Contents

• Chapter 1. Introduction and project methods
  • Introduction
  • Project methods
• Chapter 2. What are the racial and/or ethnic disparities in human milk feeding in the United States? (Key Question 1)
  • Plain-language summary
  • Abstract
  • Results
  • Summary of data
• Chapter 3. What factors are associated with racial and/or ethnic disparities in human milk feeding in the United States? (Key Question 2)
  • Plain-language summary
  • Abstract
  • Results
• Chapter 4. What interventions, programs, initiatives, and policies impact racial and/or ethnic disparities in human milk feeding in the United States, and do impacts vary across different racial and/or ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic groups? (Key Question 3)
  • Plain-language summary
  • Abstract
  • Results
• Chapter 5. Summary
  • Summary statements
  • Summary tables and figures
  • Research recommendations
• Acknowledgments and funding
• References of the articles included in the rapid reviews
• Appendices
  • Appendix 1. Abbreviations
  • Appendix 2. Literature search strategy
  • Appendix 3. Reporting of race and ethnicity
  • Appendix 4. NIMHD research framework
  • Appendix 5. Excluded articles
  • Appendix 6. Evidence table for quantitative factors associated with racial and/or ethnic disparities in human milk feeding (Key Question 2)
  • Appendix 7. Evidence table for qualitative themes involved in human milk feeding (Key Question 2)

Suggested citation:

Callahan EH, Kim JH, Bahnfleth C, Higgins M. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Human Milk Feeding in the United States: A Rapid Review Project. November 2023. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review. Available at: https://doi.org/10.52570/NESR.FNS2023.RR1.

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