Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Coakley Lettsom, 1:32.

The concept of centers of calculation was first posited by Bruno Latour in Science in Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), and the importance of paying attention to other places of scientific calculation has been demonstrated by Stewart in “Other Centres of Calculation.”

For more on Joseph Banks and Kew, see Gascoigne, Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment. The use of other networks and garden spaces as experimental places and their roles in the shaping of gentlemanly status in the early eighteenth century has been explored by Coulton in “Curiosity, Commerce and Conversation in the Writing of London Horticulturalists.”

Joseph Levine, “John Evelyn: Between the Ancients and the Moderns,” in O’Malley and Wolschke-Bulmahn, John Evelyn’s “Elysium Britannicum” and European Gardening, 69.

Classen, “Museum Manners.”

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell.”

Symes, The Picturesque and the Later Georgian Garden, 9–10.

Ibid.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell”; and Clark, “William Curtis’s London Botanic Gardens.”

Anonymous, “John Coakley Lettsom MD.”

Ibid., 470.

By 1800, his practice reaped an incredible annual income of around £12,000. J. F. Payne and Roy Porter, “Lettsom, John Coakley (1744–1815), Physician and Philanthropist,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 23, 2004).

Spooner, Regions and Designed Landscapes. See also Rebecca Preston, “Home Landscapes: Amateur Gardening & Popular Horticulture in the Making of Personal, National and Imperial Identities, 1815–1914” (unpublished PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999).

Laird, Flowering of the English Landscape Garden, 158.

Stobart, “‘So Agreeable and Suitable a Place,’” 89.

Ibid.

Brockway, “Science and Colonial Expansion.”

Drayton, Nature’s Government, 89.

Brown, Performing Medicine.

The recent tercentenary celebrations for Capability Brown have resulted in a flurry of books dedicated to Britain’s most well-known garden designer, including but not limited to Sarah Rutherford, Capability Brown and His Landscape Gardens (London: National Trust, 2016); David Brown and Tom Williamson, Lancelot Brown and the Capability Men: Landscape Revolution in Eighteenth-Century England (London: Reaktion Books, 2016); Steffie Shields, Moving Heaven and Earth: Capability Brown’s Gift of Landscape (London: Unicorn, 2016); Phibbs, Place-Making. Other works on key designers include Stephen Daniels, Humphry Repton: Landscape Gardening and the Geography of Georgian England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999); Fiona Cowell, Richard Woods (1715–1793): Master of the Pleasure Garden (Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2009). Recent books by time period include the excellent volume by Patricia Skinner and Theresa Tyers, eds., The Medieval and Early Modern Garden in Britain: Enclosure and Transformation, c. 1200–1750 (London: Routledge, 2018); and key examples of recent work organized by region include the Historic Landscapes of England series of county guides by Timothy Mowl and his team of researchers, and Tom Williamson’s work with others, including the recent volumes describing the work of Humphry Repton in Hertfordshire (Hatfield, UK: Hertfordshire University Press, 2018) and in Norfolk (Norwich: Norfolk Gardens Trust, 2018).

Spooner, Regions and Designed Landscapes, 17.

Notable examples of such work include Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce; Margaret Willes, The Gardens of the British Working Class (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014); Helena Chance, “The Factory in a Garden”: A History of Corporate Landscapes from the Industrial to the Digital Age (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2017); Hazel Conway, People’s Parks: The Design and Development of Victorian Parks in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Fiona Fisher and Rebecca Preston, “Light, Airy and Open: The Design and Use of the Suburban Public-House Garden in England between the Wars,” Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 39, no. 1 (2019); Jane Hamlett, Lesley Hoskins, and Rebecca Preston, eds., Residential Institutions in Britain, 1725–1970: Inmates and Environments (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013); Hickman, Therapeutic Landscapes; Katy Layton-Jones, Places of Health and Amusement: Liverpool’s Historic Parks and Gardens (Swindon, UK: English Heritage, 2008); and O’Reilly, The Greening of the City.

Malcolm Dick and Elaine Mitchell, “Introduction: Gardens and Green Spaces in the West Midlands since 1700,” in Dick and Mitchell, Gardens and Green Spaces, 1.

Ibid.

See ^{note 23} above for key examples.

Williamson, Polite Landscapes, 4–5.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce.

Felus, The Secret Life of the Georgian Garden, 5.

A forthcoming special issue of the Journal of the History of Collections will contain contributions from a sister American conference at The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens held in September 2017, on the same theme, articles edited by Anne Goldgar and Miles Ogborn.

Findlen, Possessing Nature; MacGregor, Curiosity and Enlightenment.

Beattie and Jones, “Editorial.”

Laird, A Natural History of English Gardening, 5.

Fischer, Remmert, and Wolschke-Bulmahn, Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences.

Findlen, Possessing Nature, 6.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce.

Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place. See also Livingstone, “Keeping Knowledge in Site,” 782; Livingstone and Withers, Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science; Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 12; and Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels, “‘Combining Science with Recreation and Pleasure.’”

Spary, Utopia’s Garden.

Therese O’Malley, “Art and Science in the Design of Botanic Gardens, 1730–1830,” in Hunt, Garden History; Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed.

Exemplary examples of this are Kohler, Landscapes and Labscapes; and Naylor, Regionalizing Science.

Opitz, Bergwik, and Van Tiggelen, Domesticity in the Making of Modern Science.

Schiebinger, Plants and Empire, 10.

Tobin, Colonizing Nature, 21.

Ibid.; Drayton, Nature’s Government; Miles Ogborn, “Vegetable Empires,” in Curry et al., Worlds of Natural History.

For more on this, see Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660–1850 (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1989).

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life.

Ibid., 17.

Ibid., 17–18.

Minter, The Apothecaries’ Garden.

Ibid.

Semple, Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at Chelsea, 137–38.

Ibid., 140.

Noltie, John Hope, 19.

Rosner, Medical Education in the Age of Improvement, 63.

Ibid., 56.

As quoted and discussed by Rosner in ibid., 57.

Anonymous student, Lectures on Botany by John Hope, 1777–8 (Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh [hereafter RBGE] Archives), 3.

Dugan, The Ephemeral History of Perfume, 156. See also William Tullett on the sensory pleasure garden in “The Macaroni’s ‘Ambrosial Essences’: Perfume, Identity and Public Space in Eighteenth-Century England,” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 38, no. 2 (2015).

Anne Vila, “Introduction: Powers, Pleasures and Perils,” in Vila, A Cultural History of the Senses, 4.

Michel Baridon, A History of the Gardens of Versailles (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008).

Vila, “Introduction,” 7.

Mark Jenner, “Tasting Lichfield, Touching China: Sir John Floyer’s Senses,” Historical Journal 53 (2010): 653.

Ibid., 648.

Ibid., 654.

Ibid., 647–48.

Ibid.

Anonymous student, Lectures on Botany by John Hope, 13–14.

Dugan, The Ephemeral History of Perfume, 185.

Ibid., 182.

Cullen, Lectures on the Materia Medica, 1–2.

Ibid., 136.

Ibid., 137.

Ibid.

Quoted in Michael Bull, Les Back, and David Howes, The Auditory Culture Reader (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 31.

Quoted in Vila, Cultural History of the Senses, 11.

Cullen, Lectures on the Materia Medica, 1.

Noltie, John Hope, 58.

For a detailed description of Hope’s lectures, see ibid., 58–83.

Findlen, Possessing Nature, 257.

John Dixon Hunt, “The Botanical Garden, the Arboretum and the Cabinet of Curiosities,” in Hunt, A World of Gardens. As John Dixon Hunt has identified, the gardens at Leiden and Uppsala were the work of distinguished botanists Clusius and Linnaeus, respectively.

Ibid., 131.

Physic gardens for training medical students and apothecaries became popular after the establishment of Padua in 1545, appearing in Rome in 1566, Zurich in 1561, Lyons in 1564, Bologna in 1567, Montpellier in 1598, Paris in 1640, the University of Oxford in 1621, and the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1673. See Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed, 3.

Ibid.

Hunt, A World of Gardens, 133.

Findlen, Possessing Nature, 257.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Johnson, Guide for Gentlemen Studying Medicine, 14. For more detail on this guide and its authorship, see Rosner, Medical Education in the Age of Improvement.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Brown, Performing Medicine.

RBGE Archives, GD/253/144/8; Noltie, John Hope, 86.

Noltie, John Hope, 86.

Rosner, Medical Education in the Age of Improvement, 63.

October 20, 1807, Minutes of Meetings of the Faculty, 1806–1813, University of Glasgow Archives 26697, Clerk’s Press 82.

Hill, An Idea of a Botanical Garden, 8.

J. R. Sealy, “Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew,” Science, new series, 129, no. 3360 (1959): 1403. [PubMed: 17812408]

More detail on John Hope and the Leith Walk garden can be found in Noltie, John Hope, and in particular 84.

Ibid., 18. Noltie also notes that when Hope traveled to Europe as a medical student in the 1740s, he chose Paris over Leiden because he wished to study under de Jussieu because of his interest in botany, ibid., 9. See Spary, Utopia’s Garden for a detailed and enlightening exploration of the various political, social, and scientific roles played by the Jardin du Roi, Paris.

Therese O’Malley, “Art and Science in the Design of Botanic Gardens, 1730–1830,” in Hunt, Garden History, 286.

Lausen-Higgins, “Sylva Botanica.”

O’Malley, “Art and Science,” 284.

Ibid., 294.

See ibid.

Koerner, Linnaeus, 14.

Noltie, John Hope, 54–55.

Koerner goes so far as to argue that “Linnaeus’ binomials resulted from his attempts to practice science as an auxiliary branch of economics, and from this efforts to create a simple language for it.” Linnaeus, 43.

Arnot, History of Edinburgh, 402.

O’Malley, “Art and Science,” 299.

Anonymous student, Lectures on Botany by John Hope, 3.

Gerrit Arie Lindeboom, Boerhaave and Great Britain: Three Lectures on Boerhaave with Particular Reference to His Relations with Great Britain (Leiden: Brill, 1974), 26.

Ibid., 19.

Derek Doyle, “Edinburgh Doctors and Their Physic Gardens,” Journal of Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 38 (2008): 365. [PubMed: 19227967]

Ibid.

Noltie, John Hope, 24–25.

The cause of Williamson’s death was related to his second employment as a customs officer. It was while acting in this capacity that he was mortally wounded by a group of armed smugglers. Ibid., 36.

Stephen Harris, Oxford Botanic Garden & Arboretum: A Brief History (Oxford: Bodleian Library, 2017), ix.

Anonymous student, Lectures on Botany by John Hope, 7.

A List of Specimens of Experiments Kept in the Gardeners House, Botanical Papers of John Hope MD Professor of Botany and Materia Medica at Edinburgh, National Records of Scotland, copy read in the RBGE Archives, GD253/145/7/2.

Ibid.; Steven Shapin, “Invisible Technicians.”

Noltie, John Hope, 36.

Jane Corrie, Botanic Cottage Project Report. Stories from the Historical Archives: about Botanic Cottage, the Leith Walk Garden and John Hope’s “Other” Life as a Physician, May 2009 (RBGE/3B Cor).

Ibid.

John Hope, Remarks on Lectures, RBGE Archives, GD253/144/14/16.

Ibid.

Boney, The Lost Gardens of Glasgow University.

Memorial by Robert Hamilton, Professor of Anatomy and Botany, and Dr William Cullen, Professor of Medicine, to the University concerning the Planting of More Trees and Shrubs in the College Garden in Place of the Decayed Fruit Trees, University of Glasgow Archives: GUA 5412.

Ibid.

Letter from Dr. Brown to Dr. Jeffray, Thursday, June 12, 1806, University of Glasgow Archives: GUA 1961.

Ibid.

William Lang, “Representation by William Lang, College Gardener, to the Faculty Regarding Their Complaints about His Conduct and Neglect of College Garden,” January 25, 1807, University of Glasgow Archives: GUA 1961.a.

For an expert reading of Rousseau and botany, see Cook, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Botany.

Easterby-Smith, “Selling Beautiful Knowledge,” 532.

Ibid.

From Berkowitz, Charles Bell and the Anatomy of Reform, 48.

The link between anatomical and botanical practices is generally overlooked when considering Georgian medicine, however the close relationship of the two subjects in the sixteenth century has been expertly described by Kusukawa in Picturing the Book of Nature.

Noltie, John Hope, 38.

Caledonian Mercury, March 4, 1776.

Ibid.

Noltie, John Hope, 38.

John Hope, “Remarks on Botanical Lectures,” RBGE Archives, GD253/144/14/6.

Jo Currie, “Fyfe, Andrew (1752–1824), Anatomist,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 23, 2004).

Johnson, Guide for Gentlemen, 9–10.

Matthew Daniel Eddy, “Useful Pictures: Joseph Black and the Graphic Culture of Experimentation,” in Robert G. W. Anderson, ed. Cradle of Chemistry: The Early Years of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: John MacDonald, 2015).

Carin Berkowitz, “Systems of Display: The Making of Anatomical Knowledge in Enlightenment Britain,” British Journal for the History of Science 46, no. 3 (2012): 360.

Hope, “Remarks on Botanical Lectures.”

Berkowitz, “Systems of Display,” 360.

October 20, 1807, Minutes of Meetings of the Faculty, 1806–1813.

Berkowitz, Charles Bell, 48.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: A Rural and Horticultural Sketch, 9.

For Linnaeus’s influence, see Koerner, Linnaeus.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:167.

Schiebinger, Plants and Empire, 11.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Miles Ogborn, “Vegetable Empires,” in Curry et al., Worlds of Natural History, 278.

Ogborn, “Vegetable Empires,” 278.

Brockway, “Science and Colonial Expansion,” 450.

Laidlaw, Colonial Connections, 31–35.

Arens, “Flowerbeds and Hothouses.”

Ibid., 266.

Ibid.

Egmond, The World of Carolus Clusius, 212–13.

Maria Zytaruk, “Mary Delany: Epistolary Utterances, Cabinet Spaces, & Natural History,” in Laird and Weisberg-Roberts, Mrs. Delany and Her Circle, 141.

Ibid.

Opitz, Bergwik, and Van Tiggelen, Domesticity in the Making of Modern Science, 2.

Llanover, The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:421.

Alicia Weisberg-Roberts, “Introduction (1) Mrs. Delany from Source to Subject,” in Laird and Weisberg-Roberts, Mrs. Delany and Her Circle, 1.

Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:423.

Ibid., 424.

Ibid., 422.

Ibid.

Ibid.

For more on Mrs. Delany and her “mosaicks,” see Laird and Weisberg-Roberts, Mrs. Delany and Her Circle.

Curtis, Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic Garden.

Ibid., 10.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce.

Phibbs, quoting from Sir John Parnell’s Tour of England, 1769, in Place-Making, 181; Laird, “Humphry Repton at Woburn Abbey,” 50.

Fothergill to John Bartram, October 29, 1768, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 289–90.

Ibid., 290.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:28.

Ibid.

Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders.” See also Kathleen Murphy, “A Slaving Surgeon’s Collection: The Pursuit of Natural History through the British Slave Trade to Spanish America,” in Craciun and Terrall, Curious Encounters.

Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders,” 639.

Delbourgo, “Essay Review: Gardens of Life and Death,” 114.

Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders,” 643.

Tobin, Colonizing Nature.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 222.

Margaret DeLacy, “Fothergill, John (1712–1780), Physician and Naturalist,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, October 4, 2007).

Ibid.

Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 7.

Ibid., 17.

Ibid.

Ibid., 409. Also, for a detailed sketch of the role, networks, and relationships relating to Peter Collinson, see Wulf, The Brother Gardeners, 19–33.

For more information, see Alan W. Armstrong, ed. “Forget not Mee & My Garden …”: Selected Letters 1725–1768 of Peter Collinson, F.R.S. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2002). See also Wulf, The Brother Gardeners.

Many of his shells and corals were left in his will to William Hunter and are now in the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow. See chapter 6 for more on this.

Thompson, Memoirs of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. John Fothergill, 19.

Lettsom, The Works of John Fothergill, 18.

Ibid., xix.

Ibid., xx.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid., xx–xxi.

Thompson, Memoirs of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. John Fothergill, 37.

Letter from Fothergill to William Bartram, South Carolina, October 22, 1772, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 393.

Letter from Fothergill to Lionel Chalmers, January 7, 1774, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 408.

Ibid.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, October 22, 1772, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 393.

Letter from Fothergill to Humphry Marshall, March 15, 1770, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 320–21.

Wills and Fry, Plants, xii.

Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:426.

As quoted in Rembert, “William Pitcairn MD,” 219.

Hull, “The Influence of Herman Boerhaave,” 513. [PMC free article: PMC1296534] [PubMed: 9370992]

Anonymous student, Lectures on Botany by John Hope, 1777–8 (Edinburgh: RBGE Archives), 6.

Ibid.

For a biography of his life, see Rembert, “William Pitcairn MD.”

William Pitcairn, The Royal Society, EC/1770/08.

Anne Dulau, “William Hunter: A Brief Account of His Life as an Art Collector,” in Black, My Highest Pleasure, 21.

Rembert, “William Pitcairn MD,” 222.

Letter to John Hope from Dr. Pitcairn, December 22, 1777, RBGE Archives, GD253/144/12/6.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce, 101.

Thompson, Memoirs of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. John Fothergill, 37.

Rembert, “William Pitcairn,” 221.

Aiton, Hortus Kewensis; and Desmond, Kew, 105–6.

Letter 113 in Chambers, Scientific Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1:135.

Lettsom, The Works of John Fothergill, xxii.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, Autumn 1772, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 390.

Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:424.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, January 13, 1770, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 317.

Ibid.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, March 19, 1770, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 321.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, Autumn 1772, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 389.

Letter from Fothergill to Bartram, 1774, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 415.

Ibid., 416n3.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, 24.

See Ben-Amos, The Culture of Giving.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 227.

Wilkinson, “William Withering (1741–1799) and Edgbaston Hall.”

Ibid., 301; and Lee, “William Withering (1741–1799): A Birmingham Lunatic.”

Paget, John Hunter, 87.

Caroline Grigson outlines the wide variety of animal ownership during George III’s reign, in Menagerie, 84.

Ibid., 91.

Ibid., 103.

Festing, “Menageries and the Landscape Garden,” 105.

Ibid., 108. Festing also notes that women were the driving force behind more than a third of the menageries based on her research.

Chambers, Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Perspective Views, 3.

Ibid., 4.

Desmond, Kew, 75. Also Grigson, Menagerie, 171.

Dobson, “John Hunter’s Animals,” 482. [PubMed: 14028264]

Hunter, “Account of an Extraordinary Pheasant,” 533.

With thanks to Alice Marples for pointing me toward the examples of animals in Sloane’s garden. Poliquin, Beaver, 15.

Mortimer, “III. The Anatomy of a Female Beaver.”

Ibid., 179.

Christopher Plumb, “‘Strange and Wonderful’: Encountering the Elephant in Britain, 1675–1830,” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33 (2010): 527.

Ibid., 180.

Smith was made a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1793. See Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors, Flower Painters, and Garden Designers (London: Natural History Museum, 1994), 2757.

Mark Harrison, “The Calcutta Botanic Garden and the Wider World, 1817–46,” in Das Gupta, Science and Modern India, 237.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce.

Ibid., 28.

For an expanded discussion on gardeners and expertise in this period, see Hickman, “‘The Want of a Proper Gardiner.’”

Keevil, “Archibald Menzies,” 796.

Ibid.

Noltie, John Hope, 26.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders”; and Murphy, “A Slaving Surgeon’s Collection.”

As quoted in Williams, Naturalists at Sea, 134.

Ibid., 125.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Dr. Lettsom to Dr. Watson, London, September 3, 1795, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 3:340.

Lettsom, The Works of John Fothergill, xviii.

Letter from Lettsom to Rev. J. Plumtre, December 1, 1800, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:106–7.

McDonagh, Elite Women and the Agricultural Landscape.

Lettsom’s obituary of Fothergill in Gentleman’s Magazine 51 (April 1781): 167.

Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 20.

Quoted in Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce, 44.

Ibid.

Letter from Fothergill to John Bartram, October 29, 1768, in Corner and Booth, Chain of Friendship, 289.

Ibid., 20.

Ibid., 289.

Ibid.

“Deaths,” Gentleman’s Magazine 51 (April 1781): 194.

See Hickman, “‘The Want of a Proper Gardiner.’”

James Hack Tuke, A Sketch of the Life of John Fothergill (London: Harris, 1879), 32.

Letter from Lettsom to Rev. J. Plumtre, December 1, 1800, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:106–7.

Ibid.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 223.

Wulf, Brother Gardeners, 229.

Adrian Tinniswood, The Polite Tourist; Jacques, Gardens of Court and Country.

Jacques, Gardens of Court and Country, 21.

Seeley, Description of the Gardens of Lord Viscount Cobham at Stow.

Anonymous, A Short Account of the Principal Seats and Gardens.

Jacques, Gardens of Court and Country, 24.

Ibid.

The Hon. Mrs. Boscawen to Mrs. Delany, October 14, 1776, in Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:264–65.

Jacques, Gardens of Court and Country, 24.

Tinniswood, The Polite Tourist, 91.

The introduction of ticketing has been discussed in detail by Tinniswood, ibid.

The Hon. Mrs. Boscawen to Mrs. Delany, October 14, 1776.

Thompson, Memoirs of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. John Fothergill, 39.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 2:804.

Classen, “Museum Manners,” 906.

Ibid., particularly 904–5.

Ibid., 898.

Barre, “Sir Samuel Hellier.”

Ibid., 311.

Ibid., 142.

Ibid., 311.

Mowl and Barre, Historic Gardens of England, 142.

Quoted in Tinniswood, Polite Tourist, 94.

Barre, “Sir Samuel Hellier,” 312–13.

“Botanic Garden,” Caledonian Mercury, May 4, 1782.

Ibid.

Mark Purcell, The Country House Library (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 195.

Ibid.

Ibid., 229.

Greig, “‘All Together and All Distinct.’”

Anne Goldgar, “The British Museum and the Virtual Representation of Culture in the Eighteenth Century,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 32, no. 2 (2000).

Greig, “‘All Together and All Distinct,’” 74.

Lettsom to Sir Mordaunt Martin, March 13, 1790, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:24.

Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 124.

Ibid.

Edwards, Tabulae Distantiae … (Companion from London to Brighthelmston).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch.

Country News, Leeds Intelligencer, May 20, 1766.

Advertisement, Caledonian Mercury, November 18, 1767.

Ibid.

Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce, 6.

Faulkner, An Historical and Topographical Description of Chelsea, 29.

Curtis, General Indexes to the Plants, vi.

Desmond, “William Curtis (1746–1799),” 7.

Clark, “William Curtis’s London Botanic Gardens.”

Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature, vol. 10 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819), 610.

For a detailed history of the Society of Apothecaries and their garden, see Minter, The Apothecaries’ Garden.

Ibid., 15.

Curtis, Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic, title page.

Ibid., 7.

Ibid.

Curtis, Flora Londinensis, preface.

Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 142.

Pelling, “Collecting the World,” 102.

Ibid.; and Laird, A Natural History of English Gardening.

Norfolk Chronicle, June 19, 1779.

Ibid.

See Liverpool (1802) and Hull (1812) Botanic Gardens; more detail on both can be found in Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 153–63.

Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels, The British Arboretum, 65.

Ibid., 64.

William Salisbury to Mr. Urban, Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1, 1810, 114.

For more on rational recreation and parks, see, for example, Hazel Conway, People’s Parks: The Design and Development of Victorian Parks in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Carole O’Reilly “‘We Have Gone Recreation Mad’: The Consumption of Leisure and Popular Entertainment in Municipal Public Parks in Early Twentieth Century Britain,” International Journal of Regional and Local History 8, no. 2 (2013).

Ibid.

John Claudius Loudon, “Hints for a National Garden Laid before the Linnean Society,” Read to the Society on December 17, 1811, Linnean Society Archives, paper no. 416.

Simo, Loudon and the Landscape, 105; Laird, “John Claudius Loudon,” 248; and Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 164. The concept is further explored in relation to nineteenth-century arboretums throughout Elliott, Watkins, and Daniels, The British Arboretum.

Simo, Loudon and the Landscape, 4.

Ibid., 4.

For more on this, see Brent Elliott, The Royal Horticultural Society: A History, 1804–2004 (Chichester, UK: Phillimore, 2004).

Ibid., 13 and 66–67.

Moore, La Mortola in the Footsteps of Thomas Hanbury.

Loudon, “Hints for a National Garden,” 13–14. Underlining in the quotation is by Loudon’s hand.

John Claudius Loudon, On the Laying Out, Planting, and Managing of Cemeteries: And on the Improvement of Churchyards (London: Longmans, Green, 1847), 12–13.

Elliott, “‘Improvement, Always and Everywhere,’” 398.

Loudon, “Hints for a National Garden,” 5.

Ibid., 10.

Ibid.

Ibid., 17.

Jordan, “Public Parks,” 85.

Royal Botanic Institution of Glasgow, Companion to the Glasgow Botanic Garden, or Popular Notices of Some of the More Remarkable Plants Contained in It (Glasgow: Smith, ca. 1818), 12.

Ibid., 10.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:167.

In particular the work of Staffan Müller-Wille and Isabelle Charmantier on Linnaeus’s use of paper for cataloging, representing, and organizing research is relevant here, including Müller-Wille and Charmantier, “Lists as Research Technologies,” Isis 103, no. 4 (2012) [PMC free article: PMC3787580] [PubMed: 23488242]; Charmantier, “Carl Linnaeus and the Visual Representation of Nature,” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 41 (2011) [PubMed: 22363966]; and Charmantier and Müller-Wille, “Carl Linnaeus’s Botanical Paper Slips (1763–1774),” Intellectual History Review 24 (2014) [PMC free article: PMC4837604] [PubMed: 27134642].

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, iv.

Ibid.

Hunt, Greater Perfections, 125.

Ibid.

Ibid., 136.

Emma Spary, “‘The “Nature’ of Enlightenment,” in Clark, Golinski, and Schaffer, The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, 295.

David Wallace, “Bourgeois Tragedy or Sentimental Melodrama? The Significance of George Lillo’s The London Merchant,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 25, no. 2 (Winter 1991–1992).

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 5–6.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell.”

Anonymous, “John Coakley Lettsom MD,” 471.

Lettsom, Hints Designed to Promote Beneficence, Temperance and Medical Science.

Anderson, Touring and Publicizing England’s Country Houses, 9.

Ibid., 19.

Dr. Lettsom to Dr. Walker, London, September 3, 1795, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 3:341.

Lettsom to Mordaunt Martin, February 5, 1789, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:10–11.

For a detailed account of the fascinating and irregular life of John Hill, see George Rousseau, The Notorious Sir John Hill: The Man Destroyed by Ambition in the Era of Celebrity (Lanham, MD: Lehigh University Press, 2012).

Roy Porter, Quacks: Fakers and Charlatans in English Medicine (Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2001), 180–92.

Ibid.

Anderson, Touring and Publicizing England’s Country Houses, 62.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: A Rural and Horticultural Sketch, 15.

Ibid., 9.

David Lambert, “The Prospect of Trade: The Merchant Gardeners of Bristol in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century,” in Michel Conan, ed., Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550–1850 (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2002).

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: A Rural and Horticultural Sketch, 19.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:164.

Dr. Lettsom to Sir M. Martin, December 5, 1790, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:33.

Dr. Lettsom to Sir M. Martin, January 20, 1791, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:35.

For more on this relationship, see Hunt, for example “Emblem and Expressionism in the Eighteenth-Century Landscape Garden,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 4, no. 3 (Spring 1971).

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 18.

Hunt, Greater Perfections, 125.

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, preface.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, 15.

Lambert, “‘The Poet’s Feeling.’”

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 234n28.

Hunt, “Emblem and Expressionism in the Eighteenth-Century Landscape Garden,” 310.

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 7.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, 5.

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 14.

For more on this, see Carole Rawcliffe, “‘Delectable Sightes and Fragrant Smelles’: Gardens and Health in Late Medieval and Early Modern England,” Garden History 36, no. 1 (2008).

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 9.

Ibid., 19 and 28.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, 19.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: A Rural and Horticultural Sketch, 22.

Spary, “The ‘Nature’ of Enlightenment,” 299.

Van Sant, Eighteenth-Century Sensibility and the Novel, 5.

Anonymous, “Grove Hill; An Horticultural Sketch,” 533.

Letter from Rev. Plumptre to Lettsom, November 27, 1804, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 2:104.

Anonymous, “Grove Hill; An Horticultural Sketch,” 533.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: A Rural and Horticultural Sketch, 27.

Lucia Tongiori Tomasi, “Gardens of Knowledge and the République des Gens de Sciences,” in Conan, Baroque Garden Cultures, 98.

Ibid.

For more on the catalogs of nurserymen in this period, see Easterby-Smith, Cultivating Commerce, 51–63.

Lettsom, The Hortus Uptonensis.

Lettsom, The Works of John Fothergill, 495.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 222.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Lettsom, The Naturalist’s and Traveller’s Companion.

This has been expertly described by Blatchly and James, “The Beeston-Coyte Hortus Botanicus Gippovicensis.”

Defoe, Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 97.

Blatchly and James, “The Beeston-Coyte Hortus Botanicus Gippovicensis,” 339.

Ibid., 349.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Johnson, “Labels and Planting Regimes,” 68.

Curtis, Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic Garden, 8–9.

Stearn, “Sources of Information about Botanic Gardens and Herbaria,” 229.

Curtis, Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic Garden, 17.

Ibid., 14.

Ibid.

Francis Buchanan, Notes Taken from Dr. John Hope’s Lectures on Botany (Summer 1780), RBGE archives.

Bleichmar, “Learning to Look,” 90.

Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed, 56.

O’Kane, “The Irish Botanical Garden,” 447.

A detailed description of the creation of Glasnevin botanic garden and Foster’s role has already been explored in Nelson and McCracken, The Brightest Jewel; and Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed.

Nuala C. Johnson, “Grand Design(er)s: David Moore, Natural Theology and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasnevin, Dublin, 1838–1879.” Cultural Geographies 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 34, 10.1177/1474474007072818. [CrossRef]

O’Kane, “The Irish Botanical Garden,” 446.

Johnston, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed, 46.

Mark Purcell, The Country House Library (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 154–55.

Ibid.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 233.

Daston, “The Sciences of the Archive,” 160.

Edwards, Tabulae Distantiae … (Companion from London to Brighthelmston), 5.

William Noblett, “William Curtis’s Botanical Library,” The Library, s6-IX, no. 1 (1987): 3.

Daston, “The Sciences of the Archive,” 157.

Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 150.

Noblett, “William Curtis’s Botanical Library,” 5.

Ibid.

Ibid.

John Evelyn, Memoirs Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn: Comprising His Diary, from the Year 1641 to 1705–6, and a Selection of his Familiar Letters …, 5 vols. (London: Colburn, 1827), 1:136–37.

MacGregor, Curiosity and Enlightenment, 37.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 2:665.

A Catalogue of the Greater Portion of the Library.

Lettsom, Grove-Hill: An Horticultural Sketch, 13.

“Extract of a Letter from Cambridge,” Jackson’s Oxford Journal 23 (January 1773). Professor Martin fulfilled a similar superintendent role to John Hope in Edinburgh and also ran lectures in the botanic garden.

Bleichmar, “Learning to Look,” 87.

Thornton and Lee, An Introduction to the Science of Botany, xiv.

Coulton, Curiosity, Commerce and Conversation, 22.

Thornton and Lee, An Introduction to the Science of Botany, xiv.

Coulton, Curiosity, Commerce and Conversation, 3.

Elliott, Enlightenment, Modernity and Science, 151.

Ibid.

Lettsom, The Works of John Fothergill, xxi.

Henry Oakeley, Jane Knowles, Anthony Dayan, and Michael de Swiet, A Garden of Medicinal Plants (London: Little Brown, 2015), 40.

“Prospectus for the Dublin Society’s Botanic Garden, Giving an Account of the Sections into Which It Will Be Divided,” ca. 1795, PRONI D562/7829 C.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Forsythe and Cole, Discover the Botanic Cottage, 2.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:106.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Timothy Raylor, “Samuel Hartlib and the Commonwealth of Bees,” in Leslie and Raylor, Culture and Cultivation in Early Modern England, 92.

Weston, Tracts on Practical Agriculture and Gardening, xvi.

Ibid., xvi–xvii.

Ibid., xvii.

See Spooner’s groundbreaking study on this area, Regions and Designed Landscapes in Georgian England, 21.

Cited in Williamson, Polite Landscapes, 122.

Young and General Board of Agriculture, General View of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire, 233–34.

John Gascoigne, Science in the Service of Empire: Joseph Banks, the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 130.

Drayton, Nature’s Government, 88. For more on the king’s interest in agriculture, see pp. 87–89, and for more on the political appropriation of both farming and the idea of improvement, see pp. 148–51.

Young and General Board of Agriculture, General View of the Agriculture of Hertfordshire, 234.

Spooner, Regions and Designed Landscapes in Georgian England, 18.

Williamson, Polite Landscapes, 121.

Bucknell, “The Mid-Eighteenth-Century Georgic and Agricultural Improvement,” 335.

See Brown’s in-depth analysis of these interrelationships, in Performing Medicine, particularly 48–81.

Spooner, Regions and Designed Landscapes in Georgian England, 21.

Young, Annals of Agriculture and Other Useful Arts, 1:80.

Monk, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Leicester, 60.

Thompson, An Account of the Life, Lectures and Writings of William Cullen, 1:565.

Withers, “William Cullen’s Agricultural Lectures and Writings,” 148.

Ibid., 156.

Chaplin, “John Hunter and the ‘Museum Oeconomy,’” 110.

A Dissertation on the Chief Obstacles to the Improvement of Land and Introducing Better Methods of Agriculture throughout Scotland, quoted in Fussell, More Old English Farming Books, 35.

For an expert reading on design and the transition to nineteenth-century botanic gardens, see Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed; and for a history of rhubarb, see Foust, Rhubarb, 117.

For more information on the fascinating history of rhubarb, see Foust, Rhubarb.

Letter from Dr. Collingwood, “table of the comparative strength of different rhubarbs” tried on his patients 1779–1785, Royal Society of Arts Archive, RSA/PR/MC/103/10/575.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Dr. Benjamin Rush to Lettsom, October 24, 1788, in Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 3:188–89.

Ibid.

One of the reasons American plants were so popular in this period was that collectors believed that they could be grown outdoors in open ground, rather than in hothouses. Wulf, The Brother Gardeners, 27.

Letter from H. J. De Salis inquiring about the conditions of membership of the society and about his experiments with rhubarb, October 25, 1797, Royal Society of Arts Archive, RSA/AD/MA/100/10/348.

Ibid.

J. W. Hulke, “The Hunterian Oration of John Hunter the Biologist,” British Medical Journal, February 23, 1895, 405. [PMC free article: PMC2508492] [PubMed: 20755338]

Review of “Hortus Botanicus Gippovicensis; or, a Systematical Enumeration,” Gentleman’s Magazine 66, no. 6 (June 1796): 500.

Ibid.

Blatchly and James, “The Beeston-Coyte Hortus Botanicus Gippovicensis,” 350.

Ibid., 349.

Ibid.

Watson, “An Account of Some Experiments,” 203–6.

Curtis, Practical Observations on the British Grasses, 4–5.

Ibid., 5.

Ibid.

Curtis, Flora Londinensis, preface.

Iain Milne, “Home, Francis (1719–1813), Physician,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 23, 2004).

See Brown, Performing Medicine, 51.

With thanks to Andrew Legg for drawing my attention to this letter from Miller, Letters of Edward Jenner, 4–5.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Humphry Davy and John Davy, The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart. … Edited by his Brother, John Davy, 9 vols. (London: Smith, Elder, 1839), 1:446–47.

Ibid.

Spooner, Regions and Designed Landscapes in Georgian England, 19.

Tarlow, The Archaeology of Improvement in Britain, 12.

Williamson, The Transformation of Rural England, 19.

Curtis, Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic Garden, 4.

Thompson, An Account of the Life, Lectures and Writings of William Cullen, 1:565.

Lausen-Higgins, “Sylva Botanica,” 230.

Weston, Tracts on Practical Agriculture and Gardening, iii.

Easterby-Smith and Senior, “The Cultural Production of Knowledge,” 471.

Chambers, The Planters of the English Landscape, 3.

Ibid., 11.

Ibid., 8.

See Brown, Performing Medicine, particularly 55–58.

Letter from Rev. Dr. Thomas Lyster regarding Sir W. G. Newcomen’s experiments with Chinese hempseed, March 13, 1786, Royal Society of Arts Archives, RSA/PR/MC/103/10/464.

Ibid.

A detailed description of the creation of Glasnevin botanic garden and Foster’s role appears in Nelson and McCracken, The Brightest Jewel; and Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed.

Baird, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Middlesex, 38.

Chaplin, “John Hunter and the ‘Museum Oeconomy,’” 230.

Ibid.

Ibid., 230–31.

See Moore, The Knife Man for more detail on his experimental work.

Baird, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Middlesex, 38.

Ibid.

Chaplin, “John Hunter and the ‘Museum Oeconomy,’” 230.

Brown, Performing Medicine, 51–8.

For a detailed account of the biology experiments Hunter conducted, see Hulke, “The Hunterian Oration.”

Hunter, Observations on Certain Parts of the Animal Oeconony, 177.

Baird, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Middlesex, 39.

Ibid., 40.

Williamson, Polite Landscapes, 122–24.

Greater London Council, Survey of London—South Kensington, 197.

Moore, The Knife Man, 293.

Schupbach, “Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library,” 351. [PMC free article: PMC1139655] [PubMed: 3523080]

Hunter writes about his attempts to culture pearls in a letter to Joseph Banks, reprinted in Frank Buckland, Log-Book of a Fisherman and Zoologist (London: Chapman & Hall, 1875), 327.

Hunter, “Observations on Bees,” 132.

Ibid., 132.

Ibid., 182–83.

Raylor, “Samuel Hartlib and the Commonwealth of Bees,” 95.

Paskins, “Sentimental Industry,” 92.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:166.

O’Malley, “Introduction to John Evelyn and the ‘Elysium Britannicum,’” in O’Malley and Wolschke-Bulmahn, John Evelyn’s “Elysium Britannicum,” 28.

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 31.

Ibid., 42 and plate opposite, 30.

John Coakley Lettsom, Hints for Promoting a Bee Society (London: Darton and Harvey, 1796), 8.

Ibid., 9.

Given Lettsom’s release of slaves in 1768 from the plantation he inherited in Tortola when he was twenty-three years old, we can also speculate that there may have been a further ethical reason for encouraging the local production of honey as a source of sweetness rather than sugar, although there is no evidence of this within the pamphlet.

Lettsom, Hints for Promoting a Bee Society, 9.

Ibid.

Raylor, “Samuel Hartlib and the Commonwealth of Bees,” 106.

Maurice, Grove-Hill, A Descriptive Poem, 31.

Raylor, “Samuel Hartlib and the Commonwealth of Bees,” 100.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 227.

Lettsom, Of the Improvement of Medicine in London, 19–20.

Ibid., 26.

Anonymous, Gentleman’s Magazine 74.

Oliver Pickering, “‘The Quakers Tea Table Overturned’: An Eighteenth-Century Moral Satire,” Quaker Studies 17, no. 2 (2013), 252.

Anonymous, Gentleman’s Magazine 74, 473.

Ibid.

Ibid., 473–74.

Ibid.

For a detailed discussion of the pleasure ground at night with its lavish parties, illuminations, and fireworks, see Felus, The Secret Life of the Georgian Garden, 190–213.

Mrs. Delany to Mrs. Dewes, Delville, February 15, 1752, in Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 3:88–89.

Ibid.

Ibid., 89.

Mrs. Delany to Mrs. Dewes, Delville, February 7, 1752, in Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 3:1–3.

Mrs. Delany to Mrs. Port of Ilam, June 1774, in Llanover, Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs. Delany, 2:1–3.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Thomas Byerley, ed., “Garrick’s Villa, Hampton,” Saturday, August 2, 1823, in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction (London: J. Limbird, 1827), 2:161.

Brown, Performing Medicine, 74.

Clubability in relation to medical practitioners is explored by Brown in ibid., 24–32.

Cooper, The Life of Sir Astley Cooper, 2:125–26.

Ibid., 128.

Ibid., 129.

Mark Silverman, “The Tradition of the Gold-headed Cane,” Pharos, Winter 2001, 43. [PubMed: 17357753]

Cooper, The Life of Sir Astley Cooper, 129.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 2:663–64.

James Boswell, “Ode to Charles Dilly,” Gentleman’s Magazine 69 (April 1791): 367.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 2:664.

Boswell, “Ode to Charles Dilly,” 367.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 2:664.

See chapter 3 for more on this.

Anonymous, Gentleman’s Magazine 74, 474.

Ibid.

Brinsley Ford, “The Dartmouth Collection of Drawings by Richard Wilson,” Burlington Magazine 90, no. 549 (1948).

Sweet, Antiquaries, 185.

Ibid.

Ibid., 47.

Ibid., 57.

Coutu, Then and Now, 45.

Daston, “The Sciences of the Archive,” 162.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 228.

Historic England, “Kew Observatory” (first listed 1950), National Heritage List for England, no. 1357729.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 228.

Gillespie, “The Rise and Fall of Cork Model Collections in Britain,” 129–30.

Davenhall, “James Ferguson: A Commemoration,” 185–86.

The proposal states, “We whose names are underwritten, being Members of the Royal Society, do on our personal knowledge recommend Dr John Coakley Lettsom, of Great Eastcheap, as a Gentleman well qualified to make a useful Member of this Society. Proposers: B Franklin; Wm Watson Junr; John Ellis; J Colebrooke; Dan Solander; J Ives; Mar Tunstall; James Ferguson.” Held at the Royal Society, GB 117, EC/1773/28.

Lettsom, “Anecdotes of Thomas Jefferson,” 178–80.

Ibid., 180.

Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life, 1:121–22.

Ibid., 2:122–23.

All quotations in this section are from Lettsom’s Diary, January 1812–December 1813, Wellcome Library AMS/MF/4/17.

Harris, Weatherland, 165–70 and 208–9.

These and other experiments are discussed in Lloyd Allan Wells, “‘Why Not Try the Experiment?’ The Scientific Education of Edward Jenner,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 118, no. 2 (1974) [PubMed: 11615678].

James F. Palmer, The Works of John Hunter, 4 vols. (London: Longman, Rees, Brown, Orme …, 1835), 1:70.

Lorraine Daston, “The Empire of Observation, 1600–1800,” Lorraine Daston and Elizabeth Lunbeck, eds., Histories of Scientific Observation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 101.

Baron, The Life of Edward Jenner, 1:18.

With thanks to Dr. Jenner’s house staff for bringing this to my attention; the letter is held in the New York Academy of Medicine, MS. 1277.

Ibid.

For more on this, see Hickman, “The Garden as a Laboratory.”

Wright, Universal Architecture: Six Original Designs of Arbours.

Jackson-Stops, An English Arcadia, 77–78.

Ibid.

Brown, Performing Medicine, 226.

Ibid.

Joseph Houlton, “Proposal to Establish a Garden of Medical Botany in London,” The Lancet 12, no. 314 (1829): 721.

Ibid.

William Howison, “Remarks on the Advantage to Medical Men of Possessing a Knowledge of Botany,” The Lancet 28, no. 734 (1837): 936.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Jonathan Reinarz, “The Age of Museum Medicine: The Rise and Fall of the Medical Museum at Birmingham’s School of Medicine,” Social History of Medicine 18, no. 3 (2005): 419–37.

G. B. Knowles, “Observations on the Importance of the Study of Botany, as a Branch of Medical Education; Addressed to the Botanical Class in Queen’s College, Birmingham, at the close of the late Summer Session, 1845,” The Lancet 46, no. 1145 (1845): 144–45.

F. Wm. Headland, “On Medical Education,” The Lancet 95, no. 2426 (1870): 300.

Historic Environment Scotland, “Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes,” “Glasgow Botanic Gardens” (1987), GDL00190.

Royal Botanic Institution of Glasgow, Companion to the Glasgow Botanic Garden, or Popular Notices of Some of the More Remarkable Plants Contained in It (Glasgow: Smith, c.1818), 5.

Hunting, “Dr John Coakley Lettsom, Plant-Collector of Camberwell,” 233.

Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, 665.

Ibid.

A. P. Baggs, Diane K. Bolton, and Patricia E. C. Croot, “Islington: Growth,” in T. F. T. Baker and C. R. Elrington, eds., A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8, Islington and Stoke Newington Parishes (London: Victoria County History, 1985): British History Online, https://www​.british-history​.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol8/, 9–19, accessed September 8, 2019.

Peter Black, “Taste and the Anatomist,” in Black, My Highest Pleasure, 75.

Harwood et al., “Whither Garden History?”

Williamson in ibid., 97.

Gregory, Spooner, and Williamson, Lancelot “Capability” Brown, 38.

Wylie, Landscape, 5.

Key examples include Hannah Macpherson, “Walkers with Visual-Impairments in the British Countryside: Picturesque Legacies, Collective Enjoyments and Well-Being Benefits,” Journal of Rural Studies 51 (2017); Sarah Bell, “Sensing Nature: Unravelling Metanarratives of Nature and Blindness,” in Atkinson and Hunt, Geohumanities and Health; and Bell, “Experiencing Nature with Sight Impairment.”

Ruggles, Sound and Scent in the Garden.

Environment and History—Leaping the Fence: Gardens, Parks and Environmental History, special issue, 24, no. 1 (2018). Recent key works developing this approach include James Beattie, Empire and Environmental Anxiety: Health, Science, Arts and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia 1800–1920 (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).

Hannah Atkinson et al., Race, Ethnicity & Equality in UK History: A Report and Resource for Change (London: Royal Historical Society, October 2018).

Smit and Kendle, “The Eden Project.”

The opportunities and limitations of such projects more broadly have been discussed in Kerryn Husk et al., “What Approaches to Social Prescribing Work, for Whom, and in What Circumstances? A Realist Review,” Health and Social Care in the Community 28 (2020) [PMC free article: PMC7027770] [PubMed: 31502314].

Historic England, Easy Access to Historic Landscapes.

Harris, Weatherland; Laird, A Natural History of English Gardening.

Gregory, Spooner, and Williamson, Lancelot “Capability” Brown, 39.

More on the project led by Corinne Fowler can be found at her blog Colonial Countryside: Youth-led History, supported by Arts Council England, https:​//colonialcountryside​.wordpress.com/, accessed May 1, 2020.

Sally-Anne Huxtable, Corinne Fowler, Christo Kefalas, and Emma Slocombe, Interim Report on the Connections between Colonialism and Properties Now in the Care of the National Trust, Including Links with Historic Slavery (Swindon: National Trust, September 2020).

Tobin, Colonizing Nature.

Alexandre Antonelli, “It Is Time to Decolonise Botanical Collections,” Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, June 25, 2020, https://www​.kew.org/read-and-watch​/time-to-decolonise-botanical-collections, accessed November 14, 2020.

Jon Favreau interviewing Barack Obama, series 1, episode 15, The Wilderness, September 24, 2018, part of a series of podcasts produced by Crooked Media, https://crooked​.com/podcast​/chapter-15-the-story/, accessed May 1, 2020.

The Storying the Past blog is available at https:​//storyingthepast​.wordpress.com/creative-histories-events/, accessed May 1, 2020.

Steve Poole, “Ghosts in the Garden: Locative Gameplay and Historical Interpretation from Below,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 24, no. 3 (2017): 9.

Catherine Horwood, Gardening Women: Their Stories from 1600 to the Present (London: Virago, 2010); Madeleine Pelling, “Collecting the World” and Women’s History Network, Women’s History, special issue: Gardening 2, no. 13 (2019).

O’Reilly, The Greening of the City, 89.

Poole, “Ghosts in the Garden,” 1–2.

The UCL database Legacies of British Slave-ownership, https://www​.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/links/, accessed May 1, 2020; and Dresser and Hann, Slavery and the English Country House, which emerged from a symposium on “Slavery and the British Country House: Mapping the Current Research” held at London School of Economics in November 2009.

See the Executive Summary of the Evaluation Report on Capability Brown Festival 2016 and other legacy information, http://www​.capabilitybrown.org/legacy-0, accessed May 1, 2020; and an account of the Repton celebrations as a successful way of encouraging multicultural engagements with historic landscapes was published by Linden Groves, “‘To Cheer the Hearts and Delight the Eyes of All,’” Historic Gardens Review 40 (Winter 2019/2020).

There is currently only one dedicated garden history postgraduate MA course run via the School of Advanced Study in London, although there are a greater number of continuing education courses and David Marsh’s Grapevine Network, which runs short courses across the United Kingdom on a variety of garden history-related subjects. Concerns around the decline in academic work on the subject were raised in 2007 by Harwood et al. in “Whither Garden History?”