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Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Coppola EL, et al. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2023 Jul. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 229.)
Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].
Show detailsIncluded studies List, by Key Question (KQ)
Ancillary publication(s) indented under primary article
KQ 2: Included studies for screening yield, by condition
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM, et al. Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016;133(11):1067–72. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791. [PubMed: 26976914] [CrossRef]
- Elliott E, Lilly C, Murphy E, et al. The Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities (CARDIAC) Project: An 18 Year Review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2017;13(4):265–76. PMID: 29345596. 10.2174/1573400514666180117093652 [PMC free article: PMC5944838] [PubMed: 29345596] [CrossRef]
- Ritchie SK, Murphy EC, Ice C, et al. Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: The CARDIAC project. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):260–5. PMID: 20624798. 10.1542/peds.2009-2546 [PubMed: 20624798] [CrossRef]
- Jackson CL, Keeton JZ, Eason SJ, et al. Identifying Familial Hypercholesterolemia Using a Blood Donor Screening Program With More Than 1 Million Volunteer Donors. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(7):685–9. PMID: 31116347. 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1518 [PMC free article: PMC6537793] [PubMed: 31116347] [CrossRef]
Multifactorial dyslipidemia
- Bauer KW, Marcus MD, El ghormli L, et al. Cardio-metabolic risk screening among adolescents: understanding the utility of body mass index, waist circumference and waist to height ratio. Pediatr Obes. 2015;10(5):329–37. PMID: 25515620. 10.1111/ijpo.267 [PMC free article: PMC4470887] [PubMed: 25515620] [CrossRef]
- Healthy Study Group, Hirst K, Baranowski T, et al. HEALTHY study rationale, design and methods: moderating risk of type 2 diabetes in multi-ethnic middle school students. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33 Suppl 4:S4–20. PMID: 19623188. 10.1038/ijo.2009.112 [PMC free article: PMC2782907] [PubMed: 19623188] [CrossRef]
- Elliott E, Lilly C, Murphy E, et al. The Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities (CARDIAC) Project: An 18 Year Review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2017;13(4):265–76. PMID: 29345596. 10.2174/1573400514666180117093652 [PMC free article: PMC5944838] [PubMed: 29345596] [CrossRef]
- CARDIAC project. Summary of Results from 1998 to Present: Coronary Artery Risk Detection in Appalachian Communities 21 Year Summary - Fifth Grade 1998-2020. 2020. Accessed 6/20/2022 from https://www.cardiacwv.org/?pid=10
- Ritchie SK, Murphy EC, Ice C, et al. Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: The CARDIAC project. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):260–5. 10.1542/peds.2009-2546. Epub 10 Jul 12. [PubMed: 20624798] [CrossRef]
- Nelson TL, Puccetti N, Luckasen GJ. Healthy hearts: a cross-sectional study of clinical cardiovascular disease risk factors in Northern Colorado school children (1992-2013). BMC Obes. 2015;2:48. PMID: 26664730. 10.1186/s40608-015-0078-9 [PMC free article: PMC4673727] [PubMed: 26664730] [CrossRef]
- Perak AM, Ning H, Kit BK, et al. Trends in Levels of Lipids and Apolipoprotein B in US Youths Aged 6 to 19 Years, 1999-2016. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1895–905. PMID: 31112258. 10.1001/jama.2019.4984 [PMC free article: PMC6537842] [PubMed: 31112258] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen D, Kit B, Carroll M. Abnormal Cholesterol Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2011-2014. NCHS data brief. 2015(228):1–8. PMID: 26727279. [PubMed: 26727279]
- Reina SA, Llabre MM, Vidot DC, et al. Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanic Youth: Results from the Hispanic Community Children’s Health Study/Study of Latino Youth. Metab. 2017;15(8):400–6. PMID: 28829223. 10.1089/met.2017.0054 [PMC free article: PMC5649400] [PubMed: 28829223] [CrossRef]
KQs 4–5: Included studies for treatment benefit and harms, by condition
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- Amundsen AL, Ose L, Nenseter MS, et al. Plant sterol ester-enriched spread lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(2):338–44. PMID: 12145004. 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.338 [PubMed: 12145004] [CrossRef]
- Amundsen AL, Ntanios F, Put N, et al. Long-term compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols and carotenoids in children and parents with FH consuming plant sterol ester-enriched spread. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(12):1612–20. PMID: 15199384. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602015 [PubMed: 15199384] [CrossRef]
- Avis HJ, Hutten BA, Gagné C, et al. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin therapy for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol2010. p. 1121–6. PMID: 20223367. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.042 [PubMed: 20223367] [CrossRef]
- Avis HJ, Hargreaves IP, Ruiter JP, et al. Rosuvastatin lowers coenzyme Q10 levels, but not mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis, in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 2011;158(3):458–62. PMID: 20884007. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.015 [PubMed: 20884007] [CrossRef]
- Braamskamp MJ, Stefanutti C, Langslet G, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin in Children and Adolescents at High Future Cardiovascular Risk. J Pediatr. 2015;167(2):338–43 e5. PMID: 26059337. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.006 [PubMed: 26059337] [CrossRef]
- Clauss SB, Holmes KW, Hopkins P, et al. Efficacy and safety of lovastatin therapy in adolescent girls with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):682–8. PMID: 16140708. 10.1542/peds.2004-2090 [PubMed: 16140708] [CrossRef]
- Couture P, Brun LD, Szots F, et al. Association of specific LDL receptor gene mutations with differential plasma lipoprotein response to simvastatin in young French Canadians with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18(6):1007–12. PMID: 9633944. 10.1161/01.atv.18.6.1007 [PubMed: 9633944] [CrossRef]
- de Jongh S, Lilien MR, op’t Roodt J, et al. Early statin therapy restores endothelial function in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(12):2117–21. PMID: 12505222. 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02593-7 [PubMed: 12505222] [CrossRef]
- de Jongh S, Ose L, Szamosi T, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with simvastatin. Circulation. 2002;106(17):2231–7. PMID: 12390953. 10.1161/01.cir.0000035247.42888.82 [PubMed: 12390953] [CrossRef]
- de Jongh S, Vissers MN, Rol P, et al. Plant sterols lower LDL cholesterol without improving endothelial function in prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(4):343–51. 10.1023/a:1025155002348 [PubMed: 12971422] [CrossRef]
- Desai NK, Mendelson MM, Baker A, et al. Hepatotoxicity of Statins as Determined by Serum Alanine Aminotransferase in a Pediatric Cohort With Dyslipidemia. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2019;68(2):175–81. PMID: 30334928. 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002174 [PMC free article: PMC6344263] [PubMed: 30334928] [CrossRef]
- Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(7):869–71. PMID: 15781019. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.014 [PubMed: 15781019] [CrossRef]
- Engler MM, Engler MB, Arterburn LM, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition in hyperlipidemic children: Results from the Endothelial Assessment of Risk from Lipids in Youth (EARLY) study. Nutr Res. 2004;24(9):721–29. PMID: None. 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.06.004 [CrossRef]
- Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 1995;36(8):1807–12. PMID: 7595101. 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41499-3 [PubMed: 7595101] [CrossRef]
- Joyce NR, Zachariah JP, Eaton CB, et al. Statin Use and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents. Acad Pediatr. 2017;17(5):515–22. PMID: 28232259. 10.1016/j.acap.2017.02.006 [PMC free article: PMC5499509] [PubMed: 28232259] [CrossRef]
- Kinnear FJ, Lithander FE, Searle A, et al. Reducing cardiovascular disease risk among families with familial hypercholesterolaemia by improving diet and physical activity: a randomised controlled feasibility trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e044200. 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044200 [PMC free article: PMC7772289] [PubMed: 33372081] [CrossRef]
- Knipscheer HC, Boelen CC, Kastelein JJ, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Res. 1996;39(5):867–71. PMID: 8726243. 10.1203/00006450-199605000-00021 [PubMed: 8726243] [CrossRef]
- Kusters DM, Avis HJ, de Groot E, et al. Ten-year follow-up after initiation of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. JAMA. 2014;312(10):1055–7. PMID: 25203086. 10.1001/jama.2014.8892 [PubMed: 25203086] [CrossRef]
- Braamskamp MJ, Kusters DM, Wiegman A, et al. Gonadal steroids, gonadotropins and DHEAS in young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia who had initiated statin therapy in childhood. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):427–32. PMID: 26079405. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.034 [PubMed: 26079405] [CrossRef]
- Kusters DM, Caceres M, Coll M, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe monotherapy in children with heterozygous familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 2015;166(6):1377–84. PMID: 25841542. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.043 [PubMed: 25841542] [CrossRef]
- McCrindle BW, Ose L, Marais AD. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003;143(1):74–80. PMID: 12915827. 10.1016/S0022-3476(03)00186-0 [PubMed: 12915827] [CrossRef]
- Santos RD, Ruzza A, Hovingh GK, et al. Evolocumab in Pediatric Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(14):1317–27. 10.1056/NEJMoa2019910 [PubMed: 32865373] [CrossRef]
- Stein EA, Illingworth DR, Kwiterovich PO, Jr., et al. Efficacy and safety of lovastatin in adolescent males with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281(2):137–44. PMID: 9917116. 10.1001/jama.281.2.137 [PubMed: 9917116] [CrossRef]
- Stein EA, Marais AD, Szamosi T, et al. Colesevelam hydrochloride: efficacy and safety in pediatric subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 2010;156(2):231–6. PMID: 19879596. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.08.037 [PubMed: 19879596] [CrossRef]
- Tonstad S, Knudtzon J, Sivertsen M, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 1996;129(1):42–9. PMID: 8757561. 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70188-9 [PubMed: 8757561] [CrossRef]
- Tonstad S, Sivertsen M, Aksnes L, et al. Low dose colestipol in adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1996;74(2):157–60. PMID: 8660081. 10.1136/adc.74.2.157 [PMC free article: PMC1511517] [PubMed: 8660081] [CrossRef]
- van der Graaf A, Cuffie-Jackson C, Vissers MN, et al. Efficacy and safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin in adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(17):1421–9. PMID: 18940534. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.002 [PubMed: 18940534] [CrossRef]
- Wheeler KA, West RJ, Lloyd JK, et al. Double blind trial of bezafibrate in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1985;60(1):34–7. PMID: 3882058. 10.1136/adc.60.1.34 [PMC free article: PMC1777065] [PubMed: 3882058] [CrossRef]
- Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(3):331–7. PMID: 15265847. 10.1001/jama.292.3.331 [PubMed: 15265847] [CrossRef]
- Braamskamp M, Kastelein JJP, Kusters DM, et al. Statin Initiation During Childhood in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Consequences for Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(4):455–6. PMID: 26821635. 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.021 [PubMed: 26821635] [CrossRef]
- Braamskamp MJ, Kusters DM, Avis HJ, et al. Long-term statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: more insight into tolerability and adherence. Paediatr Drugs. 2015;17(2):159–66. PMID: 25644328. 10.1007/s40272-014-0116-y [PMC free article: PMC4372689] [PubMed: 25644328] [CrossRef]
- Kusters DM, Avis HJ, de Groot E, et al. Ten-year follow-up after initiation of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. JAMA. 2014;312(10):1055–7. PMID: 25203086. 10.1001/jama.2014.8892 [PubMed: 25203086] [CrossRef]
- Luirink IK, Wiegman A, Kusters DM, et al. 20-Year Follow-up of Statins in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(16):1547–56. PMID: 31618540. 10.1056/NEJMoa1816454 [PubMed: 31618540] [CrossRef]
- Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, et al. Statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: the younger, the better. Circulation. 2007;116(6):664–8. PMID: 17664376. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671016 [PubMed: 17664376] [CrossRef]
Multifactorial dyslipidemia
- Gidding SS, Prospero C, Hossain J, et al. A double-blind randomized trial of fish oil to lower triglycerides and improve cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2014;165(3):497–503.e2. PMID: 25008950. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.05.039 [PMC free article: PMC5646219] [PubMed: 25008950] [CrossRef]
- Shannon BM, Tershakovec AM, Martel JK, et al. Reduction of elevated LDL-cholesterol levels of 4- to 10-year-old children through home-based dietary education. Pediatrics. 1994;94(6 Pt 1):923–7. PMID: 7971012. [PubMed: 7971012]
- McHale SM, Tershakovec AM, Corneal DA, et al. Psychosocial factors in nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children. Ann Behav Med. 1998;20(3):233–40. PMID: 9989332. 10.1007/bf02884966 [PubMed: 9989332] [CrossRef]
- Tershakovec AM, Jawad AF, Stallings VA, et al. Growth of hypercholesterolemic children completing physician-initiated low-fat dietary intervention. J Pediatr. 1998;133(1):28–34. PMID: 9672506. 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70173-8 [PubMed: 9672506] [CrossRef]
- Tershakovec AM, Shannon BM, Achterberg CL, et al. One-year follow-up of nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(2):258–61. PMID: 9491017. 10.2105/ajph.88.2.258 [PMC free article: PMC1508171] [PubMed: 9491017] [CrossRef]
- The Writing Group for the DISC Collaborative Research Group. Efficacy and safety of lowering dietary intake of fat and cholesterol in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). JAMA. 1995;273(18):1429–35. PMID: 7723156. 10.1001/jama.1995.03520420045036 [PubMed: 7723156] [CrossRef]
- Dorgan JF, Liu L, Barton BA, et al. Adolescent diet and metabolic syndrome in young women: results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):E1999–2008. PMID: 21994964. 10.1210/jc.2010-2726 [PMC free article: PMC3232612] [PubMed: 21994964] [CrossRef]
- Kwiterovich PO, Jr., Barton BA, McMahon RP, et al. Effects of diet and sexual maturation on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol during puberty: the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Circulation. 1997;96(8):2526–33. PMID: 9355889. 10.1161/01.cir.96.8.2526 [PubMed: 9355889] [CrossRef]
- Lavigne JV, Brown KM, Gidding S, et al. A cholesterol-lowering diet does not produce adverse psychological effects in children: three-year results from the dietary intervention study in children. Health Psychol. 1999;18(6):604–13. PMID: 10619534. 10.1037/0278-6133.18.6.604 [PubMed: 10619534] [CrossRef]
- Obarzanek E, Kimm SY, Barton BA, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: seven-year results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):256–64. PMID: 11158455. 10.1542/peds.107.2.256 [PubMed: 11158455] [CrossRef]
- Obarzanek E, Hunsberger SA, Van Horn L, et al. Safety of a fat-reduced diet: the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Pediatrics. 1997;100(1):51–9. PMID: 9200359. 10.1542/peds.100.1.51 [PubMed: 9200359] [CrossRef]
- Wong H, Chahal N, Manlhiot C, et al. Flaxseed in pediatric hyperlipidemia: a placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized clinical trial of dietary flaxseed supplementation for children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(8):708–13. PMID: 23733031. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.1442 [PubMed: 23733031] [CrossRef]
Multifactorial dyslipidemia/FH
- Del Bo C, Deon V, Abello F, et al. Eight-week hempseed oil intervention improves the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and the omega-3 index, but does not affect the lipid profile in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. Food res. 2019;119:469–76. PMID: 30884679. 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.045 [PubMed: 30884679] [CrossRef]
- Dennison BA, Levine DM. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover clinical trial of psyllium fiber in children with hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr. 1993;123(1):24–9. PMID: 8391569. 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81532-x [PubMed: 8391569] [CrossRef]
- Deon V, Del Bo C, Guaraldi F, et al. Effect of hazelnut on serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(4):1193–201. 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.022 [PubMed: 28606702] [CrossRef]
- Guaraldi F, Deon V, Del Bo C, et al. Effect of short-term hazelnut consumption on DNA damage and oxidized LDL in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. J nutr biochem. 2018;57:206–11. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.012 [PubMed: 29753234] [CrossRef]
- Guardamagna O, Abello F, Cagliero P, et al. Could dyslipidemic children benefit from glucomannan intake? Nutrition. 2013;29(7–8):1060–5. 10.1016/j.nut.2013.02.010 [PubMed: 23759268] [CrossRef]
- Guardamagna O, Amaretti A, Puddu PE, et al. Bifidobacteria supplementation: effects on plasma lipid profiles in dyslipidemic children. Nutrition. 2014;30(7–8):831–6. PMID: 24985000. 10.1016/j.nut.2014.01.014 [PubMed: 24985000] [CrossRef]
- Martino F, Martino E, Morrone F, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with glucomannan on plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2005;15(3):174–80. PMID: 15955465. 10.1016/j.numecd.2004.04.004 [PubMed: 15955465] [CrossRef]
- Verduci E, Agostoni C, Radaelli G, et al. Blood lipids profile in hyperlipidemic children undergoing different dietary long chain polyunsaturated supplementations: a preliminary clinical trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(3):375–9. 10.3109/09637486.2013.858239 [PubMed: 24228803] [CrossRef]
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