Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of dementia, which develops in more than half of patients after an ischemic episode. The main mechanism is thought to be pathological changes in the hippocampus, especially in the CA1 area, underlying episodic memory impairment, which is the earliest and most important clinical symptom of post-ischemic dementia. The 13 chapters of this book present a new picture of ischemic brain disease, synthesizing the latest data on disease mechanisms, care for patients with this disease, and potential therapeutic targets. The authors present the characteristics of cerebral ischemia from pregnancy and childhood through adolescence to adulthood. The first two chapters provide a snapshot of the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, the most affected brain structures after cerebral ischemia. This is followed by nine chapters that present a comprehensive view of the pathological mechanisms of cerebral ischemia, and how a deep understanding of these pathomechanisms hold the key for the discovery and development of novel therapies to help patients affected by cerebral ischemia. Chapter 12 shares real-life experience and challenges of rehabilitating patients into the community after cerebral ischemia, and chapter 13 analyzes the social risk variations, including gender inequality, in the reintegration of post-ischemic stroke patients. Although primarily aimed at scientists and clinicians, the contents of the book will be of interest to all those who are interested in cerebral ischemia, including patients and their caregivers.

Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• 1. The Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
  Pradip Chauhan, Ashish Rathawa, Kinjal Jethwa, and Simmi Mehra.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EXTERNAL FEATURES
  • SULCI AND GYRI
  • LOBES
  • HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • CEREBRAL DOMINANT HEMISPHERE
  • BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 2. The Anatomy of the Hippocampus
  Pradip Chauhan, Kinjal Jethwa, Ashish Rathawa, Girish Chauhan, and Simmi Mehra.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • INDUSIUM GRISEUM AND LONGITUDINAL STRIAE
  • DENTATE GYRUS
  • HIPPOCAMPUS
  • MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
  • ORGANIZATION OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN HIPPOCAMPUS
  • CONNECTIONS OF HIPPOCAMPUS
  • FORNIX
  • HABENULAR NUCLEI
  • MAMMILO-TEGMENTAL TRACT
  • MAMMILO-THALAMIC TRACT
  • HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION AND MEMORY
  • BLOOD SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE OF HIPPOCAMPUS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Genes Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease in Post-Ischemic Brain Neurodegeneration
  Ryszard Pluta and Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • AMYLOID PROTEIN PRECURSOR PROCESSING GENES IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • TAU PROTEIN GENE IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • GENES INVOLVED IN THE DEATH OF NEURONS IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 4. Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury after Perinatal Asphyxia as a Possible Factor in the Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease
  Agata Tarkowska.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • BRAIN INJURY IN HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC EPISODE POST-ASPHYXIA
  • PERIPHERAL MULTI-ORGAN INJURY IN HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN EPISODE
  • BIOMARKERS IN POST-HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC BRAIN INJURY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Ischemic Brain Injury in Hyperhomocysteinemia
  Jan Lehotsky, Maria Kovalska, Eva Baranovicova, Petra Hnilicova, Dagmar Kalenska, and Peter Kaplan.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NEUROTOXICITY OF HOMOCYSTEINE
  • HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AS A DETRIMENTAL FACTOR IN CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 6. Exosomes in Post-Ischemic Brain
  Ryszard Pluta and Mirosław Jabłoński.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EXOSOMES IN THE BRAINS OF PATIENTS AFTER ISCHEMIC STROKE
  • EXOSOMES FROM NEURONS
  • EXOSOMES FROM ASTROCYTES
  • EXOSOMES FROM MICROGLIA
  • EXOSOMES FROM OLIGODENDROCYTES
  • EXOSOMES FROM ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Neuroinflammation in Post-Ischemic Brain
  Katarina Živančević, Darko Lović, Pavle R. Andjus, and Lidija Radenović.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • LEUKOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • MICROGLIA IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • ASTROCYTES IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • CYTOKINES IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • THERAPY FOR NEUROINFLAMMATION IN POST-ISCHEMIC BRAIN
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Neurovascular Reactivity in Tissue Scarring Following Cerebral Ischemia
  Daniel Manrique-Castano and Ayman ElAli.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PERICYTES AS GLIAL ACTIVATORS AND SCAR-FORMING CELLS
  • MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION AND INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
  • ASTROGLIOSIS AND GLIAL SCARRING
  • MODULATION OF TISSUE SCARRING TO ENHANCE NEUROLOGICAL RECOVERY
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 9. The Role of Cathepsin B in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Stroke
  Bhakta Prasad Gaire, Lalita Subedi, Hironori Teramoto, and Bingren Hu.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CATHEPSINS
  • CATHEPSIN B
  • CTSB AND ENDOLYSOSOMAL TRAFFICKING
  • THE ROLE OF CTSB IN NEURONAL DEATH AND INFLAMMATION
  • INHIBITION OF CTSB AFTER ISCHEMIC STROKE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 10. The Role of Curcumin in Post-Ischemic Brain
  Marta Rusek and Stanisław J. Czuczwar.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • NEUROPATHOLOGY AFTER BRAIN ISCHEMIA
  • AMYLOID AFTER BRAIN ISCHEMIA
  • TAU PROTEIN AFTER BRAIN ISCHEMIA
  • RATIONALE FOR USING CURCUMIN AFTER BRAIN ISCHEMIA
  • LIMITATIONS OF CURCUMIN TREATMENT AND SIDE EFFECTS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 11. Treating Cerebral Ischemia: Novel Therapeutic Strategies from Experimental Stroke Research
  Xuan Zheng, Matteo Haupt, Mathias Bähr, Lars Tatenhorst, and Thorsten R. Doeppner.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ACUTE PHASE OF STROKE
  • SUBACUTE PHASE OF STROKE
  • CHRONIC PHASE OF STROKE
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 12. Community-Based Rehabilitation After Brain Infarction in Japan: From the Acute Phase to Home
  Shinichiro Maeshima and Aiko Osawa.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • PATHOLOGY OF CEREBRAL INFARCTION AND REHABILITATION
  • REHABILITATION IN THE ACUTE PHASE
  • REHABILITATION IN THE RECOVERY PHASE
  • REHABILITATION IN THE MAINTENANCE PHASE
  • WALKING AIDS
  • FAMILY-PARTICIPATORY VOLUNTARY TRAINING AND GUIDANCE FOR FAMILY MEMBERS AND CAREGIVERS
  • TELEMEDICINE: TELESTROKE AND TELEREHABILITATION
  • REHABILITATION HOSPITALS AND FACILITIES AND LEGAL IMPROVEMENT
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 13. Understanding Social Risk Variation Across Reintegration of Post-Ischemic Stroke Patients
  Katryna Cisek, Thi Nguyet Que Nguyen, Alejandro Garcia-Rudolph, Joan Saurí, and John D. Kelleher.
  • INTRODUCTION
  • EVALUATING REINTEGRATION
  • CASE STUDY OF SOCIAL RISK UTILIZING VISUALIZATIONS
  • CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES

Professor Ryszard Pluta, MD, PhD, is the head of the Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. He has held positions at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, at the Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA, and at the Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research in Cologne, Germany. Professor Pluta was awarded by the Polish Association of Neuropathologists, President of Polish Academy of Sciences, Medical Secretary of Polish Academy of Sciences, Batory’s Foundation in Warsaw, Poland, International Brain Research Organization in Paris, France, and Alzheimer’s Association Chicago, USA. In 2017, Professor Pluta was awarded the Maria Curie-Skłodowska statuette. In New York in 1994 he was the first to propose the ischemic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease, followed by publications in which he presented proteomic and genomic alterations in the ischemic brain that are identical to those in Alzheimer’s disease. In 1998, he was the first to present autoimmunization as a new therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Professor Pluta has published more than 250 peer-reviewed scientific articles and his current research focuses on developing ischemic model of Alzheimer’s disease. He is listed among the top 2% outstanding scientists in the world.

Cerebral Ischemia

ISBN: 978-0-6450017-9-2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021

Edited by

Ryszard Pluta, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Published by

Exon Publications, Brisbane, Australia

Copyright© 2021 Exon Publications

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First Published in November 2021

Printed in Australia