Abstract

Abrasive blasting, commonly known as sandblasting, involves forcibly projecting a stream of abrasive particles through compressed air or steam against a surface to change its quality or to remove contaminants. Silica blasting sand contains high levels of crystalline silica—which can cause pulmonary fibrosis (silicosis) after exposure through inhalation and is considered a lung carcinogen—and constitutes approximately 63% of all abrasives used in abrasive blasting. Other abrasives, including specular hematite, are recommended as alternative blasting agents. Due to the health risks associated with using blasting sand in the abrasive blasting process and the lack of toxicity data on alternatives to blasting sand, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) proposed testing blasting sand and alternative abrasives to characterize their associated toxicity.

Using inhalation (whole-body) exposure, male F344/NTac rats were first exposed to blasting sand, coal slag, crushed glass, garnet, or specular hematite in 2-week studies. In subsequent studies, male and female Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley^® SD^®) rats were exposed to blasting sand or specular hematite for up to 27 weeks (females) or 39 weeks (males). In the 2-week studies, groups of five male F344/NTac rats were exposed by whole-body inhalation to blasting sand, coal slag, crushed glass, or garnet aerosol at concentrations of 0, 3, 15, or 30 mg/m³ or specular hematite aerosol at concentrations of 0, 3, 15, 30, or 60 mg/m³ for 6 hours plus T₉₀ (theoretical value for the time to achieve 90% of the target concentration after the beginning of aerosol generation; 12 minutes) per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, plus 2 days for 12 exposures (day 16). Additional groups of 35 male F344/NTac rats were exposed to the same concentrations of blasting sand, coal slag, crushed glass, garnet, or specular hematite for tissue burden analysis through day 16.

In the 2-week studies of blasting sand, coal slag, crushed glass, garnet, and specular hematite, all core study rats survived to the end of the study; there were no significant differences between exposed groups and the chamber control group in mean body weights for core rats. Except for one coal slag-exposed rat in the 30 mg/m³ group that had an ocular discharge on days 5 and 8, no clinical observations were associated with exposure to blasting sand, coal slag, crushed glass, garnet, or specular hematite. The absolute lung weights of core study rats exposed to 15 or 30 mg/m³ crushed glass in the 2-week study were significantly increased compared to the chamber control group. Lung burdens continued to increase through the last exposure day (day 16) for all five test articles indicating that steady-state lung burdens were not achieved during the 2-week studies. Crushed glass exhibited the shortest clearance half-life.

The incidence of minimal histiocytic cellular infiltration was significantly increased in the lungs of 15 and 30 mg/m³ coal slag-exposed rats compared to the chamber control group in the 2-week study. The incidence of minimal to mild histiocytic cellular infiltration was significantly increased in the lungs of 30 and 60 mg/m³ specular hematite-exposed rats compared to the chamber control group.

The incidence of minimal goblet cell hypertrophy in the nasopharyngeal duct of the nose was significantly increased in 60 mg/m³ specular hematite-exposed rats compared to the chamber control group in the 2-week study.

All crushed glass-exposed rats, except for one in the 3 mg/m³ group, exhibited minimal to mild goblet cell hypertrophy of the respiratory epithelium in the nose, a significant increase compared to the chamber control groups. The severity of goblet cell hypertrophy increased with increasing crushed glass exposure concentration.

In the larynx, the incidences of minimal to mild hyperplasia, squamous hyperplasia, and inflammation of the epiglottis were significantly increased in the 15 and 30 mg/m³ crushed glass-exposed groups in the 2-week study compared to the chamber control groups.

In the lungs of garnet-exposed rats, the incidence of minimal to mild chronic active inflammation was significantly increased in the 15 and 30 mg/m³ groups compared to the chamber control group in the 2-week study.

Specular hematite and crushed glass appeared to be the least toxic of the four alternative abrasives tested in the 2-week studies on the basis of lung histopathology, but specular hematite was selected for further testing because crushed glass exhibited a relatively short clearance half-life.

In the 39-week studies, groups of 62 male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed by whole-body inhalation to blasting sand or specular hematite aerosol at concentrations of 0, 15, 30, or 60 mg/m³ for 6 hours plus T₉₀ (12 minutes) per day, 5 days per week for up to 39 weeks. Groups of 32 female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to the same concentrations of blasting sand or specular hematite for up to 27 weeks for immunotoxicity studies.

In the 39-week study of blasting sand, all male rats survived to interim sacrifice or to the end of the study; mean body weights of all exposed groups were similar to the chamber control group. There were no clinical observations associated with exposure to blasting sand. The absolute and relative lung weights in the 30 and 60 mg/m³ groups were significantly increased compared to the chamber control group beginning at week 16 or 8, respectively. The absolute and relative bronchial lymph node weights in the 60 mg/m³ group at all time points and in the 30 mg/m³ group at week 26 were significantly increased compared to the chamber control group. The absolute mediastinal lymph node weights were significantly increased at weeks 16, 26, and 39 in the 60 mg/m³ group, and the relative mediastinal lymph node weights were increased in this group at weeks 16 and 39. Absolute numbers of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and MCP-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid generally increased in magnitude with increasing exposure concentration and time, with the 60 mg/m³ groups often most severely affected. Blasting sand lung burdens continued to increase through the last exposure week indicating that steady-state lung burdens were not achieved during the study. By the end of the study, lung overload conditions were achieved at all exposure concentrations. Time of onset of lung overload was calculated to be 137, 55, and 30 days for 15, 30, and 60 mg/m³ blasting sand groups, respectively. Treatment-related nonneoplastic lesions occurred in the nose, lung (including chronic inflammation, alveolar proteinosis, and interstitial fibrosis), and bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. The incidences of these lesions generally increased with increasing exposure concentration and time.

In the 39-week study of specular hematite, two male rats, one chamber control and one exposed to 60 mg/m³, were removed during week 37 for reasons unrelated to exposure to the test article; mean body weights of all exposed groups were similar to those of the chamber control group. There were no clinical observations associated with exposure to specular hematite. Compared to those in the chamber control group, the absolute and relative lung weights were significantly increased in the 30 and 60 mg/m³ groups at weeks 16, 26, and 39. Absolute and relative bronchial lymph node weights were significantly increased at weeks 16, 26, and 39 in the 60 mg/m³ group and at week 26 in the 30 mg/m³ group. The absolute and relative mediastinal lymph node weights were significantly increased at weeks 16 and 26 in the 60 mg/m³ group but not at week 39. Absolute numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and MCP-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid generally increased in magnitude with increasing exposure concentration and time, with the 60 mg/m³ groups often severely affected. Specular hematite lung burdens continued to increase through the last exposure week indicating that steady-state lung burdens were not achieved during the study. By the end of the study, lung overload conditions were achieved in the 30 and 60 mg/m³ groups; the specular hematite volume was at 90% of the overload threshold in the 15 mg/m³ group. Time of onset of lung overload was calculated to be 344 (i.e., after 39 weeks), 118, and 55 days for 15, 30, and 60 mg/m³ specular hematite, respectively. Treatment-related nonneoplastic lesions occurred in the nose, lung (including chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, and interstitial fibrosis), larynx (squamous metaplasia of epiglottis), and bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. The incidences of these lesions generally increased with increasing exposure concentration and time.

(This is an abridged version of the abstract. Go to the Abstract page to see the full text and summary table.)

Contents

• Errata
• Foreword
• Collaborators
• Contributors
• Peer Review
• Publication Details
• Acknowledgments
• Abstract
• Overview
• Introduction
  • Characteristics of Abrasive Blasting Agents
  • Production, Use, and Human Exposure
  • Regulatory Status
  • Toxicity
  • Carcinogenicity
  • Study Rationale
• Materials and Methods
  • Procurement and Characterization
  • Aerosol Generation and Exposure Systems
  • Aerosol Concentration Monitoring
  • Chamber Atmosphere Characterization
  • Animal Source
  • Animal Welfare
  • Two-week Studies
  • Thirty-nine-week Studies
  • Statistical Methods
  • Quality Assurance Methods
• Results
  • Data Availability
  • Two-week Studies of Abrasive Blasting Agents in Male F344/NTac Rats
  • Thirty-nine-week Studies of Abrasive Blasting Agents in Sprague Dawley Rats
  • Immunotoxicity Studies
• Discussion
• References
• Appendix A. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Results
• Appendix B. Tissue Burden Results
• Appendix C. Chemical Characterization and Generation of Chamber Concentrations
• Appendix D. Ingredients, Nutrient Composition, and Contaminant Levels in NTP-2000 Rat and Mouse Ration
• Appendix E. Sentinel Animal Program
• Appendix F. Immunotoxicity Studies
• Appendix G. Supplemental Files