Continuing Education Activity

Airway suctioning is a procedure routinely performed in inpatient and outpatient settings. It is important to maintain the patency of the natural or artificial airway to allow for adequate airflow for gas exchange. It is essential for all healthcare personnel and family members who take care of patients with an artificial airway to be familiar with this procedure and potential complications to minimize adverse outcomes. This activity reviews the indications, preparation, and technique needed by the interprofessional team to perform this simple procedure in different settings.

Objectives:

• Describe the indications and contraindications of airway suctioning.
• Outline the preparation and equipment needed for airway suctioning.
• Review the procedure of airway suctioning and its common complications.
• Explain the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients requiring airway suctioning to help improve outcomes.

Introduction

Airway suctioning is routinely done in most care settings, including acute care, sub-acute care, long-term care, and home settings. Suctioning is performed when the patient is unable to effectively move secretions from the respiratory tract. This may occur with excessive production of secretions or ineffective clearance, which leads to the accumulation of secretions in the upper and lower respiratory tract. This can lead to possible airway obstruction and ineffective airflow. This ultimately leads to an impaired exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, which is necessary for optimal cellular function.

Anatomy and Physiology

The type of suction equipment used depends on several factors:

• Resource availability
• Provider/caretaker expertise
• The target area of the airway requiring suctioning

The human airway can be broadly divided into two parts:

• Upper airway – mouth, nose, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx
• Lower airway – trachea, major and segmental bronchi, and terminally alveoli

Indications

Airways suctioning is indicated for multiple reasons. Most commonly, suctioning is done for the removal of secretions from the respiratory tract, but sometimes also for the removal of blood or other materials like meconium in specific cases. Airway suctioning is also performed for diagnostic purposes. For example, airway secretions may be sent for microbiological and histological review. Additionally, suctioning is performed to maintain the patency of artificial airways such as an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy tube.

Contraindications

While there are no absolute contraindications, the healthcare provider must consider the clinical condition of the patient and possible adverse events that may occur with suctioning.

Equipment

This article will describe the procedure in an acute care setting in a patient with an artificial airway.

• Oxygen source and vacuum with collection container (calibrated)
• Personal protective equipment including gloves, masks, and goggles (clean and sterile)
• Sterile saline
• Manual resuscitation bag for ventilation
• Monitoring equipment, including a stethoscope and continuous measurement of pulse oximetry and heart rate.[1]
• A sterile suction catheter (preferably 2 different sizes, one being smaller than the appropriate size needed
• Additional medications as needed for comfort

Personnel

Physicians, respiratory therapists, nurses, and even caregivers can be trained to perform airway suctioning.

Preparation

After having appropriate equipment within easy reach and pulse oximetry (ideally) setup, the patient should be pre-oxygenated with 100% fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) either with a self-inflating bag or through the ventilator if already being mechanically ventilated.

Technique or Treatment

The patient should be educated about the procedure (if awake and interactive) and the possibility of discomfort. Ensure preoxygenation with 100% FiO2 was done with adequate pulse oximetry measurements. Preoxygenation is required because an airway suctioning procedure may be associated with significant hypoxemia.[2] Suctioning of the lower airways should be done in a sterile manner with single-use gloves and suction catheters to prevent contamination and secondary infection.

After preparation with appropriate equipment at the bedside and monitoring continuous heart rate and oxygen saturation (as available), the patient should be suctioned with the appropriately sized equipment for their airway. The catheter should be introduced to a depth no more than the tip of the artificial airway to prevent trauma and bleeding from airway mucosa. Suction pressure should be kept at less than 200 mmHg in adults. It should be set at 80 mmHg to 120 mmHg in neonates.[3] The catheter size used for suction should be less than 50% of the internal diameter of the endotracheal tube. A common conversion is that a 1 mm diameter is equal to a 3 French. 

The use of normal saline while suctioning is not recommended by the American Association of Respiratory Care. The duration of suctioning should be less than 15 seconds per suction attempt. Following airway suction, the patient should be allowed to recover for at least 10 to 15 seconds and re-oxygenate as needed before re-suctioning occurs. Standard precautions should be followed while suctioning by the care provider.[1]

Open vs. closed

Previously the standard of care for intubated patients was open suction, which involved disconnection from the ventilator and the use of a single-use suction catheter. However, for the last two decades, the use of in-line (closed suctioning) is standard practice. In-line suctioning is considered safer and is associated with fewer adverse events. In-line suctioning, as the name implies, includes a suction catheter that is attached as a part of the ventilator circuit connected to the patient. While advantages are seen with the use of in-line suction catheters, it has not been shown to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.[4] 

Superficial vs. deep

Superficial suctioning implies going down with the suction catheter only up to the end of the artificial airway (endotracheal or tracheostomy tube), whereas deep suctioning implies going down with the catheter till resistance is met, which can theoretically be until the carina or primary bronchi are reached. Superficial suctioning is the most advisable to avoid mucosal injury and trauma.[5]

Complications

• Mucosal trauma
• Hypoxemia
• Bronchospasm
• Atelectasis
• Infection[6]
• Pneumothorax[7]
• Hypotension or hypertension
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Increased intracranial pressure[8]

Clinical Significance

Multiple studies have shown that airway suctioning should be done as needed or based on clinical parameters, including pulse oximetry levels, respiratory rate, or visible secretions in the airway. Optimal suctioning helps reduce airway obstruction and the incidence of atelectasis, which leads to hypoxemia and impaired gas exchange.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Taking care of children and adults with complex medical needs, including artificial airways, has become much more common over the past few decades as medical care has evolved. These patients are now being managed much more often on an outpatient basis with coordinated care provided by parents, caregivers, home nurses, primary care physicians, and subspecialists.[9] An interprofessional team approach is needed to train primary caregivers for proper care of the artificial airway, including airway suctioning, to improve patient care and minimize complications. [Level 5]

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Interventions

Hyperoxygenation with 100% FiO2 should be done before airway suctioning. Closed suction catheters are preferable with ventilated patients to reduce the occurrence of airway collapse that may occur when a patient is disconnected from the ventilator. Aseptic precautions should be followed, and personal protective equipment adorned. If unable to advance the suction catheter to the appropriately measured length in a patient with a tracheostomy tube, a healthcare provider should evaluate the patient for possible tube obstruction requiring replacement.[10]

Nursing, Allied Health, and Interprofessional Team Monitoring

Vitals should be monitored continuously, including heart rate, oxygen saturation, and intracranial pressure if transduced. Each pass should be less than 15 seconds in duration, and the patient should be allowed to recover between suction passes. Routine use of saline down the endotracheal tube is not recommended while suctioning.

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
• Comment on this article.

References

1.

American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients with artificial airways 2010. Respir Care. 2010 Jun;55(6):758-64. [PubMed: 20507660]

2.

Pritchard M, Flenady V, Woodgate P. Preoxygenation for tracheal suctioning in intubated, ventilated newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;2001(3):CD000427. [PMC free article: PMC7043300] [PubMed: 11686960]

3.

Wilińska M, Zielińska M, Szreter T, Lesiuk W, Wilkowski J, Ziółkowski J, Swietliński J. [Endotracheal suctioning in neonates and children]. Med Wieku Rozwoj. 2008 Oct-Dec;12(4 Pt 1):878-84. [PubMed: 19471061]

4.

Stoller JK, Orens DK, Fatica C, Elliott M, Kester L, Woods J, Hoffman-Hogg L, Karafa MT, Arroliga AC. Weekly versus daily changes of in-line suction catheters: impact on rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and associated costs. Respir Care. 2003 May;48(5):494-9. [PubMed: 12729466]

5.

Pedersen CM, Rosendahl-Nielsen M, Hjermind J, Egerod I. Endotracheal suctioning of the adult intubated patient--what is the evidence? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2009 Feb;25(1):21-30. [PubMed: 18632271]

6.

Boo NY, Suhaida AR, Rohana J. Frequent nasopharyngeal suctioning as a risk factor associated with neonatal coagulase-negative staphylococcal colonisation and sepsis. Singapore Med J. 2015 Mar;56(3):164-8. [PMC free article: PMC4371196] [PubMed: 25532513]

7.

Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, Agarwal R. Iatrogenic pneumothorax following vigorous suctioning of mucus plug during flexible bronchoscopy. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Oct 05;12(10) [PMC free article: PMC6781966] [PubMed: 31586955]

8.

Singh NC, Kissoon N, Frewen T, Tiffin N. Physiological responses to endotracheal and oral suctioning in paediatric patients: the influence of endotracheal tube sizes and suction pressures. Clin Intensive Care. 1991;2(6):345-50. [PubMed: 10149098]

9.

Stille CJ, Honigfeld L, Heitlinger LA, Kuo DZ, Werner EJ. The Pediatric Primary Care-Specialist Interface: A Call For Action. J Pediatr. 2017 Aug;187:303-308. [PubMed: 28595768]

10.

Oberwaldner B, Eber E. Tracheostomy care in the home. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006 Sep;7(3):185-90. [PubMed: 16938640]

11.

Blakeman TC, Scott JB, Yoder MA, Capellari E, Strickland SL. AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Artificial Airway Suctioning. Respir Care. 2022 Feb;67(2):258-271. [PubMed: 35078900]

Disclosure: Divij Pasrija declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Carrie Hall declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.