Social factors, signals, and biases shape the health of our nation. Racism and poverty manifest in unequal social, environmental, and economic conditions, resulting in deep-rooted health disparities that carry over from generation to generation. In Perspectives on Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health, authors call for collective action across sectors to reverse the debilitating and often lethal consequences of health inequity. This edited volume of discussion papers provides recommendations to advance the agenda to promote health equity for all. Organized by research approaches and policy implications, systems that perpetuate or ameliorate health disparities, and specific examples of ways in which health disparities manifest in communities of color, this Special Publication provides a stark look at how health and well-being are nurtured, protected, and preserved where people live, learn, work, and play. All of our nation's institutions have important roles to play even if they do not think of their purpose as fundamentally linked to health and well-being. The rich discussions found throughout Perspectives on Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health make way for the translation of policies and actions to improve health and health equity for all citizens of our society. The major health problems of our time cannot be solved by health care alone. They cannot be solved by public health alone. Collective action is needed, and it is needed now.

Contents

• LEADERSHIP INNOVATION IMPACT for a healthier future
• ABOUT THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE
• AUTHORS
• REVIEWERS
• PREFACE
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• INTRODUCTION: SOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH EQUITY
  Editors: JAMES MARKS, HELENE GAYLE, and DWAYNE PROCTOR.
  • Early childhood
  • Human capital
  • Communication
  • Technology
  • Design
  • Business leadership
  • Community leadership
  • Data
  • REFERENCES
• SECTION I. HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH AND POLICY
  • 1. HEALTH INEQUITIES, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, AND INTERSECTIONALITY
    Editors: NANCY LÓPEZ and VIVIAN L. GADSDEN.
    • ABSTRACT
    • HEALTH DISPARITIES, INEQUITY, AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS: A BRIEF CONTEXT
    • AN “INTERSECTIONALITY HEALTH EQUITY LENS” FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE
    • INTEGRATING RACE, GENDER, CLASS, AND SEXUALITY AS LIVED EXPERIENCES: A CASE EXAMPLE
    • DEVELOPING AN INTERSECTIONALITY HEALTH EQUITY LENS: CHANGING THE NARRATIVE FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE
    • REFERENCES
  • 2. IDENTIFYING AND IMPLEMENTING OPPORTUNITIES TO REALIZE HEALTH EQUITY THROUGH A LIFE SPAN LENS OF LEGAL AND POLICY RESEARCH
    Editors: PATRICK H. TOLAN, VELMA MCBRIDE MURRY, ANGELA DIAZ, and ROBERT SEIDEL.
    • OVERARCHING FRAMEWORK
    • DUAL TRACKS OF RESEARCH FOR CREATING HEALTH EQUITY
    • DEFINING HEALTH EQUITY AND HEALTH DISPARITIES
    • A LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH RESEARCH
    • REGULATIONS, LAWS, AND LEGAL PRACTICES AFFECTING HEALTH EQUITIES
    • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3. THE CHARACTER ASSASSINATION OF BLACK MALES: SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HEALTH
    Editor: ALFORD A. YOUNG, JR.
    • CONTENDING WITH THE EFFECTS OF THE CHARACTER ASSASSINATION
    • THE CALL FOR NEW SCHOLARSHIP IN PUBLIC HEALTH
    • CONCLUSION: DEMYSTIFYING THE CHARACTER OF BLACK MALES
    • REFERENCES
  • 4. PROMOTING POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE THROUGH DISMANTLING GENETIC DETERMINISM
    Editor: RICHARD M. LERNER.
    • SOME PAST AND PRESENT ARGUMENTS OF GENETIC DETERMINISM
    • AN ALTERNATIVE TO GENETIC DETERMINISM: RELATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
    • IMPLICATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF RDS-BASED RESEARCH
    • IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL JUSTICE: A FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSING A CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES HEALTH POLICY AND RESEARCH AGENDA
    Editors: ROBERT SEIDEL, PATRICK H. TOLAN, ANGELA DIAZ, and VELMA MCBRIDE MURRY.
    • INDIVIDUAL-CENTRIC PHILOSOPHIES
    • COMMUNITY-CENTRIC PHILOSOPHIES
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
• SECTION II. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO HEALTH EQUITY
  • 6. EXPULSION AND SUSPENSION IN EARLY EDUCATION AS MATTERS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HEALTH EQUITY
    Editors: SHANTEL E. MEEK and WALTER S. GILLIAM.
    • DISPARITIES IN ACCESS
    • SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CIVIL RIGHTS
    • THE RATE AND CAUSES OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPULSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
    • GENDER AND RACE DISPARITIES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPULSIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
    • POTENTIAL ROLE OF IMPLICIT BIASES
    • CALL TO ACTION FOR THE RESEARCH FIELD
    • ENDNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • 7. LESSONS FOR HEALTH EQUITY: MILITARY MEDICINE AS A WINDOW TO UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE
    Editors: JEFF HUTCHINSON, RAQUEL MACK, TRACEY PÉREZ KOEHLMOOS, and PATRICK H. DELEON.
    • DIVERSE DEMOGRAPHICS OF MILITARY MEMBERS, THEIR FAMILIES, AND PROVIDERS
    • TWO DISTINCT SYSTEMS OF MILITARY HEALTH CARE
    • CHALLENGES OF THE VA HEALTH CARE MISSION
    • HEALTH DISPARITIES FOR SERVICE MEMBERS AND VETERANS
    • ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ELIMINATES SOME DISPARITY
    • ADDRESSING BIAS MAY FURTHER DECREASE HEALTH DISPARITIES
    • FUTURE RESEARCH OR POLICIES
    • SUMMARY OF LESSONS LEARNED
    • REFERENCES
  • 8. PRINCIPLES OF ADOLESCENT- AND YOUN GADULT-FRIENDLY CARE: CONTRIBUTIONS TO REDUCING HEALTH DISPARITIES AND INCREASING HEALTH EQUITY
    Editors: ANGELA DIAZ and KEN PEAKE.
    • HEALTH DISPARITIES IN THE ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG-ADULT POPULATIONS
    • HEALTH CARE ACCESS AND UTILIZATION
    • MEETING THE HEALTH CARE NEEDS OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
    • ADOLESCENT- AND YOUNG-ADULT-FRIENDLY SERVICES
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• SECTION III. ADVANCING HEALTH EQUITY IN COMMUNITIES OF COLOR
  • 9. STORIES ABOUT BLACK MEN IN THE MEDIA AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR HEALTH
    Editors: KAREN E. DILL-SHACKLEFORD, SRIVIDYA RAMASUBRAMANIAN, and LAWRENCE M. DRAKE, II.
    • STORIES ABOUT BLACK MEN IN THE MEDIA
    • MEDIA STEREOTYPES OF BLACK MEN
    • COUNTERSTEREOTYPES AND POSITIVE MEDIA PORTRAYALS
    • MEANING MAKING AND AUDIENCE RESPONSES
    • MEDIA AND AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH OUTCOMES
    • USING DIGITAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL GOOD
    • ALTERNATIVE STORYTELLING FOR BLACK VOICES
    • MEDIA LITERACY AND ANTIRACISM
    • RESEARCH AGENDA
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 10. CHALLENGES AND PROMISE OF HEALTH EQUITY FOR NATIVE HAWAIIANS
    Editors: NOREEN MOKUAU, PATRICK H. DELEON, JOSEPH KEAWE'AIMOKU KAHOLOKULA, SADÉ SOARES, JOANN U. TSARK, and COTI-LYNNE PUAMANA HAIA.
    • POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
    • HEALTH DISPARITIES
    • PROMISE OF HEALTH EQUITY
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
    • ENDNOTES
    • REFERENCES
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • 11. FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES: CONTINUING THE QUEST FOR PREVENTION
    Editor: CARL C. BELL.
    • BACKGROUND
    • A STRONGER FOCUS ON PREVENTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY
    • THE MISSING PIECE
    • THE JOURNEY TO AWARENESS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS
    • LATE TO THE FETAL ALCOHOL DANCE
    • GATHERING MOMENTUM AND HEADING TOWARD A TIPPING POINT
    • WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
    • ONE SIMPLE CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 12. URGENT DISPATCH: CALLING ON LEADERSHIP TO RESPOND TO VIOLENCE IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS
    Editors: SHARON TOOMER and RAQUEL MACK.
    • LANGUAGE MATTERS: USE OF “BLACK PEOPLE” AND “NEIGHBORHOODS”
    • DECISION TO FOCUS ON VIOLENCE IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS
    • CAUSE OF VIOLENCE IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS
    • “THE URGENCY OF NOW”—BOLD LEADERSHIP REQUIRED
    • SOLUTIONS
    • REFERENCES
• APPENDIX A. PAPER ABSTRACTS
• APPENDIX B. The Board on Children, Youth, and Families Spring Board Meeting Agenda
• APPENDIX C. Program of “Engaging Allies in the Culture of Health Movement”
• APPENDIX D. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES

Suggested citation:

Bogard, K., V. Murry, and C. Alexander, eds. 2017. Perspectives on health equity and social determinants of health. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICINE • 500 FIFTH STREET, NW • WASHINGTON, DC 20001

NOTICE: This publication has been reviewed according to procedures approved by a National Academy of Medicine (NAM) report review process. Publication signifies that it is judged a competent and useful contribution worthy of public consideration, but does not imply endorsement of conclusions and recommendations by the NAM. The views presented in this publication are those of individual authors and do not represent formal consensus positions of the NAM; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the authors' organizations.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Bogard, Kimber, editor. | Murry, Velma McBride, editor. | Alexander, Charlee M., editor. | National Academy of Medicine (U.S.), issuing body

Title: Perspectives on health equity and social determinants of health / Kimber Bogard, Velma McBride Murry, and Charlee Alexander, editors.

Description: Washington, DC : National Academy of Medicine, [2017]

Identifiers: LCCN 2017036543 (print) | LCCN 2017036909 (ebook) | ISBN 9781947103030 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781947103023 (pbk.)

Subjects: | MESH: Social Determinants of Health | Health Equity | United States

Classification: LCC RA445 (ebook) | LCC RA445 (print) | NLM WA 30 | DDC 362.10973--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036543

Printed in the United States of America.