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Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.)

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Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].

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Figure 8 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.34 (95% confidence interval −0.75 to −0.02) and an overall I-squared value of 44.6%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.40 (95% confidence interval −0.85 to −0.05) and an overall I-squared value of 65.2%.

Figure 8Spinal manipulation versus sham manipulation, usual care, an attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on function

AC = attention control; CI = confidence interval; N = number; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PI = placebo intervention; RDQ = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; SD = standard deviation; SMD = standardized mean difference; SP= sham manipulation; UC = usual care; UK BEAM = UK Back pain exercise and manipulation trial; VF = Von Korff functional disability

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