Appendix 5List of included studies

Agrawal SK, Kang J, Chen X, Kim MJ, Lee Y, Kong SW, et al. Robot-enhanced mobility training of children with cerebral palsy: short-term and long-term pilot studies. IEEE Syst J 2016;10:1098–106.⁶³

Bamer AM, Connell FA, Dudgeon BJ, Johnson KL. Frequency of purchase and associated costs of assistive technology for Washington State Medicaid program enrollees with spina bifida by age. Disabil Health J 2010;3:155–61.⁵⁵

Berry ET, McLaurin SE, Sparling JW. Parent/caregiver perspectives on the use of power wheelchairs. Pediatr Phys Ther 1996;8:146–50.¹³³

Bottos M, Bolcati C, Sciuto L, Ruggeri C, Feliciangeli A. Powered wheelchairs and independence in young children with tetraplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43:769–77.²³

Butler C. Effects of powered mobility on self-initiated behaviors of very young children with locomotor disability. Dev Med Child Neurol 1986;28:325–32.⁸⁹

Butler C, Okamoto GA, McKay TM. Motorized wheelchair driving by disabled children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:95–7.¹²⁶

Ceres R, Pons JL, Calderon L, Jimenez AR, Azevedo L. A robotic vehicle for disabled children. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2005;24:55–63.¹²⁰

Cerruti M, Biondi R. Timely insertion of electronic wheelchair in overall rehabilitation plan for cerebral palsy in young children: investigation on the opinion of parents. Sci Riabil 2010;12:14–23.¹⁰³

Chen X, Ragonesi C, Galloway JC, Agrawal SK. Training toddlers seated on mobile robots to drive indoors amidst obstacles. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2011;19:271–9.⁶⁴

Cooper RA, Tolerico M, Kaminski BA, Spaeth D, Ding D, Cooper R. Quantifying wheelchair activity of children: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:977–83.¹⁶⁸

Cronin S. Exploring the Lived Experiences of Children with Specialised Wheelchair and Seating Needs from a Family Perspective. PhD thesis. Limerick: University of Limerick; 2012.¹³⁴

Currier BA, Jones MA, DeGrace BW. Experiences of families with young power wheelchair users. J Early Interv 2019;41:125–40.¹⁰⁵

Deitz J, Swinth Y, White O. Powered mobility and preschoolers with complex developmental delays. Am J Occup Ther 2002;56:86–96.¹²

Dennis CW, Stansfeld S, Larin HM. Effect of Providing Powered Mobility on Infants’ Social Behavior and Vocalization: Two Case Studies. Paper presented at the Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA) annual conference, New Orleans, LA, 26–30 June 2017.⁹⁴

Douglas J, Ryan M. A preschool severely disabled boy and his powered wheelchair: a case study. Child Care Health Dev 1987;13:303–9.¹¹⁵

Dunaway S, Montes J, O’Hagen J, Sproule DM, Vivo DC, Kaufmann P. Independent mobility after early introduction of a power wheelchair in spinal muscular atrophy. J Child Neurol 2013;28:576–82.¹²⁷

Durkin J. Discovering powered mobility skills with children: ‘Responsive partners’ in learning. Int J Ther Rehabil 2009;16:331–41.¹⁰⁹

Evans N, Baines R. Trends, goals and outcomes for children and families using early powered mobility in a charitable loan scheme. J Enabling Technol 2017;11:138–47.⁶²

Evans S, Neophytou C, de Souza L, Frank AO. Young people’s experiences using electric powered indoor–outdoor wheelchairs (EPIOCs): potential for enhancing users’ development? Disabil Rehabil 2007;29:1281–94.⁵⁹

Feldner H. Impacts of early powered mobility provision on disability identity: a case study. Rehabil Psychol 2019;64:130–45.¹¹⁶

Feldner HA, Logan SW, Galloway JC. Mobility in pictures: a participatory photovoice narrative study exploring powered mobility provision for children and families. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019;14:301–11.⁶⁰

Flodin E. Interactive design – the desire for autonomous upright mobility: a longitudinal case study. Technol Disabil 2007;19:213–24.¹²²

Frank AO, De Souza LH, Frank JL, Neophytou C. The pain experiences of powered wheelchair users. Disabil Rehabil 2012;34:770–8.¹³¹

Furumasu J, Guerette P, Tefft D. The development of a powered wheelchair mobility program for young children. Technol Disabil 1996;5:41–8.⁸¹

Galloway JC, Ryu JC, Agrawal SK. Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants. Intell Serv Robot 2008;1:123–34.⁵⁷

Gehant BA. Evaluation of the CAPP cart. Artif Limbs 1971;15:16–24.¹⁰⁸

Gudgeon S, Kirk S. Living with a powered wheelchair: exploring children’s and young people’s experiences. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2015;10:118–25.⁹⁹

Guerette P, Furumasu J, Tefft D. The positive effects of early powered mobility on children’s psychosocial and play skills. Assist Technol 2013;25:39–50.¹²⁴

Hasdai A, Jessel AS, Weiss PL. Use of a computer simulator for training children with disabilities in the operation of a powered wheelchair. Am J Occup Ther 1998;52:215–20.⁶⁵

Home AM, Ham R. Provision of powered mobility equipment to young children: the Whizz-Kidz experience. Int J Ther Rehabil 2003;10:511–7.¹⁰⁶

Huang HH, Chen CL. The use of modified ride-on cars to maximize mobility and improve socialization – a group design. Res Dev Disabil 2017;61:172–80.⁷⁷

Huang HH, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on toy cars for early power mobility: a technical report. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:149–54.¹⁶⁹

Huang HH, Ragonesi CB, Stoner T, Peffley T, Galloway JC. Modified toy cars for mobility and socialization: case report of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2014;26:76–84.¹⁷

Huang HH, Chen YM, Huang HW. Ride-on car training for behavioral changes in mobility and socialization among young children with disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther 2017;29:207–13.⁷⁸

Huang HH, Chen YM, Huang HW, Shih MK, Hsieh YH, Chen CL. Modified ride-on cars and young children with disabilities: effects of combining mobility and social training. Front Pediatr 2017;5:299.⁷⁹

Huang HH, Huang HW, Chen YM, Hsieh YH, Shih MK, Chen CL. Modified ride-on cars and mastery motivation in young children with disabilities: effects of environmental modifications. Res Dev Disabil 2018;83:37–46.⁸⁰

Huhn K, Guarrera-Bowlby P, Deutsch JE. The clinical decision-making process of prescribing power mobility for a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2007;19:254–60.¹³⁰

Inman DP, Loge K, Cram A, Peterson M. Learning to drive a wheelchair in virtual reality. J Spec Educ Technol 2011;26:21–34.⁵⁴

Jonasson M. The AKKA-board – performing mobility, disability and innovation. Disabil Soc 2014;29:477–90.¹¹⁰

Jones MA, McEwen IR, Hansen L. Use of power mobility for a young child with spinal muscular atrophy. Phys Ther 2003;83:253–62.¹³

Jones MA, McEwen IR, Neas BR. Effects of power wheelchairs on the development and function of young children with severe motor impairments. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:131–40.¹⁴

Kakimoto A, Suzuki S, Sekiguchi Y. Development of a cart for independent mobility assistance for non-ambulatory children. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009;2009:7273–6.¹⁰⁷

Kenyon LK, Farris J, Brockway K, Hannum N, Proctor K. Promoting self-exploration and function through an individualized power mobility training program. Pediatr Phys Ther 2015;27:200–6.⁷⁶

Kenyon LK, Farris JP, Aldrich NJ, Rhodes S. Does power mobility training impact a child’s mastery motivation and spectrum of EEG activity? An exploratory project. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2018;13:665–73.⁷⁵

Kenyon LK, Farris JP, Gallagher C, Hammond L, Webster LM, Aldrich NJ. Power mobility training for young children with multiple, severe impairments: a case series. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017;37:19–34.⁸⁶

Kenyon LK, Mortenson WB, Miller WC. ‘Power in Mobility’: parent and therapist perspectives of the experiences of children learning to use powered mobility. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018;60:1012–17.⁶¹

Kornafel T, Tsao EY, Sabelhaus E, Surges L, Apkon SD. Physical and occupational therapy for a teenager with acute flaccid myelitis: a case report. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017;37:485–595.¹⁰⁴

Larin HM, Dennis CW, Stansfield S. Development of robotic mobility for infants: rationale and outcomes. Physiotherapy 2012;98:230–7.¹²⁹

Logan SW, Catena MA, Sabet A, Hospodar CM, Yohn H, Govindan A, Galloway JC. Standing tall: feasibility of a modified ride-on car that encourages standing. Pediatr Phys Ther 2019;31:E6–E13.¹²¹

Logan SW, Feldner HA, Galloway JC, Huang HH. Modified ride-on car use by children with complex medical needs. Pediatr Phys Ther 2016;28:100–7.¹¹⁸

Logan SW, Hospodar CM, Feldner HA, Huang HH, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on car use by young children with disabilities. Pediatr Phys Ther 2018;30:50–6.⁸⁷

Logan SW, Huang HH, Stahlin K, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on car for mobility and socialization: single-case study of an infant with Down syndrome. Pediatr Phys Ther 2014;26:418–26.⁸⁸

Logan SW, Lobo MA, Feldner HA, Schreiber M, MacDonald M, Winden HN, et al. Power-Up: exploration and play in a novel modified ride-on car for standing. Pediatr Phys Ther 2017;29:30–7.⁹⁰

Lovett S. Discrimination learning in multiply handicapped children using an electromechanical car. Adv Behav Res Ther 1988;10:39–52.¹¹³

Lynch A, Ryu JC, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility training for a 7-month-old infant with spina bifida. Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:362–8.⁶⁶

Marchal-Crespo L, Furumasu J, Reinkensmeyer DJ. A robotic wheelchair trainer: design overview and a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2010;7:40.⁶⁷

McCourt E, Casey J. Electrically powered indoor/outdoor chair performance for children aged 7 to 9 years. Br J Occup Ther 2016;79:584–90.⁶⁸

McGarry S, Moir L, Girdler S. The Smart Wheelchair: is it an appropriate mobility training tool for children with physical disabilities? Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2012;7:372-80.⁶⁹

Mockler SR, McEwen IR, Jones MA. Retrospective analysis of predictors of proficient power mobility in young children with severe motor impairments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017;98:2034–41.¹¹¹

Montesano L, Díaz M, Bhaskar S, Minguez J. Towards an intelligent wheelchair system for users with cerebral palsy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2010;18:193–202.⁸⁵

Morère Y, Bourhis G, Cosnuau K, Guilmois G, Rumilly E, Blangy E. ViEW: a wheelchair simulator for driving analysis [published online ahead of print August 7 2018]. Assist Technol 2018.⁷⁰

Nicholson J, Bonsall M. Powered mobility for children under five years of age in England. Br J Occup Ther 2002;65:291–3.⁸⁴

Nilsson L, Eklund M, Nyberg P, Thulesius H. Driving to learn in a powered wheelchair: the process of learning joystick use in people with profound cognitive disabilities. Am J Occup Ther 2011;65:652–60.¹¹⁷

Nilsson L, Nyberg P, Eklund M. Training characteristics important for growing consciousness of joystick-use in people with profound cognitive disabilities. Int J Ther Rehabil 2010;17:588–95.⁷³

Nilsson LM, Nyberg PJ. Driving to learn: a new concept for training children with profound cognitive disabilities in a powered wheelchair. Am J Occup Ther 2003;57:229–33.⁷⁴

Odor J, Watson M. Learning Through Smart Wheelchairs: A Formative Evaluation of the Effective Use of the CALL Centre’s Smart Wheelchairs as Part of Children’s Emerging Mobility, Communication, Education, and Personal Development. Final Report. 1994. URL: www.callscotland.org.uk/Common-Assets/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Learning%20Through%20Smart%20Wheelchairs%20complete.pdf (accessed 6 July 2020).⁹¹

Omori K, Sugimoto Y, Kitayama I. Development of Power Wheelchair with Support Functions for Learning how to Operate – Trial at a School for Children with Physical or Developmental Disabilities. In Ohnabe H, Collins DM, editors. Selected Papers from the Japanese Conference on the Advancement of Assistive and Rehabilitation Technology. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2011. pp. 67–71.¹¹⁴

Paulsson K, Christoffersen M. Psychosocial Aspects of Technical Aids: How does Independent Mobility Affect the Psychosocial and Intellectual Development of Children with Physical Disabilities? Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference of the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America; Ottawa, ON, 17–22 June 1984.⁹⁵

Pituch E, Rushton PW, Ngo M, Heales J, Poulin Arguin A. Powerful or powerless? Children’s, parents’, and occupational therapists’ perceptions of powered mobility. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018;39(3):1–16.¹⁰⁰

Pope PM, Bowes CE, Booth E. Postural control in sitting the SAM system: evaluation of use over three years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:241–52.¹²⁵

Pritchard-Wiart L, Bragg E, Thompson-Hodgetts S. The Young Movers Project: a case series describing modified toy car use as an early movement option for young children with mobility limitations. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2019;39:598–613.⁵⁸

Ragonesi CB, Chen X, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility and socialization in preschool: a case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2010;22:322–9.⁹⁶

Ragonesi CB, Chen X, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility and socialization in preschool: follow-up case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2011;23:399–406.⁸³

Ragonesi CB, Galloway JC. Short-term, early intensive power mobility training: case report of an infant at risk for cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012;24:141–8.⁷²

Ross SM, Catena M, Twardzik E, Hospodar C, Cook E, Ayyagari A, et al. Feasibility of a modified ride-on car intervention on play behaviors during an inclusive playgroup. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018;38:493–509.⁹⁷

Schoepflin ZR, Chen X, Ragonesi CB, Galloway JC, Agrawal SK. Design of a novel mobility device controlled by the feet motion of a standing child: a feasibility study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2011;49:1225–31.¹²⁸

Sharma N, Morrison J. Don’t Push Me Around! Disabled Children’s Experiences of Wheelchair Services in the UK. London: Whizz-Kids; 2007. URL: www.whizz-kidz.org.uk/uploads/general/Support_us/Trusts__statutory_and_lottery/dont_push_me_around_report.pdf (accessed 26 February 2020).⁹⁸

Smania N, Gandolfi M, Marconi V, Calanca A, Geroin C, Piazza S, et al. Applicability of a new robotic walking aid in a patient with cerebral palsy. Case report. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2012;48:147–53.¹²³

Sonday A, Gretschel P. Empowered to play: a case study describing the impact of powered mobility on the exploratory play of disabled children. Occup Ther Int 2016;23:11–18.¹⁰¹

Stokes M, Cook E, Sanders C, Coker-Bolt P. The case for early power mobility: developmental outcomes for a toddler born with a rare neuromuscular disorder. Technol Special Interest Section Q 2014;24:1–3.⁹²

Tefft D, Guerette P, Furumasu J. The impact of early powered mobility on parental stress, negative emotions, and family social interactions. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2011;31:4–15.¹⁵

Furumasu J. Powered mobility readiness: a case study. Directions, 2015;6:42–6. URL: https://nrrts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/DIRECTIONS_2015.6_RehabCaseStudy.pdf (accessed 1 November 2019).¹⁷⁰

Torkia C, Ryan SE, Reid D, Boissy P, Lemay M, Routhier F, et al. Virtual community centre for power wheelchair training: experience of children and clinicians. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2019;14:46–55.⁷¹

Uyama S, Hanaki K. Current status of the utilization of powered wheelchair in preschool children with locomotive disability in Japan. Phys Ther Res 2016;19:13–23.¹¹²

Weinstein ML, Lloyd M, Finch KA, Laszacs AD. Underappreciated challenges to pediatric powered mobility – ways to address them as illustrated by a case report. Assist Technol 2018;30:74–6.⁹³

Wiart L, Darrah J, Cook A, Hollis V, May L. Evaluation of powered mobility use in home and community environments. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2003;23:59–75.¹³²

Wiart L, Darrah J, Hollis V, Cook A, May L. Mothers’ perceptions of their children’s use of powered mobility. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2004;24:3–21.¹⁰²

Zazula JL, Foulds RA. Mobility device for a child with phocomelia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983;64:137–9.¹¹⁹

Zeng Q, Burdet E, Teo CL. Evaluation of a collaborative wheelchair system in cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury users. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009;23:494–504.⁸²