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Akintola A, Odutola M, Olayinka T, et al., editors. Cancer in Nigeria: 2009 – 2016 [Internet]. Nigeria: Nigerian National System of Cancer Registries; 2021.

Edo State

Background

Edo State is one of the states in Southwestern Nigeria. Its capital is Benin City. It is bounded on the north and the east by Kogi State, on the west by Ondo State and on the south by Delta State.

Edo State has an estimated population of 3,218,332 (1,640,461 males and 1,577,871 females) [4]. It accounts for 2.3% of Nigeria’s population (NPC, 2016).

Edo State is located on coordinates 6°30′N 6°00′E. It covers a total landmass of 19,187 square kilometres and has a population density of about 168 persons per square kilometres.

Figure 8.1. Map of Edo State.

Figure 8.1Map of Edo State

People and ethnicity

Edo State is home to several ethnicities including Bini (57.5%), Esan (17.1%), Afemai (12.1%), Owan (7.4%), and Akoko-Edo (5.7%). The state is rich in mineral resources like crude oil, natural gas, limestone and marbles.

Benin Cancer Registry

The Benin Cancer Registry was established in 2008, but became a functional Population Based Cancer Registry in 2014. The registry is located in the Pathology Department of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin. UBTH was established in 1973, as the medical training complement to the University of Benin and to provide secondary and tertiary care to the then Midwestern Region (now Edo and Delta State). The hospital has about 500 in-patient beds and specialists in various fields of medicine.

Registry Population

The registry coverage area comprises of the Benin City metropolitan area, Egor, Oredo and Ikpoba Okha Local Government Areas of Edo State which together have a population of 1,242,000 (NPC, 2006).

Figure 8.2 shows the age and sex distribution of the population covered by the Benin Cancer Registry.

Cancer cases in the Benin Cancer Registry

The Benin Cancer Registry reported 1,846 cases of cancer in the 3-year period from 2014 to 2016 giving an ASR of 87.8 per 100,000. Most of the cancers, 1,179 cases (ASR = 109.5 per 100,000; 63.9%) were in females while 667 cases (ASR = 66.0 per 100,000; 36.1%) were in males. The average number of cancer cases observed per year during the 3-year period was 615.

The distribution of cases observed during the reporting period from 2014 to 2016 by age group and sex is shown in figure 8.3.

Most of the incident cancer cases were seen in the age 50 to 69 years age group in both sexes (ASR = 650 per 100,000; 44.0% of all cancer cases in both sexes). In females, the highest incidence of cancers was in the 50 to 69 years age group (ASR = 405.2 per 100,000; 44.1% of all cancer cases occurring in females) followed by the 30 to 49 years age group (ASR = 144.3 per 100,000; 41.9% of all cancer cases occurring in females). Among males, the highest incident cases of cancers occurred within the age 50 to 69 years age group (ASR = 244.2 per 100,000; 43.8% of all cancer cases occurring in males) followed by the 70+ years age group (ASR = 462.0 per 100,000; 29.6% of all cancer cases occurring in males).

Figure 8.4 shows the number of incident cancer cases reported per year by the registry.

For both sexes, the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASR) from ages 0 to 85+ years within the study period 2014 to 2016 was 87.8 per 100,000. The most common incident cancer in females was breast cancer (ASR = 38.6 per 100,000; 434 cases) followed by cancer of the cervix (ASR = 31.0 per 100,000; 309 cases) as shown in figure 8.5. Together, these two cancers account for 63.0% of all cancers occurring in females in the area covered by the Benin Cancer Registry.

Figure 8.6 shows the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASR) for cancers in males from ages 0 to 85+ years. The most common incident cancer by far was prostate cancer (ASR = 34.1 per 100,000; 304 cases) which singularly accounts for 45.6% of all cancers occurring in males in the area covered by the Benin Cancer Registry.

Table 8.1 shows the incident cancer cases by age group among females from ages 0 to 85+ years within the 3-year period, while Table 8.2 shows the incident cancer cases by age group among males from ages 0 to 85+ years within the 3-year period.

Table 8.3 shows the crude and age standardized (ASR) incidence rates per 100,000, as well as the cumulative rate (%) of the female cancers reported by the Benin Cancer Registry from 2014 to 2016 and their distribution by age groups. The highest cumulative incidence was for breast cancer, followed by cancer of the cervix.

Table 8.4 shows the crude and age standardised (ASR) incidence rates per 100,000, as well as the cumulative rate (%) of the male cancers reported by the Benin Cancer Registry from 2014 to 2016 and their distribution by age groups. The highest cumulative incidence was for prostate cancer.

Age specific incidence rates

The figure below shows the age specific rates for the top 5 cancers in females (Figure 8.7). The incidence of the commonest cancer, which is breast cancer starts to increase from 20 to 24 years of age and peaks at 55 to 59 years, and starts to fall from 75 to 79 years of age. However, the incidence for cervical cancer, the second commonest cancer starts to increase from 25 to 29 years of age and peaks at the age group 75 to 79, then falls from 80 to 84 years of age.

Figure 4.8 shows the age specific cancer incidence for males. The incidence of prostate cancer rises steadily from 35 to 39 years of age and plateaus at 70 to 74 years before starting to fall among 80 to 84 years old males

Figure 8.8. Age specific incidence rates of the commonest cancers in males, 2014 to 2016.

Figure 8.8Age specific incidence rates of the commonest cancers in males, 2014 to 2016

Basis of Diagnosis

Histology of primary (57.7%, 1067 cases) was the major source of diagnosis for the Benin Cancer registry.

Figure 8.9. Basis of Diagnosis for the Benin Cancer Registry, 2014 to 2016.

Figure 8.9Basis of Diagnosis for the Benin Cancer Registry, 2014 to 2016

Figures

Figure 8.2. Pyramid of the population covered by the Benin Cancer Registry.

Figure 8.2Pyramid of the population covered by the Benin Cancer Registry

Figure 8.3. Proportion of cancer cases for each age group by sex.

Figure 8.3Proportion of cancer cases for each age group by sex

Figure 8.4. Incident cancer cases by year, 2014 to 2016 (per 100,000).

Figure 8.4Incident cancer cases by year, 2014 to 2016 (per 100,000)

Figure 8.5. Top 10 Cancer sites in females, 2014 to 2016.

Figure 8.5Top 10 Cancer sites in females, 2014 to 2016

Figure 8.6. Top 10 Cancer sites in males, 2014 to 2016.

Figure 8.6Top 10 Cancer sites in males, 2014 to 2016

Figure 8.7. Age specific incidence rates of the commonest cancers in females, 2014 to 2016.

Figure 8.7Age specific incidence rates of the commonest cancers in females, 2014 to 2016

Tables

Table 8.1Number of cancer cases by age group among females in Benin Cancer Registry, 2014 to 2016

Benin Cancer Registry (2014 – 2016)
Cases by Age group - Female
SITEALL AGESAGE UNK0-5-10-15-20-25-30-35-40-45-50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85-(%)ICD 10th
Lip30------------2--1--0.3C00
Tongue10-----------1------0.1C01–02
Mouth60----------2--121--0.5C03–06
Salivary glands20-------1----1-----0.2C07–08
Tonsil10--------1---------0.1C09
Other oropharynx00------------------0C10
Nasopharynx110----1-2-2-231-----1C11
Hypopharynx00------------------0C12–13
Pharynx unspecified10----1-------------0.1C14
Oesophagus70-------11---12-1-10.6C15
Stomach170-2--1-2--13-2411--1.5C16
Small intestine20---------1--1-----0.2C17
Colon300------2322863-21-12.6C18
Rectum200----11111223511-1-1.8C19–20
Anus20--------1---1-----0.2C21
Liver60------111---1--11-0.5C22
Gallbladder etc.50------1--1---1--110.4C23–24
Pancreas120------1---3332----1.1C25
Nose, sinuses etc.50------1-11-1--1---0.4C30–31
Larynx00------------------0C32
Trachea, bronchus and lung70----1-----312-----0.6C33–34
Other thoracic organs10---------1--------0.1C37–38
Bone20--------1--------10.2C40–41
Melanoma of skin00------------------0C43
Other skin460---2-2666722451-3-4.1C44
Mesothelioma00------------------0C45
Kaposi sarcoma60-1----1-1---11-1--0.5C46
Connective and soft tissue180----3--2322411----1.6C47, C49
Breast4340----61531517261645132291023738.3C50
Vulva70-------1-2--2---110.6C51
Vagina160------411322-1-11-1.4C52
Cervix uteri3090-----2212628464943382714141-27.3C53
Corpus uteri80-------1-23--11---0.7C54
Uterus unspecified260-------14333435---2.3C55
Ovary400----32378223532---3.5C56
Other female genital organs00------------------0C57
Placenta00------------------0C58
Kidney30--------2----1----0.3C64
Renal pelvis10-1----------------0.1C65
Ureter00------------------0C66
Bladder60------1---111--11-0.5C67
Other urinary organs00------------------0C68
Eye40-----1--1--11-----0.4C69
Brain, nervous system20------------11----0.2C70–72
Thyroid160----11141312-11---1.4C73
Adrenal gland10-------1----------0.1C74
Other endocrine30-----1---11-------0.3C75
Hodgkin disease30------2-----1-----0.3C81
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma50---11--1-----2----0.4C82–85, C96
Immunoproliferative diseases00------------------0C88
Multiple myeloma00------------------0C90
Lymphoid leukaemia00------------------0C91
Myeloid leukaemia00------------------0C92–94
Leukaemia unspecified00------------------0C95
Myeloproliferative disorders00------------------0MPD
Myelodysplastic syndromes00------------------0MDS
Other and unspecified840-31-15510881084737137.4O&U
All sites11790-7132030861191461491631381189444321415ALL
All sites but C4411330-7112028801131401421611361148943321115100ALLbC44

Table 8.2Number of cancer cases by age group among males in Benin Cancer Registry, 2014 to 2016

Cases by Age group - Male
SITEALL AGESAGE UNK0-5-10-15-20-25-30-35-40-45-50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85-(%)ICD 10th
Lip10----------------1-0.2C00
Tongue10--1---------------0.2C01–02
Mouth50--1-1----111------0.8C03–06
Salivary glands40-----111--1-------0.6C07–08
Tonsil00------------------0C09
Other oropharynx30----------1--1-1--0.5C10
Nasopharynx370111-3-23445651-1--5.9C11
Hypopharynx10------------1-----0.2C12–13
Pharynx unspecified10-----------1------0.2C14
Oesophagus140--------113143-1--2.2C15
Stomach170----2-1-4111311-112.7C16
Small intestine20------------11----0.3C17
Colon280----2113311444211-4.4C18
Rectum190------4132-21312--3C19–20
Anus20-------11---------0.3C21
Liver60-1----11---11-1---0.9C22
Gallbladder etc.30---------1---1-1--0.5C23–24
Pancreas40---------11-2-----0.6C25
Nose, sinuses etc.50----1---21-1------0.8C30–31
Larynx10--------1---------0.2C32
Trachea, bronchus and lung50---------11-2-1---0.8C33–34
Other thoracic organs20-------1---------10.3C37–38
Bone80--111---1-21-----11.3C40–41
Melanoma of skin00------------------0C43
Other skin350-11--11434524421115.5C44
Mesothelioma00------------------0C45
Kaposi sarcoma30---------1--1--1--0.5C46
Connective and soft tissue3302-12-31124265211--5.2C47,C49
Breast70---------2113-----1.1C50
Penis00------------------0C60
Prostate3040---3--21511111944626538271648.1C61
Testis00------------------0C62
Other male genital organs00------------------0C63
Kidney20-----------1-1----0.3C64
Renal pelvis00------------------0C65
Ureter10------------1-----0.2C66
Bladder90--------111212--1-1.4C67
Other urinary organs00------------------0C68
Eye701----1-1-11--1-1--1.1C69
Brain, nervous system20---1-1------------0.3C70–72
Thyroid60------111--111----0.9C73
Adrenal gland00------------------0C74
Other endocrine30---------1---11---0.5C75
Hodgkin disease30--1----1------1---0.5C81
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma110--112-1-12-2-1----1.7C82–85,C96
Immunoproliferative diseases00------------------0C88
Multiple myeloma10---------1--------0.2C90
Lymphoid leukaemia00------------------0C91
Myeloid leukaemia10----------1-------0.2C92–94
Leukaemia unspecified10------------1-----0.2C95
Myeloproliferative disorders00------------------0MPD
Myelodysplastic syndromes00------------------0MDS
Other and unspecified690-2131333493796264310.9O&U
All sites6670459111311192337514260949678553623ALL
All sites but C446320448111310181934473758909276543522100ALLbC44

Table 8.3Cancer Incidence in Benin, 2014 to 2016 – Females

Benin Cancer Registry (2014 – 2016)
Incidence per 100,000 by age group - Female
SITEALL AGESAGE UNK0-5-10-15-20-25-30-35-40-45-50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85-CRUDE RATE%CUM 0–64CUM 0–74ASRICD 10th
Lip30------------7.1--10--0.20.30.040.040.4C00
Tongue10-----------2.9------0.10.10.010.010.1C01–02
Mouth60----------3.7--5.312.210--0.30.50.020.110.7C03–06
Salivary glands20-------0.9----3.6-----0.10.20.020.020.2C07–08
Tonsil10--------1.2---------0.10.10.010.010.1C09
Other oropharynx00------------------00000C10
Nasopharynx110----0.4-1.5-2.5-3.78.63.6-----0.610.10.10.9C11
Hypopharynx00------------------00000C12–13
Pharynx unspecified10----0.4-------------0.10.1000C14
Oesophagus70-------0.91.2---3.610.7-10-6.70.40.60.030.080.7C15
Stomach170-1--0.4-1.5--1.55.6-7.121.46.110--0.91.50.090.221.7C16
Small intestine20---------1.5--3.6-----0.10.20.030.030.2C17
Colon300------1.52.82.5314.917.110.7-12.210-6.71.62.60.260.322.8C18
Rectum200----0.40.50.70.91.233.78.617.85.36.1-8.4-1.11.80.180.242C19–20
Anus20--------1.2---3.6-----0.10.20.020.020.2C21
Liver60------0.70.91.2---3.6--108.4-0.30.50.030.030.5C22
Gallbladder etc.50------0.7--1.5---5.3--8.46.70.30.40.010.040.4C23–24
Pancreas120------0.7---5.68.610.710.7----0.61.10.130.181.4C25
Nose, sinuses etc.50------0.7-1.21.5-2.9--6.1---0.30.40.030.060.4C30–31
Larynx00------------------00000C32
Trachea, bronchus and lung70----0.4-----5.62.97.1-----0.40.60.080.080.7C33–34
Other thoracic organs10---------1.5--------0.10.10.010.010.1C37–38
Bone20--------1.2--------6.70.10.20.010.010.1C40–41
Melanoma of skin00------------------00000C43
Other skin460---1-14.55.67.410.53.75.714.326.76.1-25.1-2.54.10.270.433.9C44
Mesothelioma00------------------00000C45
Kaposi sarcoma60-0.5----0.7-1.2---3.65.3-10--0.30.50.030.060.6C46
Connective and soft tissue180----1.3--1.93.733.711.43.65.3----11.60.140.171.6C47,C49
Breast4340----2.67.623.147.488.491.3119.1145.4114.2155.160.920.125.147.123.438.33.24.2838.6C50
Vulva70-------0.9-3--7.1---8.46.70.40.60.060.060.6C51
Vagina160------30.91.24.53.75.7-5.3-108.4-0.91.40.10.121.3C52
Cervix uteri3090-----115.724.234.468.991.2122.6135.6144.485.2140.68.4-16.627.32.473.6231C53
Corpus uteri80-------0.9-35.6--5.36.1---0.40.70.050.10.8C54
Uterus unspecified260-------0.94.94.55.68.614.31630.4---1.42.30.190.432.9C55
Ovary400----1.312.26.59.833.78.617.81612.2---2.23.50.270.413.4C56
Other female genital organs00------------------00000C57
Placenta00------------------00000C58
Kidney30--------2.5----5.3----0.20.30.010.040.3C64
Renal pelvis10-0.5----------------0.10.1000C65
Ureter00------------------00000C66
Bladder60------0.7---1.92.93.6--108.4-0.30.50.050.050.5C67
Other urinary organs00------------------00000C68
Eye40-----0.5--1.2--2.93.6-----0.20.40.040.040.4C69
Brain, nervous system20------------3.65.3----0.10.20.020.040.3C70–72
Thyroid160----0.40.50.73.71.24.51.95.7-5.36.1---0.91.40.090.151.3C73
Adrenal gland10-------0.9----------0.10.1000.1C74
Other endocrine30-----0.5---1.51.9-------0.20.30.020.020.2C75
Hodgkin disease30------1.5-----3.6-----0.20.30.030.030.2C81
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma50---0.50.4--0.9-----10.7----0.30.40.010.060.5C82–85, C96
Immunoproliferative diseases00------------------00000C88
Multiple myeloma00------------------00000C90
Lymphoid leukaemia00------------------00000C91
Myeloid leukaemia00------------------00000C92–94
Leukaemia unspecified00------------------00000C95
Myeloproliferative disorders00------------------00000MPD
Myelodysplastic syndromes00------------------00000MDS
Other and unspecified840-1.40.5-0.42.53.79.39.81218.622.814.337.418.370.38.420.24.57.40.480.767.3O&U
All sites11790-3.30.51.58.615.164.1110.6179.2223.1303.4393.4421.2502.8267.9321.311710163.58.6212.47109.5ALL
All sites but C4411330-3.30.50.58.614.159.6105.1171.8212.6299.7387.7406.9476261.8321.391.9101611008.3512.04105.7ALLbC44

Table 8.4Cancer Incidence in Benin, 2014 to 2016 - Males

Benin Cancer Registry (2014 – 2016)
Incidence per 100,000 by age group - Male
SITEALL AGESAGE UNK0-5-10-15-20-25-30-35-40-45-50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85-CRUDE RATE%CUM 0–64CUM 0–74ASRICD 10th
Lip10----------------13.7-0.10.2000.1C00
Tongue10--0.5---------------0.10.2000C01–02
Mouth50--0.5-0.4----1.31.72.2------0.30.80.030.030.3C03–06
Salivary glands40-----0.50.80.9--1.7-------0.20.60.020.020.2C07–08
Tonsil00------------------00000C09
Other oropharynx30----------1.7--5-11.3--0.20.50.010.030.3C10
Nasopharynx3700.40.50.5-1.3-1.52.855.38.513.415.65-11.3--25.90.270.33C11
Hypopharynx10------------3.1-----0.10.20.020.020.1C12–13
Pharynx unspecified10-----------2.2------0.10.20.010.010.1C14
Oesophagus140--------1.21.35.12.212.514.9-11.3--0.72.20.110.191.6C15
Stomach170----0.9-0.8-51.31.72.29.456.3-13.710.40.92.70.110.161.4C16
Small intestine20------------3.15----0.10.30.020.040.3C17
Colon280----0.90.50.82.83.71.31.78.912.519.912.711.313.7-1.54.40.170.332.6C18
Rectum190------30.93.72.7-4.53.114.96.322.5--130.090.21.7C19–20
Anus20-------0.91.2---------0.10.30.010.010.1C21
Liver60-0.5----0.80.9---2.23.1-6.3---0.30.90.040.070.5C22
Gallbladder etc.30---------1.3---5-11.3--0.20.50.010.030.3C23–24
Pancreas40---------1.31.7-6.3-----0.20.60.050.050.4C25
Nose, sinuses etc.50----0.4---2.51.3-2.2------0.30.80.030.030.4C30–31
Larynx10--------1.2---------0.10.20.010.010.1C32
Trachea, bronchus and lung50---------1.31.7-6.3-6.3---0.30.80.050.080.5C33–34
Other thoracic organs20-------0.9---------10.40.10.3000.1C37–38
Bone80--0.50.50.4---1.2-3.42.2-----10.40.41.30.040.040.5C40–41
Melanoma of skin00------------------00000C43
Other skin350-0.50.5--0.50.83.83.75.38.54.512.519.912.711.313.710.41.95.50.20.373.1C44
Mesothelioma00------------------00000C45
Kaposi sarcoma30---------1.3--3.1--11.3--0.20.50.020.020.3C46
Connective and soft tissue3300.8-0.51-1.50.80.92.55.33.413.415.6106.311.3--1.85.20.230.312.8C47,C49
Breast70---------2.71.72.29.4-----0.41.10.080.080.7C50
Penis00------------------00000C60
Prostate3040---1.5--1.50.96.214.618.742.4137.6308.5411.8428.1370.7166.816.348.11.124.7234.1C61
Testis00------------------00000C62
Other male genital organs00------------------00000C63
Kidney20-----------2.2-5----0.10.30.010.040.2C64
Renal pelvis00------------------00000C65
Ureter10------------3.1-----0.10.20.020.020.1C66
Bladder90--------1.21.31.74.53.110--13.7-0.51.40.060.110.9C67
Other urinary organs00------------------00000C68
Eye700.4----0.5-0.9-1.31.7--5-11.3--0.41.10.020.050.6C69
Brain, nervous system20---0.5-0.5------------0.10.30.010.010.1C70–72
Thyroid60------0.80.91.2--2.23.15----0.30.90.040.070.5C73
Adrenal gland00------------------00000C74
Other endocrine30---------1.3---56.3---0.20.50.010.060.4C75
Hodgkin disease30--0.5----0.9------6.3---0.20.50.010.040.2C81
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma110--0.50.50.9-0.8-1.22.7-4.5-5----0.61.70.060.080.8C82–85,C96
Immunoproliferative diseases00------------------00000C88
Multiple myeloma10---------1.3--------0.10.20.010.010.1C90
Lymphoid leukaemia00------------------00000C91
Myeloid leukaemia10----------1.7-------0.10.20.010.010.1C92–94
Leukaemia unspecified10------------3.1-----0.10.20.020.020.1C95
Myeloproliferative disorders00------------------00000MPD
Myelodysplastic syndromes00------------------00000MDS
Other and unspecified690-0.90.51.50.41.52.32.8511.95.115.628.229.912.767.654.931.33.710.90.380.596O&U
All sites66701.72.34.45.65.85.514.321.84667.771.5134294477.7494.2619.6494.2239.735.73.378.2366ALL
All sites but C4463201.71.93.95.65.8513.61842.362.463129.5281.5457.8481.5608.3480.5229.333.81003.177.8762.9ALLbC44
© Nigerian National System of Cancer Registries.

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