Exclusion Codes:

• 2 = Background paper
• 3 = Paper used for contextual question
• 4 = Ineligible population
• 5 = Ineligible intervention or no intervention
• 6 = Ineligible comparison
• 7 = Ineligible outcome
• 8 = Ineligible setting
• 9 = Ineligible publication type
• 10 = Ineligible study design
• 11 = Not available in English language
• 12 = Outdated review article or non systematic review
• 13 = Inadequate duration
• 14 = No reference standard used for KQ 4a
• 15= Poor-quality

1.

Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https:​//effectivehealthcare​.ahrq.gov/topics​/cer-methods-guide/overview. Accessed June 19 2019. Exclusion: 2

2.

2017 CDC Survey Results. Pain News Network. https://www​.painnewsnetwork​.org/2017-cdc-survey/. Accessed Jul 17 2019. Exclusion: 3

3.

Oxycodone for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia-little evidence. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 2014;52(9):100. doi: 10.1136/dtb.2014.9.0275. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

4.

Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2016 Jul 01;176(7):958–68. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1251. PMID: 27213267. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 27213267] [CrossRef]

5.

Aboussouan A, Huffman K, Jimenez X. Sustained benefits of an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program in women with chronic pelvic pain. Pain Medicine (United States). 2018;19(4):894–5. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny044. Exclusion: E5 [CrossRef]

6.

Adams EH, Chwiecko P, Ace-Wagoner Y, et al. A Study of AVINZA® (Morphine Sulfate Extended-Release Capsules) for Chronic Moderate-to-Severe Noncancer Pain Conducted Under Real-World Treatment Conditions—The ACCPT Study. Pain Pract. 2006 2006/12/01;6(4):254–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00094.x. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 17129306] [CrossRef]

7.

Adams LL, Gatchel RJ, Robinson RC, et al. Development of a self-report screening instrument for assessing potential opioid medication misuse in chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 2004 May;27(5):440–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.10.009. PMID: 15120773. Exclusion: E7 [PubMed: 15120773] [CrossRef]

8.

Adler JA, Mallick-Searle T. An overview of abuse-deterrent opioids and recommendations for practical patient care. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2018;11:323–32. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S166915. PMID: 30026658. Exclusion: E12 [PMC free article: PMC6045950] [PubMed: 30026658] [CrossRef]

9.

Adu J, Chung CP, Munters LA, et al. Fibromyalgia patients taking opioids have low self-efficacy and high pain catastrophizing but no reduction in pain or improvement in activity. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2014;66:S491. doi: 10.1002/art.38914. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

10.

Afilalo M, Morlion B. Efficacy of tapentadol ER for managing moderate to severe chronic pain. Pain Physician. 2013;16(1):27–40. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 23340531]

11.

Agarwal S, Polydefkis M, Block B, et al. Transdermal fentanyl reduces pain and improves functional activity in neuropathic pain states. Pain Medicine. 2007 Oct–Nov;8(7):554–62. PMID: 17883740. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 17883740]

12.

Agboola FO, Kumar VM, Synnott PG, et al. Abuse-deterrent formulations of opioids: effectiveness and economic impact. Value in Health. 2018;21:S191. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2018.12.005. PMID: 30975392. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

13.

Ahmedzai S. New approaches to pain control in patients with cancer. European Journal of Cancer. 1997 Jul;33 Suppl 6:S8–14. PMID: 9404234. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 9404234]

14.

Ahmedzai S, Brooks D. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained-release oral morphine in cancer pain: preference, efficacy, and quality of life. The TTS-Fentanyl Comparative Trial Group. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997 May;13(5):254–61. PMID: 9185430. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 9185430]

15.

Ahmedzai SH, Leppert W, Janecki M, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic cancer pain. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2015 Mar;23(3):823–30. doi: 10.1007/s00520-014-2435-5. PMID: 25218610. Exclusion: E10 [PMC free article: PMC4311064] [PubMed: 25218610] [CrossRef]

16.

Ahmedzai SH, Nauck F, Bar-Sela G, et al. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study to determine the safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate/severe, chronic cancer pain. Palliative Medicine. 2012 Jan;26(1):50–60. doi: 10.1177/0269216311418869. PMID: 21937568. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC3255516] [PubMed: 21937568] [CrossRef]

17.

Ahn JS, Lin J, Ogawa S, et al. Transdermal buprenorphine and fentanyl patches in cancer pain: a network systematic review. Journal of Pain Research. 2017;10:1963–72. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S140320. PMID: 28860851. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC5571859] [PubMed: 28860851] [CrossRef]

18.

Aiyer R, Gulati A, Gungor S, et al. Treatment of chronic pain with various buprenorphine formulations: a systematic review of clinical studies. Anesth Analg. 2018 Aug;127(2):529–38. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002718. PMID: 29239947. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 29239947] [CrossRef]

19.

Aiyer R, Mehta N, Gungor S, et al. A systematic review of NMDA receptor antagonists for treatment of neuropathic pain in clinical practice. Clinical Journal of Pain. 2018 May;34(5):450–67. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000547. PMID: 28877137. Exclusion: E5 [PubMed: 28877137] [CrossRef]

20.

Ajo R, Segura A, Inda MM, et al. Opioids increase sexual dysfunction in patients with non-cancer pain. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2016 09;13(9):1377–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.07.003. PMID: 27555508. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 27555508] [CrossRef]

21.

Alam A, Juurlink DN. The prescription opioid epidemic: an overview for anesthesiologists. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2016 Jan;63(1):61–8. doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0520-y. PMID: 26507535. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 26507535] [CrossRef]

22.

Alberts D, Von Hoff D, Forman N, et al. Relationship between effective doses of fentan yl sublingual spray and around-the-clock tran sdermal fentanyl in patients with breakthrough cancer pain. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2014;22(1):S123–S4. doi: 10.1007/s00520-014-2222-3. PMID: 27020837. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

23.

Alberts DS, Rauck RL, Parikh N, et al. Fentanyl sublingual spray for breakthrough cancer pain in patients receiving transdermal fentanyl. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(31)doi: 10.2217/pmt-2015-0009. PMID: 27020837 Exclusion: E9 [PubMed: 27020837] [CrossRef]

24.

Alberts DS, Smith CC, Parikh N, et al. Fentanyl sublingual spray for breakthrough cancer pain in patients receiving transdermal fentanyl. Pain Management. 2016 Oct;6(5):427–34. doi: 10.2217/pmt-2015-0009. PMID: 27020837. Exclusion: E13 [PubMed: 27020837] [CrossRef]

25.

Alburaih A, Witting MD. Effectiveness of a rural emergency department (ED)-based pain contract on ED visits among ED frequent users. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018 09;55(3):327–32.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.04.056. PMID: 29858142. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 29858142] [CrossRef]

26.

Aldington D, Cole P, Knaggs R, et al. Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2015(3)doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011604. PMID: 27216018. Exclusion: E9 [PMC free article: PMC6491092] [PubMed: 27216018] [CrossRef]

27.

Alharbi GS, Chen LC, Knaggs R. Efficacy of anticonvulsant, antidepressant and opioid in treating neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2016;25:582. doi: 10.1002/pds.4070. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

28.

Alinejad S, Ghaemi K, Abdollahi M, et al. Nephrotoxicity of methadone: a systematic review. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):2087. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3757-1. PMID: 28018795. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC5148752] [PubMed: 28018795] [CrossRef]

29.

Allegri N, Mennuni S, Rulli E, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on neuropsychological effects of long-term use of opioids in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Pain Pract. 2018 Oct 24;24:24. doi: 10.1111/papr.12741. PMID: 30354006. Exclusion: 2 [PubMed: 30354006] [CrossRef]

30.

Allen C, Meeraus W, Donegan K. The comparative risk of all-cause mortality in older patients prescribed opioids for non-malignant pain: a retrospective observational cohort study. Drug Safety. 2015;Conference: 15th ISoP Annual Meeting “Cubism in Pharmacovigilance” Prague Czech Republic. Conference Start:. 20151027 Conference End: 20151030. Conference Publication:(var.pagings) 38 (10):962–3. Exclusion: E9

31.

Allen C, Meeraus W, Donegan K. Comparative risk of cause-specific mortality in older patients prescribed codeine or tramadol for non-malignant pain: retrospective cohort study. Drug Safety. 2017;40(10):993–4. doi: 10.1007/s40264-017-0580-8. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

32.

Allen MA. Opioid analgesics: is it time for risk stratification prior to use? CJEM Canadian Journal of Emergency Medical Care. 2017 09;19(5):414. doi: 10.1017/cem.2017.359. PMID: 28750692. Exclusion: E9 [PubMed: 28750692] [CrossRef]

33.

Almenara S, Planelles B, López-Gil S, et al. Pharmacogenetics of pain and analgesia of tapentadol in chronic pain. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2016;119:33. Exclusion: E9

34.

Almenara S, Planelles B, Muriel J, et al. Iatrogenically induced opioid dependence, pharmacogenetics and pain. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2016;119:15. Exclusion: E9

35.

Amato F, Ceniti S, Mameli S, et al. High dosage of a fixed combination oxycodone/naloxone prolonged release: efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic cancer pain. Supportive care in cancer. 2017. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 28470370]

36.

Amato F, Ceniti S, Palmieri V, et al. Cancer pain therapy with a fixed combination of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone: a real-life scenario. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2014;39(5):e301–e2. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000142. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

37.

American Academy of Family Physicians. CDC Clarifies Opioid Guideline Dosage Thresholds. 2018. https://www​.aafp.org​/news/health-of-the-public​/20180112cdcopioidclarify.html. Accessed September 20 2019. Exclusion: 2

38.

American College of Medical T. Safety issues regarding prescription opioids. Journal of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2016 Mar;12(1):142–4. doi: 10.1007/s13181-015-0529-1. PMID: 26732680. Exclusion: E9 [PMC free article: PMC4781802] [PubMed: 26732680] [CrossRef]

39.

Anastassopoulos KP, Chow W, Tapia CI, et al. Economic study on the impact of side effects in patients taking oxycodone controlled-release for noncancer pain. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2012 Oct;18(8):615–26. PMID: 23127149. Exclusion: E10 [PMC free article: PMC10437335] [PubMed: 23127149]

40.

Anastassopoulos KP, Chow W, Tapia CI, et al. Reported side effects, bother, satisfaction, and adherence in patients taking hydrocodone for non-cancer pain. J Opioid Manag. 2013 Mar–Apr;9(2):97–109. doi: 10.5055/jom.2012.0151. PMID: 23709319. Exclusion: 3 [PubMed: 23709319] [CrossRef]

41.

Anderson JT, Haas AR, Percy R, et al. Chronic opioid therapy after lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative disc disease in a workers’ compensation setting. Spine. 2015 Nov;40(22):1775–84. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001054. PMID: 26192725. Exclusion: E7 [PubMed: 26192725] [CrossRef]

42.

Andresen V, Lass A, Banerji V, et al. Users of weak opioids have a smaller spectrum of constipation symptoms, but a similar degree of bother from constipation, as users of potent opioids. United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2017;5(5):A71. doi: 10.1177/2050640617725668. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

43.

Anonymous. Long-acting opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a review of the clinical efficacy and safety. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. 2015 08 27;08:27. PMID: 26985539. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 26985539]

44.

Anonymous. Education and assessment for overdose prevention: a review of the clinical evidence and guidelines. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. 2015 09 24;09:24. PMID: 26468567. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 26468567]

45.

Anonymous. Erratum: efficacy and tolerability of buccal buprenorphine in opioid-experienced patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: results of a phase 3, enriched enrollment, randomized withdrawal study (Pain (2016) 157 (2517–2526)). Pain. 2017;158(2):366. Exclusion: E9 [PMC free article: PMC5065057] [PubMed: 27434505]

46.

Antony A, Fishman MA, Hunter CW, et al. Absence due to disability increases after starting opioid use in chronic pain. Neuromodulation. 2019;22(3):E170–E1. doi: 10.1111/ner.12950. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

47.

Apelt SM, Scherbaum N, Golz J, et al. Safety, effectiveness and tolerance of buprenorphine-naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence: results from a nationwide non-interventional study in routine care. Pharmacopsychiatry; 2013. p. 94–107. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 23293011]

48.

Argoff C, Arnstein P, Stanos S, et al. Relationship between change in pain intensity and functional outcomes in patients with chronic pain receiving twice daily extended-release hydrocodone bitartrate. Journal of Opioid Management. 2015 Sep–Oct;11(5):417–24. doi: 10.5055/jom.2015.0291. PMID: 26535969. Exclusion: E6 [PubMed: 26535969] [CrossRef]

49.

Argoff CE, Kahan M, Sellers EM. Preventing and managing aberrant drug-related behavior in primary care: systematic review of outcomes evidence. Journal of Opioid Management. 2014 Mar–Apr;10(2):119–34. doi: 10.5055/jom.2014.0201. PMID: 24715667. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 24715667] [CrossRef]

50.

Argoff CE, Silvershein DI. A comparison of long and short-acting opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: tailoring therapy to meet patient needs. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009 Jul;84(7):602–12. doi: 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60749-0. PMID: 19567714. Exclusion: E12 [PMC free article: PMC2704132] [PubMed: 19567714] [CrossRef]

51.

Arkinstall WW, Goughnour BR, White JA, et al. Control of severe pain with sustained-release morphine tablets v. oral morphine solution. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1989 Mar 15;140(6):653–7, 61. PMID: 2645988. Exclusion: E13 [PMC free article: PMC1268755] [PubMed: 2645988]

52.

Arner S, Meyerson BA. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain. 1988 Apr;33(1):11–23. PMID: 2454440. Exclusion: E8 [PubMed: 2454440]

53.

Ashworth J, Green DJ, Dunn KM, et al. Opioid use among low back pain patients in primary care: Is opioid prescription associated with disability at 6-month follow-up? Pain; 2013. p. 1038–44. Exclusion: E10 [PMC free article: PMC4250559] [PubMed: 23688575]

54.

Athanasos P, Smith CS, White JM, et al. Methadone maintenance patients are cross-tolerant to the antinociceptive effects of very high plasma morphine concentrations. Pain. 2006 Feb;120(3):267–75. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.11.005. PMID: 16427197. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 16427197] [CrossRef]

55.

Atkins D, Chang SM, Gartlehner G, et al. Assessing applicability when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011 Nov;64(11):1198–207. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.11.021. PMID: 21463926. Exclusion: 2 [PubMed: 21463926] [CrossRef]

56.

Attal N, Guirimand F, Brasseur L, et al. Effects of IV morphine in central pain: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2002 Feb 26;58(4):554–63. PMID: 11865132. Exclusion: E5 [PubMed: 11865132]

57.

Aurilio C, Pace MC, Pota V, et al. Opioids switching with transdermal systems in chronic cancer pain. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR. 2009;28(61)doi: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-61. PMID: 19422676. Exclusion: E13 [PMC free article: PMC2684533] [PubMed: 19422676] [CrossRef]

58.

Averill LA, Averill CL, Staley LA, et al. The opioid abuse risk screener predicts aberrant same-day urine drug tests and 1-year controlled substance database checks: a brief report. Health Psychology Open. 2017 Jul–Dec;4(2)doi: 10.1177/2055102917748459. PMID: 29379630. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC5779942] [PubMed: 29379630] [CrossRef]

59.

Axon DR, Patel MJ, Martin JR, et al. Use of multidomain management strategies by community dwelling adults with chronic pain: evidence from a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2018 Oct 30;30:30. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0306. PMID: 30375350. Exclusion: E5 [PubMed: 30375350] [CrossRef]

60.

Baaklini LG, Arruda GV, Sakata RK. Assessment of the analgesic effect of magnesium and morphine in combination in patients with cancer pain: a comparative randomized double-blind study. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine. 2017 May;34(4):353–7. doi: 10.1177/1049909115621895. PMID: 26692084. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 26692084] [CrossRef]

61.

Babu KM, Brent J, Juurlink DN. Prevention of Opioid Overdose. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 06 06;380(23):2246–55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1807054. PMID: 31167053. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 31167053] [CrossRef]

62.

Bagg MK, McLachlan AJ, Maher CG, et al. Paracetamol, NSAIDS and opioid analgesics for chronic low back pain: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;2018(6)doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013045. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

63.

Bahd J, Maumus M, Jeffreys J. Augmenting accurate diagnosis and successive treatment of opioid misuse in the clinical encounter: measuring outcomes. Ochsner Journal. 2017;17(3):e45. Exclusion: E9

64.

Bailey RW, Vowles KE. Using screening tests to predict aberrant use of opioids in chronic pain patients: caveat emptor. Journal of Pain. 2017 Dec;18(12):1427–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.06.004. PMID: 28669863. Exclusion: 2 [PMC free article: PMC5682225] [PubMed: 28669863] [CrossRef]

65.

Bair MJ. Using group visits to provide overdose education and distribute naloxone to high-risk primary care patients. Pain Medicine. 2017 Dec;18(12):2263–5. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnx279. Exclusion: E9 [PubMed: 29099984] [CrossRef]

66.

Bair MJ, Outcalt SD, Slaven JE, et al. Care management for the effective use of opi-oids (CAMEO): A randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2019b;34(2):S154. doi: 10.1007/11606.1525-1497. Exclusion: E9 [CrossRef]

67.

Bair MJ, Outcalt SD, Slaven JE, et al. Care management for the effective use of opioids (CAMEO): a randomized trial. Psychosomatic medicine. 2019a;81(4):A149-. PMID: CN-01936770 NEW. Exclusion: E9

68.

Ballantyne JC. Opioids around the clock? Pain. 2011;152(6):1221–2. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.052. Exclusion: E9 [PubMed: 21315514] [CrossRef]

69.

Ballantyne JC. “Safe and effective when used as directed”: the case of chronic use of opioid analgesics. Journal of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2012 Dec;8(4):417–23. doi: 10.1007/s13181-012-0257-8. PMID: 22983893. Exclusion: E9 [PMC free article: PMC3550253] [PubMed: 22983893] [CrossRef]

70.

Ballantyne JC, LaForge KS. Opioid dependence and addiction during opioid treatment of chronic pain. Pain. 2007 Jun;129(3):235–55. PMID: 17482363. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 17482363]

71.

Ballantyne JC, Mao J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 13;349(20):1943–53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra025411. PMID: 14614170. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 14614170] [CrossRef]

72.

Ballantyne JC, Shin NS. Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: A review of the evidence. Clin J Pain. 2008 Jul–Aug;24(6):469–78. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f26. PMID: 18574357. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 18574357] [CrossRef]

73.

Banning A, Sjogren P. Cerebral effects of long-term oral opioids in cancer patients measured by continuous reaction time. Clin J Pain. 1990 Jun;6(2):91–5. PMID: 2135009. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 2135009]

74.

Banta-Green CJ, Merrill JO, Doyle SR, et al. Opioid use behaviors, mental health and pain--development of a typology of chronic pain patients. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 2009 Sep 1;104(1–2):34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.021. PMID: 19473786. Exclusion: E10 [PMC free article: PMC2716214] [PubMed: 19473786] [CrossRef]

75.

Bao YJ, Hou W, Kong XY, et al. Hydromorphone for cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 11;10:Cd011108. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011108.pub2. PMID: 27727452. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC6457981] [PubMed: 27727452] [CrossRef]

76.

Barclay JS, Owens JE, Blackhall LJ. Screening for substance abuse risk in cancer patients using the Opioid Risk Tool and urine drug screen. Support Care Cancer. 2014 Jul;22(7):1883–8. doi: 10.1007/s00520-014-2167-6. PMID: 24563103. Exclusion: E7 [PubMed: 24563103] [CrossRef]

77.

Barkin RL. Extended-release Tramadol (ULTRAM ER): a pharmacotherapeutic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic focus on effectiveness and safety in patients with chronic/persistent pain. American Journal of Therapeutics. 2008 Mar–Apr;15(2):157–66. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e31815b035b. PMID: 18356636. Exclusion: E9 [PubMed: 18356636] [CrossRef]

78.

Baron MJ, McDonald PW. Significant pain reduction in chronic pain patients after detoxification from high-dose opioids. J Opioid Manag. 2006 Sep–Oct;2(5):277–82. PMID: 17319259. Exclusion: E5 [PubMed: 17319259]

79.

Baron R, Kern U, Muller M, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of a moderate dose of tapentadol prolonged release for managing severe, chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: an open-label continuation arm of a randomized phase 3b study. Pain Pract. 2015 Jun;15(5):471–86. doi: 10.1111/papr.12199. PMID: 24750558. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 24750558] [CrossRef]

80.

Baron R, Schwittay A, Binder A, et al. Effectiveness of tapentadol prolonged release (PR) versus oxycodone/naloxone pr for severe chronic low back pain with a neuropathic pain component. Pain Pract. 2014;14:59–60. Exclusion: E9

81.

Barrera-Chacon JM, Mendez-Suarez JL, Jauregui-Abrisqueta ML, et al. Oxycodone improves pain control and quality of life in anticonvulsant-pretreated spinal cord-injured patients with neuropathic pain. Spinal Cord. 2011 Jan;49(1):36–42. doi: 10.1038/sc.2010.101. PMID: 20820176. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 20820176] [CrossRef]

82.

Barrett T, Kostenbader K, Nalamachu S, et al. Safety and tolerability of biphasic immediate-release/extended-release oxycodone/acetaminophen tablets: analysis of 11 clinical trials. Pain Pract. 2016 09;16(7):856–68. doi: 10.1111/papr.12324. PMID: 26296448. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 26296448] [CrossRef]

83.

Barth KS, Becker WC, Wiedemer NL, et al. Association between urine drug test results and treatment outcome in high-risk chronic pain patients on opioids. Journal of addiction medicine. 2010 Sep;4(3):167–73. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181c379ed. PMID: 21769031. Exclusion: E6 [PubMed: 21769031] [CrossRef]

84.

Bartoli A, Michna E, He E, et al. Pain intensity and interference with functioning and well-being in subgroups of patients with chronic pain treated with once-daily hydrocodone tablets. Journal of Opioid Management. 2015 Nov–Dec;11(6):519–33. doi: 10.5055/jom.2015.0305. PMID: 26728649. Exclusion: E10 [PubMed: 26728649] [CrossRef]

85.

Bartoli A, Michna E, He E, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily, extended-release hydrocodone in individuals previously receiving hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination therapy for chronic pain. Postgraduate Medicine. 2015 Jan;127(1):5–12. PMID: 25526227. Exclusion: E12 [PubMed: 25526227]

86.

Beaudoin FL, Gutman R, Merchant RC, et al. Persistent pain after motor vehicle collision: comparative effectiveness of opioids vs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs prescribed from the emergency department-a propensity matched analysis. Pain. 2017 02;158(2):289–95. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000756. PMID: 28092325. Exclusion: E4 [PMC free article: PMC5242416] [PubMed: 28092325] [CrossRef]

87.

Beaudoin FL, Merchant RC, Clark MA. Prevalence and detection of prescription opioid misuse and prescription opioid use disorder among emergency department patients 50 years of age and older: performance of the prescription drug use questionnaire, patient version. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016 08;24(8):627–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.03.010. PMID: 27426210. Exclusion: E4 [PubMed: 27426210] [CrossRef]

88.

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