huizinga T, Kruijsen M, et al. Factors associated with toxicity, final dose, and efficacy of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2003;62(5):423–6. [PMC free article: PMC1754533] [PubMed: 12695153]

Holman AJ, Ng E. Heart rate variability predicts anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy response for inflammatory arthritis. Auton Neurosci. 2008 Dec 5;143(1–2):58–67. [PubMed: 18632310]

Hoshida Y, Xu JX, Fujita S, Nakamichi I, Ikeda J, Tomita Y, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: clinicopathological analysis of 76 cases in relation to methotrexate medication. J Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;34(2):322–31. [PubMed: 17117491]

Huang F, Wang L, Zhang J, Deng X, Guo J, Zhang Y. Risk of tuberculosis in a Chinese registry of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis for tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2006;9(2):170–4.

Hurlimann D, Forster A, Noll G, Enseleit F, Chenevard R, Distler O, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment improves endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2002 Oct 22;106(17):2184–7. [PubMed: 12390945]

Huscher D, Thiele K, Gromnica-Ihle E, Hein G, Demary W, Dreher R, et al. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jul;68(7):1119–24. [PubMed: 18684744]

Hyrich KL, Deighton C, Watson KD, Symmons DP, Lunt M. Benefit of anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients with moderate disease activity. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009:1323–7. [PMC free article: PMC2744336] [PubMed: 19706737]

Hyrich KL, Lunt M, Dixon WG, Watson KD, Symmons DP. Effects of switching between anti-TNF therapies on HAQ response in patients who do not respond to their first anti-TNF drug. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jul;47(7):1000–5. [PMC free article: PMC2430221] [PubMed: 18420660]

Inanc N, Direskeneli H. Serious infections under treatment with TNF-alpha antagonists compared to traditional DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Nov;27(1):67–71. [PubMed: 16896990]

Islam M, Alam M, Haq S, Moyenuzzaman M, Patwary M, Rahman M. Efficacy of Sulphasalazine Plus Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin. 2000;26(1):1–7. [PubMed: 11192489]

Iwamoto N, Kawakami A, Fujikawa K, Aramaki T, Kawashiri SY, Tamai M, et al. Prediction of DAS28-ESR remission at 6 months by baseline variables in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept in Japanese population. Mod Rheumatol. 2009:488–92. [PubMed: 19578932]

Jamal S, Patra K, Keystone EC. Adalimumab response in patients with early versus established rheumatoid arthritis: DE019 randomized controlled trial subanalysis. 2009. [PubMed: 19067101]

Jenks KA, Stamp LK, O’Donnell JL, Savage RL, Chapman PT. Leflunomide-associated infections in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007 Nov;34(11):2201–3. [PubMed: 17937473]

Jung N, Hellmann M, Hoheisel R, Lehmann C, Haase I, Perniok A, et al. An open-label pilot study of the efficacy and safety of anakinra in patients with psoriatic arthritis refractory to or intolerant of methotrexate (MTX). Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Oct;29(10):1169–73. [PubMed: 20532937]

Kalden JR, Schattenkirchner M, Sorensen H, Emery P, Deighton C, Rozman B, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Five-Year Followup Study. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2003;48(6):1513–20. [PubMed: 12794818]

Kalden JR, Scott DL, Smolen JS, Schattenkirchner M, Rozman B, Williams BD, et al. Improved Functional Ability in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis - Longterm Treatment With Leflunomide Versus Sulfasalazine. Journal of Rheumatology. 2001;28(9):1983–91. [PubMed: 11550964]

Kalden Nemeth D, Grebmeier J, Antoni C, Manger B, Wolf F, Kalden J. Nmr Monitoring of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Receiving Anti-Tnf-Alpha Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Rheumatology international. 1997;16(6):249–55. [PubMed: 9106936]

Kaplan MJ. Do tumor-necrosis-factor inhibitors prevent first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2005 Dec;1(2):74–5. [PubMed: 16932633]

Kastbom A, Bratt J, Ernestam S, Lampa J, Padyukov L, Soderkvist P, et al. Fcgamma receptor type IIIA genotype and response to tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):448–52. [PubMed: 17265480]

Katz P, Yelin E, Patel V, Huang XY, Chiou CF. Patient-reported outcomes following biologic therapy in a sample of adults with rheumatoid arthritis recruited from community-based rheumatologists. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May 15;61(5):593–9. [PMC free article: PMC2747783] [PubMed: 19405018]

Kavanaugh A. Anakinra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) has positive effects on function and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Advances in Therapy (USA). 2006 Feb 01;23(Feb):208–17. [PubMed: 16751154]

Kavanaugh A, Krueger GG, Beutler A, Guzzo C, Zhou B, Dooley LT, et al. Infliximab maintains a high degree of clinical response in patients with active psoriatic arthritis through 1 year of treatment: results from the IMPACT 2 trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Apr;66(4):498–505. [PMC free article: PMC1856065] [PubMed: 17114188]

Kavanaugh A, Lee SJ, Weng HH, Chon Y, Huang XY, Lin SL. Patient-derived joint counts are a potential alternative for determining Disease Activity Score. J Rheumatol. 2010:1035–41. 2010/02/17 ed. [PubMed: 20156946]

Keystone E, Fleischmann R, Emery P, Furst DE, van Vollenhoven R, Bathon J, et al. Safety and efficacy of additional courses of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label extension analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec;56(12):3896–908. [PubMed: 18050221]

Keystone EC, Schiff MH, Kremer JM, Kafka S, Lovy M, DeVries T, et al. Once-weekly administration of 50 mg etanercept in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Feb;50(2):353–63. [PubMed: 14872476]

Kielhorn A, Porter D, Diamantopoulos A, Lewis G. UK cost-utility analysis of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that failed to respond adequately to a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Sep;24(9):2639–50. [PubMed: 18687164]

Kimball AB, Bensimon AG, Guerin A, Yu AP, Wu EQ, Okun MM, et al. Efficacy and safety of adalimumab among patients with moderate to severe psoriasis with co-morbidities: Subanalysis of results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2011:51–62. [PubMed: 21110526]

Kimball AB, Jackson JM, Sobell JM, Boh EE, Grekin S, Pharmd EB, et al. Reductions in healthcare resource utilization in psoriatic arthritis patients receiving etanercept therapy: results from the educate trial. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 Mar;6(3):299–306. [PubMed: 17373192]

Kiortsis DN, Mavridis AK, Vasakos S, Nikas SN, Drosos AA. Effects of infliximab treatment on lipoprotein profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006 May;33(5):921–3. [PubMed: 16541480]

Klareskog L, Gaubitz M, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Malaise M, Dougados M, Wajdula J. A Long-Term, Open-Label Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Etanercept (ENBREL(R)) In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Not Treated With Other DMARDs (3-year Interim Report). Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Mar 15 [PMC free article: PMC1798461] [PubMed: 16540554]

Koeller MD, Aletaha D, Funovits J, Pangan A, Smolen JS, et al. Response of elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis to methotrexate or TNF inhibitors compared with younger patients. Rheumatology. 2009;1575 [PubMed: 19812228]

Koike T, Harigai M, Inokuma S, Inoue K, Ishiguro N, Ryu J, et al. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety and effectiveness of etanercept in Japan. J Rheumatol. 2009 May;36(5):898–906. [PubMed: 19332630]

Komano Y, Harigai M, Koike R, Sugiyama H, Ogawa J, Saito K, et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 21 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Mar 15;61(3):305–12. [PubMed: 19248121]

Kononoff A, Heiskanen J, Lumiaho J, Kautiainen H, Kaipiainen-Seppanen O. Intensifying treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with combinations of traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs among patients with persistent disease did not reduce the need for large joint surgery. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007 Nov–Dec;36(6):424–7. [PubMed: 18092262]

Kremer J, Genovese M, Cannon GW, Caldwell J, Cush J, Furst DE, et al. Combination Leflunomide and Methotrexate (Mtx) Therapy for Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Failing Mtx Monotherapy: Open-Label Extension of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(8):1521–31. [PubMed: 15290730]

Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, Russell AS, Emery P, Abud-Mendoza C, et al. Results of a two-year followup study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received a combination of abatacept and methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Apr;58(4):953–63. [PubMed: 18383390]

Kristensen LE, Kapetanovic MC, Gulfe A, Soderlin M, Saxne T, Geborek P. Predictors of response to anti-TNF therapy according to ACR and EULAR criteria in patients with established RA: results from the South Swedish Arthritis Treatment Group Register. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Apr;47(4):495–9. [PubMed: 18316338]

Kroesen S, Widmer AF, Tyndall A, Hasler P. Serious bacterial infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003 May;42(5):617–21. [PubMed: 12709536]

Kvalvik AG, Lefsaker L, Dyvik S, Brun JG. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in the ordinary clinical setting: Three-year effectiveness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2007 Dec;74(6):606–11. [PubMed: 17900958]

Laas K, Peltomaa R, Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Leirisalo-Repo M. Early improvement of health-related quality of life during treatment with etanercept and adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in routine practice. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2009:315–20. [PubMed: 19473574]

Laivoranta-Nyman S, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Kautiainen H, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. Association of tumour necrosis factor a, b and c microsatellite polymorphisms with clinical disease activity and induction of remission in early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Nov–Dec;24(6):636–42. [PubMed: 17207378]

Landewe R, van der Heijde D, Klareskog L, van Vollenhoven R, Fatenejad S. Disconnect between inflammation and joint destruction after treatment with etanercept plus methotrexate - Results from the trial of etanercept and methotrexate with radiographic and patient outcomes. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 Oct 01;54(Oct):3119–25. [PubMed: 17009230]

Lard LR, Boers M, Verhoeven A, Vos K, Visser H, Hazes JMW, et al. Early and Aggressive Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Affects the Association of Hla Class Ii Antigens With Progression of Joint Damage. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2002;46(4):899–905. [PubMed: 11953965]

Lazzerini PE, Acampa M, Hammoud M, Maffei S, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, et al. Arrhythmic risk during acute infusion of infliximab: a prospective, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in patients with chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Oct;35(10):1958–65. [PubMed: 18709695]

Le Loet X, Nordstrom D, Rodriguez M, Rubbert A, Sarzi-Puttini P, Wouters JM, et al. Effect of anakinra on functional status in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving concomitant therapy with traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: evidence from the OMEGA Trial. J Rheumatol. 2008 Aug;35(8):1538–44. [PubMed: 18634163]

Lekander I, Borgstrom F, Svarvar P, Ljung T, Carli C, van Vollenhoven RF. Cost-effectiveness of real-world infliximab use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2010;26(1):54–61. [PubMed: 20059781]

Lems WF, Jahangier ZN, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Vertebral fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 May–Jun;13(3):293–7. [PubMed: 7554554]

Lequerre T, Vittecoq O, Klemmer N, Goeb V, Pouplin S, Menard JF, et al. Management of infusion reactions to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthritis: experience from an immunotherapy unit of rheumatology. J Rheumatol. 2006 Jul;33(7):1307–14. [PubMed: 16758513]

Lester SE, Proudman SM, Lee AT, Hall CA, Cleland LG, et al. et al. Treatment-induced stable, moderate reduction in blood cell counts correlate to disease control in early rheumatoid arthritis. Internal Medicine Journal. 2009;39:296. [PubMed: 19371393]

Levalampi T, Korpela M, Vuolteenaho K, Moilanen E. Etanercept and adalimumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies in clinical practice: Adverse events and other reasons leading to discontinuation of the treatment. Rheumatology International. 2008;28(3):261–9. [PubMed: 17846778]

Lindgren P, Geborek P, Kobelt G. Modeling the cost-effectiveness of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with rituximab using registry data from Southern Sweden. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2009 Apr;25(2):181–9. [PubMed: 19331709]

Lindqvist E, Saxne T, Geborek P, Eberhardt K. Ten year outcome in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: health status, disease process, and damage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Dec;61(12):1055–9. [PMC free article: PMC1753974] [PubMed: 12429534]

Lisbona MP, Maymo J, Perich J, Almirall M, Carbonell J. Rapid reduction in tenosynovitis of the wrist and fingers evaluated by MRI in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010:1117–22. 2010/05/08 ed. [PubMed: 20448287]

Lisbona MP, Maymo J, Perich J, Almirall M, Perez-Garcia C, Carbonell J. Etanercept reduces synovitis as measured by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis after only 6 weeks. J Rheumatol. 2008:394–7. [PubMed: 18203329]

Luzi G, Lagana B, Salemi S, Di Rosa R. Are glucocorticoids a consistent risk factor for infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients under treatment with methotrexate and etanercept? Clin Ter. 2009 Mar–Apr;160(2):121–3. [PubMed: 19452100]

Lyons JS, Severns ML. Detection of early hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity enhanced by ring ratio analysis of multifocal electroretinography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 May;143(5):801–9. [PubMed: 17336914]

Machado P, Santos A, Pereira C, Loureiro C, Silva J, Chieira C, et al. Increased prevalence of allergic sensitisation in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-TNFalpha. Joint Bone Spine. 2009:508–13. [PubMed: 19467899]

Maignen F, Hauben M, Tsintis P. Modelling the Time to Onset of Adverse Reactions with Parametric Survival Distributions A Potential Approach to Signal Detection and Evaluation. Drug Safety (New Zealand). 2010;33:417–34. [PubMed: 20397741]

Malipeddi AS, Rajendran R, Kallarackal G. Disseminated tuberculosis after anti-TNFalpha treatment. Lancet. 2007 Jan 13;369(9556):162. [PubMed: 17223480]

Mancarella L, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Ceccarelli F, Falappone PC, Ferrante A, Malesci D, et al. Good clinical response, remission, and predictors of remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers: the GISEA study. J Rheumatol. 2007 Aug;34(8):1670–3. [PubMed: 17611987]

Marotte H, Arnaud B, Diasparra J, Zrioual S, Miossec P. Association between the level of circulating bioactive tumor necrosis factor alpha and the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism at -308 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 May;58(5):1258–63. [PubMed: 18438841]

Martin N, Innes JA, Lambert CM, Turnbull CM, Wallace WA. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with leflunomide therapy. J Rheumatol. 2007 Sep;34(9):1934–7. [PubMed: 17611977]

Mastroianni A, Minutilli E, Mussi A, Bordignon V, Trento E, D’Agosto G, et al. Cytokine profiles during infliximab monotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Sep;153(3):531–6. [PubMed: 16120138]

Maxwell L, Singh Jasvinder A. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis. [PMC free article: PMC6464777] [PubMed: 19821401]

Mazzotta A, Esposito M, Costanzo A, Chimenti S. Efficacy and safety of etanercept in psoriasis after switching from other treatments: an observational study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(5):319–24. [PubMed: 19658444]

McCluggage LK, Scholtz JM. Golimumab: A Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy (USA). 2010;44:135–44. [PubMed: 20118145]

McGonagle D, Tan AL, Madden J, Taylor L, Emery P. Rituximab use in everyday clinical practice as a first-line biologic therapy for the treatment of DMARD-resistant rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jun;47(6):865–7. [PubMed: 18390581]

McLean-Tooke A, Aldridge C, Waugh S, Spickett GP, Kay L. Methotrexate, rheumatoid arthritis and infection riskwhat is the evidence. Rheumatology. 2009 Aug;48:867. [PubMed: 19447771]

Mease PJ, Cohen S, Gaylis NB, Chubick A, Kaell AT, Greenwald M, et al. Efficacy and safety of retreatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with previous inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: results from the SUNRISE trial. J Rheumatol. 2010:917–27. 2010/03/03 ed. [PubMed: 20194448]

Mease PJ, Ory P, Sharp JT, Ritchlin CT, Van den Bosch F, Wellborne F, et al. Adalimumab for long-term treatment of psoriatic arthritis: 2-year data from the Adalimumab Effectiveness in Psoriatic Arthritis Trial (ADEPT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 May;68(5):702–9. [PMC free article: PMC2663711] [PubMed: 18684743]

Mease PJ, Signorovitch J, Yu AP, Wu EQ, Gupta SR, Bao Y, et al. Impact of adalimumab on symptoms of psoriatic arthritis in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: A pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials. Dermatology. 2010;220(1):1–7. [PubMed: 19940437]

Mittendorf T, Dietz B, Sterz R, Kupper H, Cifaldi MA, von der Schulenburg JM. Improvement and longterm maintenance of quality of life during treatment with adalimumab in severe rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007 Dec;34(12):2343–50. [PubMed: 17918788]

Montecucco C, Caporali R, Caprotti P, Caprotti M, Notario A. Sex hormones and bone metabolism in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis treated with two different glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol. 1992 Dec;19(12):1895–900. [PubMed: 1294736]

Moreland LW, Alten R, Van den Bosch F, Appelboom T, Leon M, Emery P, et al. Costimulatory blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating CTLA-4Ig and LEA29Y eighty-five days after the first infusion. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jun;46(6):1470–9. [PubMed: 12115176]

Moreland LW, Cohen SB, Baumgartner SW, Tindall EA, Bulpitt K, Martin R, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of etanercept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2001 Jun;28(6):1238–44. [PubMed: 11409115]

Moreland LW, Genovese MC, Sato R, Singh A. Effect of etanercept on fatigue in patients with recent or established rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Apr 15;55(2):287–93. [PubMed: 16583424]

Mori S. A relationship between pharmacokinetics (PK) and the efficacy of infliximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: characterization of infliximab-resistant cases and PK-based modified therapy. Mod Rheumatol. 2007;17(2):83–91. [PubMed: 17437161]

Mroczkowski PJ, Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM. Methotrexate and leflunomide combination therapy for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 Nov–Dec;17(6 Suppl 18):S66–8. [PubMed: 10589360]

Nagasawa H, Kameda H, Sekiguchi N, Amano K, Takeuchi T. Normalisation of physical function by infliximab in patients with RA: factors associated with normal physical function. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010 May–Jun;28(3):365–72. [PubMed: 20525444]

Nawata M, Saito K, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Discontinuation of infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical remission. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(5):460–4. [PubMed: 18535759]

Niewold TB, Gibofsky A. Concomitant interferon-alpha therapy and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition for rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis C. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul;54(7):2335–7. [PubMed: 16802375]

Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J. Long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in monotherapy, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (the STREAM study): Evidence of safety and efficacy in a 5-year extension study. 2009. [PMC free article: PMC2732899] [PubMed: 19019888]

Oei HB, Hooker RS, Cipher DJ, Reimold A. High rates of stopping or switching biological medications in veterans with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009:926–34. 2010/02/13 ed. [PubMed: 20149307]

Oldfield V, Dhillon S, Plosker GL. Tocilizumab A Review of its Use in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Drugs. 2009;69:609–32. [PubMed: 19368420]

Olivieri I, de Portu S, Salvarani C, Cauli A, Lubrano E, Spadaro A, et al. The psoriatic arthritis cost evaluation study: a cost-of-illness study on tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis patients with inadequate response to conventional therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Nov;47(11):1664–70. [PMC free article: PMC2569134] [PubMed: 18725374]

Ongaro A, De Mattei M, Pellati A, Caruso A, Ferretti S, Masieri FF, et al. Can tumor necrosis factor receptor II gene 676T>G polymorphism predict the response grading to anti-TNFalpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatol Int. 2008 Jul;28(9):901–8. [PubMed: 18309487]

Ostensen M, Forger F. Management of RA medications in pregnant patients. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009 Jul;5(7):382–90. [PubMed: 19506586]

Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Nightingale P, Kita MD, et al. Long-term exposure to medium-dose glucocorticoid therapy associates with hypertension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jan;47(1):72–5. [PubMed: 18077493]

Pavelka K, Jarosova K, Suchy D, Senolt L, Chroust K, Dusek L, et al. Increasing the infliximab dose in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomised, double blind study failed to confirm its efficacy. 2009. [PubMed: 19351624]

Perera LC, Tymms KE, Wilson BJ, Shadbolt B, Brook AS, Dorai Raj AK, et al. Etanercept in severe active rheumatoid arthritis: first Australian experience. Intern Med J. 2006 Oct;36(10):625–31. [PubMed: 16958637]

Pfeil A, Lippold J, Eidner T, Lehmann G, Oelzner P, Renz DM, et al. Effects of leflunomide and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis detected by digital X-ray radiogrammetry and computer-aided joint space analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jan;29(3):287–95. [PubMed: 18787830]

Pisitkun P, Pattarowas C, Siriwongpairat P, Totemchokchyakarn K, Nantiruj K, Janwityanujit S. Reappraisal of cervical spine subluxation in Thai patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2004 Feb;23(1):14–8. [PubMed: 14749975]

Plushner SL. Tocilizumab: An Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42:1660–8. [PubMed: 18957621]

Polinski JM, Mohr PE, Johnson L. Impact of Medicare Part D on Access to and Cost Sharing for Specialty Biologic Medications for Beneficiaries With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism-Arthritis Care and Research. 2009 Jun;61:745. [PubMed: 19479704]

Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Chelstowska M, Rymkiewicz G, Majewski M, Warzocha K, Maryniak R. Biclonal T-cell receptor gammadelta+ large granular lymphocyte leukemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Leukemia and Lymphoma. 2008;49(4):828–31. [PubMed: 18398755]

Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Hakala M, et al. Early Suppression of Disease Activity Is Essential for Maintenance of Work Capacity in Patients With Recent-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Five-Year Experience From the Fin-Raco Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2005;52(1):36–41. [PubMed: 15641055]

Puolakka K, Kautiainen H, Mottonen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Hakala M, et al. Use of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire in estimation of long-term productivity costs in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2009;38(2):96–103. [PubMed: 19274516]

Quartuccio L, Fabris M, Salvin S, Atzeni F, De Vita S, et al. Rheumatoid factor positivity rather than anti-CCP positivity, a lower disability and a lower number of anti-TNF agents failed are associated with response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2009;1557 [PubMed: 19789202]

Quinn MA, Conaghan PG, O’Connor PJ. Very early treatment with infliximab in addition to methotrexate in early, poor-prognosis rheumatoid arthritis reduces magnetic resonance imaging evidence of synovitis and damage, with sustained benefit after infliximab withdrawal: Results from a twelve-month ran-liver disease? Hepatology. 2006;43:352–61. [PubMed: 15641102]

Rahman MU, Strusberg I, Geusens P, Berman A, Yocum D, Baker D, et al. Double-blinded infliximab dose escalation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Sep;66(9):1233–8. [PMC free article: PMC2652128] [PubMed: 17392352]

Ranganathan P, McLeod HL. Methotrexate pharmacogenetics - The first step toward individualized therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 May 01;54(May):1366–77. [PubMed: 16645965]

Rantalaiho V, Korpela M, Hannonen P, Kautiainen H, Jarvenpaa S, Leirisalo-Repo M, et al. The good initial response to therapy with a combination of traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs is sustained over time: the eleven-year results of the Finnish rheumatoid arthritis combination therapy trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May;60(5):1222–31. [PubMed: 19404945]

Rau R, Simianer S, van Riel PL, van de Putte LB, Kruger K, Schattenkirchner M, et al. Rapid alleviation of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis with intravenous or subcutaneous administration of adalimumab in combination with methotrexate. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(3):145–53. [PubMed: 15228184]

Reece RJ, Kraan MC, Radjenovic A, Veale DJ, O’Connor PJ, Ridgway JP, et al. Comparative Assessment of Leflunomide and Methotrexate for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, by Dynamic Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2002;46(2):366–72. [PubMed: 11840438]

Richards BL, Spies J, McGill N, Richards GW, Vaile J, Bleasel JF, et al. Effect of leflunomide on the peripheral nerves in rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med J. 2007 Feb;37(2):101–7. [PubMed: 17229252]

Rozenbaum M, Boulman N, Slobodin G, Ayubkhanov E, Rosner I. Polyarthritis flare complicating rheumatoid arthritis infliximab therapy: a paradoxic adverse reaction. J Clin Rheumatol. 2006 Dec;12(6):269–71. [PubMed: 17149054]

Rubbert-Roth A, Tak PP, Zerbini C, Tremblay JL, Carreno L, Armstrong G, et al. Efficacy and safety of various repeat treatment dosing regimens of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a Phase III randomized study (MIRROR). Rheumatology. 2010;49(9):1683–93. [PMC free article: PMC2919195] [PubMed: 20463186]

Rudwaleit M, Van den Bosch F, Kron M, Kary S, Kupper H. Effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis and history of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(3):R117. [PMC free article: PMC2911911] [PubMed: 20553600]

Saag KG, Gim GT, Patkar NM, Anuntiyo J, Finney C, Curtis JR, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2008 recommendations for the use of nonbiologic and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research. 2008;59(6):762–84. [PubMed: 18512708]

Saleem B, Brown AK, Keen H, Nizam S, Freeston J, Karim Z, et al. Disease remission state in patients treated with the combination of tumor necrosis factor blockade and methotrexate or with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: A clinical and imaging comparative study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009:1915–22. [PubMed: 19565512]

Salvarani C, Cantini F, Olivieri I, Macchioni P, Padula A, Niccoli L, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in resistant psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Aug 15;49(4):541–5. [PubMed: 12910561]

Sanchez G, Castro JS, Snih SA, Blanco LP, Esteva MH, Macgregor EG, et al. Durability of treatment with methotrexate in Venezuelan patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2007 Apr;27(6):531–6. [PubMed: 17102944]

Saunders SA, Capell HA, Stirling A, Vallance R, Kincaid W, McMahon AD, et al. Triple therapy in early active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial comparing step-up and parallel treatment strategies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008:1310–7. [PubMed: 18438851]

Scali JJ, Visentini S, Salomon J, Sevilla D, Ju YC, Morales E, et al. Rapid and deep control of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis with infliximab and its correlation with acute-phase reactants. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1110:389–401. [PubMed: 17911454]

Schiff M, Pritchard C, Huffstutter JE, Rodriguez Valverde V, Durez P, Zhou X, et al. The 6-month safety and efficacy of abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent a washout after anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy or were directly switched to abatacept: the ARRIVE trial. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2009;68(11):1708–14. [PMC free article: PMC2756956] [PubMed: 19074911]

Schiff MH, Yu EB, Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, Woolley JM, et al. Long-term experience with etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in elderly and younger patients - Patient-reported outcomes from multiple controlled and open-label extension studies. Drugs and Aging (New Zealand). 2006 Feb 01;23(Feb):167–78. [PubMed: 16536638]

Schnabel A, Herlyn K, Burchardi C, Reinhold Keller E, Gross WL. Long-Term Tolerability of Methotrexate at Doses Exceeding 15 Mg Per Week in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology international. 1996;15(5):195–200. [PubMed: 8717103]

Schnabel A, Reinhold Keller E, Willmann V, Gross W. Tolerability of Methotrexate Starting With 15 or 25 Mg/Week for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatology international. 1994;14(1):33–8. [PubMed: 7939138]

Scrivo R, Conti F, Spinelli FR, Truglia S, Magrini L, Di Franco M, et al. Switching between TNFalpha antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis: personal experience and review of the literature. Reumatismo. 2009 Apr–Jun;61(2):107–17. [PubMed: 19633797]

Shashikumar NS, Shivamurthy MC, Chandrashekara S. Evaluation of efficacy of combination of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine with leflunomide in active rheumatoid arthritis. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010:358–61. [PMC free article: PMC2991692] [PubMed: 21189905]

Shedd AD, Reddy SG, Meffert JJ, Kraus EW, Usatine RP. Acute onset of rash and oligoarthritis. J Fam Pract. 2007 Oct;56(10):811–4. [PubMed: 17908511]

Shergy WJ, Isern RA, Cooley DA, Harshbarger JL, Huffstutter JE, Hughes GM, et al. Open label study to assess infliximab safety and timing of onset of clinical benefit among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002 Apr;29(4):667–77. [PubMed: 11950005]

Sheth NU, Hilas O, Charneski L. Abatacept: A novel agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Pharmacy Technology (USA). 2006 Jun 01;22(Jun):336–41.

Singh Jasvinder A, Christensen R, Wells George A, Suarez-Almazor Maria E, Buchbinder R, Lopez-Olivo Maria A, et al. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(2) [PMC free article: PMC10636593] [PubMed: 19821440]

Sinha A, Patient C. Rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy: successful outcome with anti-TNF agent (Etanercept). J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Oct;26(7):689–91. [PubMed: 17071443]

Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q, Bianchi G, Del Puente A, Di Munno O, et al. A multicenter cross sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian Study Group on Bone Mass in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000 Nov;27(11):2582–9. [PubMed: 11093437]

Smith N, Ding T, Butt S, Gadsby K, Deighton C. The importance of the baseline Disease Activity Score 28 in determining responders and non-responders to anti-TNF in UK clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Sep;47(9):1389–91. [PubMed: 18603597]

Smolen JS, Han C, Bala M, Maini RN, Grp AS, et al. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement - A detailed subanalysis of data from the anti-tumor necrosis factor trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy study. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2005 Apr 01;52(Apr):1020–30. [PubMed: 15818697]

Smolen JS, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Emery P, Grp AS, et al. Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high-dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab - Results from the ASPIRE trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism (USA). 2006 Mar 01;54(Mar):702–10. [PubMed: 16508926]

Soubrier M, Puechal X, Sibilia J, Mariette X, Dougados M, et al. et al. Evaluation of two strategies (initial methotrexate monotherapy vs its combination with adalimumab) in management of early active rheumatoid arthritis: data from the GUEPARD trial. Rheumatology. 2009;48:1429. [PubMed: 19741011]

Soubrier M, Puechal X, Sibilia J, Mariette X, Meyer O, Combe B, et al. Evaluation of two strategies (initial methotrexate monotherapy vs its combination with adalimumab) in management of early active rheumatoid arthritis: data from the GUEPARD trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Nov;48(11):1429–34. [PubMed: 19741011]

Spalding JR, Hay J. Cost effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors as first-line agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2006;24(12):1221–32. [PubMed: 17129076]

St Clair EW, Wagner CL, Fasanmade AA, Wang B, Schaible T, Kavanaugh A, et al. The Relationship of Serum Infliximab Concentrations to Clinical Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From Attract, a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2002;46(6):1451–9. [PubMed: 12115174]

Stern R, Wolfe F. Infliximab dose and clinical status: results of 2 studies in 1642 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004 Aug;31(8):1538–45. [PubMed: 15290732]

Sterry W, Ortonne JP, Kirkham B, Brocq O, Robertson D, Pedersen RD, et al. Comparison of two etanercept regimens for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: PRESTA randomised double blind multicentre trial. Bmj. 2010;340:c147. [PubMed: 20124563]

Suarez-Almazor Maria E, Belseck E, Shea B, Tugwell P, Wells George A. Sulfasalazine for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998;(2) [PMC free article: PMC7047550] [PubMed: 10796400]

Suwannalai P, Auethavekiat P, Udomsubpayakul U, Janvitayanujit S. The infectious profiles of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in a Thai population: a retrospective study a the university-based hospital. Int J Rheum Dis. 2009:118–24. 2010/04/09 ed. [PubMed: 20374328]

Taiwo B, Lee C, Venkat D, Tambar S, Sutton SH. Can tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade predispose to severe babesiosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb 15;57(1):179–81. [PubMed: 17266091]

Takeuchi T, Miyasaka N, Inoue K, Abe T, Koike T. Impact of trough serum level on radiographic and clinical response to infliximab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the RISING study. Mod Rheumatol. 2009:478–87. [PMC free article: PMC2759008] [PubMed: 19626391]

Takeuchi T, Tatsuki Y, Nogami Y, Ishiguro N, Tanaka Y, Yamanaka H, et al. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety profile of infliximab in 5000 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Feb;67(2):189–94. [PubMed: 17644554]

Takeuchi T, Yamanaka H, Inoue E, Nagasawa H, Nawata M, Ikari K, et al. Retrospective clinical study on the notable efficacy and related factors of infliximab therapy in a rheumatoid arthritis management group in Japan: one-year outcome of joint destruction (RECONFIRM-2J). Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(5):447–54. [PubMed: 18493716]

Tam LS, Griffith JF, Yu AB, Li TK, Li EK. Rapid improvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients on combination of methotrexate and infliximab: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Jun;26(6):941–6. [PubMed: 16868816]

Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T, Inoue E, Saito K, Sekiguchi N, Sato E, et al. Retrospective clinical study on the notable efficacy and related factors of infliximab therapy in a rheumatoid arthritis management group in Japan: one-year clinical outcomes (RECONFIRM-2). Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18(2):146–52. [PMC free article: PMC2279153] [PubMed: 18283523]