Therapeutics Letter 29 considers the management of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Exercise and diet are effective in preventing type 2 diabetes. Exercise and weight loss are effective in treating type 2 diabetes, but weight loss is difficult to maintain. Sulfonylureas, metformin, and insulin are equally efficacious in improving glucose control in type 2 diabetes. The effectiveness of intensive insulin treatment in delaying the onset of complications of diabetes has been established for type 1 and to lesser extent for type 2 diabetes.

What is the rationale for leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs)?

LTRAs inhibit the effects of the cysteinyl leukotrienes, which represent 3 of a large number of chemical mediators of asthma. Leukotrienes are released by several types of cells and can cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation^1,2. The cysteinyl leukotrienes are particularly important mediators in patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma (characterized by chronic severe asthma symptoms, nasal polyps, and aspirin-induced bronchospasm) ³. LTRAs competitively block leukotriene receptors on bronchial smooth muscle and elsewhere^1,2.

How are LTRAs handled in the body?

Both drugs are rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Zafirlukast absorption is decreased in the presence of food. Both drugs are highly bound to plasma albumin and are eliminated by liver metabolism. The half-life of montelukast is 3 to 6 hours and that for zafirlukast is 10 hours.

What is the evidence for their effectiveness?

Zafirlukast administered twice daily has been compared with placebo in two published short-term trials^4,5 of patients > age 11 (see Table). There have been no published trials comparing zafirlukast with inhaled corticosteroids.

TABLE

Evidence of effectiveness of leukotriene antagonists.

Montelukast has been compared with placebo in 11 published RCTs. Most of these trials were designed to ascertain the dose and dose regimen, and showed that 10 mg of montelukast once daily at bedtime produces maximum effects in adults. At the recommended doses montelukast has been compared with placebo in one large trial in adults⁶ and one large trial in children⁷, (see Table). In one trial of 110 patients with exercise induced asthma the maximal decrease in FEV₁ associated with exercise was 32.4% with placebo as compared to 22.2% with montelukast⁸. A recently published trial compared montelukast to inhaled glucocorticoid and placebo in adults with chronic asthma. Montelukast was better than placebo but not as effective as low-dose inhaled beclomethasone ⁹ (see Table).

The average effects in the trials, though statistically significant, are small and of questionable clinical significance. The effects on home peak expiratory flow rate are marginal, increase of 20L/min (6%), the day after the first dose.¹⁰

Safety

In the short-term clinical trials, adverse effects did not differ between the leukotriene antagonists, placebo or inhaled glucocorticoids. Rare cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic angiitis and granulomatosis) have been reported with both drugs¹⁰. Some of these cases may have been unmasked by steroid withdrawal, however, not all cases have coincided with steroid withdrawal. Zafirlukast inhibits liver microsomal enzymes, P450 CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, and has been shown to increase the effects of warfarin. Other clinically important drug interactions are likely, but unknown at present. Montelukast has been shown to not interact with human P450s in vitro and not to interact with theophylline, prednisone, prednisolone, ethinyl estradiol, terfenadine, digoxin and warfarin in clinical studies.

Dose and daily cost

Conclusions

References

1.

Sampson A, Holgate S. Leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of asthma .Brit Med J 1998;316:1257–1258. [PMC free article: PMC1113026] [PubMed: 9554892]

2.

Renzi P. Antileukotriene agents in asthma: The dart that kills the elephant? CMAJ 1999; 160: 217–23. [PMC free article: PMC1229994] [PubMed: 9951445]

3.

Christie PE. Aspirin sensitive asthma .Curr Med Lit Respir Med 1997;11:63–73.

4.

Fish JE, Kemp JP, Lockey RF, et al. Zafirlukast for symptomatic mild-to-moderate asthma: A 13-week multicenter study .Clin Therap 1997;19:675–690. [PubMed: 9377612]

5.

Spector SL, Smith LJ, Glass M. Effects of 6 weeks of therapy with oral doses of ICI 204,219, a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist, in subjects with bronchial asthma .Amer J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:618–623. [PubMed: 8087328]

6.

Reiss TF, Chervinsky P, Dockhorn RJ et al. Montelukast, a once-daily leukotriene receptor antagonist, in the treatment of chronic asthma .Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 1213–20. [PubMed: 9625400]

7.

Knorr B et al. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14-year-old children .JAMA 1998; 279: 1181–6 [PubMed: 9555757]

8.

Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction .N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 147–52. [PubMed: 9664090]

9.

Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J et al. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma: a randomized controlled trial .Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 487–495. [PubMed: 10075616]

10.

Wechsler ME, Garpestad E, Flier SR et al. Pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, and cardiomyopathy following corticosteroid withdrawal in patients with asthma receiving zafirlukast .J Amer Med Assoc 1998;279:455–457. [PubMed: 9466639]

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